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Form and Function Homeostasis: (Gk. Homeo Same Stasis Standing)
Form and Function Homeostasis: (Gk. Homeo Same Stasis Standing)
Homeostasis
(Gk. homeo = same; stasis = standing)
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• What do organisms need to survive?
External Environment
• Variable
• Source of energy and
nutrient Internal Environment
• Repository of waste • Stable
• Responses to changes in
both the external and the
internal environments
Homeostatic Regulation of the Internal Environment
• Stability – A homeostatic
system must be stable.
An unstable system cannot
reach steady state.
• Set-point — reference point
against which homeostatic
adjustments are made.
Homeostatic Systems
Fig. 40.10
Ectothermy and Endothermy
advantage challenge
Maintaining constant
Energetically physiological activities
Ectotherms
inexpensive under widely changing
thermal conditions.
Function in a
Energetically costly to
constant
Endotherms maintain a constant
physiological
temperature.
condition.
The Heat Budget
The Heat Budget
Heat in = Heat out
metabolic heat radiation
environmental heat conduction
(radiation convection
conduction evaporation
convection)
Fig. 40.12
The Heat Budget
Fig. 5.02
Metabolic Rate is Inversely Proportional to Body Mass
• Smaller animals increase metabolic rate to overcome
relatively higher heat loss.
• Larger animals decrease metabolic rate to balance
relatively lower heat loss.
winter
isozyme summer
isozyme
Fig. 8.20
Acclimatization in Ectotherms
Thermoregulation in
Endotherms
37ºC
Human Thermobiology
Sweating
Shivering
Metabolic Salivating
Brown fat
Panting
Peripheral
vasoconstriction
Increase insulation: Peripheral
fat deposits, fur, vasodilation
Non-metabolic wool, feather, Behavioral/postural
piloerection adjustment
Behavioral/postural
adjustment
Ambient Temperature
and Metabolism
Metabolic Rate is Ambient Temperature-Dependent
set point = 37ºC
• Basal metabolic rate
is the rate required to
maintain minimal body
function.
• The thermoneutral
zone is the ambient
temperature at which
the basal metabolic
rate generates
sufficient heat to
maintain body thermoneutral zone
temperature.
Metabolic Rate is Ambient Temperature-Dependent
set point = 37ºC
• Below the lower
critical
temperature,
increase in metabolic
rate is necessary to
produce heat.
• Above the upper
critical
temperature,
increase in metabolic
thermoneutral zone
rate is necessary to
increase heat loss.
Figure 40.16
Metabolic Heating
• Shivering ¾ rapid contraction of muscles generates
heat.
• Brown fat ¾ mitochondrial metabolic heat production.
Figure 40.05
Electron Transport Chain Generates Proton Gradient
Figure 9.9
Electron Transport Chain Generates Proton Gradient
Figure 9.9
Thermogenin is a Proton Channel
Heat is produced when protons flowing through thermogenin
down their concentration gradient.
thermogenin
H+
Figure 9.9
Metabolic Cooling