analizuri filosofia

a) zogadi mimoxilva
msoflio filosofiuri azris saganZurSi klasikuri amerikuli filosofia mravali siaxleebiTaa gamorCeuli.
maT Soris gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania amerikeli filosofosebis Senatani filosofosobis
radikalurad axali stils danergvaSi. innovaciebi exeba ara imdenad axali filosofiuri sistemebis
Seqmnas, aramed codnis mTliani korpusis mimarT principulad axali xedvis Camoyalibebas,
filosofiuri principebis sinTezirebis axali gzebis povnas. am mimarTulebiT gamokveTilad liderobs
“analizuri filosofia”, misi mravali saxesxvaobiT.
meoce saukunis dasawyisSi evropidan amerikaSi analizuri filosofiis ideebis imports, mohyva
maTi sruliad axleburi wakiTxva. kontinentze aprobirebuli cnebebi aivso axali sazrisebiT, rasac
sruliad bunebrivad mohyva axali problemebisa da paradoqsebis gaCena. maT gadaWras, Tavis
mxriv, axali poziciebisa da kontrpoziciebis gamovlena moyva. ukve XX saukunis 40-iani wlebidan
“analizuri filosofia” advilad imkvidrebs wamyvan poziciebs amerikul filosofiaSi.
XX saukunis meore naxevris cnobili amerikeli filosofosi riCard rorti statiaSi “filosofia
amerikaSi dRes” aRniSnavs: “miuxedavad imisa, rom aSS-Si filosofosTa umravlesoba analizuri
filosofiis problematikiTaa dakavebuli, amerikul analizur filosofiaSi ar arsebobs saerTo paradigma,
anu ar aris urTierTSeTanxmeba centralurad sakvlev problematikaze” (Rorty:1982. 88).
amerikuli filosofiaSi cnebis “analizuri filosofia” erTmniSvnelovan definicias ver SevxvdebT.
igi aq amorful xasiaTs atarebs. am sivrceSi cnebis identifikaciisaTvis yvelaze morgebuli termini
iqneba “azrovnebis stili”. aq, stili gacilebiTs gacilebiT fared unda gavigoT. igi scdeba fsiqologiur-
sociologiurs. es faqtorebi ver Sekraven dainteresebul da urTierTgagebis mqone diskurs. am
situaciaSi filosofiuri SemoqmedebiToba exmianeba dominantur kognitur kulturas da qmnis myar
tradicias, romelic vlindeba stilSi.
amerikuli analizuri filosofiis zogadi maxasiaTeblebia:
a) racionalizmi. Tanamedrove analitikosi SesaZlebelia iyos materialisti, dualisti, realisti da
antirealisti; mecnierebis apologeti, an misi kritikosi; magram yvela SemTxvevaSi misTvis
miuRebelia iracionaluri elementis prevalireba mkacr argumentaciaze, filosofiis dafuZneba
mistikaze, intuiciaze, esTetikur STagrZnobaze, subieqtur Tanagancdaze, zebunebriv
codnaze.
 b) analizuri filosofiisaTvis normaa obieqtivizmi, sagnis kvleva pozitiuri mxridan. analizuri
filosofiis yvelaze cnobili versiebi: “ logikuri atomizmi”, ”logikuri pozitivizmi”,
“pragmatistuli analizi”, ”konceptualuri analizi”, ”fizikalisturi analizi”, ”yofiTi enis
analizi”, warmoadgenen normatul mocemulobaTa Tanamimdevrul realizacias, msjelobis
obieqtivizaciis intersubieqturi meTodebis Ziebas.
g) Tanamedrove argumentaciis teqnikebis floba. analizuri filosofiis kontaqstSi `ena~, farTe
gagebiT aris ganxiluli, rogorc: formaluri ena, bunebrivi ena, Teoriebis ena, magram
argumentaciis meTodebi da teqnologiebi SesaZlebelia iyos da xSirad aris kidec
gansxvavebuli.
d) “analizis ”cnebis qveS igulisxmeba moqmedebis farTe speqtri, romelic moicavs sakiTxis
dasmis sizustes da mkafiobas, terminTa erTmniSvnelovan ganmartebas, gamonaTqvamTa
Soris sazrisTa urTierTdamokidebulebis gansazRvras, msjelobaTa logikurobas da a.S.
argumentaciis teqnikis xelovneba, Tavis mxriv, gulisxmobs mdidar warmosaxvis unars da
mkacr logikur wyobas.
e) analizuri filosofiis stili diskursulia. igi mobiluri, dinamiuri da dialoguria. ufro sokratulia,
vidre platonuri. mTavari instrumenti aq argumentia, romelic urTierTkritikuli debatebis
procesSi TandaTanobiT ixveweba. filosofosi, romelic am sivrceSi muSaobs fasdeba, ara
sqeltaniani monografiebiTa, Tu publikaciaTa siuxviT, aramed debatebSi gamoTqmuli
argumentebis sicxadiTa da siRrmiT.
v) Tavisi bunebiT analizuri filosofia araavtoritarulia. mTavari avtoriteti aq Zlieri argumentia,
xolo liderebs, zepirovnul personebs ar aqvT aq adgili.
z) analizuri filosofiis maxasiaTebelia Riaoba. igi kars uRebs nebismier Tvalsazris,
TviTganaxlebadi procesebi, uwyveti reJimis formatSi, funqcionireben TviTkoreqciuli
meqnizmebis wyalobiT.
T) analizuri filosofia xasiaTdeba problemuri midgomebiT. mis centrSi ar aris metafilosofiuri,
Tu istoriul-filosofiuri aRwerilobani, kulturologiuri, an sxva informacia, aramed problemur
situaciaTa gadaWra.
i) analizuri filosofia indiferentulia TviTrefleqsiis mimarT, farTo speqtris problematikis
mimarT, analizuri teqnologia kargadaa morgebuli viwro konkretuli sakiTxebis gadaWras.
civilizaciuri procesebi, kacobriobis, Tu mecnierebis bedTan dakavSirebuli problemebi
misi interesis sferos gareTaa.
analizuri filosofiis warmoSoba ukavSirdeba TviTdamkvidrebis survils. bunebismecnierebaSi
mimdinare aRmoCenebma, tradiciuli filosofia aiZula daeTmo kosmologiis, ontologiis, fsiqologiis
problemebi. analizuri filosofia, misi mesveurebis azriT, aris filosofia sakuTrivi gagebiT, filosofia
sub specie aeternitatis, romelic gaTavisuflda Teologiuri da literaturuli ritorikidan da miaRwia
profesionalizmis umaRles fazas. mas aqvs pretenzia, rom erTaderTi profesiuli filosofiaa.
filosofias, romelic axali kognituri kulturis pirispir aRmoCnda, mouwia sakuTari sagnis Zieba.
analizur filosofias miaCnia, rom man SesZlo moenaxa sakuTriv filosofiuri problematika,
SemoesazRvra is areali, romelic mxolod filofosTa sakvlevi iqneboda. amiT ganxorcielda
filosofiisaTvis axali sicocxlis STaberva, misi gadarCena. es sfero gaxlavT mecnierebis aparatisa da
konceptualuri safuZvlebis logikur-meTodologiur analizi da bunebrivi enis analizi.
rodesac analizuri filosofiis amerikul versiaze vsaubrobT upirvelesad unda aRiniSnos
analitikosTa e. w. “pragmatuli analizis” frTa (uilard quaini, nelson gudmeni, morTon uaiTi). am
midgomas axasiaTebs: neopozitivizmisa da pragmatizmis ideaTa misadageba codnisa da cdis
gagebebTan, mecnieruli codnis analizis prioritetuloba kvlevisas, mniSvnelobis problemisadmi
gansakuTrebuli interesi, Teoriulsa da empiriuls, analizursa da sinTezurs Soris urTierTmimarTebis
axleburi interpretacia. am inpretaciis gulisguli gaxlavT antifundamentalizmi, anu neopozitivizmis
empiriuli platformis uaryofa. “pragmatuli analizis” amerikulma frTam umniSvnelovanesi roli
iTamaSa logikuri pozitivizmis damfuZnebeli doqtrinebis Signidan afeTqebis saqmeSi.

