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ანალიზური ფილოსოფია
ანალიზური ფილოსოფია
a) zogadi mimoxilva
msoflio filosofiuri azris saganZurSi klasikuri amerikuli filosofia mravali siaxleebiTaa gamorCeuli.
maT Soris gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania amerikeli filosofosebis Senatani filosofosobis
radikalurad axali stils danergvaSi. innovaciebi exeba ara imdenad axali filosofiuri sistemebis
Seqmnas, aramed codnis mTliani korpusis mimarT principulad axali xedvis Camoyalibebas,
filosofiuri principebis sinTezirebis axali gzebis povnas. am mimarTulebiT gamokveTilad liderobs
“analizuri filosofia”, misi mravali saxesxvaobiT.
meoce saukunis dasawyisSi evropidan amerikaSi analizuri filosofiis ideebis imports, mohyva
maTi sruliad axleburi wakiTxva. kontinentze aprobirebuli cnebebi aivso axali sazrisebiT, rasac
sruliad bunebrivad mohyva axali problemebisa da paradoqsebis gaCena. maT gadaWras, Tavis
mxriv, axali poziciebisa da kontrpoziciebis gamovlena moyva. ukve XX saukunis 40-iani wlebidan
“analizuri filosofia” advilad imkvidrebs wamyvan poziciebs amerikul filosofiaSi.
XX saukunis meore naxevris cnobili amerikeli filosofosi riCard rorti statiaSi “filosofia
amerikaSi dRes” aRniSnavs: “miuxedavad imisa, rom aSS-Si filosofosTa umravlesoba analizuri
filosofiis problematikiTaa dakavebuli, amerikul analizur filosofiaSi ar arsebobs saerTo paradigma,
anu ar aris urTierTSeTanxmeba centralurad sakvlev problematikaze” (Rorty:1982. 88).
amerikuli filosofiaSi cnebis “analizuri filosofia” erTmniSvnelovan definicias ver SevxvdebT.
igi aq amorful xasiaTs atarebs. am sivrceSi cnebis identifikaciisaTvis yvelaze morgebuli termini
iqneba “azrovnebis stili”. aq, stili gacilebiTs gacilebiT fared unda gavigoT. igi scdeba fsiqologiur-
sociologiurs. es faqtorebi ver Sekraven dainteresebul da urTierTgagebis mqone diskurs. am
situaciaSi filosofiuri SemoqmedebiToba exmianeba dominantur kognitur kulturas da qmnis myar
tradicias, romelic vlindeba stilSi.
amerikuli analizuri filosofiis zogadi maxasiaTeblebia:
a) racionalizmi. Tanamedrove analitikosi SesaZlebelia iyos materialisti, dualisti, realisti da
antirealisti; mecnierebis apologeti, an misi kritikosi; magram yvela SemTxvevaSi misTvis
miuRebelia iracionaluri elementis prevalireba mkacr argumentaciaze, filosofiis dafuZneba
mistikaze, intuiciaze, esTetikur STagrZnobaze, subieqtur Tanagancdaze, zebunebriv
codnaze.
b) analizuri filosofiisaTvis normaa obieqtivizmi, sagnis kvleva pozitiuri mxridan. analizuri
filosofiis yvelaze cnobili versiebi: “ logikuri atomizmi”, ”logikuri pozitivizmi”,
“pragmatistuli analizi”, ”konceptualuri analizi”, ”fizikalisturi analizi”, ”yofiTi enis
analizi”, warmoadgenen normatul mocemulobaTa Tanamimdevrul realizacias, msjelobis
obieqtivizaciis intersubieqturi meTodebis Ziebas.
g) Tanamedrove argumentaciis teqnikebis floba. analizuri filosofiis kontaqstSi `ena~, farTe
gagebiT aris ganxiluli, rogorc: formaluri ena, bunebrivi ena, Teoriebis ena, magram
argumentaciis meTodebi da teqnologiebi SesaZlebelia iyos da xSirad aris kidec
gansxvavebuli.
