Structural engineering – An Overview

By
Dr. S. Justin
Chief Engineering Manager
Health & Leisure – Structural
L&T – Construction – B&F (CB&A) - EDRC

GET & PGET Orientation

GOD HATH DONE EVERYTHING BEAUTIFUL IN HIS TIME

 Outline of Presentation

 What is Structural Engineering?

 Structural Material
 Structural General Behavior
 Structural Elements and Its Behavior
 Loads on Structures
 Structural Analysis and Design – Overview
 Preliminary dimensioning of Structural Element
 Inter-Discipline Coordination – Structural Aspect

Structural engineering – An Overview 2

 What is Structural Engineering?
Analysis and Design of Structures to
ensure Safety, Stability, Durability,
Functionality, Maintainable and
Economical.
If a structure was a human body then
the architect would be concerned with
the body shape and appearance, and
the structural engineer would be
concerned with the skeleton and
Muscular strength

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 What is Structural Engineering?

Structural engineering – An Overview 4

 Structural Material - Concrete

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 Structural Material - Steel

Rebar Steel, Bar Coupler

Structural Steel

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 Structural Material – Post Tensioning
PT Strand
Casting
Anchor Block
Wedges
Duct

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 Structural Material – Shuttering
MIVAN Alu Formwork
Table Formwork
Slip Jump Formwork

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 Overall Structural Design Process

 Conception

 Modeling

 Analysis

 Design

 Detailing

 Drafting

 Costing

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Overall Structural Behavior – Safety & Serviceability

Safety: A structure must carry the expected loads without collapsing

as a whole and without any part of it collapsing
It depends upon Assessing Correct Load and Strength of material

Serviceability: A structure must be designed in such a way that it

deflection, crack width and vibration within permissible limit.

Structural Frequent Term: Force, Reaction, Stress, Moment

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Overall Structural Behavior – Gravity Load

Frame

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 Overall Structural Behavior – Lateral Load

Braced Frame Infilled Frame Rigid Joints

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 Overall Structural Behavior - Strength
- Ability to withstand a given stress without failure
- Depends upon the Type of material

Tensile Failure Compressive Failure Shear Failure

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 Overall Structural Behavior– Stiffness (Rigidity)
T Displacement
Force
DL

- Property Related to Deformation

- Stiffer structural elements deform
less under the same applied load
Lo - Depends E, Length, Shape

Axial Stiffness Bending Stiffness

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 Structural Element and Behavior - Foundation

Transfer of load from structure to Ground Soil – Footing, Raft, Pile

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 Structural Element and Behavior - Column

Vertical Element - Subjected to Compression and Bending

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 Structural Element and Behavior - Beam
Loads

Compression

Tension

Strength – Bending & Shear; Serviceability- Deflection & Crack width

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 Structural Element and Behavior - Beam

Simply Supported, Cantilever, Continuous Beam

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 Structural Element – Roof Slab

Conv. Slab, Flat slab, Flat Plate, Grid Slab, Folded Plate, Shell

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 Structural Element – Roof Slab

Various pattern of Load Transfer Path in Roof Slab

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 Structural Element – Wall
Boundary wall (RR/
BM/ RC/ RE)
RC Basement Wall
and Retaining Wall
Shear Wall

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 Structural Element and Behavior – Structural Steel
Truss: Triangular Units with straight members subjected to
nodal/joint forces, All members subjected to axial force only.
C

T C
C

T
Forces in Members

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 Structural Element – Composite section
Composite Deck Slab
Column, shear wall

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 Structural Element – Post Tensioning

PT Slab PT Beam

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 Structural Element – Precast
Cost effective, More quality and Time saving but Deficient in Expert,
Non Standard element size, improper Joint Detailing, Inadequate IS
code, Minimum Production Plant, Transportation & Erection difficulty,

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 Structural Element – Precast

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 Structural Behavior – Arch action
Pure Compression & Lateral Thrust, Span
large area by resolving forces into
compressive stresses and eliminating
Tensile stress

Arch

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 Structural Load
Dead/ Dead Imposed Load – Self Weight of Structure, Wall Load,
Heavy Equipment Load – Immovable Load
Live Load – People, Furniture, Equipment – Movable Load
Seismic Load (Earth quake) – Based on Location, Seismograph,
Structural system, Importance of building, Type of detailing
Wind Load – based on Terrain, Height, Topology
Thermal Load – Temperature Rise & Fall
Dynamic load – Moving Load, Vibration, Impact
Soil Earth Pressure and Water Pressure
Other Specific load – Snow, Settlement, Shrinkage, Creep,

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Structural Analysis and Design – To Start with

 Study of Master Plan

 Survey Report Review
 Geotechnical Report Review
 Design Basis Report
 Discussion with All Services
 Preparation of Scheme Drawing
 Peer Review
 Detail Engineering with Quantification

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Structural Analysis and Design – Scheme Preparation

 Study of Architectural Drawing

 Analyze Structural Criticality
Locate the Columns, Core Wall and Beams Layout
Structural Feasibility and Behavior
Arch & Service Requirement
Cost (Quantity) Effectiveness
Construction Easiness
 Preliminary Dimension of all Structural Element

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 Structural Analysis and Design – Basic of Analysis

Structural analysis is to evaluate the external reactions, the

deformed shape and internal stresses (BM, SF) in the structure.