Bb) kanonieri da azrs moklebuli filosofiuri

SekiTxvebi- uilard quaini

filosofosi uilard van orman quainini (Willard Van Orman

Quine-1908-1998) daibada ohaios StatSi. Ooberlin kolejSi daeufla
maTematikas, harvardis universitetSi filosofias, sadac misi
profesori gaxldaT Aalfred uaiThedi. 1932 wlidan igi CarTulia venis
wris muSaobaSi; praRaSi uaxlovdeba rudolf karnaps. imavdroulad
ganicdis diuis, luisis, frankis, moricisa da Slikis gavlenebs. 1938
wlidan iyo harvardis universitetis profesori.
gansakuTrebulia quainis mier gamoCenili zrunva im kolegebis mimarT, romlebic gamoeqcnen
faSistur reJims germaniidan. Tavad filosofosi aqtiurad erTveba meore msoflio omis saomar
moqmedebebSi, rogorc sazRvao jaris oficeri. saomari bataliebi mZime zegavlenas axdens masze,
quains eufleba depresia, droebiT wyvets profesiul muSaobas. mas amaod eCveneba filosofiuri
logikis sakiTxebis kvleva, rodesac msoflio katastrofis winaSea. garkveuli periodis Semdeg igi
ubrundeba harvards. mas irCeven emeritusad. quaini mravali naSromis avtoria. maT Soris
gamovyofT: “empirizmis ori dogma”(1951), “logikuri Tvalsazrisidan”(1953), “sityva da
obieqti”(1960), “logikis meTodebi” (1959), “arsebebi”(1987), “paradoqsis gzebi”(1985).
quainis msgavsi masStaburi gavlena filosofiuri debatebis Tematikaze ar qonia
Tanamedroveobis arc-erT moazrovnes. neopozitivizmis Tezisi, analizur da sinTezur msjelobaTa
Soris arsebuli mkveTri diqotomiis arsebobis Sesaxeb, analitikosTa erTierTi yvelaze doqtrinaluri
Tezisia. kantis Semdgom miCneulia, rom arsebobs principuli gansxvaveba ori saxis
gamonaTqvamebs Soris. erTni, romelTa WeSmariteba ganisazRvreba maTSi gamoyenebuli
terminebis mniSvnelobiT (logikisa da maTematikis WeSmaritebani) da meoreni- romelTa
WeSmariteba damokidebulia empiriul mtkicebulebebze (empiriul mecnierebaTa WeSmaritebani).
quaini principulad ar iziarebs am tradiciul sqemas. misi kontrargumenti Sesdgeba sami
debulebisagan:
a) neopozitivistebis, maT Soris kantis, idea, rom a priori, an cdisagan sruliad damoukideblad
arsebobs raRac, rac Semecnebadia, mcdaria.
b) logikisa da maTematikis debulebebs viRebT ara imis gamo, rom apriorulni arian, aramed
empiriuli mosazrebiT.
g) ukidures analitikur da sinTezur msjelobaTa Soris ar aris principuli gansxvaveba-maT Soris
arsebobs kontiniumiis mqone pragmatuli mimarTuleba.
neopozitivistTa meore Tezisi exeba gamonaTqvamTa empiriul verifikacias. quainis mixedviT,
zogadad aramarTlzomieria gamonaTqvamTa empiriul mtkicebulebebze laparaki, radganac samyaros
Sesaxeb Cveni gamonaTqvamebi, wminda cdis gamosacdelis winaSe, warsdgebian mTliani
sistemis saxiT. am ukanasknels cdasTan Sexeba mxolod qveda doniT aqvs. laparaki SesaZlebelia
mxolod mTeli sistemis dafuZnebaze, romelic qolisturi da pragmatuli iqneba.
am versiiT quaini axdens konceptualuri karkasebis Sesaxeb karnapiseuli ideis reinterpretacias.
filosofia quanisaTvis sxva araferia, Tu ara mecnierebis abstraqtul-Teoriuli nawili. mecniereba
farTe gagebiT orveqtoriani kontiniumia. romelic istoriisa da inJineriisagan mimarTulia filosofiisa da
wminda maTematikisaken. fizikosi laparakobs garkveuli movlenebis kauzalur kavSirebze, biologi
kidev sxva tipis kauzalur kavSirebze. filosofiis winaSe dgas sakiTxi kauzalur kavSirebze zogadad.
ras niSnavs erTi movlenis ganpirobebuloba meoreTi? fizikosi laparakobs: eleqtronebze, ricxvTa
simravlis usasrulobaze, filosofosi-saganTa tipebze, romelnic samyaroul sistemis kompleqs ageben.
quains miaCnia, rom uZvelesi metafizikuri SekiTxvebi: ratom arsebobs samyaro? ra iyo
pirvelsawyisi? azrs moklebulia. radganac filosofiisaTvis es SekiTxvebi uinteresoa, saWiroa maTi
uaryofa. quainis mixedviT arsebobs kanonier problemaTa ori klasi: ontologiuri da predikatuli.
pirveli moicavs zogad SekiTxvebs imis Taobaze, Tu ra tipis sagnebi arsebobs da ras niSnavs cneba
“arseboba”. meore- SekiTxvebs imis Taobaze, Tu saganTa ra tipebs mivaweroT arseboba
gaazrebulad. arsebulis Sesaxeb arsebuli da gaazrebuli SekiTxvebTan SegviZlia mivideT mxolod
mecnierebis saSualebiT. “Cemi naturalizmi ar aRiarebs aranair WeSmaritebas, garda imisa,
romelsac eZebs mecniereba. Cven vimyofebiT mocemuli arsebuli sistemis SigniT. es sistema
rasakvirvelia icvleba masTan erTad, magram Cven valdebulni varT ukeT viswavloT da
gamovasworoT mcdari Sexedulebebi. wesrigi filibilizmi da naturalizmia, da ara realizmi, aRniSnavs
quaini.
quains ekuTvnis koncefcia “ontologiuri fardobiTobisa” (ontological relativity) da “translaciis
radikaluri ganusazRvrelobis” (radical indeterminacy of translation) Sesaxeb. am koncefciis
mixedviT, araTu mecnieruli Teoriis Targmania SesaZlebeli msoflioSi arsebul kulturaTa arealSi
funqcionirebadi erTi enidan meoreze, aramed ar arsebobs arcerTi fraza, romlis adeqvaturi Targmani
iqneboda SesaZlebeli. misi azriT, ontologia axdens filologiis reziumirebas. quaini iRebs
“semantikuri aRmasvlis” (semantic ascent) strategias, Tumca ar Tvlis, rom Tavisi bunebiT
filosofiuri problemebi lingvistur xasiaTs atarebs. maTi gadawyvetis saukeTeso gzaa Mmetyvelebis
enobriv modusSi Targmani.

