Chapter - 06 Civil Engineering Structure - DPR - 7.5 MW-5.12.20

PART – I
CHAPTER - 6
CIVIL ENGINEERING STRUCTURES
6.1 PROJECT LAYOUT PLANNING
6.1.1 Location of the project has been decided after careful study of the following factors:
a. Suitability of location of different components of hydel scheme

b. Environmentally & ecologically suitable location
c. Minimum civil work cost
6.1.2 All components of the project viz., the diversion weir sites for both Chel & Chitting
Kholas, intake & bottom outlet for Chitting Khola, trench weir for Chel Khola, Feeder
pipe from trench weir to the desilting tank, the desilting tank itself, aqueduct for road
crossing, low pressure steel pipeline from downstream of the desilting tank to the
forebay tank, short tunnel in which low pressure steel pipeline shall be placed, the
forebay tank, high pressure steel pipeline called the penstock, powerhouse & tailrace
and the switchyard have been appropriately located on the basis of topographical,
geological and geotechnical study. Layout has been finalized so as to maximize the
exploitation of available discharge and head.
6.1.3 Diversion weir site for Chitting Khola has been proposed at about EL + 769 m where
a relatively flat space is available on the left bank of the Khola to accommodate the
intake structure and bottom outlet. Since peak flood is of the order of 110 m3/sec,
adequate width of the Khola is required to pass this flood discharge without causing
too much of afflux. At the chosen location, appropriate level and adequate width is
available for placing the diversion weir. Hence, any upstream location of diversion
weir across the Chitting Khola is not recommended.
Chel – I H.E. Project (3x2.5 MW) Civil Engineering Structures Page 1 of 36

Promoter: PCM Hydel Power Corporation Limited Chapter - 6 Consultants: Dr. Hutarew & Partner (I) Pvt. Ltd.
6.1.4 Diversion weir site for Chel Khola has been proposed at EL + 766 m. This weir shall
be a trench weir. Peak flood is of the order of 200 m3/sec and adequate width of the
Khola is available to pass the flood without causing too much of afflux. Moreover,
nearness of the identified weak geological zone a little upstream of the proposed weir
axis coupled with narrow width of the Khola and presence of big boulders in the
Khola bed rules out the possibility of location of diversion weir site at any other
suitable location upstream of the chosen point. In fact, a stable and relatively flat bed
slope of the Khola and presence of massive rock on both the banks of the Khola
suggests that a location at the chosen point for diversion weir would be ideal. At the
chosen location, adequate space is available on the left bank of the Khola for
accommodating the intake structure and the gravel / shingle flushing pipe.
6.1.4 The location & alignments of desilting tank, low pressure steel pipeline, aqueduct for
road crossing, tunnel, forebay, penstock & its bifurcation, powerhouse and tail race
have been decided on the basis of geological set-up, topography of the area and the
most optimum hydraulic computation for water conductor system and the same are
described in detail in this Chapter.
Drg. no. 2010 126 001 (Sheet 1 of 4, 2 of 4, 3 of 4 & 4 of 4) shows the Layout Plan
along Water Conductor System and Drg. no. 2010 126 002 (Sheet 1 of 2 & 2 of 2)
shows the L-Section along Water Conductor System.
6.2 COMPONENTS OF THE SCHEME
Following are the principal components of the scheme :
1. Boulder Type Diversion Weir for Chitting Khola with Bottom Outlet and
Intake Structure provided integrally with the weir on its left bank.
2. Interconnecting steel pipe for transferring Chitting Discharge to upstream of
Chel weir
3. Trench Type Diversion weir for Chel Khola
4. Intake structure constructed integrally with the trench weir & located on the
left bank of Chel Khola with provision for gravel flushing

5. Feeder pipe for conducting the water from Chel intake to the desilting tank
6. Desilting tank including its upstream & downstream transitions, for removal
of silt particles down to 0.2 mm size with provision for silt flushing
7. Low Pressure Steel pipeline for conducting the silt free water to the forebay
8. A tunnel of short length for negotiating the hill
9. Forebay for receiving and storing the water temporarily
10. Penstock for conducting the water from forebay to the turbines
11. Powerhouse for housing the chosen electro-mechanical equipment
12. Tail race channel for releasing the water back to Chel Khola
13. 33 kV single circuit Transmission line 15 km long for evacuating the power to
the proposed 33 kV Gorubathan sub-station of WBSEDCL near college
playground.
These are discussed in detail below :
6.3 DIVERSION WEIRS
A) DIVERSION WEIR FOR CHEL KHOLA
6.3.1 General
In run-of-the-river schemes, a diversion structure across the stream is required to

divert the water for power generation.
As has been suggested in “Guide Lines for Development of Small Hydro Electric
Schemes” by Central Electricity Authority Page no. 16 clause no. 5.3.2.1 and as has
been experienced during construction of various Small Hydro Electric Project in Hills,
such streams generally carry big boulders during flood seasons which could destroy
the conventional gated weirs constructed across the river and thus restrict the choice
of adoption of different alternatives. The conventional gated weir has following
disadvantages:

(a) The structure is vulnerable to damage by rolling boulders & small trees / logs
in the streams even during moderate flood.
(b) The small storage space behind the diversion structure gets filled up fast by
the bed load that gets trapped with the gate grooves, thus making
opening/closing of gates difficult.
(c) Such weirs are required to be founded on good rock foundation, which may
not be available at reasonable depths. The removal of deep boulder over
burden proves uneconomical.
In view of the above difficulties, trench type or drop type weir was considered as the
most feasible solution. This simple structure does not interfere with the natural
regime of the boulder stream.
The trench type weir has been recommended in the Small Hydro Station
standardization publication No. 175 of “Central Board of Irrigation and Power
(CBIP)” Clause No. 1.2.2 page 6, Best Practices Manual on Small Hydro – IREDA
Publication : Chapter – 3, Clause 3.2.1.4 and Manual on Development of Small
Hydroelectric Projects – CBIP Publication No. 305 of year 2009 : Chapter – 8 :
Design of Civil Works, Clause 8.1.2.3.
A trench weir is a trapezoidal trench (trough) built across the stream below the stream
bed level. The trench is given a bed slope of not less than 1 in 25 towards the intake
so that sufficient velocity is generated to carry away the silt / shingle that fall into it.
The bed slope also gradually increases the cross sectional area of the trench to cater to
more and more water entering into it from the stream through the trash rack. The top
of the weir is covered with trash rack to ensure that boulders and bigger stones do not
fall into the trench and clog it. The rack itself is designed to withstand the load of the
rolling boulders. The rack is made removable so that it can be removed periodically
after rains or flash floods to clear the trench of sand & shingle deposits.
For the proposed Chel – I H. E. Project, a trench weir has, accordingly been provided
across Chel Khola for diverting the discharge.

