References: Introduction: From The Ground Up

References
PLEASE NOTE: Some footnotes have multiple references and are separated by an
ampersand
Introduction: From the Ground Up

1 Rebecca A. Lybrand et al., ‘Soil properties and biochemical composition
of ground‐dwelling bee nests in agricultural settings’, Soil Biology &
Biochemistry, 2 May 2020, acsess.onlinelibrary.wiley.com
2 Ying Zhang et al., ‘Fungi–Nematode Interactions: Diversity, Ecology,
and Biocontrol Prospects in Agriculture’, Journal of Fungi, vol. 6 no. 4,
4 October 2020, mdpi.com
Chapter 1: What You Eat is Made out of Thin Air (and a Tiny Bit of Dirt)
1 Sangam L. Dwivedi et al., ‘Diversifying Food Systems in the Pursuit of
Sustainable Food Production and Healthy Diets’, Trends in Plant Science,
vol. 22 no. 10, October 2017, sciencedirect.com
2 SBS, ‘About Native Australian food’, SBS Food, 31 March 2021, sbs.com.au
3 Gangaprasad Choudhary et al., ‘Molecular Genetic Diversity of Major
Indian Rice Cultivars over Decadal Periods’, PLOS ONE, 21 June 2013,
journals.plos.org
vol. 22 no. 10, October 2017, sciencedirect.com
5 Marwood Yeatman, The Last Food of England, Ebury Press, 2007, p. 340
6 Bee Wilson, ‘Raw power: Britain’s changing appetite for veg’, The Guardian,
22 April 2018, theguardian.com
1
Soil
7 NHS Digital, ‘Health Survey for England 2019 [NS]: Fruit and vegetables’,
Health and Social Care Information Centre, 15 December 2020,
healthsurvey.hscic.gov.uk
8 Julie Beck, ‘More Than Half of What Americans Eat Is “Ultra-Processed”’,
The Atlantic, 10 March 2016, theatlantic.com
9 Ibid.
10 ‘Australia’s health 2018’, Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, 20 June
2018, aihw.gov.au
11 Matthew Evans, The Real Food Companion, Murdoch Books, 2010
Chapter 2: Soil, the Earth’s Miracle Skin

1 Some 104 million square kilometres of Earth is habitable, so it could,
potentially, have topsoil – Hannah Ritchie and Max Roser, ‘Land Use’, Our
World in Data, September 2019, ourworldindata.org
2 David Moore et al., 21st Century Guidebook to Fungi (second edition),
Cambridge University Press, 2000, davidmoore.org.uk
3 National Resources Information Service, ‘Soil Biology’, University of Illinois,
web.extension.illinois.edu
4 ‘The nearly 1.5 billion hectares of world cropland now under cultivation
for crop production are almost equal in area to the amount of cropland
(2 billion hectares) that has been abandoned by humans since farming
began’ – David Pimentel and Michael Burgess, ‘Soil Erosion Threatens Food
Production’, Agriculture, vol. 3 no. 3, 8 August 2013, pp. 443–63, mdpi.com
5 Chris Arsenault, ‘UN Official: We Have Only 60 Years Of Farming Left If
We Don’t Change Our Ways’, 9 December 2014, businessinsider.com.au
6 Christopher Emsden, ‘Save Our Soils: Finding ways to stop erosion’, 15 May
2019, fao.org
7 ‘The FAO … finds that over 6 billion hectares, 66 per cent of the world’s
land, has been affected by degradation, leaving roughly only a third of the
world’s surface in good condition’ – H.K. Gibbs and J.M. Salmon, ‘Mapping
the world’s degraded lands’, Applied Geography, vol. 57, February 2015,
pp. 12–21, sciencedirect.com
&
‘Media Release: Worsening Worldwide Land Degradation Now “Critical”,
Undermining Well-Being of 3.2 Billion People’, Intergovernmental Science-
Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES), 23 March
2018, ipbes.net
8 Jon Stika, A Soil Owner’s Manual, Createspace Independent Publishing
Platform, 2016
9 James Gallagher, ‘More than half your body is not human’, BBC News,
10 April 2018, bbc.com
2
Matthew Evans
10 Stephanie Pappas, ‘There Might Be 1 Trillion Species on Earth’, Live Science,

5 May 2016, livescience.com
11 Winfried E.H. Blum et al., ‘Does Soil Contribute to the Human Gut
Microbiome?’, Microorganisms, vol. 7 no. 9, September 2019,
ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Chapter 3: The Earth’s Kidneys: When Good Soil Turns Bad

1 Tibi Puiu, At least 81% of China’s coastline is heavily polluted’, ZME
Science, 26 April 2017, zmescience.com
2 Ibid.
3 ‘Global Symposium on Soil Pollution: How soil pollution works’, Food and
Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 2–4 May 2018, fao.org
4 He Guangwei, ‘China’s Dirty Secret: The Boom Poisoned Its Soil and Crops’,
Yale Environment 360, 30 June 2014, e360.yale.edu
5 Ibid.
6 Ibid.
7 Ibid.
8 ‘China rice laced with heavy metals: report’, Phys Org, 16 February 2011,
phys.org
9 Nick Kim and Matthew Taylor, ‘Nick Kim and Matthew Taylor argue
that we are the limit of tolerable cadmium contamination and continuing
will compound problems quickly - and the use if zinc may not be a real
solution, possibly accentuating further issues’, interest.co.nz, 13 June 2017,
interest.co.nz
10 Vítor Gabriel Ambrosini et al., ‘Effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on
young vines in copper-contaminated soil’, Brazilian Journal of Microbiology,
vol. 46 no. 4, December 2015, scielo.br
11 G. Tóth et al., ‘Heavy metals in agricultural soils of the European Union
with implications for food safety’, Environment International, vol. 88, March
2016, pp. 299–309, sciencedirect.com
12 Ibid.
13 Z. He et al., ‘Heavy Metal Contamination of Soils: Sources, Indicators, and
Assessment’, Journal of Environmental Indicators, vol. 9, 2015, pp. 17–18,
core.ac.uk
14 ‘Agricultural Contaminants’, U.S. Geological Survey, usgs.gov
15 Ahlem Mansouri et al., ‘The Environmental Issues of DDT Pollution and
Bioremediation: a Multidisciplinary Review’, Applied Biochemistry and
Biotechnology, vol. 181, 3 September 2016, pp. 309–39, link.springer.com
16 ‘Agricultural Contaminants’, U.S. Geological Survey, usgs.gov
17 ‘Global Symposium on Soil Pollution: How soil pollution works’, Food and
Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 2–4 May 2018, fao.org
3
Soil
18 Western Australia’s environmental scorecard for agriculture states half

the farmland has unacceptable wind erosion, at a cost of $71 million in
lost opportunities annually. The direct cost of excess phosphorous
application is in excess $400 million per year just in the south-west of
Western Australia. One million hectares in the south-west is severely
salt affected and 2.8-4.5 million hectares is under threat – Department
of Agriculture and Food Western Australia, ‘Report card on sustainable
resource use in agriculture in Western Australia’, Department of Primary
Industries and Regional Development, September 2013, agric.wa.gov.au
19 Oliver Milman, ‘Earth has lost a third of arable land in past 40 years,
scientists say’, The Guardian, 2 December 2015, theguardian.com
Chapter 4: Plants Don’t Eat Dirt: The Underground Economy

1 James J. Hoorman and Rafiq Islam, ‘Understanding Soil Microbes and Nutrient
Recycling’, Ohio State University Extension, 7 September 2010, ohioline.osu.edu
2 European Commission, ‘The Soil is Alive!’, Convention on Biological
Diversity, 22 May 2008, ec.europa.eu
3 Kristine A. Nichols, ‘The Biology of the Soil’ (video presentation), 2011,
vimeo.com
&
James J. Hoorman and Rafiq Islam, ‘Understanding Soil Microbes and
Nutrient Recycling’, Ohio State University Extension, 7 September 2010,
ohioline.osu.edu
5 David H. McNear Jr., ‘The Rhizosphere - Roots, Soil and Everything In
Between’, The Nature Education Knowledge Project, vol. 4 no. 3, 2013,
nature.com
&
Alberto Canarini et al., ‘Root Exudation of Primary Metabolites: Mechanisms
and Their Roles in Plant Responses to Environmental Stimuli’, Frontiers in
Plant Science, 21 February 2019, frontiersin.org
7 Mycelium can be up 800 kilometres per gram of soil mycelium mats –
A. Ekblad et al., ‘The production and turnover of extramatrical mycelium
of ectomycorrhizal fungi in forest soils: role in carbon cycling’, Plant and
Soil, vol. 366, 26 February 2013, pp. 1–27, springer.com
8 Paola Bonfante and Andrea Genre, ‘Mechanisms underlying
beneficial plant–fungus interactions in mycorrhizal symbiosis’, Nature
Communications, vol. 1 no. 48, 27 July 2010, nature.com
4
Matthew Evans
9 James J. Hoorman, ‘Role of Soil Fungus’, Ohio State University Extension,

7 June 2016, ohioline.osu.edu
&
Sandra L. Baldauf and Jeffrey D. Palmer, ‘Animals and fungi are each
other’s closest relatives: Congruent evidence from multiple proteins’,
Proceedings from the National Academy of Sciences, vol. 90, December 1993,
pp. 11,558–62, pnas.org
&
Q. Zeng et al., ‘Fungi and humans: closer than you think’, Trends in Genetics,
vol. 17 no. 12, December 2001, pp. 682–4, pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
10 Laura Selbmann, ‘Extreme-Fungi and the Benefits of A Stressing Life’, Life,
vol. 9 no. 31, 27 March 2019, mdpi.com
11 Merlin Sheldrake, Entangled Life, Bodley Head, 2020
12 Ibid.
13 Jose J. Limon et al., ‘Commensal Fungi in Health and Disease’, Cell Host
& Microbe, vol. 22 no. 2, 9 August 2017, pp. 156–65, cell.com
14 Ji-Hyun Yun et al., ‘Social status shapes the bacterial and fungal gut
communities of the honey bee’, Scientific Reports, vol. 8 no. 2019, 31 January
2018, nature.com
15 ‘Fungi’, Microbiology Society, microbiologysociety.org
16 Sara F. Wright and Kristine A. Nichols, ‘Glomalin: Hiding Place for a Third
of the World’s Stored Soil Carbon’, Agricultural Research, vol. 50 no. 9,
September 2002, agresearchmag.ars.usda.gov
17 Merlin Sheldrake, Entangled Life, Bodley Head, 2020
18 Hyphae are 1/60th the diameter of root hairs – James J. Hoorman,
‘Role of Soil Fungus’, Ohio State University Extension, 7 June 2016,
ohioline.osu.edu
&
There are 10 kilometres of hyphae in a teaspoon of soil (some say more) –
Graham Stirling et al., Soil Health, Soil Biology, Soilborne Diseases and
Sustainable Agriculture, CSIRO Publishing, Melbourne, 2016, p. 27
19 Sara F. Wright and Kristine A. Nichols, ‘Glomalin: Hiding Place for a Third
of the World’s Stored Soil Carbon’, Agricultural Research, vol. 50 no. 9,
September 2002, agresearchmag.ars.usda.gov
&
Kristine A. Nichols, ‘Does Glomalin Hold Your Farm Together?’, United
States Department of Agriculture, nrcs.usda.gov
20 Rattan Lal et al., ‘Evolution of the plow over 10,000 years and the rationale
for no-till farming’, Soil & Tillage Research, vol. 93 no. 1, March 2007,
pp. 1–12, researchgate.net
5
Soil
21 Ismael Acosta-Rodríguez et al., ‘Bioremoval of Different Heavy Metals by

the Resistant Fungal Strain Aspergillus niger’, Bioinorganic Chemistry and
Applications, 1 November 2018, ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
22 Nic Fleming, ‘Plants talk to each other using an internet of fungus’,
BBC Earth, 11 November 2014, bbc.com
23 D. Toomey, ‘Exploring how and why trees “talk” to each other’, Yale
Environment 360, September 2016, e360.yale.edu
&
Vicente Vives-Peris et al., ‘Root exudates: from plant to rhizosphere and
beyond’, Plant Cell Reports, 25 July 2019, pp. 3–17, link.springer.com
24 James J. Hoorman, ‘Role of Soil Fungus’, Ohio State University Extension,
7 June 2016, ohioline.osu.edu
25 Ibid.
26 Eva Oburger and David L. Jones, ‘Sampling root exudates; Mission
impossible?’, Rhizosphere, vol. 6, June 2018, pp. 116–33, sciencedirect.com
27 Travis S. Walker et al., ‘Root Exudation and Rhizosphere Biology’, Plant
Physiology, vol. 132, May 2003, pp. 44–51, plantphysiol.org
&
Vicente Vives-Peris et al., ‘Root exudates: from plant to rhizosphere and
beyond’, Plant Cell Reports, 25 July 2019, pp. 3–17, link.springer.com
Chapter 5: Here, There and Everywhere: The ‘Old Friends’ Hypothesis