Bg) bunti formalizmis winaaRmdeg _ morTon uaiTi

bunti amerikul filosofiaSi ar aris uCveulo ram. XX saukunis meore naxevris meamboxe
filosofosTa Soris gansakuTrebuli adgili ukavia morTon uaiTs (Morthon G. White 1917-2016). uaiTi
msoflioSi erTerTi uxucesi filosofosi iyo. gardaicvala 99 wlisa da sicocxlis bolomde aqtiur
inteleqtualur saqmianobas eweoda. igi daibada niu-iorkSi. iyo pensilvaniis, kolumbiis, harvardis,
prinstonis universitetebis sapatio profesori. uaiTma brwyinvaled SeTvisa analizuri filosofiis
Tematika da kvlevis procedurebi. UuaiTis wvlili amerikul filosofiaSi ganisazRvreba misi
ganusazRvrelad didi SromiTa da mowadinebiT kontinenturi analizuri filosofiis amerikul
tradiciasTan SeTvisebis gzaze. aseve umniSvnelovanesia misi wvlili filosofiuri teqstebis anTologiis
momzadebisa da gamocemis saqmeSi. igi aris amerikuli socialuri azris kvlevebis erTerTi
fuZemdebeli da holisturi pragmatizmis Teoriis popularizatori.
mTavari debuleba, romelsac efuZneba uaiTis filosofiuri mrwamsi amgvaradaa formulirebuli:
imisaTvis, rom gavxadoT filosofia konstruqciuli, igi unda gavaTavisufloT metafizikisagan.
 Aamerikuli filosofiis yvelaze mniSvnelovan tendenciebad uaiTi miiCnevs: analizur filosofias,
pragmatizmsa da empiriul filosofias. D
misi azriT, dasavluri azrovnebis yvelaze didi qimera aris gnoseologiuri safuZvelis erTaderT
uryev da WeSmarit sayrdenad aRiareba. UuaiTis mixedviT, kvlevis istoriuli aspeqtis gazviadebis
mimarTulebiT, erTnairad scodaven pozitivistebica (iumi, konti, mili) da idealistebic (kroCe,
kolingvudi, dilTai). istoriuli modeli, romelsac emyareba maTi Teoriebi, Sedgeba zogadi
kanonebisagan da Tauri winapirobebisagan, rac RirebulebiTi msjelobebis tyveobaSi gvagdebs.
uaiTisaTvis axlosaa e.w. “eqsistencionaluri regularizmis” pozicia. istoriuli wiaRsvlebi iyeneben
eqsplikaciur ganzogadebebs, romelnic Tavis mxriv miiRweva induqciuri gziT. GganzogadebaTa
mniSvneloba damokidebulia garkveul konteqstze, romelic ar aris universaluri da Tavisi xasiaTiT
pragmatulia. UuaiTi cdilobs daicvas liberalizmis poziciebi. Mmagram ara obskurantizmisa da
konservatizmis poziciebidan.
uaiTs miaCnia, rom pragmatizmma, instrumentlizmma, ekonomikurma determinizmma da
iuridiulma realizmma miaRwia yvelaze efeqtur rezultatebs. maT aerTianebT formalizmis
ukiduresobaTa mimarT mkveTrad negatiuri damokidebuleba da realobasTan, imasTan rac cxovrobs
da viTardeba, uwyveti kontaqtis aucileblobis gacnobiereba.
istoriografis mTavari mizani unda iyos moralizmisa da esTetizmi-sagan gaTavisufleba. istoria
aris xangrZglivi Txroba adamianTa wamowyebebaTa bedisweris Sesaxeb. istoria mxolod erTaderTi
gagebiT SesaZlebelia iyos marTebuli, Tuki dagvexmareba momavlis kontrolirebasa da awmyos
ganmartebaSi.
socialuri konfliqtebi xels uwyoben formalizmis kritikis gacxovelebas. BbrZolam formalizmis
winaaRmdeg gaaerTiana ramodenime doqtrina. Mam viTarebam naTlad warmoaCinea WeSmariti
moralis filosofiis arsebobis aucilebloba. uaiTisaTvis umniSvnelovanesia eTikuri faqtoris arseboba.
igi Tvlis, rom WeSmaritebis Zieba yovelTvis eTikuri motivebiTaa ganpirobebuli. analizuri filosofiis
saukuneSi momxdari tragikuli ganxeTqileba tradiciulad eTikurad orientirebul pragmatizmsa da
analizur filosofias Sris SesaZlebelia daZleul iqnes. gamokvlevaSi “win, gaerTianebisaken
filosofiaSi” (Towards Reunion in Philosophy”) filosofosi amtkicebs, rom filosofiis gaerTianeba
udris ontologiis, logikisa da eTikis gaerTianebas.

d)xelovnebis kognituri xasiaTi - nelson gudmeni

nelson gudmeni (Nelson Goodman-1906-1998) daibada somervilSi. Hharvardis universitetis

kursdamTavrebuli, amave universitetis emeritusi xdeba. Mkolegebi uwodeben nelsons
Tanamedroveobis yvelaze paradoqsul filosofoss. ”mTeli cxovreba filosofiasa da xelovnebas Soris
gavatare. vocnebob davwero iseTi ram rac am or sferos gaaerTianebda”, werda mxcovani filosofosi.
MmTeli misi filosofia aris relativisturi da antifundamentalisturi. filosofosi Oontologiuri
relativizmisa da meTodologiuri nominalizmis poziciebidan edaveba karnaps. KkerZod, mis ideas,
rom epistemologias, elementarul cxovrebiseul gamocdilebasTan SedarebiT, aqvs prioritetuli pozicia.
Ggudmeni fiqrobs, rom konstruqtivistuli sisitemebi SesaZlebelia daefuZnon sruliad gansxvavebul
wanamZRvrebs. eqstralogikuri mocemulobebi, “sali kldisebri” bazisi, romelsac daefuZneba
logikur-filosofiuri codnis urRvevi konstruqcia ar arsebobs. “monacemi”, romlis ganmarteba
SeuZlebeli iqneba mxolod erTi mniSvnelobiT, Aar arsebobs. nebismieri monacemi SesaZlebelia
ganimartos Cveulebebisa da crurwmenebis prizmidan. safuZvelis miuwvdomelobis gamo codnis
Senobis Semadgeneli sistemebis mravalricxovaneba advilad SeiZleba aixsnas. rogorc fizikalisturi,
ise fenomenologiuri sistemebi arian Tanabrad marTlzomierni. nominalistisaTvis samyaro
individebisganaa Semdgari.
mtkicebulebaTa paradoqsebi. Ggudmeni aanalizebs kavSirTa tipebs. Mmas miaCnia, rom
bunebrivia is kanonebi, romelTac ZalulT danaskvis gamoyvana wanamZRvrebisa da Sesabamisi
pirobebis aRweridan. AamasTan arsebobs kanoni, romelic miiCneva WeSmaritad, vidre
gaanalizdeba da ganisazRvreba yvela SemTxveva, romelic mas eqvemdebareba. gudmeni svavs
kiTxvas: rogoraa es SesaZlebeli? rogor gadavideT nacnobidan ucnobze, warsulidan momavalze?
sadaa garantiebi, romelnic nebas gvrTavs nacnobis proecirebas ucnobze? Ffilosofosi aRniSnavs,
rom definiciebs, romlebic dakvirvebis farglebSi myofi SemTxvevebiT adastureben hipoTezas,
mivyavaT paradoqsul danaskvebamde. MmagaliTad, davuSvaT, rom yvela zurmuxti N
momentisaTvis mwvane ferisaa. Yyvela dakvirveba, romelic Cven xelgvewifeba, am hipoTezas
amtkicebs. SemoyvanoT predikati “molurjo-momwvano”da igi ganvsazRvroT amgvarad: yvela
zurmuxti, rac gamokvleulia N momentisaTvis mwvanea, da is rac ukvlevia-lurji. Aamgvarad, N
momentisaTvis gvaqvs ori kanonieri da erTnairad proeqtirebadi hipoTeza, romlebic arian
SeuTavsebadni. faqtia, rom N momentamde yvela zurmuxti, romelsac vakvirdebodiT aRmoCnda
mwvane, adasturebs misaReb hipoTezas, rom “yvela zurmuxti mwvanea”. Mmagram hipoTeza,
romlis mixedviTac ”N momentis Semdeg yvela sxva zurmuxti, romelsac vakvirdebiT lurjia” , aseve
dasturdeba. dakvirvebis Sedegad miRebuli mtkicebulebebi Tanabrad adastureben orive hipoTezas,
romelTac mivyevarT jerjerobiT Seumowmebel, daudgenel prognozebamde.
gudmenis paradoqsis mizania gviCvenos, rom yvelaze Cveuli definiciebic ki usafuZvloa.
MmaS ratomaa, rom samecniero praqtika ufro xSirad endoba “yvela zurmuxti mwvanea” tipis
hipoTezas, vidre hipoTezas- “yvela zurmuxti lurjia”? Aam tipis problemebi unda gadawydes
skrupulozuri analiziT. saWiroa imgvari predikatis proecireba, romelic ukeTaa damagrebuli.
cneba `damagreba~ pragmatulia. misi fesvebi lingvistur praqtikebSia. amgvarad, Rirebul da
usargeblo prognozebs Soris gamavali sademarkacio xazi miemarTeba aRweril da
nawinaswarmetyveleb samyarosaken.

samyaros pluralisturi versiebis gudmeniseuli variacia.