6.2.2 Design
The trench weir is designed as a side channel spillway. Its width is so designed that
the entire incoming flow during lean season is diverted into the weir. During the
monsoon season, the amount of water required is diverted / absorbed in the weir
whereas the remaining flow in the river just glides over the trash racks covering the
weir trench.
The trench has a trapezoidal section, which varies in depth. The depth is more
towards the intake, which is this case, is located on the left bank of the trench weir.
The intake is in two parts; the lower part is used for flushing the gravel and fine
material finding its path into the trench. The remaining half of the intake is raised by
about 1 m to enable clear water to flow towards the intake.
Structural design of the trench weir is carried out considering the trench to act like a
fixed RCC beam, which is fixed between the two abutments. In case of Chel – I
H. E. Project, whereas massive rock formations have been encountered on the right
bank, rock out crops are available on the left bank at the selected location. Hence, an
ideal site has been located for siting the trench weir.
6.3.2.1 Check for Discharging Capacity of Trench Weir
Length of the waterway = 22 m

Design Discharge = 3.75 x 1.10 x 1.20 = 4.95 m3/sec.
(Inclusive of 10% overload and
20% for silt flushing)
Let us provide Top width of Trench „T‟ = 2m
Depth of water in the Trench = d
Area of flow „A‟ = Txd
Velocity head at the end of the trench

A
hv = ––––– x –––––
+1 2T
Where „ ‟ is a constant whose value depends upon the bottom profile of the trench.
Adopt = 0.5
0.5 Txd d
hv = ––––––– x ––––– = ––––
0.5 + 1 2T 6
Corresponding discharge is given by the expression
Q = A 2ghv
d
4.95 = 2d 2 x 9.81 x –––
6
Solving, we get d = 1.23 m
Let us provide average channel depth as 2 m with the depth of 1.5 m at the extreme
end and 2.5 m at the intake end.
Average area of flow „A‟ = 2 x 2 = 4 m2

Wetted perimeter = „P‟ = 2 + 2 x 2 = 6 m
Hydraulic Mean Depth „R‟ = A/P = 4/6 = 0.667

Slope provided in the trench = 0.0526
Using Manning‟s Formula,
AR2/3 S1/2
Q = ––––––––––
N
4 x (0.667)2/3 x (0.0526)1/2
Q = ––––––––––––––––––––––––– = 38.9 m3/sec > 4.95 m3/sec; Hence, OK
0.018

For 50% clogged condition of trash rack
Area available for flow „A‟ = 2m2
Wetted Perimeter „P‟ = 6m
Hydraulic Mean Depth „R‟ = A/P = 2 / 6 = 0.334
Using Manning‟s Formula,
AR2/3 S1/2
Q = ––––––––––
N
2 x (0.334)2/3 x (0.0526)1/2
Q = –––––––––––––––––––––––––
0.018
= 12.26 m3/sec > 4.95 m3/sec Hence, OK.
6.3.2.2 Intake Structure at Chel Diversion
GENERAL
The water diverted by the weir is fed into a rectangular intake structure located on the
left bank of the weir. The location of the intake structure is chosen such that the
regime of the stream is not disturbed.
HYDRAULIC DESIGN
Intake shaft has been equipped with three gates – one for regulating the flow from the
trench into the intake shaft, the second one for controlling the flow into the gravel
flushing pipe and third for regulating the flow into the feeder pipe. During the
monsoon period, the control gate for gravel flushing pipe shall be kept in open
position all the time to flush out the coarse sediment. This gate shall be operated
occasionally during non-monsoon period when clean water is available in Chel Khola.

6.3.2.3 Regulating Gate between Trench and Intake Shaft
The regulating gate between trench and the intake shaft shall remain open most of the
time except on occasions when extreme floods occur in the Khola.
During the monsoon period, design discharge at intake
= 3.75 x 1.1 x 1.2

= 4.95 m3/sec
During monsoon season it is proposed to maintain velocity less than 1 m/sec at this
regulating gate of the intake shaft. Therefore, velocity of flow at the gate, keeping its
width as 2.5 m and depth of flow as 3.0 m (gate fully open) is calculated below:
(a) Velocity during flood season
Q = AV = b x d x No. of intake vents x V

4.95 = 2.5 x 3.0 x 1 x V
V = 0.66 m/sec
Hence OK.
(b) Velocity during non-flood season

3.75 = 2.5 x 3.0 x 1 x V
V = 0.5 m/sec
Hence OK
The gate shall be a vertical lift fixed wheel type intake gate with hydraulic or rope
drum hoist. Size of the intake gate shall be reviewed at detailed design stage.

6.3.2.4 Flushing Gate between Gravel Flushing Pipe and Intake Shaft
Diameter of gravel flushing pipe has been kept as 1 m to ensure adequate flushing
velocity in this pipe. A flushing gate of vertical lift slide type with hydraulic hoist has
been proposed at the mouth of this pipe. Size of the gate shall be 1.0 m x 1.0 m.
6.3.2.5 Controlling Gate between Feeder Pipe and Intake Shaft
Diameter of feeder pipe has been kept as 1.4 m to ensure adequate velocity in this
pipe such that the sediment in the silt laden water, which this pipe carries upto
desilting tank does not get settled in this pipe. A controlling gate of vertical lift slide
type with hydraulic hoist has been proposed at the mouth of this pipe. Size of the gate
shall be 1.4 m x 1.4 m.
B) BOULDER WEIR FOR CHITTING KHOLA
6.3.3 General
For diverting the discharge of Chitting Khola into Chel Khola, it is proposed to
construct a boulder type weir across Chitting Khola.
6.3.4 Design of Boulder Weir
The full supply depth of water in the intake and elevation of bed at the start of the
intake would govern height of boulder type weir. To restrict the entry of rolling
stones and boulders into the intake, it is proposed to keep the invert of intake 1 m
above the bed level of Chitting Khola at this location. Thus,
Invert level of intake

= bed level of Chitting Khola + 1.0 m
= EL 769.0 + 1.0 m
= EL 770.00 m

Length of boulder type weir is governed by the highest flood discharge. The length of
waterway should be such that it could convey highest flood discharge to the
downstream side.
Length of waterway needed to pass the highest flood safely can be computed by using
the following formula
Q = 1.84 LH 3/2
Where, Q = Discharge in m3/sec
L = Length of waterway required
H = Water head over weir in m.
Q = Probable high flood discharge of Chitting Khola = 110 m3/sec
(See Chapter 3 - Hydrology)
Now, Length of weir actually provided = 11.00 m
Hence, depth of flow over the weir crest which will be needed to pass a flood
of 110 m3/sec
2
110 /3
= --------------- = 3.1 m Say 3.0 m
1.84 x 11.0
It is proposed to maintain the weir crest about 3 m above the deepest Khola bed level.
Let us provide the weir crest at EL 772.0 m, i.e. 3 m above the Khola bed level.
Hence, high flood level corresponding to weir crest level EL 772.0 m at flow depth of
3.0 m over the weir crest.
= EL 772.0 + 3.0
= EL 775 m
It has been confirmed at site that a top width greater than 11 m is available at
EL 775 m at the proposed location of the weir.