d) “analizis ”cnebis qveS igulisxmeba moqmedebis farTe speqtri, romelic moicavs sakiTxis
dasmis sizustes da mkafiobas, terminTa erTmniSvnelovan ganmartebas, gamonaTqvamTa
Soris sazrisTa urTierTdamokidebulebis gansazRvras, msjelobaTa logikurobas da a.S.
argumentaciis teqnikis xelovneba, Tavis mxriv, gulisxmobs mdidar warmosaxvis unars da
mkacr logikur wyobas.
e) analizuri filosofiis stili diskursulia. igi mobiluri, dinamiuri da dialoguria. ufro sokratulia,
vidre platonuri. mTavari instrumenti aq argumentia, romelic urTierTkritikuli debatebis
procesSi TandaTanobiT ixveweba. filosofosi, romelic am sivrceSi muSaobs fasdeba, ara
sqeltaniani monografiebiTa, Tu publikaciaTa siuxviT, aramed debatebSi gamoTqmuli
argumentebis sicxadiTa da siRrmiT.
v) Tavisi bunebiT analizuri filosofia araavtoritarulia. mTavari avtoriteti aq Zlieri argumentia,
xolo liderebs, zepirovnul personebs ar aqvT aq adgili.
z) analizuri filosofiis maxasiaTebelia Riaoba. igi kars uRebs nebismier Tvalsazris,
TviTganaxlebadi procesebi, uwyveti reJimis formatSi, funqcionireben TviTkoreqciuli
meqnizmebis wyalobiT.
T) analizuri filosofia xasiaTdeba problemuri midgomebiT. mis centrSi ar aris metafilosofiuri,
Tu istoriul-filosofiuri aRwerilobani, kulturologiuri, an sxva informacia, aramed problemur
situaciaTa gadaWra.
i) analizuri filosofia indiferentulia TviTrefleqsiis mimarT, farTo speqtris problematikis
mimarT, analizuri teqnologia kargadaa morgebuli viwro konkretuli sakiTxebis gadaWras.
civilizaciuri procesebi, kacobriobis, Tu mecnierebis bedTan dakavSirebuli problemebi
misi interesis sferos gareTaa.
analizuri filosofiis warmoSoba ukavSirdeba TviTdamkvidrebis survils. bunebismecnierebaSi
mimdinare aRmoCenebma, tradiciuli filosofia aiZula daeTmo kosmologiis, ontologiis, fsiqologiis
problemebi. analizuri filosofia, misi mesveurebis azriT, aris filosofia sakuTrivi gagebiT, filosofia
sub specie aeternitatis, romelic gaTavisuflda Teologiuri da literaturuli ritorikidan da miaRwia
profesionalizmis umaRles fazas. mas aqvs pretenzia, rom erTaderTi profesiuli filosofiaa.
filosofias, romelic axali kognituri kulturis pirispir aRmoCnda, mouwia sakuTari sagnis Zieba.
analizur filosofias miaCnia, rom man SesZlo moenaxa sakuTriv filosofiuri problematika,
SemoesazRvra is areali, romelic mxolod filofosTa sakvlevi iqneboda. amiT ganxorcielda
filosofiisaTvis axali sicocxlis STaberva, misi gadarCena. es sfero gaxlavT mecnierebis aparatisa da
konceptualuri safuZvlebis logikur-meTodologiur analizi da bunebrivi enis analizi.