filosofosebi xSirad ureven erTmaneTSi diskursis maxasiaTeblebsa da diskursis sagnis

maxasiaTeblebs. gudmeni cdilobs gansazRvros, Tu rogor arsebobs samyaro da rogoria samyaros
konkretuli aRwera. igi Tvlis, rom samyaro mravalgvarad myofobs da rom yoveli WeSmariti aRwera
moicavs erT-erT maTgans. es antireduqcionistuli da pluralistuli xedvaa. es pozicia upirpisrdeba
materializmsa da fizikalizms, da ara mecnierebas. pluralisti isaa, vinc amjobinebs koncentracias
versiebze da ara samyaroebze. gudmeni quainisagan gansxvavebiT qeds ar uxris fizikas. `samyaro
mravalferovania, igi SeiZleba sxvadasxvanairad davinaxoT, aRvweroT, gavaferadoT~ (Goodman:
1976. 91).
wminda faqti da dauinteresebeli Tvali – ubralo miTebia. am WeSmaritebas sxvadasxva dros
sxvadasxva adamiani – kanti, kasireri, bruneri – Taviseburad gadmoscemda. rodesac Tvali
muSaobs, is sakuTari warsulis tyveobaSia, Zveli da axali damokidebulebebis gavlenis
zemoqmedebas ganicdis. `es yovelive adamianSi tvinidan, gulidan, yurebidan gamodis~ (Goodman:
1976. 122). Tvali arCevs, aorganizebs da asocirebas axdens, aanalizebs, akonstruirebs da
axorcielebs klasifikacias. igi ufro agrovebs da amuSavebs da ara ubralod asaxavs. Tvali arafers
xedavs `gaSiSvlebulad~, atributebis gareSe. egreT wodebuli ù”berwi Tvali~ brmaa, ù”berwi,
qalwulebrivi goneba~ ki unayofo da carieli. neitraluri Tvali da ganbrZnobili Tvali SeuZlebelia iyos
dautvirTavi. e.w. `faqtebi~ yovelTvis samyaros ama Tu im versiiT arian gaformebulni, amtkicebs
gudmeni.
kiTxvaze `rogoria samyaro?~ SueZlebelia vupasuxoT, samyaros versiisagan abstragirebis
gziT. Cveni horizonti Sesdgeba imisgan, rac aRweras eqvemdebareba. Cveni universumic swored
amisagan Sesdgeba. `gaakeTo, dRes niSnavs-gadaakeTo~, ambobs gudmeni (Goodman: 1985. 31).
samyaros versiebi Sesdgeba mecnieruli Teoriebis, xatovani aRwerebis, romanebisagan da a.S.
mniSvnelovania maTi koreqtuloba, standartsa da gamocdil kategorebTan Sesabamisoba.

esTetikuri cdis SemecnebiTi xasiaTi

 ra bedi elis samyaros gansxvavebul versiebs? es kiTxva dgeba gudmenis winaSe. amerikeli
filosofosi fiqrobs, rom xelovneba aranakleb seriozul midgomas moiTxovs, vidre mecniereba. igi
afarTovebs da amdidrebs Semecnebas SemoqmedebiTi energiiT, aniWebs mas unars imoZraos
progresisaken, am sityvis farTe gagebiT. skeptikosebs, vinc fiqrobs, rom ar arsebuli personaJebis
saSualebiT Cven verafers vigebT samyaros Sesaxeb, gudmeni pasuxobs, rom mecnierebis,
biografebis, istorikosebis, dramaturgebisa da mxatrebismier Seqmnil da CvenTvis memkvidreobiT
gadmocemul samyaroTa versiebSi mxatvruli gamonagoni TamaSobs dominantur rols adamianis
mier samyaroebis Seqmnis unarSi (Goodman: 1985.109).
`magaliTad, Tu don kixots, rogorc literaturul personaJs, aviRebT mas konkretulad veravis
mivuyenebT. magram gadataniTi azriT, igi miesadageba bevrs. magaliTad, me, rodesac
Tanamedrove lingvistikis qaris wisqvilebs vebrZvi~ (Goodman: 1985.109-110). amgvarad
vlaparakobT ra SesaZlebelze, xSirad mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs sruliad realuri sagnebi. amitomac
gacilebiT umjobesia vuwodoT adamians don kixoti, an don Juani, vidre paranoiki, an Sizofreniki.
literaturuli, mxatvruli, Teatraluri gamonagoni realur saganTa metaforuli referentebia. servantesi,
bosxi, goia iseve arian dakavebuli realuri samyaroebis miRebiT, ganmeorebiTa da gadakeTebiT,
rogorc niutoni, boili, darvini, swored amis gamo isini arian cnobadni. gudmeni Tvlis, rom `
garkveuli drois Semdeg Tvali, abstraqcionistebis tiloebzec ki, arCevs geometriul regularobas, wriul
formebs, arabeskebs, Sav-TeTr kontrastebs, feradovan konsonansebsa da disonansebs~ (Goodman:
1985.163).
es niSnavs, rom mecnierulad Semecnebadisa da mxatvrul-emociuris `dispoturi diqtomireba~
(gudmenis terminologia), anu gancalkeveba araa marTlzomieri. aseve ar aris swori esTetikuris
gansazRvreba terminebiT `tkboba~, `siamovneba~. gaugebaria, amtkicebs gudmeni, riT
gansxvavdeba maTematikuri amocanis gadawyvetiT mogvrili siamovneba musikaluri nawarmoebis,
an mxatvruli tilos aRqmiT gamowveuli siamovnebisagan. esTetikur gamocdilebaSi cnebebi:
`siamovneba~ da msgavsni ar wyveten problemas. xSir SemTxvevaSi mxatvrebs warmoadgenac ki
ar aqvT, Tu ra siamovnebas SeigrZnobs mecnieri, rodesac misi hipoTeza gamarTldeba. Cven
aranairi safuZveli ar gvaqvs vilaparakoT mecnieruli da esTetikuri gamocdilebis gansxvavebaze.
cxadia, Tvlis gudmeni, rom dauinteresebeli kvleva moicavs erTsac da meoresac.
`nebismieri mcdeloba, warmoaCinon esTetikuri gamocdileba, rogorc absurdis emociuri orgia,
absurdulia~ (Goodman: 1990.44). esTetikuri gamocdileba, rogorc mecnieruli kognituri bunebisaa,
amtkicebs gudmeni.
 vidre analizuri da sinTezuri msjelobebi, empiruli da Teoriuli, aRmoCenisa da gamarTlebis
konteqstebi, mecniereba, filosofia da xelovneba mkveTrad gamijnulad iTvleboda, filosofiasa da
bunebismecnierebas sakuTrivi sferoebi hqondaT moniSnuli. magram rogorc ki sxvadasxva tipis
argumentaciiT quainma, selarsma, viTgenStainma, devidsonma, kunma, feierabendma eWvqveS
daayenes es distinqciebi, dairRva sademarkacio xazebi da samecniero elita aRmoCnda gaurkveveli
situaciis pirispir. filosofia Seejaxa alternatiur viTarebas: mas an unda SeenarCunebina sakuTari
tradiciuli Teoretizirebis pozicia, da maSin igi kargavda avtonomias da mecnierebis erT-erTi dargis
roli daekisreboda, an uari unda eTqva Teoretizirebis ambiciur pretenziaze, da am SemTxvevaSi
SenarCunebda avtonomiurobis Sanss. quainma airCia pirveli. igi amtkicebda, rom filosofiuri codna
arsebiTad arafriT gansxvavdeba fizikuri, maTematikuri an sxva tipis codnisagan, ubralod mas
saqme hqonda ufro farTe cnebebTan, vidre `eleqtroni~, `ujredi~, an `qimiuri elementia~. rortim,
dantem da imaT, vinc icavdnen `filosofias, rogorc literaturas~, esTetizms, kulturrelativizms,
Lebenswelt-s airCies meore gza.