It is proposed to keep top of the gate hoisting platform about 1 m above the HFL.
Hence, keep top of the platform at EL 776.0 m.
Width of boulder type weir is governed by the height of water supported over the
weir. Its weight should be such that it could counter balance the hydraulic force
exerted by water stored behind it in the reservoir. Thus, boulder weir has been
analyzed for its stability - both for sliding and overturning taking following as input
data:
Height of water u/s of the weir = weir crest level - bed level
= EL 772.0 - EL 769.0
= 3.0 m
Unit weight of water = 9.81 kN/cum.
Specific gravity of boulder mass = 2.65
Top width of weir = 1.0 m
Slope of upstream face of weir = 0.5 in 1
Slope of downstream face of weir = 1 in 1
Factor of safety in both sliding and overturning is found to be greater than unity,
hence the weir is safe. Results are appended at Annexure - 6.1
6.3.4.1 Intake Structure for Chitting Khola
GENERAL
The water diverted by the weir is fed into a rectangular intake structure. This intake
structure located is on the left bank of the weir. The location of the intake structure is
chosen such that the regime of the stream is not disturbed. The intake structure has
the following functions :
i. It regulates the discharge for power generation irrespective of discharge

flowing in the river.
ii. It acts as an abutment on the left bank of the weir

HYDRAULIC DESIGN
Intake shall be equipped with a trash rack to prevent floating trash from entering the
water conductor system. Since the discharge is small, only one number intake gate
has been proposed to regulate the flow in the water conductor.
Design discharge at intake of Chitting Khola = 1.0 m3/sec
A trash rack has been provided u/s of the intake regulating gate. It is proposed to
maintain velocity of less than 1.0 m / sec at intake. Therefore, velocity of flow at
intake, keeping its width as 0.75 m and depth of flow as 2.5 m (gate fully open) is
calculated below:

1.0 = 0.75 x 2.5 x 1 x V
V = 0.53 m/sec
Taking net area of trash rack as 72% of the area of opening, velocity of flow thru'
trash rack
V = 0.53 0.72 = 0.74 m/sec., Hence OK.
The intake shall be equipped with a vertical lift fixed wheel type intake gate with
hydraulic or rope drum hoist. Size of the intake gate shall be reviewed at detailed
design stage.
6.3.4.2 Bottom Outlet for Chitting Khola Weir
GENERAL
The boulder weir shall be equipped with a bottom outlet for occasional flushing of the
accumulated debris upstream of the weir. The bottom outlet shall be provided with a
vertical lift gate and hoist. During the lean season, the bottom outlet gate shall remain

closed and shall be opened occasionally to flush out any silt that may accumulate in
front of the bottom outlet gate. During the monsoon period, when sufficient discharge
is available in river, bottom outlet gate shall be kept fully open.
6.4 FEEDER PIPE
6.4.1 General
Water of Chel Khola, which is diverted by the trench weir into the intake structure
located on the left bank of the Khola is carried forward to the desilting tank via a
1400 mm internal diameter, 97.396 m long steel pipeline called feeder pipe.
6.4.2 Hydraulic Design
Since the water carried by this pipe will have suspended sediment load, self-cleaning
velocity shall be maintained in this pipe. Calculation sequence is shown below :
Maximum Discharge during monsoon period Q = 4.95 m3/sec
Proposed internal diameter of pipe d = 1.4 m
Area of Cross-section of the pipe A = –––––– x d2 = 1.54 m2

4
Velocity of Flow = q/a = 4.95 / 1.54 = 3.214 m/sec

Hence OK
The above computed velocity of flow through the 1.4 m diameter feeder pipe would
ensure that the silt carried in the diverted water does not settle in the feeder pipe.
Hydraulic mean radius R = D/4 = 0.35
Length of pipeline = 97.396 m

Head loss due to friction in feeder pipe has been calculated using Scobey‟s formula:
Friction Loss per 1000 ft hf = (Ks v1.9) / D1.1

Loss coefficient depending upon the pipe
material & interior condition of pipe.
Recommended value for designs is Ks = 0.34
for all types of installations
Steel Feeder pipe of 1.4 m diameter D = 1.4 m
Conversion factor 1m = 3.28 ft
D = 4.592 ft
Velocity through 1.4 m diameter pipe v = 3.5 m/s
v = 11.48 ft/s
hf /1000 ft = 6.56 Ft
hf /1000 m = 6.56 m
Friction Loss in 1.4 m diameter pipe hf = 0.639 m
Considering head loss due to entrance and bends in the feeder pipe, total head loss in
the feeder pipe can be considered as 0.8 m.
6.4.3 Structural Design
Feeder pipeline shall flow full under low pressure. Hence, thickness required by
handling considerations will be the governing criteria.
D + 50 140 + 50
Thickness required = ------------ cm = ---------------- = 0.475 cm or 4.75 mm
400 400
Add corrosion allowance of 1.5 mm, required thickness = 4.75 + 1.5 = 6.25 mm
As per IS : 3589 Specification for Seamless or Electric Welded Steel Pipes for Water,
Gas and Sewage, minimum specified wall thickness for 1400 mm dia pipe is
7 mm.
Hence, provide feeder pipe of 8 mm thickness.

