SCIENCE

QUARTER 4 – MODULE 2
(Week 2)

Cell Division:
Mitosis and Meiosis
 What I Need to Know

Organisms grow and reproduce through cell division. In a eukaryotic cell, the
production of new cells occurs as a result of mitosis and meiosis. These two nuclear
division processes are similar but distinct. Both processes involve the division of a
diploid cell, or a cell containing two sets of chromosomes (one chromosome donated
from each parent).

The module contains a lesson about cell division.

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. define what cell division is;
2. describe the process taking place in the cell in the different phases of t h e
cell cycle;
3. compare mitosis and meiosis and their role in the cell division cycle;
4. explain the role of mitosis and meiosis in the cell-division cycle; and
5. explain the significance of meiosis in maintaining the chromosome
number.

What I Know

Directions: Read each item carefully. Write only the letter of the correct answer for
each question. Use a separate sheet for your answers.

1. Which of the following is NOT a part of interphase in the cell cycle?

A. G1 phase B. G2 phase C. M phase D. S phase

2. Which describe the resting place of the cell, where it undergoes growth
and DNA replication?
A. interphase B. G1 phase C. S phase D. mitotic phase

3. What do you call the process of nuclear division?

A. cytokinesis B. karyokinesis C. polymerization D. ubiquitylation

4. Which stage of mitosis do centromeres split?

A. anaphase B. metaphase C. prophase D. telophase

5. Which stage of mitosis does cytokinesis usually occur in animals?

A. anaphase B. metaphase C. prophase D. telophase

6. Which stage of meiosis do the sister chromatids begin to move toward the
poles?
A. anaphase I B. anaphase II C. telophase I D. telophase II

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7. Which stage of meiosis do tetrads line up at the equator?
A. anaphase II B. metaphase I C. prophase II D. telophase I

8. Which stage of mitosis does the nuclear envelope begin to disappear?

A. anaphase II B. metaphase II C. prophase I D. telophase I

9. Multicellular organisms use mitosis for growth, development and .

A. apoptosis C. reproduction
B. repair D. none of the above

10. What happens to sister chromatids in meiosis II?

A. They separate. C. They remain together.
B. They duplicate. D. They do not take part.

11. Which division does the halving of chromosomes occur?

A. meiosis I C. mitosis II
B. meiosis II D. both meiosis I and II

12. Which of the following accurately states the result of meiosis?

A. one diploid cell C. four diploid cells
B. one haploid cell D. four haploid cells

13. Why is it important for the daughter cells to divide a second time in
meiosis?
A. The second division sorts chromosomes into cells that are the same as the
parent cells.
B. The second division switches parts of matching chromatids to
increase genetic variation.
C. The second division forms four identical cells to ensure that all offspring
have the same traits.
D. The second division forms haploid cells that can combine with
other haploid cells during fertilization.

14. Mitosis and meiosis are processes involved in cellular respiration.

Which of the following describes an event that results from mitosis
but NOT meiosis?
A. Two stages of cell division
B. Replication of cellular genetic material
C. Daughter cells are identical to the parent cell
D. Four daughter cells remove are produced from each parent cell

15. Comparing mitosis and meiosis, which of the following is an accurate

statement?
A. Plants perform mitosis while animals perform meiosis.
B. Most plant and animal cells undergo mitosis however only plants can
perform meiosis.
C. Most plant and animal cells undergo mitosis however only animals can
perform meiosis.
D. Most plant and animal cells undergo mitosis; both plants and animals can
perform meiosis.
 CELL
Lesson DIVISION: MITOSIS and MEIOSIS

What’s In

You have previously learned that the cell is the basic unit of life. Many
organelles and other cellular parts are involved in the process of cell division. Do
you still remember the parts of the cell? Try to perform the activity below.

Directions: Label the parts of the animal cell illustrated below. Use a separate sheet
of paper for your answers.

https://www.biologycorner.com/resources/cell_animal_label1.jpg

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 What’s New
Directions: Search the words/terms in the grid lines using the word bank at the
left side of the grid. Look for them in all directions including backward and
diagonally.