e) post analizuri filosofia-hilari patnami, arTur danto

1985 wels gamodis wigni `post analizuri filosofia~. masSi warmodgenilia yvela im avtoris
naSromi, romelic 50-80-ian wlebSi axali ideebis generatorebad gvevlineba. maT Soris arian:
devidsoni, patnami, kuni, rorti, danto, blumi, roulzi, skenloni, uolini, hakingi (Post analytical
philosophy: 1985. 19).
ra sazrisi matarebelia windebuli `posti~? upirvelesad masSi warmoCenilia metafilosofiuri
ganazreba tradiciuli memkvidreobis nawilebis SenarCuneba-ugulvebelyofis Sesaxeb.
analiziuri filosofiis avangardSi myof hilari patnams (Hillary Putnam 1926-1996) miaCnda,
rom empirizmi Sinaganad metafizikuria. xolo, freges, raselis, karnapis da adreuli viTgenStainis
mcdelobebs XX saukunis filosofiis istoriaSi uwodeben `Tavdasxmebs metafizikis winaaRmdeg~.
sinamdvileSi isini warmoadgenen yvelaze originalur, Rrma da teqnikurad brwyinvaled Sesrulebul
metafizikuri sistemebis kontruqciebs. miuxedavad maTi marcxisa, maT nangrevebze daibada
simboluri logika, Tanamedrove enis Teoriis mniSvnelovani nawili da Tanamedrove kognituri
mecnierebis nawili~ (Putnam : 1985. 29).
neopozitivistebs umeteswilad adardebdaT ara enis sakiTxebi, aramed is, Tu `rogor ebmian
sityvebi samyaros~, ra mimarTebaSia Cveni proeqciebi (projects) `samyaros aRkazmvasTan~
(furniture of the Universe). postpozitivisturi analizuri filosofia agrZelebs am metafizikur proeqts.
patnams miaCnia, rom miuxedavad analizuri filosofiis ueWveli miRwevebisa, unda vaRiaroT, rom
es miRwevebi negatiurni arian. logikuri pozitivizmis msgavsad, analizurma filosofiam daangria is
sawyisi Senoba, saidanac daiwyo svla. patnemis kritikas ver uZlebs diuis pretenzia, rom mxolod mis
sistemas aqvs filosofiis statusi. `samyaros aRkazmvisa~ da problemebis gadasaWris moqnili da
daxvewili gzebis povnis miseuli mcdelobebi amaoa. es mignebebi absoluturad uinteresoa
samyarosaTvis. pantemis azriT, Seqmnili situaciis paradoqsulobam Tavi iCina zustad maSin,
rodesac analizuri filosofia msoflio filosofiurma azrma aRiara `gabatonebul mimdinareobad”. igi
myisierad aRmoCnda sakuTari proeqtis CixSi (Putnam : 1985.28).
maS ras unda miapyros mzera filosofosma `empirizmis gareSe STenil samyaroSi~? patnami
martivad pasuxobs - filosofosisaTvis mTavaria yoveldRiuroba, ganuyofeli samyaro, Lebenswelt-i.
is, razec laparakobda gviandeli huserli da viTgenStaini, ostini da gudmeni. is, rac ar saWiroebs
verifikacias, da arc WeSmaritebas.
igi Tvlis, rom kategorias `WeSmariteba~, romelsac usazRvro tanjva moaqvs
filosofosisaTvis, upriania Caenacvlos cneba `vargisianoba~, `morgebuloba~ (fitness).
erTi sityviT, patnami gvTavazobs `Zveli droebisaken~, jemzisa da diuisken mibrunebas.
misTvis miuRebelia filosofiis transformireba sofisturi tipis enobriv savarjiSoebad.
post analitikosebis uaxloves samiznes warmoadgens analizuri filosofia, kritikis Soreuli
obieqti ki - kanti da kantianuri filosofiuri dogmebis mqone diqotomiebi da demarkaciebia.
empirzmisa da epistemologizmis kantianuri dogmebis garda unda aRmoifxvras mecnierebas,
moralsa da xelovnebas Soris arsebuli ufskruli. analizurma filosofiam ver moaxerxa faqtisa da enis
gansxvavebis dasabuTeba, ver monaxa gansxvavebuli enobrivi karkasebis TanabarzomierebaTa
kriteriumebi.
Tanamedrove amerikuli filosofiuri azri uaryofs demarkacias. es tendencia aisaxa
antidisciplinarizmSi. igi disciplinaTSorisisagan gansxvavdeba imiT, rom am velze iqmneba
amalgamebi: filosofiur – literaturuli Teoria, filosofia – mecnierebis istoria, filosofiur – moralur-
sazogadoebrivi debatebi, enis filosofia – filosofiuri anTropologia da sxva. gansakuTrebulad
intensiurad ifuZnebs Tavs amalagma filosofia – literatura. igi mWidrod ukavSirdeba `axal literaturul
kritikaSi~ mimdinare procesebs, romlebic Tavis mxriv franguli struqturalizmis, poststruqturalizmis
da postmodernizmis gavlenas ganicdian. teqstis hermenevtikuri interpretaciis taqtikis gamoyenebiT
literaturis Teoretikosebi aanalizeben ara oden poetis mecnierul fantastikas, aramed samedicino
receptebsa da filosofiur nawerebsac. am strategiam daainteresa zogierTi amerikeli filosofosi. maTi
azriT, literaturis Teoretikosebi arsebiTad igive sakiTxebze fiqroben da davoben, razec filosofosebi:
esaa realizmi da relativizmi, mniSvneloba da referencia da a.S. deridas Teziss `teqstis gareT araferi
arsebobs~ da `konceptualuri karkasebis~ Teorias Soris bevria saerTo. am talRaze iqmneba xedva,
romelic filosofias literaturis Janrad miiCnevs. erT-erTi amgvari midgoma ganxorcielebulia arTur
dantos (Arthur Danto-1924-1993) mier SemoTavazebul modelSi. statiaSi `filosofia, rogorc / da /
literatura, literaturis filosofia~, aqcentirebulia, filosofiis specifikuri rakursi, romelic didi xnis
ganmavlobaSi ugulvebelyofili iyo. saqme exeba im viTarebis gaazrebas, rom filosofia literaturuli
Janricaa. aq saqme exeba araliteraturul formas, romelsac platonidan moyolebuli didi yuradReba
eTmoboda. danto gulixsmobs metafilosofiur materiebs. `filosofiis – rogorc literaturis~ da `filosofiis
– rogorc mecnierebis~ saxeebis Sejerebasa da Sepirispirebas. profesiuli analizuri filosofia ar
aigivebda Tavs mecnierebasTan, igi mudam midrekili iyo `filosofia – rogorc mecniereba~ saxisken.
aqedan gamomdinareobs misi distanciuri damokidebuleba Tavisufali, mkacri CarCoebisagan daclili
humanitariis mimarT. dRes `dekonstruqtivizmis sadizmis~ (dantos terminologia) pirispir darCenili,
igi Tavs advilad mowyvladad grZnobs (Danto:1985.64).
`filosofiis – rogorc literaturis~ saxis miReba gamoiwvevs WeSmaritebisa da referenciis
Sesaxeb diskusiebis srulad axal sibrtyeSi – teqstisa da teqstis momxmareblis sibrtyeSi gadatanas.
danto ar eTanxmeba deridas da sxva dekonstruqtivistebs. literatura araa TviTkmari. teqstebis
mxolod teqstebTan Sejereba ar xdeba. dantos miaCnia, rom mkiTxvelTa sazogadoeba ontologiurad
pirveladi cnebaa. `filosofiurma midgomam~ literaturisa da realobis Sejerebis mimarT, SesaZlebelia
gadaaqcios filosofia–rogorc literatura imad, radac odesRac iyo filosofia – rogorc WeSmariteba~
(Danto:1985.68).
unda aRiniSnos, rom amerikeli post analitikosebi avlenen interess post modernistebis,
struqturalistebis, hermenevtikosebis ideebis mimarT, imavdroulad maTgan distancirebas cdiloben;
isini upiratesobas aniWeben `amerikuli aqcentiT~ saubars, ideur sayrdenebs eZeben umal quainTan
da devidsonTan, vidre frangul post modernizmSi-deridasTan, yuradRebiT eZeben magaliTebs
sakuTar kulturul memkvidreobaSi. isini gvTavazoben mivmarToT analizur filosofiamdel `filosofiis
- rogorc literaturis~ amerikul fesvebs, romelic `profesiulma~ filosofiam gaTela. emersonis, Toros,
amerikeli pragmatistebis naSromebSi asaxulia filosofiis mobruneba `gamocdilebis srulyofilebis~,
sinamdvilis moralur-esTetikuri gancdisaken. dantos azriT, yovelive saukeTeso, rac ki Seuqmnia
amerikul azris aqaa, maTi ideebi amerikelTa mentalobasTan gacilebiT ufro axlosaa, vidre
haidegeris, viTgenStainis, Tu sxva evropeli avtorebisa.
post analizuri filosofia agebulia wanamZRvarze, rom empirizmis kraxi absoluturi faqtia,
romelic ar eqvemdebareba reinterpretaciasa da revizias. am viTarebiT fiqsirdeba racionalizmis
avtoritetis kraxi.
 post analitikosebs miaCniaT, rom miuxedavad maTi mcdelobebisa amerikul filosofiaSi jer
kidev ar aris daxuruli rigi sakiTxebisa: Tu `rogor emagrebian sityvebi samyaros~, enis bunebis,
cnobierebis, bunebis, sinamdvilis da a.S. ucnobia, Tu ra mimarTulebiT warimarTeba diskusiebi,
magram am velze maTi ganviTarebis veqtorebi bevrad iqneba damokidebuli axali samecniero
faqtebis gaxsnaze, biologiis, biosamedicino da socialuris sferoSi momaval aRmoCenebze.

v)Carlz morisi - sintaqtika, semantika da pragmatika, rogorc semiotikis sami

ganzomileba

“aravis ar sWirdeba niSnebi ise, rogorc adamianebs”

Carlz morisi

Tanamedrove analizuri filosofiis erTerTma fuZemdebelma Caრlz morisma (Charles Morris