6.5 DESILTING TANK
6.5.1 General
Generally the water in hilly streams is silt free except during monsoons when it
carries lot of silt. The particles smaller than the trash rack opening size enter the
intake. These particles flow through the approach channel and hence a desilting tank
is provided at the end of approach channel to trap the load of particle size more than
the desirable particle size from turbine point of view, which in the case of
Chel – I H. E. Project is 0.2 mm.
The desilting chamber is located at a stable left bank location keeping in view the
structural safety, economy in design and operation, easy accessibility and availability
of natural drainage for escape of silt flushing discharge.
The sediment particles of size more than 0.20 mm are removed by the desilting tank
by gravitational settling. This permissible particle size is decided considering the head
and type of turbine as given in CBIP publication no. 175 on Small Hydro Stations
standardization.
For Chel – I H. E. Project a Dufour type desilting tank with a central trench has been
proposed. Design of the same has been carried out as per Camp‟s criteria. The basic
features of design of desilting chamber are :
i. Detention period required and provided

ii. Average linear velocity of flow at top and bottom
iii. Depth, width and length of chamber
iv. Inlet and outlet transitions
v. Cleaning / flushing arrangement

The shape and size of the desilting tank is so decided that the linear velocity of water
flow is limited to 0.2 m/sec and the tank width is kept more than its depth. Because of
this low velocity of flow, the silt particles drop down into the central trench.
A silt flushing pipe of 500 mm dia has been provided at the bottom level of the
desilting tank near exit end of the central trench and a manually operated sluice
gate/valve is provided in the silt flushing valve chamber for its periodic operation.
Hydraulic calculations for dimensioning of the tank are appended at Annexure 6.2.
Details of desilting tank are shown in Drg. No. 2010 126 004.
6.6 LOW PRESSURE STEEL PIPELINE
6.6.1 General
The silt free water emanating from the desilting tank is carried forward to the forebay
via a low pressure steel pipeline. For most of its length, the low pressure pipeline runs
along the contour on stable hill slopes. However, on the way, the pipeline is required
to negotiate a steep hill, which necessitates provision of a short tunnel along the
pipeline route.
6.6.2 Hydraulic Design of Steel Pipeline
The pipeline shall carry a design discharge of 3.75 m3/sec + 10% overload
= 1.1 x 3.75 = 4.125 m3/sec
Provide 1550 mm internal dia pipe having a cross -sectional area of 1.88 m2
Velocity of flow V = Q/A = 4.125 1.88 = 2.194 m/sec
Hydraulic mean radius R = D/4 = 0.38
Length of pipeline = 1257 m

Head loss due to friction in the low pressure steel pipeline has been calculated using
Scobey‟s formula:
Friction Losses (Scobey's Formula)
Friction Loss per 1000 ft hf = (Ks v1.9) / D1.1

Loss coefficient depending upon the pipe material
& interior condition of pipe.
Recommended value for designs is Ks = 0.34
for all types of installations
Steel pipe of 1.55 m diameter D = 1.55 m
Conversion factor 1m = 3.28 ft
D = 5.084 ft
Velocity through 1.55 m diameter pipe v = 2.194 m/s
v = 7.198 ft/s
hf /1000 ft = 2.42 ft
hf /1000 m = 2.42 m
Friction Loss in 1.55m diameter pipe hf = 3.04 m
In addition to the above computed head loss due to friction, other head losses due to
bends & entrance loss etc. also occur. The same have been computed as 0.35 m
Total head loss from intake to forebay = 0.8 + 3.04 + 0.35 = 4.19 m
Total head loss from intake to forebay considered = 5.2 m
Hence, Normal Water Level in the forebay = EL 766.0 m – 5.2 m
= EL 760.8 m
6.6.3 Structural Design
Pipeline shall flow full under low pressure. Hence, thickness required by handling
considerations will be the governing criteria.
D + 50 140 + 50
Thickness required = ------------ cm = ------------- = 0.475 cm or 4.75 mm
400 400
Add corrosion allowance of 1.5 mm, required thickness = 4.75 + 1.5 = 6.25 mm

As per IS : 3589 Specification for Seamless or Electric Welded Steel Pipes for Water,
Gas and Sewage, minimum specified wall thickness for 1400 mm dia pipe shall be
7 mm.
Hence, provide low pressure pipe of 8 mm thickness.
6.6.4 Curves
Curves in steel pipeline alignment shall be as gentle as possible as they cause

disturbance to flow and tendency to silt on inside and to scour on out-side of curve.
The curves should generally be simple circular curves.
As per IS:5968, minimum radius of curve shall be 10 times the radius of the pipeline.
6.6.5 Inspection Manholes
It is proposed to provide inspection manholes along the length of low pressure steel
pipeline at a spacing of about 100 m each. These manholes shall facilitate periodic
inspection and repairs.
6.6.6 Expansion Joints
Steel pipeline shall be exposed to the sunlight and as such will expand and contract.
In order to prevent twisting / bursting of the pipeline expansion joints shall be
provided at suitable locations. Such expansion joints shall invariably be provided at
locations immediately downstream of each anchor block. Locations of expansion
joints shall be finalized at detailed design stage.
6.6.7 Saddle Supports
Steel pipeline shall be supported on RCC saddles located at every 3.75 m center to
center. The RCC saddle blocks shall be properly anchored to the rock.

6.6.8 Air Valves
Steep pipeline shall be provided with air escape valves at appropriate locations to
prevent development of negative pressures, which may lead to its collapse.
6.7 CROSS DRAINAGE & SLOPE STABILIZATION WORKS
6.7.1 General
Many natural drainages cross the Steel pipeline. It is proposed that drainages are
carried across under the Steel pipeline through guided passages.
It is proposed to provide catch water drain on the hill side and the stone masonry cross
drainage channel will be provided underneath the steel pipeline. This channel will be
suitably plastered to provide smooth flow. A trash rack will be provided on the hill
side end of channel to stop the entry of boulders and trash. The water will be
discharged to natural drain again on the down hill slope.
6.7.2 Free Board
The free board of a channel is the vertical distance between full supply level to the top
of channel. The distance between the lowest point of the steel pipeline and full supply
level of the cross drainage channel should be sufficient to cater to waves or
fluctuations in water surface.
6.7.3 Land Slide Management
Along the low pressure steel pipeline, a landslide zone has been encountered. It is
proposed that bonded stone masonry retaining walls will be constructed from the solid
base and these retaining walls will be provided in the stepped manner. In the similar
manner retaining walls will be provided on the hillside of steel pipeline in the
aforesaid land slide zone.
Alternatively RCC pier can be erected from deep levels and the pipeline can rest on
these pairs. Appropriate method will be worked out during details design stage. The
steel pipeline will be totally buried in the zone.