rodesac analizuri filosofiis amerikul versiaze vsaubrobT upirvelesad unda aRiniSnos
analitikosTa e. w. “pragmatuli analizis” frTa (uilard quaini, nelson gudmeni, morTon uaiTi). am
midgomas axasiaTebs: neopozitivizmisa da pragmatizmis ideaTa misadageba codnisa da cdis
gagebebTan, mecnieruli codnis analizis prioritetuloba kvlevisas, mniSvnelobis problemisadmi
gansakuTrebuli interesi, Teoriulsa da empiriuls, analizursa da sinTezurs Soris urTierTmimarTebis
axleburi interpretacia. am inpretaciis gulisguli gaxlavT antifundamentalizmi, anu neopozitivizmis
empiriuli platformis uaryofa. “pragmatuli analizis” amerikulma frTam umniSvnelovanesi roli
iTamaSa logikuri pozitivizmis damfuZnebeli doqtrinebis Signidan afeTqebis saqmeSi.
bunti amerikul filosofiaSi ar aris uCveulo ram. XX saukunis meore naxevris meamboxe
filosofosTa Soris gansakuTrebuli adgili ukavia morTon uaiTs (Morthon G. White 1917-2016). uaiTi
msoflioSi erTerTi uxucesi filosofosi iyo. gardaicvala 99 wlisa da sicocxlis bolomde aqtiur
inteleqtualur saqmianobas eweoda. igi daibada niu-iorkSi. iyo pensilvaniis, kolumbiis, harvardis,
prinstonis universitetebis sapatio profesori. uaiTma brwyinvaled SeTvisa analizuri filosofiis
Tematika da kvlevis procedurebi. UuaiTis wvlili amerikul filosofiaSi ganisazRvreba misi
ganusazRvrelad didi SromiTa da mowadinebiT kontinenturi analizuri filosofiis amerikul
tradiciasTan SeTvisebis gzaze. aseve umniSvnelovanesia misi wvlili filosofiuri teqstebis anTologiis
momzadebisa da gamocemis saqmeSi. igi aris amerikuli socialuri azris kvlevebis erTerTi
fuZemdebeli da holisturi pragmatizmis Teoriis popularizatori.
mTavari debuleba, romelsac efuZneba uaiTis filosofiuri mrwamsi amgvaradaa formulirebuli:
imisaTvis, rom gavxadoT filosofia konstruqciuli, igi unda gavaTavisufloT metafizikisagan.
Aamerikuli filosofiis yvelaze mniSvnelovan tendenciebad uaiTi miiCnevs: analizur filosofias,
pragmatizmsa da empiriul filosofias. D
misi azriT, dasavluri azrovnebis yvelaze didi qimera aris gnoseologiuri safuZvelis erTaderT
uryev da WeSmarit sayrdenad aRiareba. UuaiTis mixedviT, kvlevis istoriuli aspeqtis gazviadebis
mimarTulebiT, erTnairad scodaven pozitivistebica (iumi, konti, mili) da idealistebic (kroCe,
kolingvudi, dilTai). istoriuli modeli, romelsac emyareba maTi Teoriebi, Sedgeba zogadi
kanonebisagan da Tauri winapirobebisagan, rac RirebulebiTi msjelobebis tyveobaSi gvagdebs.
uaiTisaTvis axlosaa e.w. “eqsistencionaluri regularizmis” pozicia. istoriuli wiaRsvlebi iyeneben
eqsplikaciur ganzogadebebs, romelnic Tavis mxriv miiRweva induqciuri gziT. GganzogadebaTa
mniSvneloba damokidebulia garkveul konteqstze, romelic ar aris universaluri da Tavisi xasiaTiT
pragmatulia. UuaiTi cdilobs daicvas liberalizmis poziciebi. Mmagram ara obskurantizmisa da
konservatizmis poziciebidan.
uaiTs miaCnia, rom pragmatizmma, instrumentlizmma, ekonomikurma determinizmma da
iuridiulma realizmma miaRwia yvelaze efeqtur rezultatebs. maT aerTianebT formalizmis
ukiduresobaTa mimarT mkveTrad negatiuri damokidebuleba da realobasTan, imasTan rac cxovrobs
da viTardeba, uwyveti kontaqtis aucileblobis gacnobiereba.