1 M.E.R. O’Brien et al., ‘SRL172 (killed Mycobacterium vaccae) in addition
to standard chemotherapy improves quality of life without affecting
survival, in patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer: phase III
results’, Annals of Oncology, vol. 15 no. 6, 1 June 2004, pp. 906–14,
pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
2 Stefan O. Reber et al., ‘Immunization with a heat-killed preparation of the
environmental bacterium Mycobacterium vaccae promotes stress resilience
in mice’, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 16 May 2016,
pnas.org
3 University of Colorado at Boulder, ‘Healthy, stress-busting fat found hidden
in dirt’, ScienceDaily, 29 May 2019, sciencedaily.com
4 Dorothy M. Matthews and Susan Jenks, ‘Ingestion of Mycobacterium
vaccae decreases anxiety-related behavior and improves learning in
mice’, Behavioral Processes, vol. 96, 18 February 2013, pp. 27–35,
researchgate.net
5 Pagan Kennedy, ‘How to Get High on Soil’, The Atlantic, 1 February 2012,
theatlantic.com
6 ‘3 studies that show healthy soil = healthy people’, Rodale Institute, 15 May
2020, rodaleinstitute.org
6
Matthew Evans
7 Daphne Miller, ‘Uncovering how microbes in the soil influence our

health and our food’, The Washington Post, 29 September 2019,
washingtonpost.com
8 David P. Strachan, ‘Hay fever, hygiene, and household size’, British Medical
Journal (Clinical research edition), vol. 299, 18 November 1989, pp. 1259–60,
bmj.com
9 Winfried E.H. Blum et al., ‘Does Soil Contribute to the Human Gut
Microbiome?’, Microorganisms, vol. 7 no. 9, September 2019,
ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
10 Ibid.
&
Jef Akst, ‘The Influence of Soil on Immune Health’, The Scientist, 8 January
2020, the-scientist.com
&
Heribert Hirt, ‘Healthy soils for healthy plants for healthy humans’, EMBO
Reports, vol. 21 no. 8, 5 August 2020, embopress.org
&
Noora Ottman et al., ‘Soil exposure modifies the gut microbiota and
supports immune tolerance in a mouse model’, The Journal of Allergy
and Clinical Immunology, vol. 143 no. 3, 1 March 2019, pp. 1198–206,
jacionline.org
11 Thomas Loynachan, ‘Soil actinomycetes’, American Society for Microbiology,
June 2008, asmscience.org
12 Hank Campbell, ‘Geosmin: Why We Like The Smell Of Air After A Storm’,
American Council on Science and Health, 28 July 2018, acsh.org
13 Paul G. Becher et al., ‘Developmentally regulated volatiles geosmin and
2-methylisoborneol attract a soil arthropod to Streptomyces bacteria
promoting spore dispersal’, Nature Microbiology, vol. 5, 6 April 2020,
pp. 821–9, nature.com
14 Rich Haridy, ‘The 500-million-year-old reason behind the unique scent of
rain’, New Atlas, 6 April 2020, newatlas.com
15 Jennifer Chu, ‘Light rain can spread soil bacteria far and wide, study finds’,
ScienceDaily, 7 March 2017, sciencedaily.com
16 David C. Sands et al., ‘The association between bacteria and rain and
possible resultant meteorological implications’, Journal of the Hungarian
Meteorological Service, vol. 86 no. 2–4, March–August 1982, pp. 148–152,
researchgate.net
17 ‘Bacteria creates hail stones: study’, ABC Science, 25 May 2011,
abc.net.au
&
7
Soil
‘The new research shows that a large variety of bacteria, and even fungi,
diatoms and algae, persist in the clouds and can be used as precipitation
starters, a growing field of study called bioprecipitation’ – Alexander B.
Michaud et al., ‘Biological ice nucleation initiates hailstone formation’,
Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, vol. 119 no. 21, 16 November
2014, pp. 12,186–97, agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com
18 Alexander B. Michaud et al., ‘Biological ice nucleation initiates hailstone
formation’, Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, vol. 119 no. 21,
16 November 2014, pp. 12,186–97, agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com
19 Biogenic aerosols are ubiquitous in nuclei of ice particles that grow and
form snowflakes, and thus may influence the precipitation cycle – Brent C.
Christner et al., ‘Ubiquity of Biological Ice Nucleators in Snowfall, Science,
vol. 319 no. 5867, February 2008, p. 1214, science.sciencemag.org
20 Jennifer Welsh, ‘Surprising Find: Live Bacteria Help Create Rain, Snow &
Hail’, Live Science, 24 May 2011, livescience.com
21 Tina Šantl-Temkiv et al., ‘Hailstones: A Window into the Microbial and
Chemical Inventory of a Storm Cloud’, PLOS ONE, vol. 8 no. 1, 23 January
2013, ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Chapter 6: Look After the Soil, and the Plants Look After Us
1 Connecting Global Priorities: Biodiversity and Human Health, World Health
Organization, 2015, cbd.int
2 Global anaemia rates (about 24% of global population) – ‘Global anaemia
prevalence and number of individuals affected’, World Health Organization,
who.int
&
‘Based on these estimates of iron deficiency anaemia as a risk factor for
mortality, iron deficiency is estimated to cause 591,000 perinatal deaths
and 115,000 maternal deaths globally’ – Rebecca J. Stoltzfus et al., ‘Iron
Deficiency Anaemia’, in Majid Ezzati et al. (eds), Comparative Quantification
of Health Risks, World Health Organization, Switzerland, 2004, pp. 163–209,
books.google.com.au
&
‘The numbers are staggering: 2 billion people – over 30% of the world’s
population – are anaemic, many due to iron deficiency’. The World Health
Organization estimates that 42% of children less than 5 years of age and
40% of pregnant women worldwide are anaemic; based on 140 million
births each year for five years, this would mean 58 800 000 anaemic
children – ‘Anaemia’, World Health Organization, who.int
&
8
Matthew Evans
‘Pregnant women with anemia are twice as likely to die during or shortly
after pregnancy compared to those without the condition, according to
a major international study led by Queen Mary University of London of
over 300,000 women across 29 countries.’ And iron deficiency accounts
for roughly half of all anaemia – Queen Mary University of London, ‘Risk
of maternal death doubled in pregnant women with anemia’, ScienceDaily,
21 March 2018, sciencedaily.com
&
‘Research suggests that as many as 80 percent of people in the world don’t
have enough iron in their bodies. It also suggests that as many as 30 percent
of people have anemia due to prolonged iron deficiency’ – Jacquelyn
Cafasso, ‘Iron Deficiency Anemia Secondary to Inadequate Dietary Iron
Intake’, Healthline, 24 December 2017, healthline.com
3 ‘Vitamin A deficiency puts 140 million children at risk of illness and
death – UNICEF’, UN News, 2 May 2018, news.un.org
4 Helias A. Udo de Haes et al., Scarcity of micronutrients in soil, feed, food,
and mineral reserves, Platform for Agriculture, Innovation & Society, The
Netherlands, September 2012, iatp.org
5 Yee-Shan Ku et al., ‘Possible Roles of Rhizospheric and Endophytic
Microbes to Provide a Safe and Aordable Means of Crop Biofortification’,
Agronomy, vol. 9 no. 11, 16 November 2019, mdpi.com
6 ‘There appears to be no positive relationship between the state-level
percentages of soil iron deficiency and prevalence rates of anemia’ –
M. Nubé and Roelf L. Voortman, ‘Simultaneously addressing micronutrient
deficiencies in soils, crops, animal and human nutrition: opportunities for
higher yields and better health’, Centre for World Food Studies, September
2006, researchgate.net
8 An apple variety has 100 times more phytonutrients than golden delicious –
Jo Robinson, ‘Breeding the Nutrition Out of Our Food’, The New York Times
Sunday Review, 25 May 2013, nytimes.com
10 Daniel McDonald et al., ‘American Gut: an Open Platform for Citizen
Science Microbiome Research’, American Society for Microbiology, vol. 3
no. 3, 15 May 2018, msystems.asm.org
&
Bo Li et al., ‘The microbiome and autoimmunity: a paradigm from the
gut–liver axis’, Cellular and Molecular Immunology, vol. 15, April 2018,
pp. 595–609, nature.com
9
Soil
11 Donald R. Davis, ‘Declining Fruit and Vegetable Nutrient Composition:

What Is the Evidence?’, American Society for Horticultural Science, vol. 44
no. 1, February 2009, pp. 15–19, journals.ashs.org
vol. 22 no. 10, October 2017, pp. 842–56, sciencedirect.com
13 Ibid.
14 Ibid.
15 Anne-Marie Mayer, ‘Historical changes in the mineral content of fruits
and vegetables’, British Food Journal, vol. 99 no. 6, 1 July 1997, pp. 207–11,
emerald.com
17 David Thomas, ‘A study on the mineral depletion of the foods available to
us as a nation over the period 1940 to 1991’, Nutrition and Health, vol. 17
no. 2, 1 April 2003, pp. 85–115, mineralresourcesint.co.uk
&
‘Have fruits and vegetables become less healthy over time?’, Food
Databanks, 6 February 2020, fdnc.quadram.ac.uk
&
‘The Declining Nutrient Value of Food’, Bionutrient Food Association,
December–January 2011–2012, bionutrient.org
&
Mark W. Farnham, et al., ‘Calcium and Magnesium Concentration of
Inbred and Hybrid Broccoli Heads’, Journal of the American Society for
Horticultural Science, vol. 125 no. 3, May 2000, pp. 344–9, journals.ashs.org
19 Ibid.
20 ‘Contemporaneous analyses of modern versus old crop varieties grown
side-by-side, and archived samples, show lower mineral concentrations
in varieties bred for higher yields where increased carbohydrate is not
accompanied by proportional increases in minerals.’ – Robin J. Marles,
‘Mineral nutrient composition of vegetables, fruits and grains: The context
of reports of apparent historical declines’, Journal of Food Composition and
Analysis, vol. 56, March 2017, pp. 93–103, sciencedirect.com
21 James Wong, ‘The decline and fall of broccoli’s nutrients’, The Guardian,
9 April 2017, theguardian.com
&
10
Matthew Evans
Fernando Vallejo et al., ‘Health-Promoting Compounds in Broccoli as