E S A H P A T E M E T C V E R
1. MITOSIS O A S D P R O P H A S E R T H
2. MEIOSIS L V O L T A V R T Y L S O P E
3. ANAPHASE T E E T A L P D R D S A Y H U
4. INTERPHASE A M L O C A T I N N N H I C E
5. PROPHASE S O I T T S A I E A O P P Y R
6. TELOPHASE R S I T G D P Y P N U A O T F
7. METAPHASE E O T E O S D H A J N T T O S
8. CHROMOSOME T M H L I S A C U M T E R K E
9. CYTOKINESIS N O O O P S I S O I E M E I Y
10. SPINDLE E R S P E O T S H L I E F N R
C H P H V V O E T O N D A E O
I C H A N F L A R P N D R S R
P L E S T R C U A E N S B I P
E A R E R I N T E R P H A S E
E R E T W O B P O N T F R U R
D D M S D J N B U V B G Y Y T

What is It

Cell Division

Cell division is the process by which a parent cell divides into two or more
daughter cells. Cell division usually occurs as part of a larger cell cycle. In eukaryotes,
there are two distinct types of cell division; a vegetative division, whereby each
daughter cell is genetically identical to the parent cell (mitosis), and a reproductive cell
division, whereby the number of chromosomes in the daughter cells is reduced by half
to produce haploid gametes (meiosis).

Cell Cycle
Cell cycle refers to the series of events that take place in a cell, resulting in
the duplication of DNA and division of cytoplasm and organelles to produce two
daughter cells. The cell cycle was discovered by Prevost and Dumas (1824) while
studying the cleavage of the zygote of a frog. It is a series of stages a cell passes
through, to divide and produce new cells. This entire process where with the help of
one single parent cell a new cell population grows and develops is known as the
cell cycle.

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Phases of Cell Cycle
Cell cycle or cell division refers to the series of events that take place in a cell
leading to its maturity and subsequent division. These events include duplication of
its genome and synthesis of the cell organelles followed by division of the
cytoplasm. Human cells exhibit a typical eukaryotic cell cycle and take around 24
hours to complete one cycle of growth and division. The duration of the cycle,
however, varies from organism to organism and cell to cell.
A typical eukaryotic cell cycle is divided into two main phases: Interphase
and M phase.

Interphase
Also known as the resting phase of the cell cycle; interphase is the time during
which the cell prepares for division by undergoing both cell growth and DNA
replication. It occupies around 95% time of the overall cycle. The interphase is
divided into three phases:

 G1 phase (Gap 1) – G1 phase is the phase of the cell between mitosis and
initiation of replication of the genetic material of the cell. During this phase,
the cell is metabolically active and continues to grow without replicating its
DNA.

 S phase (Synthesis) – DNA replication takes place during this phase. If the
initial quantity of DNA in the cell is denoted as 2N, then after replication it
becomes 4N. However, the number of chromosomes does not vary. If the
number of chromosomes during the G1 phase was 2n, it will remain 2n at the
end of the S phase. The centriole also divides into two centriole pairs in the cells
that contain centriole.

 G2 phase (Gap 2) –During this phase, the RNA, proteins, other

macromolecules required for multiplication of cell organelles, spindle
formation, and cell growth are produced as the cell prepares to go into the
mitotic phase.
Some cells like cardiac cells in the adult animals do not exhibit division and
some others only divide to replace those cells which have been either damaged or lost
due to cell death. Such cells which do not divide further attain an inactive G0 phase
also known as the quiescent phase after they exit the G1 phase. These cells remain
metabolically active but do not divide unless called upon to do so.

M phase
This is the mitotic phase or the phase of the equational division as the cell undergoes
a complete reorganization to give birth to a progeny that has the same number of
chromosomes as the parent cell. The other organelles are also divided equally by the
process of cytokinesis which is preceded by mitotic nuclear division. The mitotic
phase is divided into four overlapping stages:

1. Prophase,
2. Metaphase,
3. Anaphase, and
4. Telophase
 https://celltheory1234.wordpress.com/2014/10/20/cell-cycle/

Stages of Mitosis

Mitosis is a type of cell division in which the nucleus of the cell divides into
two nuclei with identical genetic material. The resulting two daughter cells have the
same number of chromosomes similar to the parent cell, thus a diploid (2n) parent
cell containing two sets of chromosomes (paternal and maternal chromosome sets)
will result in two diploid daughter cells after mitosis. When a normal human body
cell containing 46 chromosomes undergoes mitosis, it will produce two genetically
identical daughter cells, each with 46 chromosomes.
Mitosis occurs only in eukaryotes and is used by multicellular organisms for
growth and development, repair of tissues, and asexual reproduction. Mitosis is a
continuous process but it is traditionally divided into four stages: prophase,
metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.