6.8 TUNNEL
6.8.1 General
A somewhat steep hill has been encountered along the water conductor system
between RD 1063.436 m to RD 1413.31 m. In order to avoid dangerous slopes along
the pipeline and also to avoid excessive cutting required for laying the pipeline, a
short tunnel totaling 367.874 m in length has been provided along the water conductor
alignment to negotiate the hill.
6.8.2 Geometric Design of Tunnel
It is proposed to lay the steel pipeline within the tunnel, as this would eliminate the
requirement of transitions thereby reducing the head loss. Hence, in order to
accommodate the steel pipeline within the tunnel, D-shaped tunnel 3 m x 2.8 m size
has been provided. Since the tunnel is likely to pass through competent geological
formations, D-shaped section has been provided.
6.8.3 Structural Design of Tunnel
In order to economize the construction, the tunnel is proposed to be excavated using

“drill& blast” method and supported with steel ribs, wherever required. The pipeline
shall be laid over RCC saddles constructed within the tunnel. The tunnel shall not be
backfilled to keep the pipe exposed for inspection and maintenance.
6.9 FOREBAY
6.9.1 General
Main function of the forebay is to provide immediate water demand on starting the
generating unit. It also provides enough depth of water over the penstock to prevent
vortex formation and air entry. The forebay is designed for 2 minutes storage.

A surplus spillway has been provided in the forebay to safely dispose-off the excess
inflows during sudden shutdown or resulting from influx of rainwater in the forebay.
The spillway capacity is designed to cater for the full design discharge. The spillway
discharges the water into an escape channel, which drains into an existing Jhora.
The forebay structure has been designed as a rectangular reinforced cement concrete
tank taking following two adverse situations into account :
i) Wet and saturated earth pressure acting on uphill side and forebay is empty.
ii) Only atmospheric pressure out side on the valley side and forebay is full.
The low pressure steel pipeline enters the forebay tank at EL 757.3 m, i.e. 3.5 m
below the Normal Water Level and discharges its water into the tank. Because of the
head loss taking place due to flow of water, the forebay shall attain a Normal Water
Level of EL 760.8 m.
The steel penstock with its centerline at EL 757.95 m takes-off from a side wall of the
forebay tank. An RCC smooth transition is provided at the penstock take-off point. A
square vertical gate shall be provided in this transition to afford stoppage of flow into
the penstock. The gate shall be operated either by hydraulic hoist or by rope drum
hoist placed on top of the shaft at EL 765 m.
As air vent is provided just downstream of the intake gate. A trash rack is provided
upstream of ballmouth intake to check entry of any floating debris into the penstock.
6.9.2.1 Live Storage
Since the forebay is required to cater to the immediate water demand for starting the
generating units, it should have a minimum live storage equivalent to 2 minutes
requirement between full supply level and the minimum draw down level. The
minimum draw down level is so fixed that it can provide a minimum water cushion as
stipulated below to prevent entry of air into the penstock because this air could
damage the turbines.

6.9.2.2 Bellmouth Entry for Penstock
The entrance for penstock is designed to produce an acceleration similar to that found
in a jet issuing from a sharp edged orifice. The surfaces are formed to the natural
contraction curve of the jet and the penstock is assumed to be the size of the orifice jet
at its maximum contraction.
6.9.2.3 Water Cushion below Minimum Draw Down Level
As per USBR recommendations, the minimum water cushion above the top of
opening is kept as 0.6 times the total height of opening and from center line of mass
flow, the minimum water cushion is kept 0.8 times the total height of opening. The
height of opening is kept equal to 1.6 times the diameter of the penstock.
In this case, diameter of penstock = 1.3 m

Height of opening = 2.2 m
Elevation of centerline of penstock = EL 757.95 m
Minimum depth of water cushion above centerline of penstock
= 0.8 x 2.20 = 1.76 m Say = 1.85 m
Minimum Draw Down Level (MDDL)= EL 757.95 + 1.85 = EL 759.80 m

Actual MDDL has been restricted to EL 759.8 m.
6.9.2.4 Check for Forebay Capacity
Normal Water Level in the forebay = EL 760.8 m

Minimum Draw Down Level in the forebay = EL 759.8 m
Height of water column = 760.8 – 759.8 = 1.0 m
Size of forebay tank = 36 m x 15 m
Hence, volume of water available = 36 x 15 x 1.0 = 540 m3

Volume of water required by the machines for two minutes
= 2 x 4.125 (discharge with 10% overload) x 60
= 495 m3

Since the volume of water available in the forebay between NWL and MDDL is more
than the volume of water required for operating the machines for 2 minutes, the
design capacity of forebay is adequate.
Design of Escape Channel
Design discharge for power generation = 3.75 x 1.1 = 4.125 m3/sec

Normal Water Level in the forebay = EL 760.8 m
Crest of surplus spillway of escape channel
Q = 1.7 L H3/2
Where, Q = Design Discharge = 4.125 m3/sec
L= Length of spillway = 9.10 m
2/3
4.125
H = Head over crest of forebay = ------------ = 0.41 m
(1.7 x 9.1)
Crest level of forebay = EL 763.0 m
Maximum Water Level in Forebay = EL 763.0 + 0.4 = EL 763.4 m
6.9.2.5 Trash Rack at Penstock Intake
In spite of the fact that water is conducted to the forebay via a steel pipeline
throughout its length, it is proposed to provide trash rack in the forebay to prevent any
floating debris from entering into the penstock and damaging the turbines.
The trash rack is placed between the grooves in the walls in the protruding part of the
forebay and can be removed easily for maintenance purposes from the operating
platform provided at the top.
6.10 PENSTOCK
6.10.1 General
The water under pressure is conveyed from forebay tank to the turbine through pipes
termed as penstock.

It is proposed to provide steel penstock in view of their high strength and flexibility.
In view of high pressure encountered, boiler quality steel plates shall be used to
fabricate the penstock pipes.
The penstock installation can be surface, embedded, buried. Looking to the site,
climate, topographical and geological conditions, it is proposed to largely provide a
buried penstock where steel conduit is laid either on the ground or is placed in the
trenches and back filled. This can eliminate the installation and maintenance of
expansion joints. The alignment of the penstock is so adjusted as to have minimum
excavation and anchor blocks.
The radius of curvature in penstock profile is kept 3 times the diameter of penstock
for efficient hydraulic flow.
The bends are proposed to have successive segments of curved portion with optimum
deflection angles to avoid sharp change in direction of flow.
Air vent is proposed to be provided just down stream of the control gate of penstock
at the forebay. This is provided to avoid development of negative pressure. This also
accelerates draining. Similarly while filling it lets the air out.
A 50 mm diameter GI Pipe line is provided from the forebay to supply water for
drinking and fire fighting purposes, in the colony & Power House.
6.10.2 Pressure Rise
Design of penstock is also dependent upon water hammer. Water hammer is

phenomenon of sudden pressure rise in the penstock. When a hydro power plant is
operated, gradual changes in flow cannot be guaranteed. Sudden changes in flow can
occur when the plant operator or governing apparatus rapidly opens or closes the inlet
gate or valve or when debris enters the penstock and lodges itself in the nozzle. With
this sudden change in flow velocity, the corresponding change in Kinetic energy of
the water gives rise to pressure surges in the penstock, commonly referred to as

