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HIV - Human Immunodeficiency Virus.: The Greatest Medical Science Challenge of The Last 40 Years!
HIV - Human Immunodeficiency Virus.: The Greatest Medical Science Challenge of The Last 40 Years!
The greatest
medical science challenge of the last 40 years!
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Budding off the
surface of the
infected white
blood cell.
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How pandemics spread
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The Cut Hunter Hypothesis. Engaging in the
bushmeat trade
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https://www.cifor.org/publications/areports/english2008/domain6/reforming-bushmeat.htm
Bushmeat hunting is especially important for poor rural people, who
suffer most when hunted species decline or disappear. And that is
precisely what is happening in many areas. The bushmeat trade must
be reformed.
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https://www.cifor.org/publications/areports/english2008/domain6/reforming-bushmeat.htm
HIV Origins in Africa
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uuY47dis7b0
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HIV Statistics:
• Since the start of the pandemic (1981)
more than 75 million people worldwide
have been infected with HIV, & 35 million
of those have died.https://www.unaids.org/en/resources/fact-sheet
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HIV Statistics:
• Since the start of the pandemic (1981) more than 75 million
people worldwide have been infected with HIV, & 35 million
of those have died. https://www.unaids.org/en/resources/fact-sheet
• In 2020 the population of Texas was 28,995,881
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HIV Statistics:
• In the U.S. 1.1 million people are infected with HIV.
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https://www.hiv.gov/hiv-basics/overview/data-and-trends/statistics
HIV Statistics:
• New HIV infections have been reduced 40% since
the peak in 1998. In 2019 there were 1.7 million
newly infected globally.
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HIV Statistics:
• About 70% of all AIDS cases are in sub-Saharan
Africa
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https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2019/05/15/723564110/new-hiv-map-offers-most-detailed-look-yet-at-the-epidemic
II. Causes of Transmission
A. Transmitted through bodily fluids.
(Blood, semen, vaginal fluid, breast milk)
1. Unprotected sex - contaminated fluids
make contact with mucous membranes
(lining of the vagina, penis, etc.)
2. Virus enters blood stream through an
abrasion, or cut in the membrane.
3. Can also be passed using a
contaminated needle (drug users).
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B. NOT spread by:
1. Coughing
2. Shaking hands
3. Saliva, sweat, & tears (can carry virus
in low levels, but are not believed to
allow transmission). Not by Kissing
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III. HIV Structure
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http://www.niaid.nih.gov/topics/hivaids/understanding/biology/Pages/structure.aspx
III. HIV Structure.
A. HIV is a retrovirus, which means that it
contains RNA instead of DNA.
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III. HIV Structure.
A. HIV is a retrovirus, which means that it
contains RNA instead of DNA.
1. HIV attaches to
a helper T cell’s
surface protein,
allowing the
virus RNA to
enter cell.
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2. Reverse transcriptase (an enzyme)
converts RNA to DNA
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2. Reverse transcriptase (an enzyme)
converts RNA to DNA
3. The viral DNA moves into the nucleus &
fuses with the human DNA
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IV. HIV Infection Process
A. HIV attacks the immune system’s
helper T-cells (CD4+ cells).
1. Helper T-cells coordinate the
body’s entire immune response to
pathogens.
2. Now, the body cannot activate:
• B cells to activate antibodies
• Killer T cells & Macrophages
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B. HIV Binds to the CD4 molecule on the
surface of the helper T cell which allows the
virus to enter.
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C. Inside the cell, the virus:
1. sheds its protein coat
2. uses reverse transcriptase to make
a DNA copy of its own RNA.
3. integrates (joins) viral DNA with
human DNA
4. Every time the cell divides it also
copies the viral DNA*
5. HIV can force the host to make
millions of copies of viral RNA
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6. In about 1 day an infected T cell will die.
7. After the helper T cells decline to about
20% of normal, opportunistic infections
occur that the body can not fight. Person
now has AIDS.
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HHMI HIV Life Cycle
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PlSvywlLuNw&t=20s 27
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IV. Treatments
A. No cure or vaccine for HIV infections
B. Some drugs slow the progress of HIV
AZT & others inhibits the action of the reverse
transcriptase enzyme
Protease inhibitors interfere with HIV’s ability
to make its protein coat.
ART (antiretroviral therapy): The main method
of treatment today. Combination of 2 or more
reverse transcriptase inhibitors & one
protease inhibitor. This triple cocktail
drastically reduces the viral particles in a
person. Cost: $10,000 -$12,000/patient/year 29
Medications that Prevent
the Spread of HIV
• Inhibitors prevent enzymes from
functioning
-Reverse transcriptase inhibitors
-Fusion/entry inhibitors
-Integrase inhibitors -Protease inhibitors
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Medications that prevent the spread of HIV
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Treating HIV Infection with a Reverse
Transcriptase Inhibitor
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a5PSRt4Lj1s
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Treating HIV Infections with Protease Inhibitor
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aRT-l-N0bGk
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V. HIV Key Points
1. You can protect yourself.
2. Risk is greatly reduced by avoiding
intercourse (or sharing needles)
with an infected partner.
3. You cannot get HIV through casual
contact.
4. You cannot get HIV from giving
blood.
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AIDS 101 – National Geographic