1901-1979) kariera daiwyo rogorc inJinerma. biologiisa da fsiqologiis Seswavlis Semdeg,
masSi gaiRviZa filosofiis mimarT interesma. 1925 wels Cikagos universitetSi disertaciis dacavis
Semdeg moris toveben amave universitetSi profesorad. mogvianebiT igi texasisa da harvardis
universitetebis profesoria. morisi bevrs mogzaurobs evropasa da Soreul aRmosavleTSi. mas
akavSirebs mWidro urTierToba karnapTan, frankTan, neiratTan. igi maTTan erTad gegmavs
gaerTianebul mecnierebaTa saerTaSoriso enciklopediis gamocemas. am ideis monaxazi
ganviTarebulia wignSi “gonebis eqvsi Teoria”. am gamokvlevis Tavebi eZRvneba gonebis
sxvadasxva Teoriebs: goneba, rogorc substancia (platoni, aristotele, dekarte), goneba, rogorc
procesi (hegeli, bredli, jentile), rogorc mimarTeba (hiumi, maxi, raseli), rogorc intencionaluri aqti
(Sopenhaueri, nicSe, pirsi, jemzi, diui, midi).

amerikuli pragmatizmisa da neopozitivizmis morigebis suliskveTebiTaa gamsWvaluli

gamokvleva “logikuri pozitivizmi, pragmatizmi da mecnieruli empirizmi” (1937). naSromebi,
romlebic niSanTa Teorias mieZRvna, amerikuli filosofiis istoriaSi klasikur Sromebadaa
miCneuli. esenia: “niSanTa Teoriis safuZvlebi”(1930), “niSnebi, ena, qceva”(1946). enis
filosofiuri problemebis kvlevasTan erTad morisi RirebulebaTa struqturis kvleviT interesdeba da
qmnis naSromebs “Ria me”, “niSanTa da RirebulebaTa SeswavlisaTvis” (1964), “adamianur
RirebulebaTa mravalferovneba” (1958). am naSromebs aerTianebs erTi idea, kerZod, rom
kacobriobis kulturaSi niSanTa centraluri adgili cxadze ucxadesia. adamianuri civilizacia
mTlianad dafuZnebulia niSanTa sistemaze, SeuZlebelia ramis Tqma adamianis, misi goniTi
Semoqmedebis Sesaxeb niSanTa funqciis gaTvaliswinebis gareSe. niSnebi arsebiTad
zemoqmedeben civilizaciis Semomqmedi adamianis formirebaze. da amdenad, araa gasakviri,
rom niSanTa kvleviT dainteresebulni arian lingvistebi, logikosebi, filosofosebi, sociologebi,
esTetikosebi, fsiqologebi, biologebi, anTropologebi. am fonze saxezea Teoriuli bazis simwire,
romelis safuZvlzec ganzogaddeba sxvadasxva disciplinebSi miRebuli rezultatebi. am problemis
gadawyveta miznad daisaxa morisma. mas miaCnia, rom zogadi mecniereba niSanTa Sesaxeb –
semiotika daakisrebs problemis warmatebiT gadawyvetas. semiotika, rogorc damoukidebeli
mecniereba, zogad safuZvels uqmnis yvela im disciplinas, romelic xels uwyobs mecnieruli
codnis unificirebas (Morris :1938. 205) da SesZlebs mogvces maqsimalurad adeqvaturi
samyarouli suraTi. Mmorisi am process uwodebs semioziss. semiozisis procesSi sami faqtoria: a)
is rac funqcionirebs, rogorc niSani b) is razecaa mimarTuli niSani, g) STabeWdileba, romelsac
axdens interpretatorze sagani, romelic iqceva niSnad.

semiozisis am sam komponents SesaZloa vuwodoT: a) denotati-niSnis matarebeli, b) designati,

g)interpretatori. interpretatori. magaliTad, Tu S aris denotati, D- designati I –is, risi ganmartebac
xdeba interpretatoris mier, maSin niSani SeiZleba daxasiaTdes Semdegnairad: I-Tvis S aris
niSani D imdenad ramdenadac I moiazrebs D-s S is Tanayofnobis gamo. semiozisSi arsebobs is,
visac esmis sxvisi gaSualebulad. Ee.i. semiozisi aris gacnobiereba–raRacis-meoxebiT. meSuale
aris niSnis gamtari, gacnobiereba aris interpretacia, momqmedi piri - interpretatori,
gasacnobierebeli sagani - designati. NniSnobrivi gamtaris, designatisa da interpretatoris triaduli
mimarTeba gvixsnis sami umTavresi diaduri mimarTebis Seswavlis saSualebas, igulisxmeba
niSnebs Soris mimarTeba, niSanTa da Sesabamis obieqtTa Soris mimarTeba, niSanTa da
interpretatorTa Soris mimarTeba.

sami semioturi ganzomileba Sedgeba sintaqsidan, semantikidan da pragmatikidan. sintaqsi

Seiswavlis niSanTa Soris mimarTebas. igi semiotikis yvelaze damuSavebuli segmentia, misi
Seswavla jer kidev antikurobaSi daiwyo, jer kidev stoelebisaTvis nacnobi iyo is, rom ena
niSanTa sistemas warmoadgens. ai, ra cnobas gvawvdis seqst empirikosi amis Taobaze: `stoelebi
amtkicebdnen, rom sami ram SeiZleba davakavSiroT – aRniSvna, aRmniSvneli da sagani.
maTgan aRmniSvneli aris bgera, magaliTad `dioni~, aRsaniSni aris sagani, bgeriT gamoxatuli,
romelsac Cven gansjiT vwvdebiT; obieqti gare substratia, magaliTad, TviT dioni. maTgan ori
ram sxeulebrivia, saxeldobr, bgera da obieqti, erTi usxeuloa. swored aRsaniSni sagania is
gamonaTqvami, romelic SeiZleba iyos WeSmariti an mcdari~ ( enis antikuri Teoriebi: 2005.99).
kvleva gagrZelda laibnicTan, bulTan, fregesTan, pirsTan, raselTan, uaiThedTan, karnapTan.
semantikis farglebSi xorcieldeba niSnis mimarTeba mis designatTan, rogorc mis mier aRniSnul
obieqtTan. NniSnis designati is sagania, romlis aRniSvna SeuZlia niSans, anu sagnebi da
situaciebi, romelic SesaZloa dakavSirebulni iyvnen niSnis gamtarTan denotaciis semantikuri
mimarTebis meoxebiT. M

M mesame ganzomilebaa-pragmatika. Aam WrilSi mniSvnelovania pirsis, jemsis, diuis, midis

gamokvlevebi. Ppragmatika Seiswavlis niSnisa da interpretatoris mimarTebas. radganac niSanTa
ganmarteba xdeba cocxali arsebebis mier, aq irTveba semiozisis e.w. bioTikuri aspeqtebi, anu
yvela fsiqologiuri, biologiuri, sociologiuri fenomeni, romelsac saqme aqvs niSanTa
funqcionirebasTan. Mmorisi gvawvdis semiotikuri procesis formulirebas: ”niSnis
ganmmartebeli-organizmia, gansamarti-organuli arsebis samosi, romelic niSanTa gamtaris
meoxebiT TamaSobs adgilze-ar myofi-sagnis rols. semiozisis wyalobiT organizmi acnobierebs
rogorc adgilze-armyofi-sagnebis Tvisebebs, aseve adgilze-myofi sagnebis uCinar
Tvisebebs”( Morris: 1938.89). instrumentaluri mniSvneloba ideebisa amaSi vlindeba. Eena,
terminis semiotikuri sazrisis mTeli sisavseobiT, sxva araferia Tu ara niSnebis gamtarebis
intersubieqturi koleqcia. MmaTi gamoyeneba determinirebulia sintaqsuri, semantikuri da
pragmatikuli wesebiT.

diskursis Teqvsmeti tipi.

cnebas “niSani” gansamartad morisi mimarTavs termins “qceva” da gvTavazobs erTgvar

triadas: niSnebi, ena da qceva. poziciis dasasabuTeblad, mas mohyavs magaliTebi. zari aris
niSani gawvrTnili ZaRlisaTvis, rom mas elis saWmeli, mZRolisaTvis igive niSani aris
informacia svlagezis mimarTulebiT gzis safaris dazianebis Sesaxeb, da Sesabamisad, gvevlineba
movliTi gzis Ziebis mizezad. pirvel SemTxvevaSi zari-saWmlis niSania, meore SemTxvevaSi
sityva/informacia niSania dagegmili svlagezis Sewyvetisa. Mmorisi mixedviT niSni aris is. rac A
mimarTavs qcevas garkveuli miznisaken iseve, rogorc amas akeTebs damkvirvebeli”( Morris:
1964.176). lingvisturi niSnebi gansxvavdebian aRniSvnis gansxvavebuli xerxebis mixedviT.
morisi gamoyofs niSanTa xuT tips: 1. niSnebi-identifikatorebi, anu niSnebi, romlebic pasuxoben
kiTxvaze “sad?” 2) designatorebi- niSnebi, romlebic interpretators ayenebs SekiTxvis “ra aris?”
winaSe. 3) Semfasebeli- niSnebi, romlebic pasuxoben kiTxvas “ratom?” 4) preskriptuli- niSnebi,
romlebic pasuxoben kiTxvas “rogor?” 5) maformirebeli, anu masistematizirebeli niSnebi.