“water hammer”. The size of these momentary pressure surges can be significant.
They can exceed the static pressure and can cause the pipe to burst or they can reduce
pressures to below ambient pressures and cause the pipe to collapse.
A parameter used to indicate under what circumstances water hammer pressures

should be considered is called the critical time and is defined as :
2L
Tc = ---------
a
Where, L = penstock length (m)

a = wave velocity (m/s) …………………(Eq. a)
The wave velocity used in this equation can be expressed as :
1420
a = -------------------------
1000 kD 0.5
1 + ------------- …………………(Eq. a)
Ext
Where, a = wave velocity (m/s)

k = fluid bulk modulus = 2.1.106 kPa or 2.1.104 kgf/cm2 for water
D = internal pipe diameter (m)
E = modulus of elasticity of pipe
t = wall thickness (mm)
The magnitude of the surge pressure, which will be encountered during the operation
of a plant depends on how quickly flow velocity changes in the penstock. If this
change occurs in less than critical time, maximum surge pressures will be
experienced. If the valve is closed instantaneously, the entire length of penstock will
experience this pressure peak. Joukovsky‟s equation expresses the value of this peak
pressure as :
a v
Ps = -----------
g
Where, Ps = maximum surge pressure (in m of water)

a = wave velocity (m/s)

v = change in flow velocity in pipe (m/s)
g = acceleration due to gravity = 9.81 m/s2
In case of Chel – I H. E. Project, Pelton Wheel Turbines have been proposed. These
turbines have a deflector plate, which deflects the water issuing out of the nozzle to
the tail pool. Hence, in such machines there is no danger of the water hammer. The
machine is stopped by closing the Main Inlet Valve (MIV) slowly in about
15 to 25 seconds to avoid build-up of pressure in the penstock. Penstock thickness has
been checked for the pressure rise calculated by considering 15 second time of closure
of the MIV. Annexure-6.3 shows calculation for pressure rise in the penstock.
6.10.3 Economic Diameter of Penstock
Economic diameter of the penstock has been calculated using the following empirical
formulae, which have been derived based upon parametric study of existing power
projects in India.
* D = (P / H) 0.466
Where D = Penstock dia. in feet
P = Rated H.P.
H = Rated Head in feet
D = [(7500 x 1.1) / 0.746 / 238.88 x 3.2808] 0.466

= 3.433 feet
= 1047 mm
* D = 5.821 (P / H)0.4043
Where D = Penstock dia in metres
P = Installed capacity in MW
H = Design Head in metres
D = 5.821 (7.5 x 1.1 / 238.88) 0.4043 = 1.493 m
Choosing a value in between the above two values,

Adopted diameter of penstock = 1300 mm

At detailed design stage, the economic dia. shall be re-calculated by evaluating annual
power loss and annual cost for maintenance etc. and equating the first derivative with
respect to D to zero.
6.10.4 Penstock Bifurcations
Since three turbines have been proposed, the single penstock of 1300 mm dia. shall be
bifurcated twice by providing two bifurcations near the upstream end of the power
house. Diameter of bifurcated pipes has been computed based upon equal velocity
criteria for least hydraulic disturbance.
Main penstock of 1300 mm diameter shall first be bifurcated into two branches. One
of the branches shall carry requisite discharge for single machine and the other branch
shall carry the discharge for two machines. The branch carrying discharge for two
machines shall be further bifurcated into two branches to feed the remaining two
machines. Calculations for diameters of different branch pipes are shown in
Annexure-6.4.
6.10.5 Structural Design of Penstock
6.10.5.1 Hydraulic Pressure Test
The hydraulic test pressure shall be the pressure calculated from the following
formula except that the maximum test pressure shall not exceed 5 MPa :
2St
P = ---------
D
Where, P = test pressure in MPa,

S = Stress in MPa which shall be taken as 2/3rd of the yield point strength
of 50% of the ultimate strength – whichever is lower.
t = specified thickness in mm,
D = specified outside diameter in mm

The pressure shall be applied and maintained for sufficiently long time for proof and
inspection.
For normal condition of operation the penstock has been designed to take care of the
stresses caused by internal pressure, which is equal to the static water and dynamic
pressure caused by pressure rise caused due to closure of MIV in 15 seconds. Details
are shown in Annexure-6.5.
6.10.5.2 Expansion joints
For a penstock exposed on the surface and supported on saddles & anchor blocks, if
unrestricted pipe of length “L” under goes changes in temperature, there will be a
change in its length, which is given by the expression :
L =La T …………… (Eq. 1)
Where, T = change in temperature (oC)

a = coefficient of linear expansion (oC)
= 12 x 10 - 6 for steel mm/ oC
In this expression, “L” and “ L” are expressed in the same units. This expansion and
contraction can be accommodated in three ways :
(1) If the pipe is flexible, with bends between any anchors or supports, the bends
can take up any expansion or contraction.
(2) If the pipe is rigid and composed of straight lengths, with bends only at anchor
blocks, any movement of the pipeline is completely in check, rather than
causing movement of the pipe as given in Eq. –1 above. Temperature changes
cause stresses within the pipe equal to
s = E a T …………………. (Eq. 2)

Where, s = stress due to thermal expansion (kfg/cm2)
E = Young‟s modulus of elasticity (kgf/cm2)
= 2.1 x 106 kgf/cm2 for steel
This stress exerts a force “Fe” (kgf) on the anchors which is a product of the stress
and the cross – sectional area of the material of which the pipe is composed. The force
“Fe” is given by the expression :
Fe = 31 s D t ………………………… (Eq. 3)
Where, s = Stress, (see Eq. 2)