istoriografis mTavari mizani unda iyos moralizmisa da esTetizmi-sagan gaTavisufleba. istoria
aris xangrZglivi Txroba adamianTa wamowyebebaTa bedisweris Sesaxeb. istoria mxolod erTaderTi
gagebiT SesaZlebelia iyos marTebuli, Tuki dagvexmareba momavlis kontrolirebasa da awmyos
ganmartebaSi.
socialuri konfliqtebi xels uwyoben formalizmis kritikis gacxovelebas. BbrZolam formalizmis
winaaRmdeg gaaerTiana ramodenime doqtrina. Mam viTarebam naTlad warmoaCinea WeSmariti
moralis filosofiis arsebobis aucilebloba. uaiTisaTvis umniSvnelovanesia eTikuri faqtoris arseboba.
igi Tvlis, rom WeSmaritebis Zieba yovelTvis eTikuri motivebiTaa ganpirobebuli. analizuri filosofiis
saukuneSi momxdari tragikuli ganxeTqileba tradiciulad eTikurad orientirebul pragmatizmsa da
analizur filosofias Sris SesaZlebelia daZleul iqnes. gamokvlevaSi “win, gaerTianebisaken
filosofiaSi” (Towards Reunion in Philosophy”) filosofosi amtkicebs, rom filosofiis gaerTianeba
udris ontologiis, logikisa da eTikis gaerTianebas.
1985 wels gamodis wigni `post analizuri filosofia~. masSi warmodgenilia yvela im avtoris
naSromi, romelic 50-80-ian wlebSi axali ideebis generatorebad gvevlineba. maT Soris arian:
devidsoni, patnami, kuni, rorti, danto, blumi, roulzi, skenloni, uolini, hakingi (Post analytical
philosophy: 1985. 19).
ra sazrisi matarebelia windebuli `posti~? upirvelesad masSi warmoCenilia metafilosofiuri
ganazreba tradiciuli memkvidreobis nawilebis SenarCuneba-ugulvebelyofis Sesaxeb.
analiziuri filosofiis avangardSi myof hilari patnams (Hillary Putnam 1926-1996) miaCnda,
rom empirizmi Sinaganad metafizikuria. xolo, freges, raselis, karnapis da adreuli viTgenStainis
mcdelobebs XX saukunis filosofiis istoriaSi uwodeben `Tavdasxmebs metafizikis winaaRmdeg~.
sinamdvileSi isini warmoadgenen yvelaze originalur, Rrma da teqnikurad brwyinvaled Sesrulebul
metafizikuri sistemebis kontruqciebs. miuxedavad maTi marcxisa, maT nangrevebze daibada
simboluri logika, Tanamedrove enis Teoriis mniSvnelovani nawili da Tanamedrove kognituri
mecnierebis nawili~ (Putnam : 1985. 29).
neopozitivistebs umeteswilad adardebdaT ara enis sakiTxebi, aramed is, Tu `rogor ebmian
sityvebi samyaros~, ra mimarTebaSia Cveni proeqciebi (projects) `samyaros aRkazmvasTan~
(furniture of the Universe). postpozitivisturi analizuri filosofia agrZelebs am metafizikur proeqts.
patnams miaCnia, rom miuxedavad analizuri filosofiis ueWveli miRwevebisa, unda vaRiaroT, rom
es miRwevebi negatiurni arian. logikuri pozitivizmis msgavsad, analizurma filosofiam daangria is
sawyisi Senoba, saidanac daiwyo svla. patnemis kritikas ver uZlebs diuis pretenzia, rom mxolod mis
sistemas aqvs filosofiis statusi. `samyaros aRkazmvisa~ da problemebis gadasaWris moqnili da
daxvewili gzebis povnis miseuli mcdelobebi amaoa. es mignebebi absoluturad uinteresoa
samyarosaTvis. pantemis azriT, Seqmnili situaciis paradoqsulobam Tavi iCina zustad maSin,
rodesac analizuri filosofia msoflio filosofiurma azrma aRiara `gabatonebul mimdinareobad”. igi
myisierad aRmoCnda sakuTari proeqtis CixSi (Putnam : 1985.28).
