Fisika Awan Keseimbangan Hidrostatik: Stabilitas Atmosfer Dan Gaya Apung Parsel

2020
Fisika Awan Keseimbangan Hidrostatik
STABILITAS ATMOSFER DAN

GAYA APUNG PARSEL
Aries Kristianto
Senior Lecturer
Program Studi Diploma-IV Meteorologi STMKG

Email: aries4stmkg@gmail.com 1 2
ARIES KRISTIANTO
Email : aries.kristianto@stmkg.ac.id
Website: https://meteorologi.stmkg.ac.id/arieskristianto/ (WMO,2020)
ARIES KRISTIANTO
Email : aries.kristianto@stmkg.ac.id
Keseimbangan Hidrostatik Keseimbangan Hidrostatik
Sebuah parsel udara dalam kesetimbangan hidrostatik

selama interval tekanan antara p dan p0,
𝐥𝐧 𝒑
∫𝐥𝐧 𝒑₀ 𝑻𝒗𝒅(𝐥𝐧 𝒑)
𝑻𝒗 =
𝐥𝐧 𝒑 − 𝐥𝐧 𝒑₀
3 4
ARIES KRISTIANTO ARIES KRISTIANTO
Email : aries.kristianto@stmkg.ac.id Email : aries.kristianto@stmkg.ac.id
Dr.Aries Kristianto 1
2020
Equation of State Ideal Gas Law
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Density (mass/volume) Pressure and Density
• Gravity holds most of

the air close to the
ground
• The weight of the
overlying air is the
pressure at any point
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Keseimbangan Hidrostatik Dry adiabatic lapse rate
Density is the Key to Buoyancy !
 Changes in density drive vertical motion in the

atmosphere and ocean.
 Lower density air rises when it is surrounded by denser

air.
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Buoyancy (Daya Apung) Buoyancy (Daya Apung)

• Air parcel rises in the atmosphere when it’s density is less gaya apung (ke atas) adalah 𝑉𝑔(𝜌 − 𝜌).
than its surroundings
•  env be the density of the environment.
From the Equation of State/Ideal Gas Law 𝝆 −𝝆 𝑻 − 𝑻′

 env = P/RTenv gaya apung per satuan massa 𝑭𝑩 = 𝒈
𝝆
=𝒈
𝑻′
 parcel be the density of an air parcel. Then  parcel = P/Rtparcel
• Since both the parcel and the environment at the same
height are at the same pressure 𝒅𝟐 𝒛
persamaan gerak
𝑻 𝑻
= 𝑭𝑩 = 𝒈
when Tparcel > Tenv  parcel <  env (positive buoyancy) 𝒅𝒕𝟐 𝑻
when Tparcel < Tenv  parcel >  env (negative buoyancy)
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Static stability for unsaturated air Lapse rate pseudoadiabatic
𝒅𝑻 𝒅𝒑 𝑳
=𝒌 − 𝒅𝒘𝒔,
𝝏𝑻 𝑻 𝒑 𝑻𝒄𝒑
=𝜸
𝝏𝒛
persamaan hidrostatik + persamaan Clausius-Clapeyron
Lapse rate pseudoadiabatic : 𝟏+

𝑳𝒘𝒔
𝒅𝑻 𝑹𝑻
𝒓𝒔 ≡ − =𝜞
𝒅𝒛 𝑳𝟐 𝜺𝒘𝒔
𝟏+
𝑹 𝒄𝒑 𝑻 𝟐
13 14
Kriteria stabilitas untuk udara lembab Convective Instability

• Kriteria untuk stabilitas konvektif dapat dinyatakan dalam
bentuk lapae rate dari suhu potensial bola basah.
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Conditional and Convective Instability Related to Slantwise Diretion Instability
• Horisontal Restoring Force :

• Geostropic Wind & Geostropic Wind Shear
• Slantwise Displacement
• Symmetric Instability
• Baroclinic Instability
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Related to Slantwise Diretion Instability Related to Slantwise Diretion Instability
• Horisontal Restoring Force : Gaya Coriolis (CF) dan gaya gradien • Geostropic Wind & Geostropic Wind Shear
horisontal (PGF)
Geostropic Wind
Geostropic Wind Shear
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Related to Slantwise Diretion Instability Related to Slantwise Diretion Instability
• Slantwise Displacement • Symmetric Instabilit :

permukaan suhu potensial konstan (permukaan isentropik) dimiringkan tipe ketidakstabilan perpindahan miring, parcel udara yang berpindah tempat di
sepanjang permukaan isentropik.
𝜕𝑧/𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑢 /𝜕𝑧
Pers.umum dari perpindahan miring parsel :
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Related to Slantwise Diretion Instability Geopotensial
• Baroclinic Instability : Geopotensial ѱ(z