Influenced by Refrigerated Transport and Retail Sale Period’, Journal of
Agricultural and Food Chemistry, vol. 51 no. 10, 10 April 2003, pp. 3029–34,
pubs.acs.org
22 Gin Suja et al., ‘Yield, quality and soil health under organic vs conventional
farming in taro’, Scientia Horticulturae, vol. 218, 14 April 2017, pp. 334–43,
sciencedirect.com
23 Xin Zhao et al., ‘Does Organic Production Enhance Phytochemical
Content of Fruit and Vegetables? Current Knowledge and Prospects for
Research’, American Society for Horticultural Science, vol. 16 no. 3, January
2006, pp. 449–56, journals.ashs.org
24 Jeffrey G. White and Robert J. Zasoski, ‘Mapping soil micronutrients’,
Field Crops Research, vol. 60 no. 1–2, 1 January 1999, pp. 11–26,
sciencedirect.com
25 ‘A negative correlation between the date of release and levels of
glucobrassicin’ – Erica N.C. Renaud et al., ‘Variation in Broccoli Cultivar
Phytochemical Content under Organic and Conventional Management
Systems: Implications in Breeding for Nutrition’, PLOS ONE, vol. 9 no. 7,
16 July 2014, journals.plos.org
26 Alyson E. Mitchell et al., ‘Ten-Year Comparison of the Influence of
Organic and Conventional Crop Management Practices on the Content of
Flavonoids in Tomatoes’, Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, vol. 55
no. 15, 23 June 2007, pubs.acs.org
27 Eunmi Koh et al., ‘Effect of organic and conventional cropping systems on
ascorbic acid, vitamin C, flavonoids, nitrate, and oxalate in 27 varieties of
spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.)’, Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry,
vol. 60 no. 12, 28 March 2012, pp. 3144–50, pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
28 Effect of nitrogen on nitrates, flavones and phenolics – Othman Qadir
et al., ‘Manipulation of Contents of Nitrate, Phenolic Acids, Chlorophylls,
and Carotenoids in Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) via Contrasting Responses
to Nitrogen Fertilizer When Grown in a Controlled Environment’, Journal
of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, vol. 65 no. 46, 23 October 2017,
pp. 10,003–10, pubs.acs.org
29 Ashok Kumar et al., ‘Co-inoculation with Enterobacter and Rhizobacteria
on Yield and Nutrient Uptake by Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in the
Alluvial Soil Under Indo-Gangetic Plain of India’, Journal of Plant Growth
Regulation, vol. 36, 17 January 2017, pp. 608–17, link.springer.com
30 Alyson E. Mitchell et al., ‘Ten-Year Comparison of the Influence of
Organic and Conventional Crop Management Practices on the Content of
Flavonoids in Tomatoes’, Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, vol. 55
no. 15, 23 June 2007, pubs.acs.org
11
Soil
31 Yee-Shan Ku et al., ‘Possible Roles of Rhizospheric and Endophytic

Microbes to Provide a Safe and Affordable Means of Crop Biofortification’,
Agronomy, vol. 9 no. 11, 16 November 2019, mdpi.com
32 Yuyan Wang et al., ‘Improved plant growth and Zn accumulation in grains
of rice (Oryza sativa L.) by inoculation of endophytic microbes isolated
from a Zn Hyperaccumulator, Sedum alfredii H.’, Journal of Agricultural
and Food Chemistry, vol. 62 no. 8, 26 February 2014, pp. 1783–91,
pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
&
Xue Chen et al., ‘Combined use of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus and
selenium fertilizer shapes microbial community structure and enhances
organic selenium accumulation in rice grain’, Science of The Total
Environment, vol. 748, 15 December 2020, sciencedirect.com
33 Mycellium can be up 800 kilometres per gram of soil mycelium mats –
A. Ekblad et al., ‘The production and turnover of extramatrical mycelium
of ectomycorrhizal fungi in forest soils: role in carbon cycling’, Plant and
Soil, vol. 366, 26 February 2013, pp. 1–27, springer.com
34 Archana Bhattarai et al., ‘Variation of soil microbial population in different
soil horizons’, Journal of Microbiology & Experimentation, vol. 2 no. 2,
29 April 2015, pp. 75–8, medcraveonline.com
35 Bionutrient Food Association, bionutrient.org
Chapter 7: Nutritional Dark Matter

1 Albert-Lászlo Barabási et al., ‘The unmapped chemical complexity of our
diet’, Nature Food, vol. 1, 21 January 2020, pp. 33–7, nature.com
2 FooDB, foodb.ca
3 National Agricultural Library, ‘Nutrient Lists from Standard Reference
Legacy (2018)’, United States Department of Agriculture, nal.usda.gov
&
Albert-Lászlo Barabási et al., ‘The unmapped chemical complexity of our
4 Chanavuth Kanitsoraphan et al., ‘Trimethylamine N-Oxide and Risk of
Cardiovascular Disease and Mortality’, Current Nutrition Reports, vol. 7
no. 4, December 2018, pp. 207–13, pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
5 Albert-Lászlo Barabási et al., ‘The unmapped chemical complexity of our
6 Leanne Edermaniger, ‘The Ultimate Guide To Polyphenols For Health And
Gut Microbiome’, Atlas Blog, 17 October 2020, atlasbiomed.com
7 Rasnik K. Singh et al., ‘Influence of diet on the gut microbiome and
implications for human health’, Journal of Translational Medicine, vol. 15
no. 73, 8 April 2017, translational-medicine.biomedcentral.com
12
Matthew Evans
8 Naresh Kumar and Nidhi Goel, ‘Phenolic acids: Natural versatile molecules
with promising therapeutic applications’, Biotechnology Reports, December
9 Andreas Keller, ‘Sniff study suggests humans can distinguish more than
1 trillion scents’, The Rockefeller University, 20 March 2014, rockefeller.edu
10 Humans have better sense of smell than spider monkeys, macaques,
rodents, bats, even pigs – Marta Zaraska, ‘The Sense Of Smell In Humans
Is More Powerful Than We Think’, Discover Magazine, 11 October 2017,
discovermagazine.com
11 Erika Check, ‘People track scents in same way as dogs’, Nature,
17 December 2006, nature.com
12 Given two pools, a human could detect by smell which pool contained the
three drops of odorant – Lee Sela and Noam Sobel, ‘Human olfaction: a
constant state of change-blindness’, Experimental Brain Research, vol. 205
no. 1, 7 July 2010, pp. 13–29, ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
13 ‘… isoamyl mercaptan reported at 0.77 parts per trillion …’ – Ibid.
14 C. Bushdid et al., ‘Humans Can Discriminate More Than 1 Trillion
Olfactory Stimuli’, Science Magazine, vol. 343 no. 6177, 21 March 2014,
pp. 1370–2, science.sciencemag.org
15 Luisa Torri et al., ‘Sensory test vs. electronic nose and/or image analysis
of whole bread produced with old and modern wheat varieties adjuvanted
by means of the mycorrhizal factor’, Food Research International, vol. 54
no. 2, 2 October 2013, pp. 1400–1408, omceomb.it/public/upload/
AttiConvegni/2015_Settembre19_Alimenti_MiglioriniTorriMasoero.pdf
16 Stephanie L. Schnorr, ‘The soil in our microbial DNA informs about
environmental interfaces across host and subsistence modalities’,
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences,
vol. 375 no. 1812, 23 November 2020, royalsocietypublishing.org
&
Michael J. Barratt et al., ‘The Gut Microbiota, Food Science, and Human
Nutrition: A Timely Marriage’, Cell Host & Microbe, vol. 22 no. 2, 9 August
2017, pp. 134–41, cell.com
&
Hannah Landecker, ‘Eating As Dialogue, Food As Technology, Noēma,
18 June 2020, noemamag.com
&
Yun Teng et al., ‘Plant-Derived Exosomal MicroRNAs Shape the Gut
Microbiota’, Cell Host & Microbe, vol. 24 no. 5, 14 November 2018,
pp. 637–52, cell.com
17 Hannah Landecker, ‘Eating As Dialogue, Food As Technology, Noēma,
18 June 2020, noemamag.com
13
Soil
18 Tasiu Isah, ‘Stress and defense responses in plant secondary metabolites

production’, Biological Research, vol. 52 no. 39, 29 July 2019,
ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
19 Importantly, phytochemicals and their metabolic products can modulate
gut microbiota composition by exerting prebiotic-like effects, inhibiting
pathogenic bacteria and stimulating the growth of beneficial bacteria –
Francesca Pistollato et al., ‘Role of gut microbiota and nutrients in amyloid
formation and pathogenesis of Alzheimer disease’, Nutrition Reviews,
vol. 74 no. 10, October 2016, pp. 624–34, academic.oup.com
20 Ergothioneine goes through blood–brain barrier – Richard Ming Yi Tang
et al., ‘Distribution and accumulation of dietary ergothioneine and its
metabolites in mouse tissues’, Scientific Reports, vol. 8 no. 1601, 25 January
Chapter 8: Here Today, Gone Tomorrow

1 Frances Marston et al., ‘Waterborne Erosion – an Australian Story’;
CSIRO Land and Water, September 2001, publications.csiro.au
2 ‘It estimated the average erosion rate to be 4.1 ton/hectare/year across
the continent, and that about 2.9 × 10 to the power of 9 tonnes (2.9
billion tonnes) of soil is moved annually’ – Andrea Koch et al., ‘Monitor
Soil Degradation or Triage for Soil Security? An Australian Challenge’,
Sustainability, vol. 7 no. 5, 24 April 2015, pp. 4870–92, mdpi.com
3 Frances Marston et al., ‘Waterborne Erosion – an Australian Story’;
CSIRO Land and Water, September 2001, publications.csiro.au
4 ‘Soil: Formation and erosion’, Australia State of the Environment Report,
2016, soe.environment.gov.au
5 Ibid.
6 ‘The 2.3 km train had 136 wagons and carried 11,000 tonnes of coal
through the Blackwater rail system to the Wiggins Island Coal Export
Terminal (WICET).’ – ‘Aurizon hails CQCN coal train of record length’,
ATN, 25 March 2015, fullyloaded.com.au
&
Using 1.5 billion tonnes (conservative estimate); 1.5 billion divided by
11,000 = 136,363.7 trains multiplied by 2.3 kilometres = 313,636.36.
Circumference of the Earth is 40,075 kilometres = 7.8 times around Earth –
‘Emissions calculator’, Aurizon, aurizon.com.au
7 Total erosion is about 2.9 billion tonnes per annum – Andrea Koch et al.,
‘Monitor Soil Degradation or Triage for Soil Security? An Australian
Challenge’, Sustainability, vol. 7 no. 5, 24 April 2015, pp. 4870–92, mdpi.com
8 Australian soil has lost 40–60% of its carbon content since European
colonisation – Ibid.
14
Matthew Evans
9 ‘A worldwide census of the total number of trees, as well as a comparison