identifikatorebis mier xdeba ukve aRniSnuli obieqtebis lokalizebas drosa da sivrceSi. NniSnebi
gansxvavdebian ara oden aRniSvnis ragvarobiT. safuZvlad SesaZlebelia gamoyenebul iqnes
gamoyenebis ragvarobac. morisis mixedviT arsebobs gamoyenebisMminimum oTxi xerxi:
informatuli, RirebulebiTi, mastimulirebeli, masistematizirebeli. Ggamoyenebis garkveuli
ragvaroba garkveul xerxTanaa mimarTebaSi. MmagaliTad, garkveul designatorebs viyenebT
informaciisaTvis, preskriptorebi saWiroa rogorc stimulebi da a.S. maT Soris tolobis niSnis dasma
ar SeiZleba. ar aris rTuli miviRoT informacia A Sefasebidan “ mariami kargia” (Morris:
1964.233). moriss sailustraciod mohyavs magaliTi, romelic naTlad gviCvenebs gansxvavebas
niSanTa tipebsa da maTi gamoyenebis xerxebs Soris. Zrava, romelic benzinze muSaobs
gansxvavdeba Zravisgan, romelic muSaobs orTqlze, ara mxolod konstruqciiT, aramed
funqcionirebis ragvarobiT. Yyvela Zravas aqvs iseTi funqciebi, romelTac SesaZloa vuwodoT
ZiriTadi. Tumca gansakuTrebul SemTxvevaSi, erTs SeuZlia Seasrulos meores funqcia.
Aamgvarad, niSanTa aRniSvnis da gamoyenebis kombinirebiT morisi gvTavazobs
gansxvavebuli tipis diskursTa klasifikacias. Mmorisiseuli diskursis Teqvsmeti tipi axasiaTebs
semiotikas rogorc enis zogad mecnierebas. semiotikuri distinqciebi metafizikuri xasiaTs ar
atareben. isini operatulni arian im azriT, rom ageben erTgvarad mowesrigebul sivrces uricxvi
diskursuli formebis samyaroSi.

calke SevCerdeT niSanTa iseT tipze, romelsac uwodeben ikonur niSans. mkvlevarebi, maT
Soris morisi, ikonurs niSnis kerZo saxed acxadeben. es sakiTxi eqsplicirebulia morisis
gamokvlevaSi `mniSvneloba da mniSvneladoba.” morisis mixedviT ikonuri niSani aRniSnavs
sakuTari Tvisebebis mqone obieqts, es is SemTxvevaa, rodesac obieqti Tavis Tavs Tavadve
axasiaTebs. ikonuri niSani moicavs yvela im Tvisebas, romelic aRsaniSn sagans aqvs.

moris mohyavs kentavris magaliTi. kentavris naxati gamoxatavs garkveuli saxis cxovels,
romelsac garkveuli saxis sxeuli da Tavi aqvs. mayurebelma SeiZleba CaTvalos, rom amgvari
cxoveli an arsebobs, an ara. moriss SeiZleba daveTanxmoT iq, sadac igi asabuTebs, rom
niSanma unda mianiWos mniSvneloba, gamoxatos raime, anu niSans unda hqondes signifikaciis
Tviseba, magram srulebiTac araa aucilebeli, rom igi iyos raRaca realurad arsebulis aRmniSvneli.
`raRaca niSania~ - sruliadac ar niSnavs am sagnis arsebobis mtkicebulebas. daxatul kentavrs
SeuZlia gamoxatos da aRniSnos raRaca arseba, magram niSans srulebiTac ar aineteresebs
sinamdvileSi arsebobs Tu ara kentavri.

ikonuroba, morisis mixedviT, niSnobis xarisxis donea. misi umdablesi zRvari iZebneba iq,
sadac niSanmatarebels araviTari saerTo ara aqvs mis SesaZlo aRsaniSnTan (vTqvaT sityva
“jvari~, roca igi ixmareba jvarcmis mniSvnelobiT); niSnobis umaRlesi done vlindeba maSin,
rodesac niSani gadmoscems im sagnis yvela Tvisebas, romelsac aRniSnavs. vTqvaT, kentavris
naxatis reproduqcia originalis ikonuri niSani gaxdeba maSin, rodesac aRmqmeli moaxdens misi,
rogorc originalis niSnis interpretacias. ikonuri niSnis sxva magaliTebia: fotografia, asli, portreti.
adamianis saxis foto ikonuri niSania.

morisis mier niSan-xatis gamoyofa niSanTa saxeobad ar gveCveneba marTebulad. upirveles

yovlisa imis gamo, rom ikonuri niSnis iseTi specifikuri Tviseba, rogoricaaa msgavseba asasax
saganTan, srulebiTac araa aucilebeli maxasiaTebeli niSnisaTvis. niSani SeiZleba gavdes da
SeiZleba ara asasax sagans. es momenti araa arsebiTi imisaTvis, rom niSanma Tavisi ZiriTadi
funqcia – aRniSvnis funqcia Seasrulos. ikonuri niSnis SemTxvevaSi ki msgvasebas arsebiTi,
gadamwyveti mniSvneloba eniWeba. niSani SesaZloa hgavdes asasax sagans (mag, gzis
niSnebi, niSnebi etiketze, abrebze da a.S.) yvela amgvar SemTxvevaSi msgavseba damxmare
mniSvnelobas atarebs. aq msgavseba mxolod aiolebs niSnis aRqmas da gagebas. vTqvaT –
vaSlis naxati boTlis etiketze imis niSania, rom boTlSi vaSlis sasmeli asxia. xatsa da asasax
sagans Soris ki arsebobs bunebrivi mizezobrivi ganpirobebuloba. xati warmoiSoba mxolod
maSin, rodesac asasaxi sagani moqmedebs amsaxavze. xatsa da asasax sagans Soris arsebobs
msgavseba droiT-sivrcobriv struqturaSi, raodenobriv da Tvisebriv maxasiaTeblebSi, rac niSansa
da aRsaniSns Soris ar aRiniSneba. xati da asasaxi sagani Sinaarsobriv erTianobaSi arian. yovel
xatSi mocemulia mxolod is Sinaarsi, riTac asasaxi sagani xasiaTdeba. niSans ki aqvs Tavisi
`idealuri~ sxeuli, romelic sruliad gansxvavebulia aRsaniSni sagnisagan. magaliTad, enobrivi
niSani arasodes ar emTxveva aRsaniSn sagans. marTalia, xati axdens niSnis msgavsad sagnis
reprezentacias, magram aq adgili ara aqvs formalur Canacvlebas, Canacvleba Sinaarsobrivia,
Sinaarsobrivi erTianobidan gamomdinareobs. naxati, vTqvaT, renoldsis peizaJi, esTetikuri
Wvretis obieqtad imitomac gvevlineba, rom igi warmoadgens realobis xats da ara mis niSans.

aqve mokled unda iTqvas e.w. `mxatvrul niSanze~. xelovnebaSi niSnebi atareben ara pirobiT,
aramed ikonur, gamomsaxvelobiT xasiaTs; gansxvavebiT enobrivi niSnebisagan, mxatvruli
niSnebi igeba gamoxatvisa da Sinaarsis planebs Soris ganpirobebuli kavSiris principiT. amitom
Zneldeba am ori planis gamoyofa. mxatvruli niSani axdens Tavisi mniSvnelobis modelirebas. es
 gamomdinareobs iqidan, rom xelovneba, kerZod literatura, laparakobs gansakuTrebul enaze,
romelic bunebriv enas daeSeneba, anu igi bunebrivi enis zednaSenia. xelovneba meoradi
modelirebuli sistemaa. mis safuZvelSi Zevs bunebrivi ena. mxatvruli niSnis cneba SeiZleba
mxolod funqcionaluri xasiaTis iyos, iseve, rogorc, vTqvaT, religiuri niSani, samarTlebrivi niSani
da a.S. igi, situaciis mixedviT, aRniSnavs gansxvavebul mimarTebebs obieqtsa (xelovnebis
nawarmoebi) da subieqts Soris (mxatvari da auditoria). mxatvruli niSnis cneba SesaZloa
gamoviyenoT im realobis aRsaniSnad, romelic Tavs iCens ara xelovnebis sagnobriv yofierebaSi,
aramed misi funqcionirebisas. amgvarad, igi misi funqcionirebisaTvisac aucilebel pirobad
isaxeba.