Tipe lain dari ketidakstabilan miring terjadi jika hanya gaya apung yang
dimasukkan. • energi potensial dari satuan massa pada ketinggian z di atas tingkat referensi
(*permukaan laut).
Persamaan gerak : • peningkatan geopotensial untuk peningkatan ketinggian secara bertahap
• hubungan erat antara geopotensial pada level z dan ketinggian geometris
•
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REMINDER
Geopotensial Heat Transfer Processes
• Radiation - The transfer of heat by radiation does not require
contact between the bodies exchanging heat, nor does it require a
fluid between them.
• Conduction - molecules transfer energy by colliding with one

another.
• Convection - fluid moves from one place to another, carrying it’s

heat energy with it.
- Convection is usually associated with vertical movement of the fluid (air or water).
- Advection is the horizontal component of the classical meaning of
convection.
25 26
Enrichment
Temperature, Density, and Convection Stability & Instability
• A rock, like a parcel of air, that is in stable equilibrium will return to its original position
Heating of the Earth’s surface during daytime causes the air to mix when pushed.
• If the rock instead accelerates in the direction of the push, it was in unstable
equilibrium.
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Enrichment Enrichment
Why is stability important? Stability in the atmosphere
• Vertical motions in the atmosphere are a critical part of energy

transport and strongly influence the hydrologic cycle.
• Without vertical motion, there would be no precipitation, no
mixing of pollutants away from ground level - weather as we know
it would simply not exist!
• There are two types of vertical motion:
- Forced motion such as forcing air up over a hill, over colder air, or from horizontal
convergence • If an air parcel is displaced from its original height it can:
- Buoyant motion in which the air rises because it is less dense than its surroundings - Return to its original height - Stable
stability is especially important here Accelerate upward because it is buoyant - Unstable
Stay at the place to which it was displaced - Neutral
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ARIES KRISTIANTO
• direction of the push, it was in unstable equilibrium.
ARIES KRISTIANTO
Vertical Motion and Temperature Buoyancy Processes
• Rising air expands, using

energy to push outward
against its environment,
adiabatically cooling the
air
• A parcel of air may be

forced to rise or sink, &
change temperature
relative to
environmental air
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Buoyancy Processes Buoyancy Processes
33
Buoyancy is Scale-Dependent!!! 34
Buoyancy Processes Buoyancy Processes
•For most convective storms, the buoyancy term contributes the most to
vertical accelerations of air parcels in updrafts and downdrafts.
•How can one estimate buoyancy forcing?
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Buoyancy Processes Buoyancy Processes Summary
• When vertical wind shear is weak, buoyancy processes are the dominant control on convective updrafts and
downdrafts
• Positive contributions to buoyant energy come from potential temperature perturbations and water vapor
• Updrafts dominate during the early portion of an ordinary cell's life cycle; downdrafts dominate in the later
stages
• Thermodynamic diagrams are essential tools for estimating vertical buoyancy distribution, which has
important implications for both updraft and downdraft strength, including entrainment effects
• CAPE provides a quantitative estimate of buoyant energy, especially when calculated using an appropriate
low-level average of both moisture and temperature
• CAPE can be used to estimate updraft strength (Wmax)
• CIN can either prevent convective storm development entirely or delay initiation until maximum heating is
reached
• Downdraft and near-surface outflow strength depend on both precipitation loading and evaporation
processes
• In general, drier mid-levels are associated with stronger downdrafts
37 38
Stability Indexs Stability Indexs
39 40
Email : aries.kristianto@stmkg.ac.id Email : aries.kristianto@stmkg.ac.id Saepudin(2014)
2020
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Email : aries.kristianto@stmkg.ac.id Saepudin(2014) Email : aries.kristianto@stmkg.ac.id Saepudin(2014)
43 44
2020
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Reference :
Enrichment
Stability Indexs
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ARIES KRISTIANTO 2020 Dr.ARIES KRISTIANTO 52
Email : aries.kristianto@stmkg.ac.id Saepudin(2014)
2020
2020 Dr.ARIES KRISTIANTO 53

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2020

Fisika Awan Keseimbangan Hidrostatik

STABILITAS ATMOSFER DAN

Program Studi Diploma-IV Meteorologi STMKG

Keseimbangan Hidrostatik Keseimbangan Hidrostatik

Sebuah parsel udara dalam kesetimbangan hidrostatik

Equation of State Ideal Gas Law

Density (mass/volume) Pressure and Density

• Gravity holds most of

Keseimbangan Hidrostatik Dry adiabatic lapse rate

Density is the Key to Buoyancy !

 Changes in density drive vertical motion in the

 Lower density air rises when it is surrounded by denser

Buoyancy (Daya Apung) Buoyancy (Daya Apung)

From the Equation of State/Ideal Gas Law 𝝆 −𝝆 𝑻 − 𝑻′

when Tparcel < Tenv  parcel >  env (negative buoyancy)

Static stability for unsaturated air Lapse rate pseudoadiabatic

Lapse rate pseudoadiabatic : 𝟏+

Kriteria stabilitas untuk udara lembab Convective Instability

Conditional and Convective Instability Related to Slantwise Diretion Instability

• Horisontal Restoring Force :

Related to Slantwise Diretion Instability Related to Slantwise Diretion Instability

Related to Slantwise Diretion Instability Related to Slantwise Diretion Instability

• Slantwise Displacement • Symmetric Instabilit :

Pers.umum dari perpindahan miring parsel :

Related to Slantwise Diretion Instability Geopotensial

• Baroclinic Instability : Geopotensial ѱ(z

• Conduction - molecules transfer energy by colliding with one

• Convection - fluid moves from one place to another, carrying it’s

• Vertical motions in the atmosphere are a critical part of energy

• Rising air expands, using

• A parcel of air may be

2020 Dr.ARIES KRISTIANTO 53

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