of actual and potential plant biomass, has suggested that the total
plant biomass (and, by proxy, the total biomass on Earth) has declined
approximately twofold relative to its value before the start of human
civilization’ – Yinon M. Bar-On et al., ‘The biomass distribution on Earth’,
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol. 115 no. 25, 19 June
2018, pp. 6506–11, pnas.org
10 ‘In 2010, the global urban land was close to 3%’ – Zhifeng Liu et al.,
‘How much of the world’s land has been urbanized, really? A hierarchical
framework for avoiding confusion’, Landscape Ecology, vol. 29 no. 5,
12 April 2014, researchgate.net
11 Malcolm T. McCulloch et al., ‘Coral record of increased sediment flux
to the inner Great Barrier Reef of Australia since European Settlement’,
Nature, vol. 421, 13 February 2003, pp. 727–30, researchgate.net
&
‘Soil losses from unprotected cultivation in upland cropping areas of the
Darling Downs can average between 20 and 60 tonnes per hectare per
year. Steep, unprotected cropping lands in tropical areas can lose up to
400 tonnes of soil per hectare per year’ – ‘Impacts of erosion’, Queensland
Government, 8 December 2016, qld.gov.au
12 US erosion (wind and water) estimated at 1.69 billion tons per years
in 2015 (equates to about 1.533 billion tonnes) – Natural Resources
Conservation Service, ‘Summary Report: 2015 National Resources
Inventory Summary Report’, United States Department of Agriculture,
September 2018, nrcs.usda.gov
13 Estimated erosion 3.4 tonnes per person per year, globally – ‘Soil Fertility and
Erosion’, Global Agriculture, globalagriculture.org
&
4.6 tonnes per person per year – Pasquale Borrelli et al., ‘An assessment of
the global impact of 21st century land use change on soil erosion’, Nature
Communications, vol. 8, no. 2013, 8 December 2017, nature.com
&
9.6 tonnes per person per year – Dan Pennock, Soil erosion: the greatest
challenge to sustainable soil management, Food and Agriculture
Organization of the United Nations, Rome, 2019, fao.org
14 Pasquale Borrelli et al., ‘An assessment of the global impact of 21st century
land use change on soil erosion’, Nature Communications, vol. 8, no. 2013,
8 December 2017, nature.com
15 Dan Pennock, Soil erosion: the greatest challenge to sustainable soil
management, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations,
Rome, 2019, fao.org
15
Soil
16 Ibid.
17 Panos Panagos et al., ‘The new assessment of soil loss by water erosion
in Europe’, Environmental Science & Policy, vol. 54, 25 August 2015,
pp. 438–47, globalagriculture.org
18 Ibid.
19 Linda Qiu, ‘The Dirt on Dirt: 5 Things You Should Know About Soil’,
National Geographic, 6 December 2014, nationalgeographic.com
20 ‘Soil Fertility and Erosion’, Global Agriculture, globalagriculture.org
21 Dan Pennock, Soil erosion: the greatest challenge to sustainable soil
management, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations,
Rome, 2019, fao.org
22 Luis Villazon, ‘How fast does rain fall?’, Science Focus, sciencefocus.com
23 Kristine A. Nichols, ‘The Brown Revolution’, episode 20, Rural Routes to
Climate Solutions, rr2cs.ca
&
L.L. Meyer and J.V. Mannering, Tillage and land modification for water
erosion control, American Society of Agricultural Engineers, Detroit,
11–12 December 1967, pp. 58–62, rolf-derpsch.com
24 Soil is lost, in tilled fields, an order of magnitude >2 compared to how soil
is made (100 x faster, or more) – Lennart Olsson et al., ‘Land Degradation’
in Climate Change and Land: an IPCC special report on climate change,
desertification, land degradation, sustainable land management, food security,
and greenhouse gas fluxes in terrestrial ecosystems, Intergovernmental Panel
on Climate Change, Switzerland, 8 August 2019, pp. 345–436, ipcc.ch
&
Soil erosion in untilled fields still 10-20 times greater than soil is made –
Almut Arneth et al., ‘Summary for Policymakers’ in Climate Change
and Land: an IPCC special report on climate change, desertification, land
degradation, sustainable land management, food security, and greenhouse
gas fluxes in terrestrial ecosystems, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate
Change, Switzerland, 8 August 2019, pp. 3–36, ipcc.ch
&
‘Global Symposium on Soil Erosion: Key messages’, Food and Agriculture
Organization of the United Nations, fao.org
25 Richard Gray, ‘Why soil is disappearing from farms’, Follow the Food series,
BBC, bbc.com
26 Ibid.
Chapter 9: Big Ones, Small Ones, Skinny Ones, Fat Ones: Worms
1 Cradle Coast NRM, ‘Dung beetles on the rise across southern Australia’,
The Advocate, 2 October 2019, theadvocate.com.au
16
Matthew Evans
2 Ken Wise et al., Field Crops: Dung Beetles Aid in Reducing Flies and
Gastrointestinal Parasites in Pastures, New York State Integrated Pest
Management Program, Ithaca, 18 May 2020, ecommons.cornell.edu
3 Ceri Watkins, ‘Case study: British dung beetles – here to help’, Farm
Wildlife, 15 April 2019, farmwildlife.info
4 Cradle Coast NRM, ‘Dung beetles on the rise across southern Australia’,
The Advocate, 2 October 2019, theadvocate.com.au
5 Kevin Handreck and Ken Lee, Earthworms for Gardeners and Fishermen,
CSIRO Division of Soils, Adelaide, 1986, publications.csiro.au
6 Charles Darwin, The Formation of Vegetable Mould Through the Action
of Worms With Observations on Their Habitats, John Murray, London,
1881
7 Charles Darwin, ‘The Amount of Fine Earth Brought Up By Worms to the
Surface’, in Ibid., pp. 129–75, darwin-online.org.uk
8 Christian Feller et al., ‘Review: Charles Darwin, earthworms and the natural
sciences: various lessons from past to future’, Agriculture, Ecosystems and
Environment, vol. 99 no. 2013, 14 February 2003, pp. 29–49, esalq.usp.br
9 Charles Darwin, ‘Conclusion’, in The Formation of Vegetable Mould Through
the Action of Worms, John Murray, 1881, p. 305, darwin-online.org.uk
10 Regina M. Medina-Sauza et al., ‘Earthworms Building Up Soil Microbiota,
a Review’, Frontiers in Environmental Science, vol. 7 no. 81, 7 June 2019,
frontiersin.org
11 Ibid.
12 Rob Blakemore, ‘Australian Earthworms’, Australian Museum, 25 February
2019, australian.museum
&
David C. Coleman, ‘Soil Biota, Soil Systems, and Processes’, Encyclopedia of
Biodiversity (second edition), 5 February 2013, pp. 580–9, sciencedirect.com
13 Jan Willem Van Groenigen et al., ‘Earthworms increase plant production:
a meta-analysis’, Scientific Reports, vol. 4 no. 1, 15 September 2014,
researchgate.net
14 ‘How earthworms can help your soil’, Department of Primary Industries,
dpi.nsw.gov.au
15 Erik Kristensen et al., ‘What is bioturbation? The need for a precise definition
for fauna in aquatic science’, Marine Ecology Progress Series, vol. 446,
2 February 2012, pp. 285–302, researchgate.net
16 Ibid.
17 George G. Brown et al., ‘Regulation of soil organic matter dynamics and
microbial activity in the drilosphere and the role of interactions with other
edaphic functional domains’, European Journal of Soil Biology, July 2000,
17
Soil
18 ‘How earthworms can help your soil’, Department of Primary Industries,

dpi.nsw.gov.au
&
1347 earthworms per square metre (though wild variation) – K.Y. Chan
and I. Barchia, ‘Soil compaction controls the abundance, biomass and
distribution of earthworms in a single dairy farm in south-eastern
Australia’, Soil and Tillage Research, vol. 94 no. 1, May 2007, pp. 75–82,
sciencedirect.com
19 Gaetan Borgonie et al., ‘Nematoda from the terrestrial deep subsurface of
South Africa’, Nature, vol. 474 no. 7349, 21 June 2011, pp. 79–82, biblio.ugent.be
&
Jennifer Frazer, ‘Nematode Roundworms Own This Place’, Scientific
American, 9 February 2013, blogs.scientificamerican.com
20 Jian-Xiang Liao et al., ‘Species and Functional Diversity of Deep-Sea
Nematodes in a High Energy Submarine Canyon’, Frontiers in Marine
Science, vol. 7 no. 591, 21 July 2020, frontiersin.org
&
Nematodes 3.2 kilometres below the Earth’s surface – Gaetan Borgonie
et al., ‘Nematoda from the terrestrial deep subsurface of South Africa’,
Nature, vol. 474 no. 7349, 21 June 2011, pp. 79–82, biblio.ugent.be
21 Antoinette Malan and Pia Addison, ‘All you need to know about the space
travelling nematode: a worm like no other’, The Conversation, 25 September
2015, theconversation.com
23 ‘Roundworms’, CSIRO, 15 January 2021, csiro.au
24 Johan van den Hoogen, ‘Nematodes uncovered: the most abundant
animals on the planet’, Nature Ecology & Evolution, 24 July 2019,
natureecoevocommunity.nature.com
25 ‘Roundworms’, CSIRO, 15 January 2021, csiro.au
26 R.N. Huettel and A.M. Golden, ‘Nathan Augustus Cobb: The Father of
Nematology in the United States’, Annual Review of Phytopathology, vol. 29,
1991, pp. 15–26, annualreviews.org
29 Charles Darwin, ‘Conclusion’, in The Formation of Vegetable Mould Through
the Action of Worms, John Murray, 1881, pp. 315–26, darwin-online.org.uk
18
Matthew Evans
Chapter 10: Bombs, Germs and Plants: 100 Years of Fast Fixes Creating
Big Problems
1 Actual estimates of deaths at Ypres vary:
10,000 dead at Ypres – Paul May, ‘The Haber Process’, University of Bristol:
School of Chemistry, 1999, chm.bris.ac.uk
5000 dead, 10,000 injured – Ulrich Trumpener, ‘The Road to Ypres: The
Beginnings of Gas Warfare in World War I’, The Journal of Modern History,
vol. 47, no. 3, September 1975, pp. 460–80, jstor.org
2 ‘Chemical Warfare Agents and Zyklon B’, BASF, basf.com
3 Robin McKie, ‘From fertiliser to Zyklon B: 100 years of the scientific
discovery that brought life and death’, The Observer, 3 November 2013,
theguardian.com
4 Ilana Gordon, ‘Welcome to Nauru, The Most Corrupt Country You’ve
Never Heard Of ’, Medium, 19 April 2017, medium.com
5 Angela Gregory, ‘Nauru learning to live without wealth’, The New Zealand
Herald, 18 August 2004, nzherald.co.nz
6 ‘World Health Report: Nauru’, World Health Organization, 2004, who.int
&
Kathy Marks, ‘Fat of the land: Nauru tops obesity league’, The Independent,
26 December 2010, independent.co.uk
Chapter 11: How The Green Revolution is Turning the World Brown
1 Katarina Borojevic and Ksenija Borojevic, ‘The Transfer and History of
‘‘Reduced Height Genes’’ (Rht) in Wheat from Japan to Europe’, Journal of
Heredity, vol. 96 no. 4, 13 April 2005, pp. 455–9, academic.oup.com
&
John Innes Centre, ‘Selective breeding for shorter plant stems contributed
to “Green Revolution” yield gains’, Genetic Literacy Project, 25 August 2017,
geneticliteracyproject.org
2 Prabhu L. Pingali, ‘Green Revolution: Impacts, limits, and the path ahead’,
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol. 109 no. 31, 31 July
2012, pp. 12,302–8, pnas.org
&
‘Green Revolution’, Encyclopedia.com, 13 August 2018, encyclopedia.com
2012, pp. 12,302–8, pnas.org
4 Emma M. Jobson et al., ‘The Impact of the Wheat Rht-B1b Semi-Dwarfing
Allele on Photosynthesis and Seed Development Under Field Conditions’,
Frontiers in Plant Science, vol. 10 no. 51, 4 February 2019, frontiersin.org
5 Ibid.
19
Soil
6 Vanessa N. Kavamura et al., ‘Wheat dwarfing influences selection of the