Stage 1 Prophase

During the prophase stage, the long and

thread-like chromatids during the interphase start
to the coil and become visible under a compound
microscope as individual chromosomes. Each
chromosome at this stage contains two identical
sister chromatids, the result of DNA synthesis. The
membrane of the nucleus (nuclear membrane)
dissolves and the spindle fibers are formed.
Centrioles migrate at opposite poles of the cell. The
nucleolus disappears from view.
Stage 2 Metaphase

During this stage, chromosomes move

and align themselves at the center of the cell
called the metaphase plate. Spindle fibers
connect each chromosome on its centromere
to the centrioles located at opposite poles.

Stage 3 Anaphase

During this phase, the proteins that bind

the two sister chromatids of each chromosome
divide. This will be followed by the movement of
the separated chromosomes toward opposite
poles due to the shortening of the spindle fibers.

Stage 4 Telophase

During telophase, the chromatids (now

called chromosomes) are located on opposite
poles. Nuclear membrane forms around the
chromosomes which start to uncoil. The spindle
fibers dissolve and disappear. It is important to
note at this point that each chromosome in a
daughter cell is composed only of one
chromatid.

After the division of the nucleus (karyokinesis), the cytoplasm starts to divide,
a process called cytokinesis. Cytokinesis in animal cells and other cells that lack cell
walls starts at the exterior of the cell moving inwards until the cell is divided into two
cells. This process is called cleavage furrow formation. In-plant cells and other cells
with the cell wall, cytokinesis starts at the middle of the cell and moves outward by a
process called cell plate formation.

Figure 1: Stages of Mitosis

https://www.qsstudy.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Stages-of-Mitosis.png
Meiosis

Meiosis is a type of cell division used by multicellular organisms in the

formation of reproductive cells (gametes) such as sperm cells, egg cells, or spores.
Meiosis is similar to mitosis in several ways. One meiotic process is also divided
into the same four basic steps: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. Like
mitosis, karyokinesis is followed by cytokinesis.

Meiosis is divided into two successive cell divisions. The first part called
meiosis I reduce the number of chromosomes from diploid (2n) to haploid (n) number.
This stage of meiosis is also called reductional division. The second part, meiosis II,
is very similar to mitosis, thus called equational division. Both meiosis I and meiosis
II are subdivided into four stages.

MEIOSIS I

Stage 1 Prophase I
 Chromosomes start to coil and shorten.
 The nuclear envelope disintegrates.
 Homologous chromosomes pair by a process called synapsis.
 Exchange of genetic material (crossing-over) may occur between
homologous chromosomes when the chromatids are broken. Crossing-over
contributes to genetic variability.

Stage 2 Metaphase I
 The paired homologous chromosomes align at the metaphase plate.
 The chromosomes in pairs are attached to spindle fibers.

Stage 3 Anaphase I
 Homologous chromosomes separate.
 The chromosomes move toward opposite poles of the cell by the spindle
fibers.

Stage 4 Telophase I
 Chromosomes reach opposite poles.
 In most organisms, the nuclear membrane forms. This is followed by
cytokinesis.

MEIOSIS II

Stage 5 Prophase II
 The nuclear membrane disintegrates.
 New spindle fibers are formed around the chromosomes.

Stage 6 Metaphase II
 The chromosomes align at the metaphase plate and are attached to their
centromeres to the spindle fibers.

Stage 7 Anaphase II
 Each chromosome is divided into two sister chromatids.
 The chromatids (now called chromosomes) move to opposite poles.
Stage 8 Telophase II
 A nuclear membrane is formed around each set of chromosomes.
 Spindle fibers disintegrate.
 The cell undergoes cytokinesis.

The outcome of meiosis is the production of four haploid daughter cells. These
cells may all be genetically distinct if crossing over occurs in prophase I crossing-over
causes recombination of sister chromatids.