maS ras unda miapyros mzera filosofosma `empirizmis gareSe STenil samyaroSi~? patnami
martivad pasuxobs - filosofosisaTvis mTavaria yoveldRiuroba, ganuyofeli samyaro, Lebenswelt-i.
is, razec laparakobda gviandeli huserli da viTgenStaini, ostini da gudmeni. is, rac ar saWiroebs
verifikacias, da arc WeSmaritebas.
igi Tvlis, rom kategorias `WeSmariteba~, romelsac usazRvro tanjva moaqvs
filosofosisaTvis, upriania Caenacvlos cneba `vargisianoba~, `morgebuloba~ (fitness).
erTi sityviT, patnami gvTavazobs `Zveli droebisaken~, jemzisa da diuisken mibrunebas.
misTvis miuRebelia filosofiis transformireba sofisturi tipis enobriv savarjiSoebad.
post analitikosebis uaxloves samiznes warmoadgens analizuri filosofia, kritikis Soreuli
obieqti ki - kanti da kantianuri filosofiuri dogmebis mqone diqotomiebi da demarkaciebia.
empirzmisa da epistemologizmis kantianuri dogmebis garda unda aRmoifxvras mecnierebas,
moralsa da xelovnebas Soris arsebuli ufskruli. analizurma filosofiam ver moaxerxa faqtisa da enis
gansxvavebis dasabuTeba, ver monaxa gansxvavebuli enobrivi karkasebis TanabarzomierebaTa
kriteriumebi.
Tanamedrove amerikuli filosofiuri azri uaryofs demarkacias. es tendencia aisaxa
antidisciplinarizmSi. igi disciplinaTSorisisagan gansxvavdeba imiT, rom am velze iqmneba
amalgamebi: filosofiur – literaturuli Teoria, filosofia – mecnierebis istoria, filosofiur – moralur-
sazogadoebrivi debatebi, enis filosofia – filosofiuri anTropologia da sxva. gansakuTrebulad
intensiurad ifuZnebs Tavs amalagma filosofia – literatura. igi mWidrod ukavSirdeba `axal literaturul
kritikaSi~ mimdinare procesebs, romlebic Tavis mxriv franguli struqturalizmis, poststruqturalizmis
da postmodernizmis gavlenas ganicdian. teqstis hermenevtikuri interpretaciis taqtikis gamoyenebiT
literaturis Teoretikosebi aanalizeben ara oden poetis mecnierul fantastikas, aramed samedicino
receptebsa da filosofiur nawerebsac. am strategiam daainteresa zogierTi amerikeli filosofosi. maTi
azriT, literaturis Teoretikosebi arsebiTad igive sakiTxebze fiqroben da davoben, razec filosofosebi:
esaa realizmi da relativizmi, mniSvneloba da referencia da a.S. deridas Teziss `teqstis gareT araferi
arsebobs~ da `konceptualuri karkasebis~ Teorias Soris bevria saerTo. am talRaze iqmneba xedva,
romelic filosofias literaturis Janrad miiCnevs. erT-erTi amgvari midgoma ganxorcielebulia arTur
dantos (Arthur Danto-1924-1993) mier SemoTavazebul modelSi. statiaSi `filosofia, rogorc / da /
literatura, literaturis filosofia~, aqcentirebulia, filosofiis specifikuri rakursi, romelic didi xnis
ganmavlobaSi ugulvebelyofili iyo. saqme exeba im viTarebis gaazrebas, rom filosofia literaturuli
Janricaa. aq saqme exeba araliteraturul formas, romelsac platonidan moyolebuli didi yuradReba
eTmoboda. danto gulixsmobs metafilosofiur materiebs. `filosofiis – rogorc literaturis~ da `filosofiis
– rogorc mecnierebis~ saxeebis Sejerebasa da Sepirispirebas. profesiuli analizuri filosofia ar
aigivebda Tavs mecnierebasTan, igi mudam midrekili iyo `filosofia – rogorc mecniereba~ saxisken.