rhizosphere microbiome’, Scientific Reports, vol. 10 no. 1452, 29 January
2020, nature.com
7 Vanessa N. Kavamura et al., ‘Inorganic Nitrogen Application Affects Both
Taxonomical and Predicted Functional Structure of Wheat Rhizosphere
Bacterial Communities’, Frontiers in Microbiology, vol. 9 no. 1074, 29 May
2018, frontiersin.org
8 Emma M. Jobson et al., ‘The Impact of the Wheat Rht-B1b Semi-Dwarfing
Allele on Photosynthesis and Seed Development Under Field Conditions’,
Frontiers in Plant Science, vol. 10 no. 51, 4 February 2019, frontiersin.org
9 Ibid.
10 Richard Gray, ‘Why soil is disappearing from farms’, Follow the Food series,
BBC, bbc.com
11 Kenneth M. Quinn, ‘Norman E. Borlaug - Extended Biography’, World Food
Prize Foundation, 2009, worldfoodprize.org
12 Nitrogen efficiency for farmers 42%, and as low as 25% in China – Fred
Pearce, ‘Can the World Find Solutions to the Nitrogen Pollution Crisis?’,
Yale E360, 6 February 2018, e360.yale.edu
13 Robert J. Diaz and Rutger Rosenberg, ‘Spreading Dead Zones and
Consequences for Marine Ecosystems’, Science, vol. 321 no. 5891,15 August
2008, pp. 926–9, science.sciencemag.org
&
Katharina E. Fabricius, ‘Effects of terrestrial runoff on the ecology of corals
and coral reefs: review and synthesis’, Marine Pollution Bulletin, vol. 50
no. 2, February 2005, pp. 125–46, pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
14 Robert J. Diaz and Rutger Rosenberg, ‘Spreading Dead Zones and
Consequences for Marine Ecosystems’, Science, vol. 321 no. 5891,15 August
2008, pp. 926–9, science.sciencemag.org
15 David Kanter, ‘A new way to curb nitrogen pollution: Regulate fertilizer
producers, not just farmers’, The Conversation, 17 January 2019,
theconversation.com
16 ‘Gulf of Mexico “dead zone” is the largest ever measured’, National Oceanic
and Atmospheric Administration, 2 August 2017, noaa.gov
18 Katharina E. Fabricius, ‘Effects of terrestrial runoff on the ecology of corals
and coral reefs: review and synthesis’, Marine Pollution Bulletin, vol. 50
no. 2, February 2005, pp. 125–46, pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
19 Pep Canadell et al., ‘Nitrogen fertilisers are incredibly efficient, but they
make climate change a lot worse’, The Conversation, 19 November 2019,
theconversation.com
&
20
Matthew Evans
Peter Grace and Louise Barton, ‘Meet N2O, the greenhouse gas
300 times worse than CO2’, The Conversation, 9 December 2014,
theconversation.com
&
‘Nitrous oxide emissions’, Australian Department of Agriculture, Water and
the Environment, 4 November 2019, agriculture.gov.au
20 Xia Liang et al., ‘What you need to know about nitrogen pollution’, Pursuit,
19 July 2018, pursuit.unimelb.edu.au
21 ‘Main sources of nitrous oxide emissions’, What’s Your Impact?,
whatsyourimpact.org
22 Sabrina Shankman, ‘What Is Nitrous Oxide and Why Is It a Climate
Threat?’, Inside Climate News, 11 September 2019, insideclimatenews.org
23 Ibid.
24 ‘Climate Change Indicators: Atmospheric Concentrations of Greenhouse
Gases’, United States Environmental Protection Agency, April 2021,
epa.gov
2012, pp. 12,302–8, pnas.org
26 James R. Stevenson et al., ‘Green Revolution research saved an estimated
18 to 27 million hectares from being brought into agricultural production’,
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol. 110 no. 21, 21 May
2013, pp. 8363–8, pnas.org
2012, pp. 12,302–8, pnas.org
28 Rita H. Mumm et al., ‘Land usage attributed to corn ethanol production in
the United States: sensitivity to technological advances in corn grain yield,
ethanol conversion, and co-product utilization’, Biotechnology Biofuels,
vol. 7 no. 61, 12 April 2014, ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
29 Cornell University, ‘U.S. could feed 800 million people with grain that
livestock eat, Cornell ecologist advises animal scientists’, Cornell Chronicle,
7 August 1997, news.cornell.edu
30 Emily S. Cassidy et al., ‘Redefining agricultural yields: from tonnes to
people nourished per hectare’, Environmental Research Letters, vol. 8,
1 August 2013, iopscience.iop.org
&
R. Sansoucy, ‘Livestock – a driving force for food security and sustainable
development’, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations,
fao.org
21
Soil
31 Globally, average arable land used for biofuels is predicted to rise from 2.5%
today to 6% in 2050 – Center for Sustainable Systems, ‘Biofuels Factsheet’,
University of Michigan, October 2020, css.umich.edu
&
Arable land is about 1.5 billion hectares; 2.5% of 1.5 billion is 37,500,000
(37.5 million hectares) – Prue Campbell, ‘The Future Prospects for Global
Arable Land’, Future Directions, 19 May 2011, futuredirections.org.au
32 Liz Wells, ‘Growers release Borlaug in quest for high-yielding wheat’, Grain
Central, 8 November 2018, graincentral.com
33 Longlong Xia et al., ‘How Does Recycling of Livestock Manure in
Agroecosystems Affect Crop Productivity, Reactive Nitrogen Losses, and
Soil Carbon Balance?’, Environmental Science & Technology, vol. 51 no. 13,
2 June 2017, pp. 7450–7, pubs.acs.org
&
Nerissa Hannink, ‘The Power of Recycled Poo’, Pursuit, 23 August 2017,
pursuit.unimelb.edu.au
34 Sarah Zhang, ‘A Chemical Reaction Revolutionized Farming 100 Years Ago.
Now It Needs to Go,’ Wired, 16 May 2016, wired.com
35 Mesfin M. Mekonnen and Arjen Y. Hoekstra, ‘Global Anthropogenic
Phosphorus Loads to Freshwater and Associated Grey Water Footprints and
Water Pollution Levels: A High-Resolution Global Study, Water Resources
Research, vol. 54, 24 January 2018, pp. 345–58, agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com
36 Ibid.
37 American Geophysical Union, ‘Phosphorus pollution reaching dangerous
levels worldwide’, Science Daily, 25 January 2018, sciencedaily.com
38 Mesfin M. Mekonnen and Arjen Y. Hoekstra, ‘Global Anthropogenic
Phosphorus Loads to Freshwater and Associated Grey Water Footprints and
Water Pollution Levels: A High-Resolution Global Study, Water Resources
Research, vol. 54, 24 January 2018, pp. 345–58, agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com
39 American Geophysical Union, ‘Phosphorus pollution reaching dangerous
levels worldwide’, Science Daily, 25 January 2018, sciencedaily.com
40 Nick Kim and Matthew Taylor, ‘Nick Kim and Matthew Taylor argue that
we are the limit of tolerable cadmium contamination and continuing will
compound problems quickly - and the use if zinc may not be a real solution,
possibly accentuating further issues’, interest.co.nz, 13 June 2017, interest.co.nz
41 Plant uptake of nitrogen fertiliser applications is as low as 30 per cent, and
‘research shows that, on average, 40 per cent of applied nitrogen fertiliser
is permanently lost from Australian agricultural soils via leaching, run-off
and as nitrogen gas’ – Roger Armstrong et al., ‘Grains Industry Fact Sheet’,
Grains Research and Development Corporation, March 2016, grdc.com.au
&
22
Matthew Evans
‘In Europe, farmers apply roughly 4 kilograms of phosphorus for each

kilogram that we consume in food. For U.S. diets, that ratio is about
9 to 1, and in China, it may be as high as 13 to 1.’ The rest is washed away
or bound up in a form the plant can’t take up. ‘According to one study,
phosphorus pollution affects nearly 40 percent of Earth’s land areas.’ – Julia
Rosen, ‘Farmers are facing a phosphorus crisis. The solution starts with
soil’, National Geographic, 15 October 2020, nationalgeographic.com
Chapter 12: You’ll Never Plough a Field by Turning it Over in

Your Mind
1 Rattan Lal et al., ‘Evolution of the plow over 10,000 years and the rationale
for no-till farming’, Soil & Tillage Research, vol. 93 no. 1, March 2007,
pp. 1–12, researchgate.net
2 David R. Montgomery, Growing a Revolution, W.W. Norton & Company,
New York, 2017
3 Charles Massy, Call of the Reed Warbler, University of Queensland Press,
Brisbane, 2017
4 Bruce Pascoe, Dark Emu, Magabala Books, Broome, 2014
5 Lennart Olsson et al., ‘Land Degradation’ in Climate Change and Land:
an IPCC special report on climate change, desertification, land degradation,
sustainable land management, food security, and greenhouse gas fluxes
in terrestrial ecosystems, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change,
Switzerland, 8 August 2019, pp. 345–436, ipcc.ch
6 Laurie E. Drinkwater and Sieglinde S. Snapp, ‘Understanding and
Managing the Rhizosphere in Agroecosystems’, in The Rhizosphere: An
Ecological Perspective, Academic Press, Cambridge, 2007, pp. 127–53,
sciencedirect.com
7 ‘No-till is presently practiced on about 95 million hectares globally’
which is less than 10% of arable land globally – Rattan Lal et al.,
‘Evolution of the plow over 10,000 years and the rationale for no-till
farming’, Soil & Tillage Research, vol. 93 no. 1, March 2007, pp. 1–12,
researchgate.net
9 Roger Claassen, ‘No-till and Strip-till Are Widely Adopted but Often Used
in Rotation With Other Tillage Practices’, United States Department of
Agriculture, 13 March 2019, ers.usda.gov
23
Soil

11 Colin Seis, ‘Winona – Pasture Cropping the Way to Health’, SoilsForLife,
2012, soilsforlife.org.au
12 Ibid.
13 Charles M. Benbrook, ‘Trends in glyphosate herbicide use in the United
States and globally’, Environmental Sciences Europe, vol. 28 no. 3, 2 February
2016, enveurope.springeropen.com
14 Ibid.
15 Ibid.
16 Ramdas Kanissery et al., ‘Glyphosate: Its Environmental Persistence and
Impact on Crop Health and Nutrition’, Plants, vol. 8 no. 11, 13 November
2019, mdpi.com
17 F. Muth and A.S. Leonard, ‘A neonicotinoid pesticide impairs foraging, but
not learning, in free-flying bumblebees’, Scientific Reports, vol. 9 no. 4764,
18 March 2019, nature.com
&
Margaret R. Douglas et al., ‘Neonicotinoid insecticide travels through a soil
food chain, disrupting biological control of non-target pests and decreasing
soya bean yield’, Journal of Applied Ecology, vol. 52, 4 December 2014,
pp. 250–60, besjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com
18 Amber Pariona, ‘The Environmental Impact Of Pesticides’, WorldAtlas,
25 April 2017, worldatlas.com
19 A.M. Henderson et al., ‘Glyphosate Technical Fact Sheet’, National Pesticide
Information Center, September 2010, npic.orst.edu
&
John Peterson Myers et al., ‘Concerns over use of glyphosate-based herbicides
and risks associated with exposures: a consensus statement’, Environmental
Health, vol. 15 no. 19, 17 February 2016, ehjournal.biomedcentral.com
20 Vera Silva et al., ‘Distribution of glyphosate and aminomethylphosphonic
acid (AMPA) in agricultural topsoils of the European Union’, Science of the
Total Environment, vol. 621, 15 April 2018, pp. 1352–9, sciencedirect.com
Chapter 13: Burying Charcoal and Building Soil

