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Experimental Investigation On Surface Discharge Phenomena of Oil/Paper Insulation With Different Aging States
Experimental Investigation On Surface Discharge Phenomena of Oil/Paper Insulation With Different Aging States
Experimental Investigation On Surface Discharge Phenomena of Oil/Paper Insulation With Different Aging States
Rudiana Nurhadian1,2,3, Yuan Li3, Ming-Xiao Zhu3, Yan-Hui Wei3, Yoga Napitupulu1,2,3, Hai-Bao Mu3, Jun-Bo Deng3,
Suwarno1, Guan-Jun Zhang3
1
School of Electrical Engineering and Informatics,
Institut Teknologi Bandung, Bandung, 40312, Indonesia
2
PT PLN (Persero), Jakarta, 12160, Indonesia
3
State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment
Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710049, P.R. China
Abstract - Surface discharge is one of the most important and A. Experimental Setup
serious types of PD which may cause the breakdown failure of
In this paper mineral oil and Kraft paper are selected to
a transformer. This paper is aimed at probing the evolution
process of surface discharge characteristics of oil/paper study surface discharge characteristics in oil/paper
insulation with aging states extension and applied voltage insulation. The mineral oil is dried, filtrated and degassed.
increasing. Experimental test results show that PD number Kraft paper is inter-turn insulation paper in transformer with
and PD magnitude increase with the increasing of aging the thickness of 130 μm.
degree. The PD magnitude and PD number also show great
difference from PD inception until breakdown with applied
step-on voltage. With the aging time increases, Scanning
Electron Microscope (SEM) and Polarizing Microscope (PM)
test results show that paper structure become more
disconnected and serious fracture.
I. INTRODUCTION
Oil and paper are two widely used dielectrics in large power
transformer insulation. Transformer oil impregnates the
voids in paper insulation and fills the gaps between
components in the transformer tank to increase the dielectric
strength of the insulation. Oil itself is not only an excellent
insulating liquid, but also plays the cooling system, which
can transfer heat generated from the losses of transformer
windings and cores. Furthermore, oil also acts as the Fig. 1. Experimental Procedure
information carrier for monitoring the condition of a power In order to understand the impact of oil aging, a four
transformer. different aging has been performed to analyze the
characteristics of PD activity. The relative rate of thermal
PD occur in various places with the various type on the aging is taken to be equal to unity for hot-spot temperature of
transformer as described in [1],[2]. This paper will discuss 98°C, which corresponds to operation at ambient
the electrical, chemical and physical phenomena to gain a temperature of 20oC [3]. The first step thermally aging
better understanding of the characteristics of surface procedure is inserting Kraft paper into vessel in a vacuum
discharge in oil/paper insulation. It is very important to dry oven at 105°C. At the same time, new mineral oil drop-
develop the diagnostic process for PD identification in by drop through oil hose into vessel containing papers in
power transformers. vacuum dry oven for 24 hours (drying, degassing and
filtering). Then oil/paper insulation is accelerated thermally
aging under 140°C for three different aging-states, i.e. 50h, The test results of acidity, dielectric loss and furans shows
330h and 800h. an increase, while the resistance insulation value decreased
with the increasing of aging as shown in Table 1.
C. DP Value Analysis
The accelerated aging experiment lasted for 800h. The trace
of DP with aging time is shown in Fig.4. DP values
decreased dramatically from 928 at the beginning, to 733 at
50h in the earlier aging stage and 420 at 330h in the middle
aging stage. In the final aging stages, DP decreased slowly
Fig. 2. Surface in oil discharge model and approached 311 at the final point of the experiment, at
800h.
A sphere to plane electrode arrangement immersed in oil was
used to produce surface discharges as shown in Fig.2. The
ground plane electrode is covered by paper. The sphere
electrode touches the surface of the paper, which is laid on
the plane. This arrangement creates a surface discharge in
oil.
II. DATA COLLECTING
The test configuration and procedure, as described in Fig.1
& Fig. 2, were adopted to investigate PD behaviors in
oil/paper insulation as a function of voltage and as a
function of aging. The applied voltage was increased from a
level lower than the inception voltage until breakdown. PD
pulses were recorded at each voltage increment. Four Fig. 4. Development of DP value with aging time
groups of oil and paper samples, i.e. new, 50h, 330h and
800h aged, are taken out separately and placed in glass- D. Morphological Paper Analysis
sealed bottles for further chemical and physical analysis.
Inspection of the paper surfaces under the SEM and the PM
revealed serious damage after final aging stage at 800h.
B. Oil Quality Test Result From Table 2 can be observed that the fibers gradually
become slim and serious fracture than an un-aged paper
with the aging time increases.
New
DP
928
Fig. 3. Oil sample for un-aged, 50h, 330h & 800h
Porosity on the surface of paper occur after aging and with Fig. 7. Actual voltage U at which PD occurred
the increasing of the aging time, the holes also show an
increasing trend as can be seen with yellow circle marked. As can be seen in Fig. 5-7 the partial discharges did not
always occur at the peak of the AC voltage, but in some
cases also at lower voltages. Consequently the curve of the
E. PD Measurement actual voltage level U at which the discharges occurred
General characteristics of surface in oil discharge are shows some scatter. Occurrence of PD on positive half cycle
summarized in Table 3. is more dominant than negative half cycle.
Table 3. General characteristics of surface in oil discharge • Voltage Differences between Consecutive Discharges
General Characteristics
Phase of occurrence : 0o-
150o and 180o-330o
Magnitude : small-
medium
The magnitude of
discharge changes with
the applied voltage and
increasing aging time. Fig.8. Frequency distribution of voltage changes
Number of the discharge
changes with applied
voltage and increasing
aging time.
Repetition rate : high
• Discharge Magnitude
REFERENCES
[1] S. Ishii and G.-J. Zhang, “Phase resolved analysis of PD
measurements for typical discharge models of oil-immersed
insulation,” Proc. 1999 IEEE 13th Int. Conf. Dielectr. Liq.
(Cat. No.99CH36213), pp. 521–524, 1999.
[2] G. Wang, Y. Hao, and Y. Li, “Study on Pulse Current of
Fig. 13. PD repetition rate over applied voltage Typical PD Models in Power Transformer,” pp. 797–800.
[3] IEC 60354, “Loading Guide for oil-immersed power
Trend of PD repetition rate increase with increasing of transformer.” .
applied voltage and PD repetition rate tends to decrease [4] R. Patsch and D. Benzerouk, “Characterization of Partial
with increasing levels of aging. This happens because aging Discharge Processes what Parameters work best?,” in 2004
makes the declining quality of the insulation so that the low International Conference on Solid Dielectrics, 2004, vol. 2, pp.
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[7] IEC 60270, High-Voltage test techniques - Partial Discharge
breakdown.
Measurements. 2000.
[8] M. Hoof and R. Patsch, “Pulse Sequence Analysis: a new
• Equivalent current method for investigating the physics of PD-induced ageing,”
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