D = pipe diameter (m)
t = wall thickness (mm)
However, no expansion joints are needed for the penstock of Chel – I H. E. Project
since the penstock has been designed as a penstock buried in trench with anchor
blocks at bend points and saddle supports provided in between the anchor blocks for
erection of the penstock. After its erection and testing for leakages, the penstock shall
be completely buried in the trench as shown in Drg. No. 2010 126 002 (Sheet 2 of 2).
6.10.5.3 Anchor Blocks & Saddle Piers
Anchors, Saddle Piers (Support Piers) and thrust blocks all serve the same basic
function to provide the necessary forces on a rigid pipe to check undesired movement.
ANCHOR BLOCKS
The anchor blocks are obligatory at every change in the direction and at intermediate
point and also if distance between any two exceeds 150 m. As per IS : 5330 – 1984
the Anchor Blocks are required to hold pipe at intervals along its length in order to :
a) Prevent the pipe line sliding down the hill

b) Control the direction of expansion

c) Resist the unbalanced hydrostatic forces at a change of direction of the pipe
line and
d) Prevent movement of the pipe line on account of vibrations or water hammer
pressure within permissible limits
The main forces, which can act on anchor blocks are as follows:
i) Hydro static pressure on exposed end of pipe

ii) Hydro dynamic force acting along axis of pipe on each side bend
iii) Force due to dead weight of pipe and water uphill or down hill
The foundation of anchor blocks shall be designed so that the maximum pressure on
the foundation shall not exceed the allowable bearing pressure of the soil determined
as specified in IS 1904 – 1978. The permissible bearing capacity shall be increased in
accordance with IS : 1893 – 1975 for seismic condition.
SADDLE PIERS
The weight of the portion of pipe and enclosed water which is supported by the pier
creates a force which can be divided into two components : one parallel to the pipe
and one perpendicular to it. A support pier is not designed to resist significant
longitudinal forces and is therefore unaffected by the component of this weight
parallel to the pipe. IS : 11639 Part – I 1986 shall be followed for design of saddle
supports.
The spacing between two saddles, stability of the structure, safety against sliding and
overturning has been checked.
6.11 POWER HOUSE
6.11.1 General
The layout of power house has been prepared as per IS code 12800 (Part 3) : 1991.

A surface powerhouse has been located at a terrace close to the left bank of Chel
Khola, which is large enough and geologically suitable. The power house will be of
indoor type where all erection and maintenance of machines are done in the power
house itself. The size of power house is fixed after making a detailed layout plan of
the units, control panels, service space etc. Though the size of power house increases
by adopting the indoor type yet it is considered necessary looking at meteorological
conditions at the site.
Due consideration to the surface drainage, ventilation, lighting etc. is given while
fixing the size and location of various components of the power house. The location
of gantry columns is decided considering the economy and the machine layout etc.
The location of power house and fixing of machine hall floor level and setting level of
turbines depends also on the HFL and minimum tail water level in the stream. The
machine floor has been kept above HFL to prevent flooding of the power house.
Attempt has been made to utilize locally available construction materials to
economize the cost.
6.11.2 Structural Design of Power House
The power house design is divided into two units (a) super – structure and (b) sub-
structure. The major components of super – structure are :
i. Roof
ii. Roof Supports
iii. Gantry Girder
iv. Gantry Columns
v. Cross Beams or Braces
vi. Panel Walls
vii. Floor
The sub-structure can be classified as the portion of the Power house which is below
the machine hall floor.
6.11.2.1 Super Structure

Forces acting on the Super – structure
The super-structure is designed to take care of the following loads :
a) Dead Loads : Considering the self load of the structure and the permanent super
imposed loads.
b) Live Loads : For roofs and floors and taken in accordance with IS : 4247.
c) Wind Loads : Taken in accordance with IS: 875
d) Crane Loads : Consisting of the weight of fully loaded crane and longitudinal &
lateral impact forces
e) Earthquake forces in accordance with IS : 1893
f) Water pressure and earth pressure wherever applicable
PERMISSIBLE STRESSES
The permissible stresses for design of super-structure are taken as per IS: 456 for
RCC and IS : 800 for structural steel. The same are increased for various combination
of loads in accordance with IS : 4247.
S. Load Combination Permissible

No. increase in
stresses
1 Dead load + live load + moving crane loaded to half its capacity 8%
+ normal TWL
2 DL + LL + moving crane loaded to half its capacity + 25%
temperature + normal TWL and wind load
3 DL + LL + moving crane loaded to full capacity + temperature + 25%
normal TWL
4 DL + LL + unloaded standing crane + temperature + earthquake 33.3%
+ maximum TWL (Annual)
5 DL + LL + moving crane loaded to half its capacity + 33.3%
temperature + TWL (maximum possible)
6 DL + temporary construction load 25%

The permissible stresses for rivets, bolts etc. are increased by 25% only in all the
cases from serial no. (2) to (6).
Looking to the site conditions, location, size of power house and economy, roof
having tubular trusses covered with galvanized corrugated sheets has been provided.
The sheets are fixed on purlins supported on tubular trusses. The thickness of sheets
is calculated based on the spacing of trusses, purlins and the loads it has to cater for
subject to a minimum thickness of 1.25 mm (i.e. 20 BWG CGI sheets). These
corrugated galvanized sheets shall conform to IS : 277. It is laid directly on purlins
and secured by hook bolts of 8 to 10 mm diameter spaced at about 400 mm center to
center. At joints along the length, an overlap of 150 mm is provided or alternatively
the pitch of hook bolts is reduced to 150 mm. The joints along the sides of the sheet
overlap two corrugations and rivet or screws are provided at 300 mm spacing. All
holes are made through ridge and curved washers are provided to prevent leakages.
ROOF SUPPORTS
Considering the site location, construction equipment facility, and construction time
needed, the roof is supported by purlins resting on tubular steel trusses; the spacing of
trusses is governed by the spacing of columns, which are decided as per layout of the
power house. The truss is analyzed for loads and permissible stresses.
GANTRY GIRDERS
The gantry girders can basically be of reinforced cement concrete or of steel.

Keeping in view the difficulty in transportation of heavy steel girder to site, RCC
gantry girders may be more economical and speedier in construction.
The gantry girders are supported on columns provided with brackets to accommodate
the girders. Suitable base plates are also provided for the rails to be fixed.
The gentry girders are designed for moments, shear forces and thrust transmitted to it
by the longitudinal frame when crane is positioned to give the worst effect.