aqedan gamomdinareobs misi distanciuri damokidebuleba Tavisufali, mkacri CarCoebisagan daclili
humanitariis mimarT. dRes `dekonstruqtivizmis sadizmis~ (dantos terminologia) pirispir darCenili,
igi Tavs advilad mowyvladad grZnobs (Danto:1985.64).
`filosofiis – rogorc literaturis~ saxis miReba gamoiwvevs WeSmaritebisa da referenciis
Sesaxeb diskusiebis srulad axal sibrtyeSi – teqstisa da teqstis momxmareblis sibrtyeSi gadatanas.
danto ar eTanxmeba deridas da sxva dekonstruqtivistebs. literatura araa TviTkmari. teqstebis
mxolod teqstebTan Sejereba ar xdeba. dantos miaCnia, rom mkiTxvelTa sazogadoeba ontologiurad
pirveladi cnebaa. `filosofiurma midgomam~ literaturisa da realobis Sejerebis mimarT, SesaZlebelia
gadaaqcios filosofia–rogorc literatura imad, radac odesRac iyo filosofia – rogorc WeSmariteba~
(Danto:1985.68).
unda aRiniSnos, rom amerikeli post analitikosebi avlenen interess post modernistebis,
struqturalistebis, hermenevtikosebis ideebis mimarT, imavdroulad maTgan distancirebas cdiloben;
isini upiratesobas aniWeben `amerikuli aqcentiT~ saubars, ideur sayrdenebs eZeben umal quainTan
da devidsonTan, vidre frangul post modernizmSi-deridasTan, yuradRebiT eZeben magaliTebs
sakuTar kulturul memkvidreobaSi. isini gvTavazoben mivmarToT analizur filosofiamdel `filosofiis
- rogorc literaturis~ amerikul fesvebs, romelic `profesiulma~ filosofiam gaTela. emersonis, Toros,
amerikeli pragmatistebis naSromebSi asaxulia filosofiis mobruneba `gamocdilebis srulyofilebis~,
sinamdvilis moralur-esTetikuri gancdisaken. dantos azriT, yovelive saukeTeso, rac ki Seuqmnia
amerikul azris aqaa, maTi ideebi amerikelTa mentalobasTan gacilebiT ufro axlosaa, vidre
haidegeris, viTgenStainis, Tu sxva evropeli avtorebisa.
post analizuri filosofia agebulia wanamZRvarze, rom empirizmis kraxi absoluturi faqtia,
romelic ar eqvemdebareba reinterpretaciasa da revizias. am viTarebiT fiqsirdeba racionalizmis
avtoritetis kraxi.
post analitikosebs miaCniaT, rom miuxedavad maTi mcdelobebisa amerikul filosofiaSi jer
kidev ar aris daxuruli rigi sakiTxebisa: Tu `rogor emagrebian sityvebi samyaros~, enis bunebis,
cnobierebis, bunebis, sinamdvilis da a.S. ucnobia, Tu ra mimarTulebiT warimarTeba diskusiebi,
magram am velze maTi ganviTarebis veqtorebi bevrad iqneba damokidebuli axali samecniero
faqtebis gaxsnaze, biologiis, biosamedicino da socialuris sferoSi momaval aRmoCenebze.