gansakuTrebulad mniSvneladi diskursuli formebi.

analizur filosofiaSi,Mmorisis damsaxurebaa gansakuTrebuli mniSvnelobis mqone diskursuli

formebis tipologia. igi gamoyofs diskursis oTx uZiriTades formas: sainformacio, SefasebiTi,
mastimulirebeli, masistematizebeli. es formebi Tavis mxriv iyofian da jgufdebian qvejgufebad.
TviToeul qvejgufSi gaerTianebulia oTxi forma. diskursis formebSi Sefasebebi definiciur
principebad iqcevian, aRniSvnis saSualeba-preskriptul principad. TviToeuli diskursis mizania
garkveuli tipis personulobis miRweva. qvejgufSi moqceul diskursis yvela forma xasiaTdeba
arsebobis mxolod misTvis damaxasiaTebeli wesiT.

sainformacio jgufSi moqceuli mecnieruli diskursis forma mimarTulia WeSmariti informaciis

miRebaze. MmiTosuri diskursi gvaZlevs garkveuli qmedebebis Sefasebas. Ppolitikuri diskursi
avaldebulebs sazogadoebas Sesabamisi tips qmedebebisaken. Mmoraluri diskursi afasebs qcevebs
upiratesobis miniWebis TvalTaxedvidan. religiuri diskursi afiqsirebs imgvari qcevis models,
romelic dominirebs pirovnul orientaciaSi, mis safuZvelze fasdeba konkretuli adamianebis qceva.
diskursis ZiriTadi tipebis sqema.

wesi/xerxi sainformacio SefasebiTi mastimulirebe-li masistemati

zebeli
 a)signaturi 1.mecnieruli 2.fantastikuri 3.samarTlebrivi 4.kosmologiu
b)RirebulebiTi 5.miTosuri 6.poeturi 7.moraluri ri
g)preskriptuli 9.teqnologiuri 10.politikuri 11.religiuri 8.kritikuli
d)maformirebeli 13.logikur- 14.Teoriuli 15. gramatikuli 12.propagand
maTematikuri isturi
16.metafiziku
ri

pirovnebas, wers morisi, romelsac SeuZlia dainaxos mTeli niSnobrivi fenomenebi semiotikuri
rakursidan, xelewifeba kulturis moxelTeba misi niSnobrivi mravalferovnebiT. adamiani
Ddabadebidan vidre sikvdilamde, yovelwamierad imyofeba niSanTa garemocvaSi. maTSi
CarTulobis gareSe SeuZlebelia nabijis gadadgmac ki, araTu dasaxuli amocanis gadawyveta, an
miznis miRweva. DdiskursTa tipebTan, maT funqciebsa da gamoyenebasTan gacnobierebuli
damokidebuleba, adamians xels uwyobs Tavidan aicilos sxvadasxva manipulirebebi da daicvas
sakuTari cnobierebisa da qcevis avtonomiuroba.

Carlz morisis analizur filosofiis versiaSi ganxorcelebulia samyaros semantikis samganzomilebian

modeliT warmodgenis saintereso mcdeloba. filosofosi am modeliT cdilobs aagos realobasTan
maqsimalurad Tavsebadi samyarouli suraTi. morisi miiCnevs, rom samyaros, rogorc mTelis,
moxelTeba SesaZlebeli iqneba, Tuki SevZlebT gavxsnaT gansakuTrebulad mniSvneladi Teqvsmeti
tipi diskursi.

literatura:

1. ზაქარიაძე, ანასტასია (2016), ამერიკული ნეორეალიზმის თავისებურებები.

ფილოსოფოს მამუკა ბიჭაშვილის ხსოვნისადმი მიძღვნილი კრებული. თბ: მერიდიანი.
2. Goodman, Nelson (1976), Languages of Art: An Approach to a Theory of Symbols.
Indianapolis: Bopbbs-Merrill, 1968. 2nd ed Indianapolis: Hackett,. Based on his 1960-61 John Locke
Lectures.
2. Goodman, Nelson (1977), Harvard UP, 1951. 2nd ed. Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merril, 1966. 3rd ed
Boston: Reidel,.
3. Goodman, Nelson (1972), Basic Abilities Required for Understanding and Creation in the Arts:
Final Report (with David Perkins, Howard Gardner, and the assistance of Jeanne Bamberger et. al).
Cambridge. Harvard University.
4. Goodman, Nelson (1985), Ways of Worldmaking. Paperback: Indianapolis: Hackett.
5. Goodman, Nelson (1984), Of Mind and Other Matters. Cambridge. MA: Harvard UP.
6. Goodman, Nelson (1990), Reconceptions in Philosophy and other Arts and Sciences (with
Catherine Elgin). London: Routledge, Indianapolis: Hackett.
7. Morris, Charles W. ( 1938), Foundation of the Theory of Signs. N.Y. I ed.

8. Morris, Charles W. (1964), Signification and Significance. Yale un. Press

9. Morris, Charles W. (1956 ), Morris, Charles W. Varieties of Human Value I ed.

10. Morris, Charles W. Logical Positivism, Pragmatism and Scientific Empiricism. I ed.

11. enisa da stilis antikuri Teoriebi. anTologia. sankt.-pet-gi 2005.

12. Post - Analitical Philosophy (1985), N. Y.
13. Putnam Hilary (1985), After Empirism : in Post – Analitical Philosophy. N. Y.
14. Danto Arthur (1985), Philosophy as / and of Literature: in Post – Analytical Philosophy.
15. Rorty, Richard. Philosophy in America to-day. The American Scholar. 1982, v. 51. #2.
189.
16. Quine, Willard Van Orman 1951 (1940). Mathematical Logic. Harvard Univ. Press. 1966.
Selected Logic Papers. New York: Random House.

17. Quine, Willard Van Orman (1970). The Web of Belief. New York: Random House.
18. Quine, Willard Van Orman 1980 (1941). Elementary Logic. Harvard Univ. Press..
19. Quine, Willard Van Orman 1982 (1950). Methods of Logic. Harvard Univ. Press.
20. Quine, Willard Van Orman 1980 (1953). From a Logical Point of View. Harvard Univ.
Press. Contains "Two dogmas of Empiricism."
21. Quine, Willard Van Orman 1976 (1966). The Ways of Paradox. Harvard Univ. Press.
22. Quine, Willard Van Orman 1985 The Time of My Life - An Autobiography. Cambridge,
The MIT Press. 1986: Harvard Univ. Press.
23. Quine, Willard Van Orman 1986 (1970). The Philosophy of Logic. Harvard Univ. Press.
 24. Quine, Willard Van Orman 1992 (1990). Pursuit of Truth. Harvard Univ. Press. A short,
lively synthesis of his thought for advanced students and general readers not fooled by its
simplicity.
25. White, Morton G. (1956), Toward Reunion in Philosophy. Cambridge.

kiTxvebi da davaleba:

1. daaxasiaTeT amerikuli analizuri filosofiis zogadi maxasiaTeblebi

2. SesZlo analizurma filosofiam moenaxa sakuTriv filosofiuri problematika, is areali, romelic
sakuTriv filofosTa sakvlevi iqneboda? daasabuTeT pasuxi. daiyaviT or jgufad-erTi jgufi
analitikosTa poziciidan daicavs pasuxs, meore-daupirispirdeba pozicias.
3. ra niSniT SeiZleba daxasiaTdes “pragmatistuli analizis” frTa?
4. ra aris analizur filosofiaSiMmorisis damsaxureba?
5. ratom principulad ar iziarebs quaini tradiciul filosofiur sqemas?
6. gaanalizeT quainis kontrargumenti, ramdeni Sesdgeba debulebisagan igi?
7. ra aris dasavluri azrovnebis yvelaze didi qimera?
8. ra kavSirTa tipebs aanalizebs Ggudmeni?
9. ra aris gudmenis paradoqsis mizani?
10. aris sakiTxi imis Taobaze, Tu `rogor emagrebian sityvebi samyaros~
daxuruli?
11. ramden da ra saxis diskursis formas gamoyofs morisi?
12. gaanalizeT Carlz morisis analizuri filosofiis versiaSi ganxorcelebuli samyaros semantikis
samganzomilebiani modeli.