1 Wim Sombroek, Amazon Soils, Wageningen University, Wageningen, 1966
2 S.P. Sohi et al., ‘Chapter 2 - A Review of Biochar and Its Use and Function
in Soil’, Advances in Agronomy, vol. 105, 9 January 2010, pp. 47–82,
sciencedirect.com
24
Matthew Evans
3 Bruno Glaser, ‘Prehistorically modified soils of central Amazonia: a model

for sustainable agriculture in the twenty-first century’, Philosophical
Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, vol. 362 no. 1478,
28 February 2007, pp. 187–96, ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
&
Sanjai J. Parikh et al., ‘Chapter One - Soil Chemical Insights Provided
through Vibrational Spectroscopy’, Advances in Agronomy, vol. 126, 2014,
4 Bruno Glaser et al., ‘The “Terra Preta” phenomenon: a model for
sustainable agriculture in the humid tropics’, Die Naturwissenschaften,
vol. 88 no. 1, 1 February 2001, pp. 37–41, researchgate.net
5 Gerhard Bechtold, ‘Terra Preta: Homepage about Anthrohumox in Brazilian
Lowland’, Gerhard Bechtold, March 2007, gerhardbechtold.com
6 ‘For Australian dryland agricultural soils the organic carbon content
is more typically between 20-150 tonnes carbon per hectare (or about
0.7-4.0 per cent depending on soil bulk density)’ – Frances Hoyle,
Managing Soil Organic Matter: A Practical Guide, Grains Research &
Development Corporation, Barton, July 2013, grdc.com.au
7 Etelvino H. Novotny et al., ‘Lessons from the Terra Preta de Índios of the
Amazon Region for the Utilisation of Charcoal for Soil Amendment’,
Journal of the Brazilian Chemical Society, vol. 20 no. 6, 26 June 2009,
pp. 1003–10, scielo.br
&
G. Van Hofwegen et al., ‘Opening the Black Box: Deciphering Carbon and
Nutrient Flows in William I Woods et al. (eds), Terra Preta’, in Amazonian
Dark Earths: Wim Sombroek’s Vision, Wageningen University & Research,
Wageningen, 2009, pp. 393–409, link.springer.com
9 J. Lehmann, ‘Terra Preta de Indio’, Cornell University Department of Crop
and Soil Sciences, css.cornell.edu
11 Charles C. Mann, 1491: New Revelations of the Americas Before Columbus
(second edition), Knopf, New York, 2006
25
Soil
12 ‘Activated charcoal is a highly porous form of carbon with a surface area

of 950 to 2000 m2/g’, which is about 7.5 tennis courts – Jian-Da Lu and
Jun Xue, ‘Chapter 101 - Poisoning: Kinetics to Therapeutics’, in Claudia
Ronco et al., Critical Care Nephrology (third edition), Elsevier, Amsterdam,
3 January 2018, pp. 600–629.e7, sciencedirect.com
13 Hans-Peter Blume and Peter Leinweber, ‘Plaggen Soils: landscape history,
properties, and classification’, Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science,
vol. 167 no. 3, 3 June 2004, pp. 319–27, onlinelibrary.wiley.com
14 Die Chen et al., ‘Does terracing enhance soil organic carbon sequestration?
A national-scale data analysis in China’, Science of the Total Environment,
vol. 721, 15 June 2020, sciencedirect.com
15 Vundli Ramokolo et al., ‘Undernutrition and Its Social Determinants’,
Reference Module in Biomedical Sciences, 2018, sciencedirect.com
16 Dawit Solomon et al., ‘Indigenous African soil enrichment as a climate‐
smart sustainable agriculture alternative’, Frontiers in Ecology and the
Environment, vol. 14 no. 2, 1 March 2016, pp. 71–6, onlinelibrary.wiley.com
&
Lily Kuo, ‘A 700-year-old West African farming practice could be an answer
to climate change’, Quartz Africa, 23 June 2016, qz.com
17 Ibid.
18 Axel Adams, ‘Hugelkultur Gardening Technique Does not Result in Plant
Nutrient Deficiencies and is a Potential Source Reduction Strategy for Yard
Trimmings Wastes’, University of Wisconsin System Solid Waste Research,
Student Project Report, May 2013, wisconsin.edu
19 Johannes Lehmann et al., ‘Bio-char Sequestration in Terrestrial
Ecosystems – A Review’, Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global
Change, vol. 11, 16 May 2006, pp. 403–27, link.springer.com
Chapter 14: Weeds: What We Can See Tells Us About What We Can’t
1 The oldest trees in the region are 10,500 years old (a clonal collection
at Mount Read). Actual standing tree about 2000 years old. (Tasmania’s
king’s holly plants are also clonal, but not trees; some are estimated to be
43,000 years old.) – Cris Brack and Matthew Woodhouse, ‘Where the old
things are: Australia’s most ancient trees’, The Conversation, 18 April 2017,
theconversation.com
2 The Jena Experiment, the-jena-experiment.de
&
Wolfgang W. Weisser et al., ‘Biodiversity effects on ecosystem functioning in
a 15-year grassland experiment: Patterns, mechanisms, and open questions’,
Basic and Applied Ecology, vol. 23, September 2017, pp. 1–73, sciencedirect.com
&
26
Matthew Evans
Jingying Jing et al., ‘Species Diversity Effects on Productivity, Persistence

and Quality of Multispecies Swards in a Four-Year Experiment’, PLOS ONE,
vol. 12 no. 1, 3 January 2017, journals.plos.org
Chapter 15: Home Gardeners Rock

1 Tom Starrs, ‘Fossil food: Consuming our future’, Center for Ecoliteracy,
29 June 2009, ecoliteracy.org
2 Becky Henne, ‘How far did your food travel to get to you?’, Michigan State
University, 20 September 2012, canr.msu.edu
3 Sophie Gaballa and Asha Bee Abraham, ‘Food Miles in Australia:
A preliminary study of Melbourne, Victoria’, CERES Community
Environment Park, July 2007, ceres.org.au
4 ‘National Food Waste Strategy: Halving Australia’s food waste by 2030’,
Commonwealth of Australia, November 2017, environment.gov.au
5 ‘Our Impact’, Keep Growing Detroit, detroitagriculture.net
6 Kelly Vaseau-Sleiman, ‘Urban Farming in Detroit’, Looking Glass, 23 May
2018, glass.hfcc.edu
7 Rapid Alliance Transition Staff, ‘Growing our Way out of Crisis: How to
Dig for Victory’, Resilience, 20 May 2019, resilience.org
8 Ibid.
9 ‘Dig for Victory: 1941’, British Library, bl.uk
10 ‘World War II: Dig for Victory’, Children’s British History Encyclopedia,
history.parkfieldprimary.com
11 Cynthia Graber and Nicola Twilley, ‘Podcast + story: The power of urban
farming’, The Boston Globe, July 2020, apps.bostonglobe.com
12 John Simkin, ‘Dig for Victory’, Spartacus Educational, January 2020,
spartacus-educational.com
13 ‘“Farm-A-Lot” Twenty-Eight Years Later’, The History Engine,
historyengine.richmond.edu
14 Ibid.
15 Hugh Locke, ‘Smallholder Farmers Are The New Global Food Frontier’,
HuffPost, 6 December 2017, huffpost.com
&
Karla D. Maass Wolfenson, ‘Coping with the food and agriculture
challenge: smallholders’ agenda’, Food and Agriculture Organization of the
United Nations, July 2013, fao.org
Organization, 2015, p. 91, cbd.int
17 ‘America’s First Sustainable Urban Agrihood Debuts in Detroit’, The
Michigan Urban Farming Initiative, 30 November 2016, miufi.org
27
Soil
18 Winfried E.H. Blum et al., ‘Does soil contribute to the human gut
microbiome?’, Microorganisms, September 2019, ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
19 Paul Brindley et al., ‘Domestic gardens and self-reported health: a national
population study’, International Journal of Health Geographics, vol. 17
no. 31, 31 July 2018, ij-healthgeographics.biomedcentral.com
20 Jacob G. Mills et al., ‘Relating Urban Biodiversity to Human Health
With the “Holobiont” Concept’, Frontiers in Microbiology, vol. 10 no. 550,
26 March 2019, frontiersin.org
Chapter 16: Compost, Compost and Compost

1 Yan Liang et al., ‘The Elements of Life’, Envisioning Chemistry,
envisioningchemistry.com
2 Ibid.
3 Kristine A. Nichols, personal communication
4 Albert Howard and Yeshwant D. Wad, The Waste Products of Agriculture,
Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1931
5 Franklin Hiram King, Farmers of Forty Centuries, Organic Gardening Press,
Pennsylvania, 1911
Chapter 17: If it Quacks, is it a Duck?

1 ‘Weird Winemaking’, Organic Wine Find, organicwinefind.com
2 Eve Balfour, The Living Soil, Faber & Faber, London, 1943
Chapter 18: We Are All, Temporarily, Not Soil

1 ‘The Science of Decay and Decomposition’, The Corpse Project,
thecorpseproject.net
2 Ibid.
3 Hannah Ritchie, ‘Humans make up just 0.01% of Earth’s life – what’s the
rest?’, Our World in Data, 24 April 2019, ourworldindata.org
4 Hélène Barthelemy, Herbivores influence nutrient cycling and plant nutrient
uptake, Umeå University Department of Ecology and Environmental
Sciences, Umeå, 2016, diva-portal.org
5 Chris Geremia et al., ‘Migrating bison engineer the green wave’, Proceedings of
the National Academy of Sciences, vol. 116 no. 51, 17 December 2019, pnas.org
6 Delaney P. Boyd, ‘Conservation of North American Bison: Status and
Recommendations’, University of Calgary Faculty of Environmental Design,
April 2003, buffalofieldcampaign.org
7 Chris Geremia et al., ‘Migrating bison engineer the green wave’, Proceedings of
the National Academy of Sciences, vol. 116 no. 51, 17 December 2019, pnas.org
28
Matthew Evans
8 Sophie Dietz et al., ‘Root exudate composition of grass and forb species
in natural grasslands’, Scientific Reports, vol. 10 no. 1, July 2020,
researchgate.net
&
Joelle Sasse et al., ‘Feed Your Friends: Do Plant Exudates Shape the
Root Microbiome?’, Trends in Plant Science, vol. 23 no. 1, January 2018,
pp. 25–41, escholarship.org
9 Çağan H. Şekercioğlu et al. (eds), ‘Nutrient Dynamics and Nutrient Cycling
by Birds’, in Why Birds Matter’, University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 2016,
p. 275, books.google.com.au
10 Christopher E. Doughty et al., ‘Global nutrient transport in a world of
giants’, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol. 113 no. 4,
26 October 2015, pp. 868–73, pnas.org
11 Ivan González-Bergonzoni et al., ‘Small birds, big effects: the little auk
(Alle alle) transforms high Arctic ecosystems’, Proceedings of the Royal
Society B: Biological Sciences, vol. 284 no. 1849, 22 February 2017,
royalsocietypublishing.org
12 Scott M. Gende et al., ‘Pacific Salmon in Aquatic and Terrestrial
Ecosystems’, BioScience, vol. 52 no. 10, October 2002, pp. 917–28,
academic.oup.com
13 Jann Vendetti, ‘A Microscopic Look at Snail Jaws’, Natural History Museum
(Los Angeles County), nhm.org
&
Linda Naeve, ‘Slug it Out with Slugs in Your Garden’, Iowa State University
Extension and Outreach, extension.iastate.edu
14 Hideki Kagata and Takayuki Ohgushi, ‘Positive and negative impacts
of insect frass quality on soil nitrogen availability and plant growth’,
Population Ecology, vol 54 no. 1, January 2012, researchgate.net
15 Gary A. Polis et al. (eds), Food Webs at the Landscape Level, University of
Chicago Press, Chicago, 2004, books.google.com.au
16 Lina Zeldovich, ‘A History of Human Waste as Fertilizer’, JSTOR Daily,
18 November 2019, daily.jstor.org
&
Nicholas C. Kawa et al., ‘Night Soil: Origins, Discontinuities, and
Opportunities for Bridging the Metabolic Rift’, Ethnobiology Letters, vol. 10
no. 1, 18 July 2019, pp. 40–9, ojs.ethnobiology.org
17 Simon Toze et al., ‘Australia’s pristine beaches have a poo problem’,
CSIROscope, 17 June 2019, blog.csiro.au
18 ‘Future Sewerage Options Review Summary: Canberra Sewerage Strategy
2010–2060’, ActewAGL, iconwater.com.au
29
Soil
Chapter 19: Keep Them Dawgies Movin’