identifikatorebis mier xdeba ukve aRniSnuli obieqtebis lokalizebas drosa da sivrceSi. NniSnebi
gansxvavdebian ara oden aRniSvnis ragvarobiT. safuZvlad SesaZlebelia gamoyenebul iqnes
gamoyenebis ragvarobac. morisis mixedviT arsebobs gamoyenebisMminimum oTxi xerxi:
informatuli, RirebulebiTi, mastimulirebeli, masistematizirebeli. Ggamoyenebis garkveuli
ragvaroba garkveul xerxTanaa mimarTebaSi. MmagaliTad, garkveul designatorebs viyenebT
informaciisaTvis, preskriptorebi saWiroa rogorc stimulebi da a.S. maT Soris tolobis niSnis dasma
ar SeiZleba. ar aris rTuli miviRoT informacia A Sefasebidan “ mariami kargia” (Morris:
1964.233). moriss sailustraciod mohyavs magaliTi, romelic naTlad gviCvenebs gansxvavebas
niSanTa tipebsa da maTi gamoyenebis xerxebs Soris. Zrava, romelic benzinze muSaobs
gansxvavdeba Zravisgan, romelic muSaobs orTqlze, ara mxolod konstruqciiT, aramed
funqcionirebis ragvarobiT. Yyvela Zravas aqvs iseTi funqciebi, romelTac SesaZloa vuwodoT
ZiriTadi. Tumca gansakuTrebul SemTxvevaSi, erTs SeuZlia Seasrulos meores funqcia.
Aamgvarad, niSanTa aRniSvnis da gamoyenebis kombinirebiT morisi gvTavazobs
gansxvavebuli tipis diskursTa klasifikacias. Mmorisiseuli diskursis Teqvsmeti tipi axasiaTebs
semiotikas rogorc enis zogad mecnierebas. semiotikuri distinqciebi metafizikuri xasiaTs ar
atareben. isini operatulni arian im azriT, rom ageben erTgvarad mowesrigebul sivrces uricxvi
diskursuli formebis samyaroSi.
calke SevCerdeT niSanTa iseT tipze, romelsac uwodeben ikonur niSans. mkvlevarebi, maT
Soris morisi, ikonurs niSnis kerZo saxed acxadeben. es sakiTxi eqsplicirebulia morisis
gamokvlevaSi `mniSvneloba da mniSvneladoba.” morisis mixedviT ikonuri niSani aRniSnavs
sakuTari Tvisebebis mqone obieqts, es is SemTxvevaa, rodesac obieqti Tavis Tavs Tavadve
axasiaTebs. ikonuri niSani moicavs yvela im Tvisebas, romelic aRsaniSn sagans aqvs.
moris mohyavs kentavris magaliTi. kentavris naxati gamoxatavs garkveuli saxis cxovels,
romelsac garkveuli saxis sxeuli da Tavi aqvs. mayurebelma SeiZleba CaTvalos, rom amgvari
cxoveli an arsebobs, an ara. moriss SeiZleba daveTanxmoT iq, sadac igi asabuTebs, rom
niSanma unda mianiWos mniSvneloba, gamoxatos raime, anu niSans unda hqondes signifikaciis
Tviseba, magram srulebiTac araa aucilebeli, rom igi iyos raRaca realurad arsebulis aRmniSvneli.
`raRaca niSania~ - sruliadac ar niSnavs am sagnis arsebobis mtkicebulebas. daxatul kentavrs
SeuZlia gamoxatos da aRniSnos raRaca arseba, magram niSans srulebiTac ar aineteresebs
sinamdvileSi arsebobs Tu ara kentavri.
ikonuroba, morisis mixedviT, niSnobis xarisxis donea. misi umdablesi zRvari iZebneba iq,
sadac niSanmatarebels araviTari saerTo ara aqvs mis SesaZlo aRsaniSnTan (vTqvaT sityva
“jvari~, roca igi ixmareba jvarcmis mniSvnelobiT); niSnobis umaRlesi done vlindeba maSin,
rodesac niSani gadmoscems im sagnis yvela Tvisebas, romelsac aRniSnavs. vTqvaT, kentavris
naxatis reproduqcia originalis ikonuri niSani gaxdeba maSin, rodesac aRmqmeli moaxdens misi,
rogorc originalis niSnis interpretacias. ikonuri niSnis sxva magaliTebia: fotografia, asli, portreti.