COLUMNS
The columns can also be of steel or reinforced cement concrete. Keeping in view the
transportation difficulties, construction equipment facility, availability of construction
materials and aesthetics, RCC columns are most ideally suited. The columns are
subjected to moments in transverse and longitudinal directions and direct thrusts.
Therefore, these are designed as members subjected to biaxial bending and direct
thrust. The design procedure shall be based on IS : 4247 – part – II. Reinforcement
shall be provided in accordance with IS : 456.
The columns are supported on concrete raft floor to limit the pressure below the base
to safe bearing capacity of sub-grade.
CROSS MEMBER OR BRACES
The cross member in the form of ring beams are provided to stiffen the column in
longitudinal direction. These beams shall also be made of reinforced cement concrete
and shall support the panel walls. Thus, ring beam shall be provided below the gantry
girder level. The ring beam is treated as a part of longitudinal frame and is designed
for the moment and thrusts obtained from frame analysis, as well as for loads of walls
coming over it.
PANEL WALLS
Panel walls are proposed to be of stone masonry, looking to the availability of

material at site and economy. At detailed design stage brick masonry can also be
considered if, found economical. These panel walls span between the columns and
beams and thickness provided is 45 cm up to the crane level and 30 cm above it.
6.11.2.2 Sub-structure
The sub-structure of powerhouse is basically a gravity structure and is assumed to be

rigid. The stability analysis is, therefore, done considering :

a. Over-turning and bearing pressures
b. Shear friction factor
c. Floatation
The analysis is done in two directions - longitudinal and transverse. The loads
considered for its design are :
a. Dead load of structure including embedded parts.

b. Main equipment loads such as turbines, generators, transformers etc.
c. Crane loads including horizontal thrust
d. Live loads
e. Wind loads as per IS : 875
f. Penstock thrust including water hammer
g. Weight of water acting on the substructure i.e. in scroll case, draft tube etc.
h. Back-fill pressure
i. Water pressure due to TWL
j. Uplift pressure
k. Pull of conductor if fixed on building
l. Seismic forces in accordance with IS : 1893
Structurally, the foundations for columns are analyzed for their behaviour as
continuous beam. The recommendations of IS : 456 for minimum reinforcements,
spacing, size etc. are kept in view while providing the reinforcement.
GENERATOR FLOOR
The generator floor is designed to carry load of machines, live load and any thrust
transferred through turbines, generators or any other machine. Structurally, it is
designed as an RCC raft with openings / pits as required for equipment and cable
trenches etc.
6.12 TAILRACE CHANNEL

The tailrace waters from the powerhouse are led to Chel Khola again through a tail
channel. The channel shall be RCC structure / rock cut section or random rubble
masonry structure. The channel is designed to have a discharging capacity of 25% of
one unit discharge under minimum tail water level condition and 110% of full design
discharge of all the three turbines under normal and maximum tail water level
conditions. The discharging capacity in each case is determined by Manning‟s
formula given below :
1
Q = A ----- R 2/3 S1/2
n
Where, Q = discharging capacity in m3/sec

A = area of flowing portion of tailrace cross section in m2
n = co-efficient of rugosity for flowing surface of tailrace
R = Hydraulic Radius in m (A/P)
P = Wetted perimeter of tailrace section in m.
S = Longitudinal slope of water surface and is taken as bed slope of
channel for uniform flow condition.
The channel is generally designed as a rectangular RCC structure upto the bank of
stream and thereafter a random rubble/stone crate structure in the stream bed so that it
is flexible and can be easily repaired after the flood season.
In its initial reach made of RCC, the sidewalls are designed as retaining walls
subjected to saturated earth and water pressure with tail water at maximum level.
Bottom slab is designed as raft fixed to both end walls to withstand bearing pressure
and uplift pressure in tailrace empty condition. The permissible concrete stresses are
adopted as per IS : 456 with permissible stresses for concrete and reinforcement
reduced by 25% for water retaining structure.
The downstream reach made of CR masonry is designed similar to power duct

explained earlier.


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PART – I

CIVIL ENGINEERING STRUCTURES

6.1 PROJECT LAYOUT PLANNING

a. Suitability of location of different components of hydel scheme

Chel – I H.E. Project (3x2.5 MW) Civil Engineering Structures Page 1 of 36

6.2 COMPONENTS OF THE SCHEME

Following are the principal components of the scheme :

Chel – I H.E. Project (3x2.5 MW) Civil Engineering Structures Page 2 of 36

These are discussed in detail below :

6.3 DIVERSION WEIRS

A) DIVERSION WEIR FOR CHEL KHOLA

In run-of-the-river schemes, a diversion structure across the stream is required to

Chel – I H.E. Project (3x2.5 MW) Civil Engineering Structures Page 3 of 36

Chel – I H.E. Project (3x2.5 MW) Civil Engineering Structures Page 4 of 36

6.3.2.1 Check for Discharging Capacity of Trench Weir

Length of the waterway = 22 m

Let us provide Top width of Trench „T‟ = 2m

Depth of water in the Trench = d

Area of flow „A‟ = Txd

Velocity head at the end of the trench

Chel – I H.E. Project (3x2.5 MW) Civil Engineering Structures Page 5 of 36

Corresponding discharge is given by the expression

Solving, we get d = 1.23 m

Average area of flow „A‟ = 2 x 2 = 4 m2

Hydraulic Mean Depth „R‟ = A/P = 4/6 = 0.667

Using Manning‟s Formula,

Chel – I H.E. Project (3x2.5 MW) Civil Engineering Structures Page 6 of 36

Area available for flow „A‟ = 2m2

Wetted Perimeter „P‟ = 6m

Hydraulic Mean Depth „R‟ = A/P = 2 / 6 = 0.334

Using Manning‟s Formula,

= 12.26 m3/sec > 4.95 m3/sec Hence, OK.

6.3.2.2 Intake Structure at Chel Diversion

Chel – I H.E. Project (3x2.5 MW) Civil Engineering Structures Page 7 of 36

During the monsoon period, design discharge at intake

= 3.75 x 1.1 x 1.2

(a) Velocity during flood season

Q = AV = b x d x No. of intake vents x V

(b) Velocity during non-flood season

Q = AV = b x d x No. of intake vents x V

Chel – I H.E. Project (3x2.5 MW) Civil Engineering Structures Page 8 of 36

6.3.2.5 Controlling Gate between Feeder Pipe and Intake Shaft

B) BOULDER WEIR FOR CHITTING KHOLA

6.3.4 Design of Boulder Weir

Invert level of intake

Chel – I H.E. Project (3x2.5 MW) Civil Engineering Structures Page 9 of 36

Now, Length of weir actually provided = 11.00 m

Chel – I H.E. Project (3x2.5 MW) Civil Engineering Structures Page 10 of 36

6.3.4.1 Intake Structure for Chitting Khola

i. It regulates the discharge for power generation irrespective of discharge

Chel – I H.E. Project (3x2.5 MW) Civil Engineering Structures Page 11 of 36

Design discharge at intake of Chitting Khola = 1.0 m3/sec

Q = AV = b x d x No. of intake vents x V

V = 0.53 0.72 = 0.74 m/sec., Hence OK.

6.3.4.2 Bottom Outlet for Chitting Khola Weir

Chel – I H.E. Project (3x2.5 MW) Civil Engineering Structures Page 12 of 36

6.4 FEEDER PIPE