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List of Dams in Pakistan:

1. Dohngi Dam
2. Dhok Tallian Lake Dam
3. Ghazi Barotha Dam
4. Gomal Dam
5. Hub Dam
6. Karoonjhar Dam
7. Khanpur Dam
8. Kurram Tangi Dam
9. Mangla Dam
10.Mirani Dam
11.Misriot Dam
12.Rawal lake Dam
13.Sabakzai Dam
14.Shakidor Dam
15.Simly Dam
16.Tanaza Dam
17.Tarbela Dam
18.Warsak Dam

List of Barrages in Pakistan:

1. Chashma Barrage
2. Guddu Barrage
3. Jinnah Barrage
4. Kotri Barrage
5. Littel Barrage
6. Sukkur Barrage
7. Taunsa Barrage

U/C Dams

1. Diamer-Bhasha Dam
2. Gomal Zam Dam
3. Hingol Dam
4. Satpara Dam

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Approved Dams

1. Kurram Tangi Dam

2. Munda Dam
3. Naulang Dam
4. Sanjwal Dam

Proposed Dams

1. Akhori Dam
2. Kalabagh Dam
3. Nai Gaj Dam
4. Skardu Dam
5. Sukleji Dam
6. Winder Dam

Canal System of Pakistan

Canal is an artificial waterway constructed for purposes of irrigation, drainage, or navigation,
or in connection with a hydroelectric dam.
Canal is the thing which brings river water close to the field where it is required to be.
The canals come out of rivers, dams, and barrages. The irrigation system of Pakistan is one of
the best one in the world due to the largest irrigation system in the world. In Pakistan, almost
75% of the land which is in agricultural use is covered by the irrigation system. Currently there
are 3 large dams and 85 small dams, along with these dams there are 19 barrages to fulfill the
water need. From these dams and barrages 12 inter link canals, 45 canals have been taken to
provide water to the fields. To utilize ground water 0.7 million tube wells have been installed.
In Pakistan canals are the most popular means of irrigation as they supply plenty of water at
very cheap rates.
Types of canals
There are three main important types of canals in Pakistan:
1. Perennial Canals 2.Non-Perennial Canals 3.Inundation Canals
Perennial Canals: These canals supply water throughout the year. Perennial canals are the
canals that are used to supply water to the field and these are taken either from dams or
barrages. Important Perennial Canals of Punjab are Upper Bari Doab, Lower Bari Doab,
Sidhnai Canals, Upper and Lower Chenab, Upper Jhelum canals originating from Trimmu
Headworks and Canals originating from river Sutlej at Ferozpur, Islam, Suleimanki and
Panjnad Headworks.
Non-Perennial Canals: These canals run during the summer and the rainy season. Sidhnai
canals from the Ravi, Haveli canals from the Chenab and some of the Sultlej canals fall in this
category.