adamianis saxis foto ikonuri niSania.
aqve mokled unda iTqvas e.w. `mxatvrul niSanze~. xelovnebaSi niSnebi atareben ara pirobiT,
aramed ikonur, gamomsaxvelobiT xasiaTs; gansxvavebiT enobrivi niSnebisagan, mxatvruli
niSnebi igeba gamoxatvisa da Sinaarsis planebs Soris ganpirobebuli kavSiris principiT. amitom
Zneldeba am ori planis gamoyofa. mxatvruli niSani axdens Tavisi mniSvnelobis modelirebas. es
gamomdinareobs iqidan, rom xelovneba, kerZod literatura, laparakobs gansakuTrebul enaze,
romelic bunebriv enas daeSeneba, anu igi bunebrivi enis zednaSenia. xelovneba meoradi
modelirebuli sistemaa. mis safuZvelSi Zevs bunebrivi ena. mxatvruli niSnis cneba SeiZleba
mxolod funqcionaluri xasiaTis iyos, iseve, rogorc, vTqvaT, religiuri niSani, samarTlebrivi niSani
da a.S. igi, situaciis mixedviT, aRniSnavs gansxvavebul mimarTebebs obieqtsa (xelovnebis
nawarmoebi) da subieqts Soris (mxatvari da auditoria). mxatvruli niSnis cneba SesaZloa
gamoviyenoT im realobis aRsaniSnad, romelic Tavs iCens ara xelovnebis sagnobriv yofierebaSi,
aramed misi funqcionirebisas. amgvarad, igi misi funqcionirebisaTvisac aucilebel pirobad
isaxeba.
pirovnebas, wers morisi, romelsac SeuZlia dainaxos mTeli niSnobrivi fenomenebi semiotikuri
rakursidan, xelewifeba kulturis moxelTeba misi niSnobrivi mravalferovnebiT. adamiani
Ddabadebidan vidre sikvdilamde, yovelwamierad imyofeba niSanTa garemocvaSi. maTSi
CarTulobis gareSe SeuZlebelia nabijis gadadgmac ki, araTu dasaxuli amocanis gadawyveta, an
miznis miRweva. DdiskursTa tipebTan, maT funqciebsa da gamoyenebasTan gacnobierebuli
damokidebuleba, adamians xels uwyobs Tavidan aicilos sxvadasxva manipulirebebi da daicvas
sakuTari cnobierebisa da qcevis avtonomiuroba.
literatura:
10. Morris, Charles W. Logical Positivism, Pragmatism and Scientific Empiricism. I ed.
17. Quine, Willard Van Orman (1970). The Web of Belief. New York: Random House.
18. Quine, Willard Van Orman 1980 (1941). Elementary Logic. Harvard Univ. Press..
19. Quine, Willard Van Orman 1982 (1950). Methods of Logic. Harvard Univ. Press.
20. Quine, Willard Van Orman 1980 (1953). From a Logical Point of View. Harvard Univ.
Press. Contains "Two dogmas of Empiricism."
21. Quine, Willard Van Orman 1976 (1966). The Ways of Paradox. Harvard Univ. Press.
22. Quine, Willard Van Orman 1985 The Time of My Life - An Autobiography. Cambridge,
The MIT Press. 1986: Harvard Univ. Press.
23. Quine, Willard Van Orman 1986 (1970). The Philosophy of Logic. Harvard Univ. Press.
24. Quine, Willard Van Orman 1992 (1990). Pursuit of Truth. Harvard Univ. Press. A short,
lively synthesis of his thought for advanced students and general readers not fooled by its
simplicity.
25. White, Morton G. (1956), Toward Reunion in Philosophy. Cambridge.
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