Name: Date:

Aim: How does selective breeding affect genetic variation?

Meet the Super Cow
1. Describe the super cow.

2. What procedure produced this cow?

3. Describe the
process of
selective
breeding.

Selective
Breeding
●

Selectively _________ organisms to obtain offspring with ________ _______:

 ● Choose parents with the ____________ __________ so ________ will have
desired traits
Real Life Examples of Selective Breeding
● Dairy farmers may choose to mate __________________________
● Purebred Animals (hypoallergenic cats, poodles)
● Wild Mustard Plant (broccoli, cauliflower, kale, Brussels sprouts all result from selective breeding
of this plant!)
Advantages Disadvantages
Aim: How can DNA be used to Create Genetically Identical Individuals?

Clone
• An organism that is to the organism from which it was
produced.
• reproduction

Animals that Have Been Cloned

•

How is Cloning Done?

1. The from the desired organism is removed.
2. An from an adult female sheep is removed. (The nucleus
of the egg cell is removed)
3. The nucleus and egg cell are joined using an to form an embryo

4. The dividing embryo is placed inside a and the pregnancy begins.

5. Birth of clone

Who will the clone be genetically identical to? Why?

1. nucleus donor
2. egg cell donor
3. surrogate mother

Reasons to Clone Organisms

1. Revive endangered or extinct species 4. Drug Production
2. Reproduce a deceased pet 5. Cloning in medicine
3. Cloning livestock
Reasons NOT to Clone
• Success rate in cloning is quite low
• issues – “playing God”
• issues - how cloning technologies should be regulated by the
government.
• issues – impact of cloning technologies on society as a whole.

Quick Check

1. Scientists have cloned sheep but have not yet cloned a human.  The best explanation for this
situation is that

1. the technology to clone humans has not been explored

2. human reproduction is very different from that of other mammals
3. there are many ethical problems involved in cloning humans
4. cloning humans would take too long

2. The diagram to the right represents the process used in 1996 to

clone the first mammal, a sheep named Dolly. Which statement
concerning Dolly is correct?

1. Gametes from sheep A and sheep B were united to produce

Dolly.
2. The chromosome makeup of Dolly is identical to that of sheep
A.
3. Both Dolly and sheep C have identical DNA.
4. Dolly contains genes from sheep B and sheep C.

3. Modern technology could be used to clone pet dogs and cats. The
cloned animals would resemble the original pets because

1. the genes of the new animals are different from those of the
original pets
2. half of the genetic information of the new animals is the same
as that of the original pets
3. the new animals have mutations not found in the original pets
4. the new animals have the same genetic information as the
original pets
Aim: How can a gene be altered?

Review – Genes

The Genetic Code (A,T, C, & G) is ____________!

Strong evidence for a single
• All living organisms… origin in
– use the same DNA nucleotides theory!
– use the same code book
– read their genes the same way
(protein synthesis in ribosomes)

Genetic Engineering
• Process used to
of an organism
• Also known as “________________________” or “________________________”
Why do Scientists Genetically Engineer Organisms?
● Medical Reasons
o It allows organisms to produce beneficial for humans
▪
▪

How is Genetic Engineering Accomplished?

1. gene
2. Using an , in both organisms
3. Using the enzyme, into organism
4. Organism gene as if it were its own
5. Organism produces 🡪
Restriction Enzymes
• Scissor-like enzymes that
at specific base sequence
sites
• Restriction enzymes
– used by bacteria to cut up DNA of attacking
viruses
– EcoRI, HindIII, BamHI

– Cut creates “ ”

Real Life Uses of Genetic Engineering

• (GMO)
– enables plants to produce new proteins
• Protect crops from insects: BT corn
– corn produces a ___________ that kills corn ___________
• Extend growing season: fishberries
– __________ contain an anti-freezing gene from flounder (fish)
• Improve quality of food: golden rice
– rice producing _________ improves __________ value
Aim: How are DNA Fingerprints Used for Identification?

Gel Electrophoresis
• Technique used to using an electrical field
• Uses of Gel Electrophoresis
•
•
•
•

Where do Scientists Find DNA to Compare?

• of DNA are found in the following samples:

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)

• Developed by Kary Mullis in 1983
• DNA - Used to produce ____________ of
DNA from trace amounts of DNA

Gel Electrophoresis
• DNA moves in an
• Why? DNA is charged
• Being negatively charged, DNA moves towards the
positive side
• The of DNA fragment affects how far it travels
• Pieces are and travel
• Pieces are and
The Steps – Gel Electrophoresis
Steps of Gel Electrophoresis Diagrams of Gel Electrophoresis

1. DNA is cut with specific into

different sized fragments.

2. DNA fragments are loaded into wells of the gel.

3. Electric current is passed through the gel making one side +

charged and one side – charged.

4. is charged and moves through

the gel to the positive side.

5. This causes DNA to separate

based on .
● segments move than the
larger segments and appear as bands

Analyzing Gel Electrophoresis

 • Each individual will have a ___________________________________

• Bands represent _____________________________________

– (DNA was cut into uniquely sized pieces because the _________________
cutting sites were located uniquely in each person’s unique DNA sequence)

Ex. Forensics

Ex. Paternity Results