Figure 2: Stages of Meiosis

https://ib.bioninja.com.au/_Media/meiosis-complex_med.jpeg

Differences Between Mitosis and Meiosis

1. Cell Division
 Mitosis: A somatic cell divides once. Cytokinesis (the division of the cytoplasm)
occurs at the end of telophase.
 Meiosis: A reproductive cell divides twice. Cytokinesis happens at the end of
telophase I and telophase II.
2. Daughter Cell Number
 Mitosis: Two daughter cells are produced. Each cell is a diploid containing
the same number of chromosomes.
 Meiosis: Four daughter cells are produced. Each cell is haploid containing
one-half the number of chromosomes as the original cell.
3. Genetic Composition
 Mitosis: The resulting daughter cells in mitosis are genetic clones (they are
genetically identical). No recombination or crossing over occurs.
 Meiosis: The resulting daughter cells contain different combinations of genes.
Genetic recombination occurs as a result of the random segregation of
homologous chromosomes into different cells and by the process of crossing
over (transfer of genes between homologous chromosomes).
4. Length of Prophase
 Mitosis: During the first mitotic stage, known as prophase, chromatin
condenses into discrete chromosomes, the nuclear envelope breaks down, and
spindle fibers form at opposite poles of the cell. A cell spends less time in the
prophase of mitosis than a cell in prophase I of meiosis
  Meiosis: Prophase I consists of five stages and lasts longer than the prophase
of mitosis. The five stages of meiotic prophase I are leptotene, zygotene,
pachytene, diplotene, and diakinesis. These five stages do not occur in mitosis.
Genetic recombination and crossing over take place during prophase I.
5. Tetrad Formation
 Mitosis: Tetrad formation does not occur.
 Meiosis: In prophase, I, pairs of homologous chromosomes line up closely
together forming what is called a tetrad. A tetrad consists of four chromatids
(two sets of sister chromatids).
6. Chromosome Alignment in Metaphase
 Mitosis: Sister chromatids (duplicated chromosomes comprised of two
identical chromosomes connected at the centromere region) align at the
metaphase plate (a plane that is equally distant from the two cell poles.
 Meiosis: Tetrads (homologous chromosome pairs) align at the metaphase plate
in metaphase I.
7. Chromosome Separation
 Mitosis: During anaphase, sister chromatids separate and begin migrating
centromere first toward opposite poles of the cell. A separated sister chromatid
becomes known as a daughter a chromosome and is considered a full
chromosome.
 Meiosis: Homologous chromosomes migrate toward opposite poles of the cell
during anaphase I. Sister chromatids do not separate in anaphase I.

What’s More

Activity 1. COMPARING MITOSIS AND MEIOSIS

Directions: Complete the table below. Use separate sheets of paper for your
answers.

Comparison Between Mitotic and Meiotic Cell Divisions in Animal Cells

FEATURE MITOSIS MEIOSIS

The cell where it occurs
Number of parent cells
Number of divisions
Number of daughter cells
produced (in animals)
Number of chromosomes in
parent
Number of chromosomes per
daughter cell at the end of
t h e cell
division process
Location of process in
organism
Reproduction
Advantage
 What I Have Learned

Directions: Complete the statements below to express what you had learned
from the lesson. Use a separate sheet of paper for your answers.

1. Cell cycle or cell division refers to the series of events that take place in a
cell leading to its maturity and subsequent .
2. Interphase is the time during which the cell prepares for division by
undergoing both cell growth and DNA .
3. Mitosis and meiosis are nuclear division processes that occur during
.
4. After the division of the nucleus (karyokinesis), the cytoplasm starts to
divide, a process called .
5. The outcome of meiosis is the production of haploid
daughter cells.
6. Meiosis is a type of cell division used by multicellular organisms in the
formation of such as sperm cells, egg cells, or spores.
7. Mitosis is a type of cell division in which the nucleus of the cell divides into
two nuclei with genetic material.
8. Mitosis involves the division of body cells, while meiosis involves the
division of .
9. The division of cell a cell occurs once in mitosis but in
meiosis.
10. Daughter cells resulting from mitosis are , while those
resulting from meiosis are haploid.

1.

What I Can Do
Activity 1
Directions: Arrange the stages of meiosis in chronological order. Use a separate
sheet of paper for your answers.

1. Spindle fibers disintegrate.

2. Chromosomes reach opposite poles.
3. The nuclear membrane disintegrates.
4. The chromosomes in the pair are attached to spindle fibers.
5. Each chromosome is divided into two sister chromatids.
6. Homologous chromosomes pair by a process called synapsis.
7. The chromosomes move toward opposite poles of the cell by the
spindle fibers.
8. The chromosomes align at the metaphase plate and are attached to
their centromeres to the spindle fibers.
 3.

Assessment

Direction: Read each item carefully. Write only the letter of the correct answer for
each question. Use a separate sheet for your answers.

