The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species™

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IUCN 2008: T59467A11928351

Salamandra salamandra, Common Fire Salamander

Assessment by: Sergius Kuzmin et al.

View on www.iucnredlist.org

Short citation: Sergius Kuzmin et al. 2009. Salamandra salamandra. The IUCN Red List of
Threatened Species 2009: e.T59467A11928351.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2009.RLTS.T59467A11928351.en [see full citation at end]

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Taxonomy
Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family

Animalia Chordata Amphibia Caudata Salamandridae

Taxon Name:  Salamandra salamandra (Linnaeus, 1758)

Synonym(s):
• Salamandra maculosa

Common Name(s):
• English: Common Fire Salamander, Fire Salamander
• Spanish: Salamandra Común
Taxonomic Notes:
This account follows the suggested Salamandra monophyletic group distribution presented in Steinfartz,
et al. (2000). Old locality records for Turkey need to be reconfirmed, and are not included here.

Assessment Information
Red List Category & Criteria: Least Concern ver 3.1

Year Published: 2009

Date Assessed: December 14, 2008

Justification:
Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, tolerance of a degree of habitat modification,
presumed large population, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in
a more threatened category. A number of subspecies of Salamandra salamandra are restricted in range
and may be considered to be threatened, in particular: S.s. longirostris in southern Spain (listed as
Vulnerable in Spain), and S.s. bejarae-almanzoris in the mountains of north-central Spain (listed as
Vulnerable in Spain).

Previously Published Red List Assessments

2004 – Least Concern (LC)

Geographic Range
Range Description:
This species is present across much of central, eastern and southern Europe. In the former Soviet Union,
it is known only from the mountains and foothills of the Ukrainian Carpathians. The populations of this
species in Iberia are very fragmented (there is a small Area of Occupancy within the wider Extent of
Occurrence). The populations of Salamandra species reported from western Anatolia, Turkey, require
further investigation into the species involved and are not evaluated in this account. It occurs from
lowland areas up to 2,500m asl (in central Spain).

© The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Salamandra salamandra – published in 2009. 1
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Country Occurrence:
Native: Albania; Andorra; Austria; Belgium; Bosnia and Herzegovina; Bulgaria; Croatia; Czech Republic;
France; Germany; Greece; Hungary; Italy; Liechtenstein; Luxembourg; Macedonia, the former Yugoslav
Republic of; Montenegro; Netherlands; Poland; Portugal; Romania; San Marino; Serbia (Serbia);
Slovakia; Slovenia; Spain; Switzerland; Ukraine

© The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Salamandra salamandra – published in 2009. 2
http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2009.RLTS.T59467A11928351.en
Distribution Map

© The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Salamandra salamandra – published in 2009. 3
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Population
A number of large, stable populations of this salamander exist in Central Europe. Some local populations
declines have been observed over parts of its range (e.g., through habitat loss, introduced predatory
fish, and increased aridity in Spain). A severe decline has been reported in the Netherlands. Some local
populations have disappeared, and its population density has also been reduced in parts of Spain.
Current Population Trend:  Decreasing

Habitat and Ecology (see Appendix for additional information)

It is associated with wet cool deciduous, mixed, or rarely, coniferous forests with well shaded brooks and
small rivers. Within the mountain forest belt, the species can be found in woodlands, glades and forest
edges, rocky slopes, dense bush, and herbaceous vegetation. It is possible, that the occurrence of S.
salamandra on woodless mountain pastures and within hayfields indicates the past existence of forests.
In the Iberian Peninsula the species may be found in upland Mediterranean type forest and associated
habitats. The species prefers microhabitats covered with dense leaf-litter and moss. In general, the
female gives birth to well-developed larvae, that complete metamorphosis in streams, ponds and still
waters. However, the subspecies, S.s. bernardezi and S.s. fastusa may give birth to two to eight fully
metamorphosed young on land. The species does tolerate some habitat modification, and has even
been found in gardens.