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Inundation Canals: These canals run only during the rainy season when water level in river
rises. The quantity of water they supply is uncertain. These canals, like other canals, are taken
from the rivers but the difference is that they get water when there is a rise in the water level
due to flood. Many old canals from the Indus and the Chenab fall in this category.
Indus water treaty
In 1947, when Punjab was divided between the two countries, many of the canal head-works
remained with India. The division of Punjab thus created major problems for irrigation in
Pakistan.
On April 1, 1948, India stopped the supply of water to Pakistan from every canal flowing from
India to Pakistan. Pakistan protested and India finally agreed on an interim agreement on May
4, 1948. This agreement was not a permanent solution; therefore, Pakistan approached the
World Bank in 1952 to help settle the problem permanently. Negotiations were carried out
between the two countries through the offices of the World Bank. It was finally in Ayub Khan's
regime that an agreement was signed between India and Pakistan in September 1960. This
agreement is known as the Indus Water Treaty.
This treaty divided the use of rivers and canals between the two countries. Pakistan obtained
exclusive rights for the three western rivers, namely Indus, Jehlum and Chenab. And India
retained rights to the three eastern rivers, namely Ravi, Beas and Sutluj. The treaty also
guaranteed ten years of uninterrupted water supply. During this period Pakistan was to build
huge dams, financed partly by long-term World Bank loans and compensation money from
India. Three multipurpose dams, Warsak, Mangla and Tarbela were built. A system of eight
link canals was also built, and the remodeling of existing canals was carried out. Five barrages
and a gated siphon were also constructed under this treaty.
Important Canals of Pakistan
River Indus, Jhelum and Chenab are the math sources of water for Pakistan. These rivers have
maximum quantity of water during summer but minimum during winter season 84% of the
total water flows in these rivers in summer.
The Canals of River Ravi
Upper Bari Doab (originates from Madhupur headworks in India) and Lower Bari Doab
(originates from the Balloki Headworks) are two important canals of river Ravi. These canals
are very important for the production of summer crops. The upper Bari Doab is and old canal
which was constructed in 1868. Apart from this the Sidhnai Canal rises from the left bank of
the Ravi where the Headworks have been built at Sidhnai.
The Canals of River Chenab
The Upper Chenab flows from the Marala Weir in the Sialkot district and Lower Chenab flows
from the Khanki weir and irragates a vast wheat and cotton area of Rachna Doab. The haveli
system of canals is also located in this Doab that comes out from Trimmu Head Works.
The Canals of River Jhelum
Chaj Doab has two important canals i.e. Upper Jhelum and Lower Jhelum. The upper Jhelum
canal originates at the Mangla Weir in Jhelum district. It joins the Chenab at Khanki and gives
its surplus water to lower Chenab Canal. The Lower Jhelum canal flows from the River Jhelum
at the Rasul Weir in district Gujrat.These canals irrigate a large part of the Triple Canal Project
and have increased agricultural production. These two canals along with lower Ban Doab link
the three rivers i.e. Jhelum Chenab and Ravi.
The Canals of River Sutlej
There are three Head Works on river Sutlej i.e. Feroze-Wala, Sulaimanki and Islam, whereas
fourth is on the Puhjnad. These canals irrigate the area of Nili Bar and Bahawalpur.

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The Canals of River Indus

The canals from Jinnah Barrage near Kalabagh irrigate the desert area of Thar for agricultural
purpose. Districts of D.G. Khan and D.I. Khan are irrigated by a link canal from Chashma
barrage, Taunsa barrage and Guddu barrage also have canals which irrigate vast areas. At
Sukkur Barrage four canals flow from the right bank and three from the left bank of the river
Indus. Following are imporatant canals from river Indus for NWFP.
1. The Canal of River Swat.
2. The Canal from Swat River Irrigates.
3. The Peshawar area.
4. The Warsak Project.
A project in the north west of Peshawar at Warsak is important for the local requirements of
the region.
Punjab Rivers and barrages/headworks:
Indus: Chashma, Taunsa
Jhelum: Rasul
Chenab: Marala, Khanki, Qadirabad, Trimmu
Ravi: Balloki, Sidhnai
Sutlej: Sulaimanki, Islam
Punjnad: Punjnad
River link canals in Punjab and rivers linked:
Chashma-Jhelum Link: Indus-Jhelum
Taunsa-Punjnad Link: Indus-Chenab
Rasul-Qadirabad Link: Jhelum-Chenab
Marala-Ravi Link: Chenab-Ravi
Bambanwala-Ravi-Bedian Link: Chenab-Ravi-Sutlej
Upper Chenab-Balloki Link: Chenab-Ravi
Qadirabad-Balloki Link: Chenab-Ravi
Trimmu-Sidhnai Link: Chenab-Ravi
Balloki-Sulaimanke Link: Ravi-Sutlej
Sidhnai-Mailsi Link: Ravi-Sutlej
The link canals have a total length of about 800 Km with a total capacity of about 100,000
cusecs. These canals transport water from the three western rivers to the three eastern rivers
which run short of water as their water has been alloted to India.

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