1. Which stage of mitosis does cytokinesis usually occur in animals?

A. anaphase B. metaphase C. prophase D. telophase
2. What do you call the process of nuclear division?
A. cytokinesis B. karyokinesis C. polymerization D. ubiquitylation
3. Which describe the resting place of the cell, where it undergoes growth
and DNA replication?
A. interphase B. G1 phase C. S phase D. mitotic phase
4. Which of the following is NOT a part of interphase in the cell cycle?
A. G1 phase B. G2 phase C. M phase D. S phase
5. Which stage of mitosis do centromeres split?
A. anaphase B. metaphase C. prophase D. telophase
6. Which stage of meiosis do tetrads line up at the equator?
A. anaphase II B. metaphase I C. prophase II D. telophase I
7. Which stage of meiosis do the sister chromatids begin to move toward the
poles?
A. anaphase I B. anaphase II C. telophase I D. telophase II
8. Which stage of mitosis does the nuclear envelope begin to disappear?
A. anaphase II B. metaphase II C. prophase I D. telophase I
9. Multicellular organisms use mitosis for growth, development and .
A. apoptosis C. reproduction
B. repair D. none of the above
10. What happens to sister chromatids in meiosis II?
A. They separate. C. They remain together.
B. They duplicate. D. They do not take part.

11. Which of the following accurately states the result of meiosis?

A. one diploid cell C. four diploid cells
B. one haploid cell D. four haploid cells
12. Which division does the halving of chromosomes occur?
A. meiosis I C. mitosis II
B. meiosis II D. both meiosis I and II
13. Mitosis and meiosis are processes involved in cellular respiration.
Which of the following describes an event that results from mitosis but
NOT meiosis?
A. Two stages of cell division
B. Replication of cellular genetic material
C. Daughter cells are identical to the parent cell
D. Four daughter cells remove are produced from each parent cell
 What I have Learned
1. division
What’s New
2. replication
3. interphase
E S A H P A T E M E T C V E R 4. cytokinesis
O A S D P R O P H A S E R T H 5. four
L V O L T A V R T Y L S O P E 6. reproductive cells / gametes
T E E T A L P D R D S A Y H U 7. identical
A M L O C A T I N N N H I C E
8. reproductive cells / gametes
S O I T T S A I E A O P P Y R
9. Twice
R S I T G D P Y P N U A O T F
10. Diploid
E O T E O S D H A J N T T O S
T M H L I S A C U M T E R K E
N O O O P S I S O I E M E I Y
What I Can
E R S P E O T S H L I E F N R Do
C H P H V V O E T O N D A E O 1. 8
I C H A N F L A R P N D R S R 2. 4
P L E S T R C U A E N S B I P 3. 5
E A R E R I N T E R P H A S E 4. 6
E R E T W O B P O N T F R U R 5. 7
D D M S D J N B U V B G Y Y T 6. 1
7. 3
8. 6

What’s In
Mitochondrion
Centriole
Vacuole
Cytoplasm
Nucleolus
Nuclear envelope
Chromatin
Cilia
Ribosome
Golgi complex
Microtubule
Golgi vesicles
Rough
endoplasmic reticulum
Smooth
endoplasmic
reticulum
Plasma
membrane
 SCIENCE 8_QUARTER 4_QUIZ 2

Name: Date:
Grade/Section: Score:
Directions: Listed below are words found in the puzzle. Find and highlight t them. Then
describe or define or write something about each word. Use the space provided.

G F I N T E R P H A S E
M C K A S D F G R T Y B
V E E L C R C G W N P F
Q H I L D F Y X M S L D
Z N M O L O C P E I R T
A C V D S R L E W S U O
B X V N E I E T H O K L
A T R A I T S S Q T M J
R E P R O D U C T I O N
C E L L D I V I S I O N
J C H R O M O S O M E S
D N A A N D R N A B T Y

1. Cell
2. Cycle ______
3. Chromosomes
4. Interphase
5. Reproduction
6. Mitosis
7. Meiosis
8. Traits
9. Cell division
10. DNA and RNA

Directions: Label the following stages of mitosis and indicate the parts involved in the
division process.

Mitosis Quiz

3
1 2

60

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 SCIENCE 8_QUARTER 4_PERFORMANCE TASK 2

Directions: Label the following stages in mitosis and give at least one (1) significant event in
each stage. Write your answer on the space provided.

https://www.thoughtco.com/stages-of-mitosis-373534

1. ____________________

https://www.thoughtco.com/stages-of-mitosis-373534

2. _ ______________________

https://www.thoughtco.com/stages-of-mitosis-373534

3. _ ______________________

https://www.thoughtco.com/stages-of-mitosis-373534
4. _ ______________________

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