Systems:  Terrestrial, Freshwater

Threats (see Appendix for additional information)

The principal threats include localized general habitat destruction, unsympathetic forest management,
and pollution of breeding sites by agrochemicals, collection for commercial purposes (i.e., the pet
trade), introduction of predatory species (salmonids and crayfish (Procambarus clarkii)) and population
fragmentation. The mortality of adults on roads is a localized threat in some parts of its range. The
presence of chytridiomycosis has been reported in some Spanish populations.

Conservation Actions (see Appendix for additional information)

This species is listed on Appendix III of the Bern Convention and is protected by national legislation over
much of its range. It occurs in many protected areas, and is listed in a number of national and sub
national Red Data Books and Lists. Some populations of this salamander are being monitored (e.g.,
central Spain; Zlote Mountains [southwestern Poland, East Sudety Mountains]). Further research into
the impacts of chytridiomycosis on this salamander is urgently needed.

Credits
Assessor(s): Sergius Kuzmin, Theodore Papenfuss, Max Sparreboom, Ismail H. Ugurtas, Steven
Anderson, Trevor Beebee, Mathieu Denoël, Franco Andreone, Brandon Anthony,
Benedikt Schmidt, Agnieszka Ogrodowczyk, Maria Ogielska, Jaime Bosch, David
Tarkhnishvili, Vladimir Ishchenko

Reviewer(s): Cox, N. and Temple, H.J. (Global Amphibian Assessment)

© The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Salamandra salamandra – published in 2009. 4
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Citation
Sergius Kuzmin, Theodore Papenfuss, Max Sparreboom, Ismail H. Ugurtas, Steven Anderson, Trevor
Beebee, Mathieu Denoël, Franco Andreone, Brandon Anthony, Benedikt Schmidt, Agnieszka
Ogrodowczyk, Maria Ogielska, Jaime Bosch, David Tarkhnishvili, Vladimir Ishchenko. 2009. Salamandra
salamandra. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2009: e.T59467A11928351.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2009.RLTS.T59467A11928351.en

Disclaimer
To make use of this information, please check the Terms of Use.

© The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Salamandra salamandra – published in 2009. 7
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External Resources
For Images and External Links to Additional Information, please see the Red List website.

© The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Salamandra salamandra – published in 2009. 8
http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2009.RLTS.T59467A11928351.en
 Appendix

Habitats
(http://www.iucnredlist.org/technical-documents/classification-schemes)

Major
Habitat Season Suitability
Importance?

1. Forest -> 1.4. Forest - Temperate - Suitable -

5. Wetlands (inland) -> 5.1. Wetlands (inland) - Permanent - Suitable -

Rivers/Streams/Creeks (includes waterfalls)

5. Wetlands (inland) -> 5.2. Wetlands (inland) - - Marginal -

Seasonal/Intermittent/Irregular Rivers/Streams/Creeks

5. Wetlands (inland) -> 5.4. Wetlands (inland) - Bogs, Marshes, Swamps, - Marginal -
Fens, Peatlands

5. Wetlands (inland) -> 5.7. Wetlands (inland) - Permanent Freshwater - Marginal -

Marshes/Pools (under 8ha)

5. Wetlands (inland) -> 5.8. Wetlands (inland) - Seasonal/Intermittent - Marginal -

Freshwater Marshes/Pools (under 8ha)

14. Artificial/Terrestrial -> 14.1. Artificial/Terrestrial - Arable Land - Marginal -

14. Artificial/Terrestrial -> 14.2. Artificial/Terrestrial - Pastureland - Marginal -

14. Artificial/Terrestrial -> 14.3. Artificial/Terrestrial - Plantations - Marginal -

14. Artificial/Terrestrial -> 14.4. Artificial/Terrestrial - Rural Gardens - Marginal -

14. Artificial/Terrestrial -> 14.5. Artificial/Terrestrial - Urban Areas - Marginal -

Use and Trade

(http://www.iucnredlist.org/technical-documents/classification-schemes)

