6th Class

1. A data is a collection of numbers gathered to give some information

2. To get a particular information from the given data quickly, the data can be arranged in a tabular
form using tally marks.
3. A pictograph represents data through pictures of objects. It helps answer the questions on the
data at a glance.
4. Bars of uniform width can be drawn horizontally or vertically with equal spacing between them
and then the length of each bar represents the given number. Such method of representing data
is called a bar diagram or a bar graph.

7th Class
1. before collecting data, we need to know what we would use it for.
2. The collection, recording and presentation of data help us organise our experiences and draw
inferences from them
3. The data that is collected needs to be organised in a proper table, so that it becomes easy to
understand and interpret
4. average is a number that represents or shows the central tendency of a group of observations or
data. Since average lies between the highest and the lowest value of the given data so, we say
average is a measure of the central tendency of the group of data. Different forms of data need
different forms of representative or central value to describe it. One of these representative
values is the “Arithmetic mean”.
5. The most common representative value of a group of data is the arithmetic mean or the mean.
6. The difference between the highest and the lowest observation gives us an idea of the spread of
the observations. This can be found by subtracting the lowest observation from the highest
observation. We call the result the range of the observation.
7. The mode of a set of observations is the observation that occurs most often
8. in a given data, arranged in ascending or descending order, the median gives us the middle
observation.
9. A bar graph is a representation of numbers using bars of uniform widths.
10. Double bar graphs help to compare two collections of data at a glance
11. There are situations in our life, that are certain to happen, some that are impossible and some
that may or may not happen. The situation that may or may not happen has a chance of
happening.
 8th Class
1. Data mostly available to us in an unorganised form is called raw data
2. In order to draw meaningful inferences from any data, we need to organise the data
systematically.
3. Frequency gives the number of times that a particular entry occurs
4. Raw data can be ‘grouped’ and presented systematically through ‘grouped frequency
distribution’.
5. Grouped data can be presented using histogram. Histogram is a type of bar diagram, where the
class intervals are shown on the horizontal axis and the heights of the bars show the frequency
of the class interval. Also, there is no gap between the bars as there is no gap between the class
intervals.
6. Data can also presented using circle graph or pie chart. A circle graph shows the relationship
between a whole and its part.
7. There are certain experiments whose outcomes have an equal chance of occurring
8. A random experiment is one whose outcome cannot be predicted exactly in advance.
9. Outcomes of an experiment are equally likely if each has the same chance of occurring
10. Probability of an event = (Number of outcomes that make an event /Total number of outcomes
of the experiment ), when the outcomes are equally likely.
11. One or more outcomes of an experiment make an event

9th Class

Statistics
1. The facts or figures, which are numerical or otherwise, collected with a definite purpose are
called data. Data is the plural form of the Latin word datum.
2. This extraction of meaningful information is studied in a branch of mathematics called Statistics.
3. The word ‘statistics’ appears to have been derived from the Latin word ‘status’ meaning ‘a
(political) state’. In its origin, statistics was simply the collection of data on different aspects of
the life of people, useful to the State. Over the period of time, however, its scope broadened
and statistics began to concern itself not only with the collection and presentation of data but
also with the interpretation and drawing of inferences from the data
4. Statistics deals with collection, organisation, analysis and interpretation of data.

Data Collection

1. when the information was collected by the investigator herself or himself with a definite
objective in her or his mind, the data obtained is called primary data.
2. when the information was gathered from a source which already had the information stored,
the data obtained is called secondary data.
 1. An event for an experiment is the collection of some outcomes of the experiment.
2. The empirical (or experimental) probability P(E) of an event E is given by
3. P(E) = Number of trials in which E has happened /Total number of trials
4. The Probability of an event lies between 0 and 1 (0 and 1 inclusive).

10th Class

Probability
1. The theoretical probability (also called classical probability) of an event E, written as P(E), is
defined as P(E) = Number of outcomes favourable to E /Number of all possible outcomes of the
experiment
where we assume that the outcomes of the experiment are equally likely.
2. An event having only one outcome of the experiment is called an elementary event.
3. the sum of the probabilities of all the elementary events of an experiment is 1. This is true in
general also.
4. The event E , representing ‘not E’, is called the complement of the event E. We also say that E
and E are complementary events
5. the probability of an event which is impossible to occur is 0. Such an event is called an
impossible event.
6. the probability of an event which is sure (or certain) to occur is 1. Such an event is called a sure
event or a certain event.
7. Note : From the definition of the probability P(E), we see that the numerator (number of
outcomes favourable to the event E) is always less than or equal to the denominator (the
number of all possible outcomes). Therefore, 0 ≤ P(E) ≤ 1
8. Kings, queens and jacks are called face cards

11th Class

Statistics
1. the methods of finding a representative value for the given data. This value is called the
measure of central tendency
2. Like ‘measures of central tendency’ we want to have a single number to describe variability. This
single number is called a ‘measure of dispersion