1 Marieke Vos, ‘After Shooting 40,000 Elephants, He Vowed to Find a Better
Way to Save Two-Thirds of the World From Becoming Desert’, The Epoch
Times, 8 January 2014, theepochtimes.com
2 Guy Raz and Allan Savory, ‘How Can Deserts Turn Into Grasslands?’,
TED Radio Hour, 15 November 2013, npr.org
3 Allan Savory, ‘How to fight desertification and reverse climate change’,
TED Talk, February 2013, ted.com
4 ‘What Is Holistic Management?’, Savory, savory.global
5 Ibid.
6 David D. Briske et al., ‘The Savory Method Can Not Green Deserts or
Reverse Climate Change’, Rangelands, vol. 35 no. 5, 1 October 2013,
pp. 72–4, ars.usda.gov
7 Heidi-Jayne Hawkins, ‘A global assessment of Holistic Planned Grazing™
compared with season-long, continuous grazing: Meta-analysis findings’,
African Journal of Range & Forage Science, vol. 34 no. 2, 30 August 2017,
pp. 65–75, tandfonline.com
&
Mark E. Ritchie, ‘Grazing Management, Forage Production and Soil
Carbon Dynamics’, Resources, vol. 9 no. 4, 23 April 2020, researchgate.net
&
M. Abdalla et al., ‘Critical review of the impacts of grazing intensity on
soil organic carbon storage and other soil quality indicators in extensively
managed grasslands’, Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, vol. 253,
1 February 2018, pp. 62–81, sciencedirect.com
8 Hélène Barthelemy, Herbivores influence nutrient cycling and plant nutrient
uptake, Umeå University Department of Ecology and Environmental
Sciences, Umeå, 2016, diva-portal.org
9 Christopher L. Crawford et al., ‘Behavioral and Ecological Implications of
Bunched, Rotational Cattle Grazing in East African Savanna Ecosystem’,
Rangeland Ecology & Management, vol. 72 no. 1, January 2019, pp. 204–9,
sciencedirect.com
10 Heidi-Jayne Hawkins, ‘Does Holistic Planned Grazing Work in
Rangelands? A Global Meta-Analysis’, in Alan Iwaasa et al. (Eds),
Proceedings of the 10th International Rangeland Congress, 10th International
Rangeland Congress, Saskatoon, 2016, pp. 933–5, researchgate.net
11 ‘Peter Andrews’, peterandrewsoam.com
12 Bruce Pascoe, Dark Emu, Magabala Books, Broome, 2014
13 Frank P. O’Mara, ‘The role of grasslands in food security and climate
change’, Annals of Botany, vol. 110 no. 6, 21 September 2012, pp. 1263–70,
academic.oup.com
30
Matthew Evans
14 Jinya Li et al., ‘Historical grassland desertification changes in the Horqin

Sandy Land, Northern China (1985–2013)’, Scientific Reports, vol. 7
no. 3009, 7 June 2017, nature.com
Chapter 20: A Grain of Truth: Regenerative Agriculture

1 Richard Teague et al., ‘Assessing optimal configurations of multi-paddock
grazing strategies in tallgrass prairie using a simulation model’, Journal
of Environmental Management, vol. 150, 1 March 2015, pp. 262–73,
sciencedirect.com
&
Texas A&M AgriLife, ‘Multi-paddock grazing is superior to continuous
grazing’, ScienceDaily, 15 June 2011, sciencedaily.com
&
‘Working Group Sinks Related to Agricultural Soils: Final Report’, European
Climate Change Programme (ECCP), 2003, ec.europa.eu
&
Tong Wang et al., ‘GHG Mitigation Potential of Different Grazing Strategies
in the United States Southern Great Plains’, Sustainability, vol. 7 no. 10,
30 September 2015, pp. 13,500–21, mdpi.com
&
W. Richard Teague et al., ‘The role of ruminants in reducing agriculture’s
carbon footprint in North America’, Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,
vol. 71 no. 2, March/April 2016, pp. 156–64, jswconline.org
&
Mark E. Ritchie, ‘Grazing Management, Forage Production and
Soil Carbon Dynamics’, Resources, vol. 9 no. 4, 23 April 2020,
researchgate.net
2 Elizabeth C. Coonan et al., ‘Soil carbon dynamics following the transition
of permanent pasture to cereal cropping: influence of initial soil fertility,
lime application and nutrient addition’, Crop and Pasture Science, vol. 71
no. 1, 17 January 2020, pp. 23–35, publish.csiro.au
&
‘Soil Carbon Dynamics’, Australia State of the Environment Report, 2016,
soe.environment.gov.au
&
Emanuele Lugato et al., ‘Potential carbon sequestration of European arable
soils estimated by modelling a comprehensive set of management practices’,
Global Change Biology, vol. 20 no. 11, November 2014, pp. 3557–67,
onlinelibrary.wiley.com
&
31
Soil
L.M. Vleeshouwers and A. Verhagen, ‘Carbon emission and sequestration

by agricultural land use: a model study for Europe’, Global Change Biology,
vol. 8 no. 6, June 2002, pp. 519–30, onlinelibrary.wiley.com
New York, 2017, p. 224
4 Jamieson Murphy, ‘The five principles of regenerative farming and how to
apply them’, Stock & Land, 22 December 2020, stockandland.com.au
5 ‘RCS Regenerative Grazing Principles’, Resource Consulting Services,
12 April 2019, rcsaustralia.com.au
Chapter 21: What’s the Beef with Methane?

1 Joseph Poore and T. Nemecek, ‘Reducing food’s environmental impacts
through producers and consumers’, Science, vol. 360 no. 6392, 1 June 2018,
pp. 987–92, science.sciencemag.org
2 Lynn Chiu and Scott F. Gilbert, ‘Niche construction and the transition to
herbivory: Phenotype switching and the organization of new nutritional
modes’, in Herbert Levine et al. (Eds), Phenotypic Switching, Implications
in Biology and Medicine, Academic Press, Cambridge, 2020, pp. 459–82,
sciencedirect.com
&
Sam Westreich, ‘How Does a 1,200 Pound Cow Get Enough Protein?’,
Medium, 28 August 2018, medium.com
3 Chloe Matthews et al., ‘The rumen microbiome: a crucial consideration
when optimising milk and meat production and nitrogen utilisation
efficiency’, Gut Microbes, vol. 10 no. 2, 12 September 2019, pp. 115–32,
ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
5 Oxford Martin School, ‘Climate metrics for ruminant livestock’, University
of Oxford, July 2018, oxfordmartin.ox.ac.uk
&
Michelle Cain et al., ‘Improved calculation of warming-equivalent
emissions for short-lived climate pollutants’, npj Climate Atmospheric
Science, vol. 2 no. 29, 4 September 2019, nature.com
6 Alexander T. Tveit et al., ‘Widespread soil bacterium that oxidizes
atmospheric methane’, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,
vol. 116 no. 17, 23 April 2019, pp. 8515–8524, pnas.org
7 University of Copenhagen, ‘Ruminants’ Genes Are A Treasure Trove’,
Archaeology News Network, 22 June 2019, archaeologynewsnetwork.
blogspot.com
32
Matthew Evans
8 Anna Kizilova et al., ‘Aerobic Methanotrophs in Natural and Agricultural

Soils of European Russia’, Diversity, vol. 5 no. 3, 31 July 2013, pp. 541–56,
mdpi.com
&
B.W. Hütsch, ‘Tillage and land use effects on methane oxidation rates and
their vertical profiles in soil’, Biology and Fertility of Soils, vol. 27, July 1998,
pp. 284–92, link.springer.com
&
Emma L. Aronson et al., ‘Environmental impacts on the diversity of
methane-cycling microbes and their resultant function’, Frontiers in
Microbiology, vol. 4 no. 225, 14 August 2013, ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
9 Anna Kizilova et al., ‘Aerobic Methanotrophs in Natural and Agricultural
Soils of European Russia’, Diversity, vol. 5 no. 3, 31 July 2013, pp. 541–56,
mdpi.com
10 Michelle Cain et al., ‘Improved calculation of warming-equivalent
emissions for short-lived climate pollutants’, npj Climate Atmospheric
Science, vol. 2 no. 29, 4 September 2019, nature.com
11 David Etheridge et al., ‘Atmospheric methane between 1000 A.D. and
present: Evidence of anthropogenic emissions and climatic variability’,
Journal of Geophysical Research, vol. 103 no. D13, 20 July 1998, pp. 15,979–
93, researchgate.net
12 Taken together, a slight increase in ruminant numbers is actually a decrease
in its effect, because cattle numbers dropped about 170 million (and are
far bigger methane emitters than sheep and goats), while sheep and goats
had corresponding increases in the number of animals (but smaller effect
from less methane emissions). Cattle dropped from a bit over a billion to
987 million – M. Shahbandeh, ‘Cattle population worldwide 2012-2020’,
Stastista, 20 April 2020, statista.com
&
Total goats estimated to have risen from 600 million in 1990 to about
860 million in 2008 – Mahmoud Abdel Aziz, ‘Present status of the world
goat populations and their productivity’, Lohmann Information, February
2010, lohmann-breeders.com
&
Global sheep population increased about 10% from 2000 to 2013, from
1 billion to 1.17 billion – B. Skapetas and M. Kalaitzidou, ‘Current status
and perspectives of sheep sector in the world’, Livestock Research for Rural
Development, vol. 29 no. 2, 1 February 2017, lrrd.org
13 Alexander T. Tveit et al., ‘Widespread soil bacterium that oxidizes
atmospheric methane’, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,
vol. 116 no. 17, 23 April 2019, pp. 8515–8524, pnas.org
33
Soil
14 Yong Li et al., ‘Impact of grazing on shaping abundance and composition

of active methanotrophs and methane oxidation activity in a grassland soil’,
Biology and Fertility of Soils, vol. 56, 20 April 2020, pp. 799–810,
link.springer.com
15 B.W. Hütsch, ‘Tillage and land use effects on methane oxidation rates and
their vertical profiles in soil’, Biology and Fertility of Soils, vol. 27, July 1998,
pp. 284–92, link.springer.com
16 L.R. Thompson and J.E. Rowntree, ‘Invited Review: Methane sources,
quantification, and mitigation in grazing beef systems’, Applied Animal
Science, vol. 36 no. 4, August 2020, pp. 556–73, sciencedirect.com
&
Yong Li et al., ‘Impact of grazing on shaping abundance and composition
of active methanotrophs and methane oxidation activity in a grassland soil’,
Biology and Fertility of Soils, vol. 56, 20 April 2020, pp. 799–810,
link.springer.com
&
Steven L. Dowhower et al., ‘Soil greenhouse gas emissions as impacted
by soil moisture and temperature under continuous and holistic planned
grazing in native tallgrass prairie’, Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment,
vol. 287, 1 January 2020, sciencedirect.com
17 Matthew Evans, On Eating Meat, Murdoch Books, Sydney, 2019
18 Lisa V. Alexander et al., ‘Summary for Policymakers’, in Thomas F. Stocker
et al. (Eds), Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis’, Cambridge
University Press, Cambridge, 2013, climatechange2013.org
19 James Nason, ‘Scientists understand cattle not climate villains, but media
still missing message’, Beef Central, 25 May 2020, beefcentral.com
20 ‘Livestock production’, in Jelle Bruinsma (Ed), World agriculture: towards
2015/2030, Earthscan Publications, London, 2003, fao.org
21 Timothy Robinson et al., ‘Applications of global livestock production
systems’, in Global livestock production systems, Food and Agriculture
Organization of the United Nations and International Livestock Research
Institute, Rome, 2011, p. 85, fao.org
22 Hanqin Tian et al., ‘Global patterns and controls of soil organic carbon
dynamics as simulated by multiple terrestrial biosphere models:
Current status and future directions’, Global Biogeochemical Cycles, vol. 29
no. 6, June 2015, pp. 775–92, agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com
New York, 2017
24 Christine Jones, ‘Liquid carbon pathway’, Australian Farm Journal, vol. 338,
3 July 2008, amazingcarbon.com
34
Matthew Evans
25 Rattan Lal, ‘Soil Carbon Sequestration Impacts on Global Climate Change