End Use Local National International

Pets/display animals, horticulture No Yes Yes

Threats
(http://www.iucnredlist.org/technical-documents/classification-schemes)

Threat Timing Scope Severity Impact Score

1. Residential & commercial development -> 1.1. Ongoing - - -

Housing & urban areas
Stresses: 1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.1. Ecosystem conversion
1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.2. Ecosystem degradation

1. Residential & commercial development -> 1.2. Ongoing - - -

Commercial & industrial areas

© The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Salamandra salamandra – published in 2009. 9
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 Stresses: 1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.1. Ecosystem conversion
1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.2. Ecosystem degradation

2. Agriculture & aquaculture -> 2.1. Annual & Ongoing - - -

perennial non-timber crops -> 2.1.3. Agro-industry
farming
Stresses: 1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.1. Ecosystem conversion
1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.2. Ecosystem degradation

2. Agriculture & aquaculture -> 2.3. Livestock farming Ongoing - - -

& ranching -> 2.3.3. Agro-industry grazing, ranching
or farming
Stresses: 1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.1. Ecosystem conversion
1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.2. Ecosystem degradation

5. Biological resource use -> 5.1. Hunting & trapping Ongoing - - -

terrestrial animals -> 5.1.1. Intentional use (species is
the target)
Stresses: 2. Species Stresses -> 2.1. Species mortality

5. Biological resource use -> 5.3. Logging & wood Ongoing - - -

harvesting -> 5.3.5. Motivation
Unknown/Unrecorded
Stresses: 1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.2. Ecosystem degradation

8. Invasive & other problematic species & genes -> Ongoing - - -

8.1. Invasive non-native/alien species -> 8.1.2.
Named species (Procambarus clarkii)
Stresses: 2. Species Stresses -> 2.1. Species mortality

8. Invasive & other problematic species & genes -> Ongoing - - -

8.1. Invasive non-native/alien species -> 8.1.2.
Named species
Stresses: 2. Species Stresses -> 2.1. Species mortality

8. Invasive & other problematic species & genes -> Ongoing - - -

8.1. Invasive non-native/alien species -> 8.1.2.
Named species (Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis)
Stresses: 2. Species Stresses -> 2.1. Species mortality

9. Pollution -> 9.3. Agricultural & forestry effluents -> Ongoing - - -

9.3.3. Herbicides and pesticides
Stresses: 1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.2. Ecosystem degradation

Conservation Actions in Place

(http://www.iucnredlist.org/technical-documents/classification-schemes)

Conservation Actions in Place

In-Place Land/Water Protection and Management

Conservation sites identified: Yes, over entire range

Occur in at least one PA: Yes

Conservation Actions Needed

(http://www.iucnredlist.org/technical-documents/classification-schemes)

© The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Salamandra salamandra – published in 2009. 10
http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2009.RLTS.T59467A11928351.en
 Conservation Actions Needed
3. Species management -> 3.1. Species management -> 3.1.1. Harvest management

3. Species management -> 3.2. Species recovery

Research Needed
(http://www.iucnredlist.org/technical-documents/classification-schemes)

Research Needed
1. Research -> 1.1. Taxonomy

1. Research -> 1.2. Population size, distribution & trends

1. Research -> 1.3. Life history & ecology

1. Research -> 1.5. Threats

1. Research -> 1.6. Actions

3. Monitoring -> 3.1. Population trends

Additional Data Fields

Distribution
Lower elevation limit (m): 0

Upper elevation limit (m): 2500

Population
Population severely fragmented: No

© The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Salamandra salamandra – published in 2009. 11
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The IUCN Red List Partnership

The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species™ is produced and managed by the IUCN Global Species
Programme, the IUCN Species Survival Commission (SSC) and The IUCN Red List Partnership.

The IUCN Red List Partners are: BirdLife International; Botanic Gardens Conservation International;
Conservation International; Microsoft; NatureServe; Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew; Sapienza University of
Rome; Texas A&M University; Wildscreen; and Zoological Society of London.

THE IUCN RED LIST OF THREATENED SPECIES™