and Food Security’, Science, vol. 304 no. 5677, July 2004, pp. 1623–7,
researchgate.net
26 Rattan Lal, ‘Sequestration of atmospheric CO2 in global carbon pools’,
Energy and Environmental Science, vol. 1 no. 1, 3 July 2008, pp. 86–100,
researchgate.net
&
Todd A. Ontl and L.A. Schulte, ‘Soil Carbon Storage’, The Nature Education
Knowledge Project, vol. 3 no. 10, 2012, nature.com
27 Jo Khan, ‘Greenhouse gas nitrous oxide emissions have “increased
substantially” in the past decade, study finds’, ABC Science, 19 November
2019, abc.net.au
&
R.L. Thompson et al., ‘Acceleration of global N2O emissions seen from
two decades of atmospheric inversion’, Nature Climate Change, vol. 9,
18 November 2019, pp. 993–8, nature.com
&
‘Overview of Greenhouse Gases’, United States Environmental Protection
Agency, 14 April 2021, epa.gov
28 Robert Sanders, ‘Fertilizer use responsible for increase in nitrous oxide in
atmosphere’, Berkeley News, 2 April 2012, news.berkeley.edu
29 Peter Grace and Louise Barton, ‘Meet N2O, the greenhouse gas 300 times
worse than CO2’, The Conversation, 9 December 2014, theconversation.com
30 In the US, agriculture accounts for 73% of total N2O emissions, and 87%
of that is from fertiliser (so, 63.5% of total from fertiliser) – ‘Nitrous oxide
emissions’, in Emissions of Greenhouse Gases in the United States 2009, U.S.
Energy Information Administration, Washington, March 2011, pp. 41–6,
eia.gov
&
Hanqin Tian et al., ‘A comprehensive quantification of global nitrous
oxide sources and sinks’, Nature, vol. 586, 7 October 2020, pp. 248–56,
nature.com
&
Michel A. Cavigelli et al., ‘US agricultural nitrous oxide emissions: context,
status, and trends’, Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, vol. 10 no. 10,
December 2012, pp. 537–46, researchgate.net
31 Klaus Butterbach-Bahl et al., ‘Nitrous oxide emissions from soils: how
well do we understand the processes and their controls?’ Philosophical
Transactions from the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 5 July 2013,
royalsocietypublishing.org
35
Soil
Chapter 22: Money in the Bank

1 Hannah Ritchie, ‘How much of the world’s land would we need in order to
feed the global population with the average diet of a given country?’ Our
World in Data, 3 October 2017, ourworldindata.org
2 Peter Forbes, ‘Sunshine in a bottle’, Aeon, 5 May 2016, aeon.co
3 Maarten Stapper, ‘The Soilkee Renovator Project: an Independent Study’,
BioLogic AgFood, 23 June 2014, soilkee.com.au
&
‘Soilkee Renovator - Soil Pasture Demonstration’, West Gippsland
Catchment Management Authority, March 2021, wgcma.vic.gov.au
&
Personal communication
4 Ibid.
5 Christine Jones, ‘Soil Carbon – Can it Save Agriculture’s Bacon?’,
Permaculture Research Institute, 22 July 2010, permaculturenews.org
Chapter 23: They Germinated a Seed on the Moon

1 Birgit Wassermann et al., ‘An Apple a Day: Which Bacteria Do We Eat
With Organic and Conventional Apples?’, Frontiers in Microbiology, vol. 10
no. 1629, 24 July 2019, frontiersin.org
2 Daria Rybakova et al., ‘The structure of the Brassica napus seed
microbiome is cultivar-dependent and affects the interactions of
symbionts and pathogens’, Microbiome, vol. 5 no. 104, 1 September
2017, microbiomejournal.biomedcentral.com
&
Per gram of seed, it is possible to have 200,000,000 (200 million) bacteria –
Eric B. Nelson, ‘The seed microbiome: Origins, interactions, and impacts’,
Plant and Soil, vol. 422, 24 May 2017, pp. 7–34, link.springer.com
3 Amy Langdon et al., ‘The effects of antibiotics on the microbiome
throughout development and alternative approaches for therapeutic
modulation’, Genome Medicine, vol. 8 no. 39, 13 April 2016,
ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
&
Weizhong Li et al., ‘Vertical Transmission of Gut Microbiome and
Antimicrobial Resistance Genes in Infants Exposed to Antibiotics at Birth’,
The Journal of Infectious Diseases, 2 April 2020, academic.oup.com
4 ‘Seed statistics’, International Seed Federation, worldseed.org
5 ‘Discovering the Taste of the Future’, Solar Foods, 5 February 2021,
solarfoods.fi
36
Matthew Evans
Chapter 24: Loaves and Fishes: Feeding a Hungry World

1 Max Roser, ‘Future Population Growth’, Our World in Data, November
2019, ourworldindata.org
2 Frédéric Leroy et al., ‘Livestock in Evolving Foodscapes and
Thoughtscapes’, Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems, 14 July 2020,
frontiersin.org
New York, 2017
4 David Pimentel et al., ‘Will Limited Land, Water, and Energy Control
Human Population Numbers in the Future?’, Human Ecology, vol. 38,
12 August 2010, pp. 599–611, globalagriculture.org
5 ‘Round Table on Global Food Security’, Commission for the Human Future,
June 2020, humanfuture.net
6 Jenny Gustavsson et al., ‘Global Food Losses and Food Waste’, Save Food
Congress, Düsseldorf, 16 May 2011, madr.ro
7 ‘Family Farming Knowledge Platform: Food from the Oceans’, Food and
Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 2017, fao.org
8 David Pimentel et al., ‘Will Limited Land, Water, and Energy Control
Human Population Numbers in the Future?’, Human Ecology, vol. 38,
12 August 2010, pp. 599–611, globalagriculture.org
9 Ibid.
10 Kristine A. Nichols, ‘The Brown Revolution’, episode 20, Rural Routes
to Climate Solutions, rr2cs.ca
11 W.S. Jang et al., ‘The Hidden Costs of Land Degradation in US
Maize Agriculture’, Earth’s Future, vol. 9 no. 2, February 2021,
agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com
12 Chris Arsenault, ‘UN Official: We Have Only 60 Years Of Farming Left If
We Don’t Change Our Ways’, 9 December 2014, businessinsider.com.au
13 Daniel L. Evans et al., ‘Soil lifespans and how they can be extended by land
use and management change’, Environmental Research Letters, vol. 15 no. 9,
15 September 2020, iopscience.org
14 Ibid.
15 Ibid.
16 Jane McNaughton, ‘Roundup contamination “unpreventable”, world-first
glyphosate research shows’, ABC News, 19 March 2020, abc.net.au
&
Charles M. Benbrook, ‘Trends in glyphosate herbicide use in the United
States and globally’, Environmental Sciences Europe, vol. 28 no. 3, 2 February
2016, enveurope.springeropen.com
&
37
Soil
Vera Silva et al., ‘Distribution of glyphosate and aminomethylphosphonic

acid (AMPA) in agricultural topsoils of the European Union’, Science of the
Total Environment, vol. 621, 15 April 2018, pp. 1352–9, sciencedirect.com
&
‘No-till is presently practiced on about 95 million hectares globally’ which
is less than 10% of arable land globally – Rattan Lal et al., ‘Evolution of the
plow over 10,000 years and the rationale for no-till farming’, Soil & Tillage
Research, vol. 93 no. 1, March 2007, pp. 1–12, researchgate.net
17 Hannah Ritchie, ‘Which countries eat the most meat?’, BBC News,
4 February 2019, bbc.com
38

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Introduction: From the Ground Up

Chapter 2: Soil, the Earth’s Miracle Skin

10 Stephanie Pappas, ‘There Might Be 1 Trillion Species on Earth’, Live Science,

Chapter 3: The Earth’s Kidneys: When Good Soil Turns Bad

18 Western Australia’s environmental scorecard for agriculture states half

Chapter 4: Plants Don’t Eat Dirt: The Underground Economy

9 James J. Hoorman, ‘Role of Soil Fungus’, Ohio State University Extension,

21 Ismael Acosta-Rodríguez et al., ‘Bioremoval of Different Heavy Metals by

Chapter 5: Here, There and Everywhere: The ‘Old Friends’ Hypothesis

7 Daphne Miller, ‘Uncovering how microbes in the soil influence our

11 Donald R. Davis, ‘Declining Fruit and Vegetable Nutrient Composition:

Fernando Vallejo et al., ‘Health-Promoting Compounds in Broccoli as

31 Yee-Shan Ku et al., ‘Possible Roles of Rhizospheric and Endophytic

Chapter 7: Nutritional Dark Matter

18 Tasiu Isah, ‘Stress and defense responses in plant secondary metabolites

Chapter 8: Here Today, Gone Tomorrow

9 ‘A worldwide census of the total number of trees, as well as a comparison

18 ‘How earthworms can help your soil’, Department of Primary Industries,

6 Vanessa N. Kavamura et al., ‘Wheat dwarfing influences selection of the

‘In Europe, farmers apply roughly 4 kilograms of phosphorus for each

Chapter 12: You’ll Never Plough a Field by Turning it Over in

10 Lennart Olsson et al., ‘Land Degradation’ in Climate Change and Land:

Chapter 13: Burying Charcoal and Building Soil

3 Bruno Glaser, ‘Prehistorically modified soils of central Amazonia: a model

12 ‘Activated charcoal is a highly porous form of carbon with a surface area

Jingying Jing et al., ‘Species Diversity Effects on Productivity, Persistence

Chapter 15: Home Gardeners Rock

Chapter 16: Compost, Compost and Compost

Chapter 17: If it Quacks, is it a Duck?

Chapter 18: We Are All, Temporarily, Not Soil

Chapter 19: Keep Them Dawgies Movin’

14 Jinya Li et al., ‘Historical grassland desertification changes in the Horqin

Chapter 20: A Grain of Truth: Regenerative Agriculture

L.M. Vleeshouwers and A. Verhagen, ‘Carbon emission and sequestration

Chapter 21: What’s the Beef with Methane?

8 Anna Kizilova et al., ‘Aerobic Methanotrophs in Natural and Agricultural

14 Yong Li et al., ‘Impact of grazing on shaping abundance and composition

25 Rattan Lal, ‘Soil Carbon Sequestration Impacts on Global Climate Change

Chapter 22: Money in the Bank

Chapter 23: They Germinated a Seed on the Moon

Chapter 24: Loaves and Fishes: Feeding a Hungry World

Vera Silva et al., ‘Distribution of glyphosate and aminomethylphosphonic

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