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 Structural Analysis and Design – Process
Use of Software such as STAAD Pro, ETABS, SAFE, SAP, etc.,
 Structural Modal should Resemble the actual Modal
- Geometry Creation (Floor Plan and Elevation)
- Material & Member Property (Dimension of Element)
- Loading and Support Conditions
- Verification of Modal (Input)
- Analysis
- Verification of Result (Output)
- Design
- Detailing (It should reflect the assumption made in Analysis)

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Structural Analysis and Design – Basic IS Codes
 Loading -> IS 875s, IS 1893, IRC
 Design -> IS 456, IS 800, IS 1343, IS 1905
 Foundation -> IS 1904, IS 2911 , IS 2950,
 Detailing -> SP 34, IS 13920

Other Important International Codes

 BS 8110, BS 5950, BS 6399, Eurocodes
 ACI 318, IBC (UBC)

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 Basic Structural Quantity - Optimize
 Structural Quantity is depends upon the following Parameters
Type of Building (Hospital, Malls, IT Park, Residential etc.,)
Type of Structural System (Conventional RC Slab beam, Flat
slab, PT slab, Grid floor, Structural Steel, Composite Str)
Type of Loading (Seismic Zone, Wind Load, Machine Load)
No of Story, Grid Size
Basement Structure, Atrium, Canopy
Service Req (Pipe rack, External works, Plant room etc)
Type of Foundation (Footing, Raft, Pile)
Elevation features

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 Preliminary Dimension of Structural Element

 Average Loading IT Blg – 16 kN/m2 ; Hospital - 20 kN/m2

Foundation - Plan Area = Approx unfac. Axial Load x 1.2/ SBC
Thickness = Cantilever Span / 7 + 50 mm &
Factored Axial Load/(column Perimeter x 1.37)
 Column –No of Storey, Grid dimesion, Column Ht, Loading
Column c/s = No of storey x Grid area x 20 kN/sqm / 25
 Shear Wall - 150 to 300 mm based on Axial, Flexure & Shear
Beam - Width b = Generally 300mm (L<6m), 350mm (6<L<9)
Depth d = SS – L/20+50, Con- L/26+50, Cant- L/7+50

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 Preliminary Dimension of Structural Element

RC Conv. Slab – One way slab same as beam (with increase

ratio by 4 and reduce cover), Two way Slab – Shorter Span/ 35 + 25

 RC Flat Slab - Longer Span / 35 + 25

RC Flat Plate - Longer Span / 30 + 25

 PT Flat Slab - Longer Span / 50 + 25

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Interdisciplinary Structural Coordination - Architect

 Understanding Architect Concept and its Design Intend, not to

deviate
 Review Floor Plan & RCP to finalize Location and Dimension of
structural element
 FGL, NGL, FFL and FRL verification
 Staircase system - architect requirement
 Façade fixing system and BMU requirement
 Brick wall Mullion system if longer wall

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 Interdisciplinary Structural Coordination - HVAC

 Cooling tower & Chiller Plant supporting System

 Basement Ventilation System
 AHU and FAN Pedestals
 Size and Location of HVAC Shaft
HVAC (Supply and Return Air) Duct size and layout coordinate
with Beam layout

Structural engineering – An Overview 38

Interdisciplinary Structural Coordination - Electrical

 Transformer, DG and Stack supporting System

 Concealed or Open Conduit system
 Electrical Tray supporting systems
 HSD Tank, Electrical Cable Trench,
 Lift Machine Room and Shaft requirements
 RMU, Substation Building

Structural engineering – An Overview 39

 Interdisciplinary Structural Coordination - PHE

 Terrace and Podium Slab Water Drainage (Screed)

 Storm water Drainage System
 Sub Surface Drainage System
 STP & WTP Structural System
 Sump and Water Tank Requirements
 Terrace, Toilet, Landscape, Tank and Basement Water proofing
 Waste disposal System
 Pressure Pipe supporting System

Structural engineering – An Overview 40

 Interdisciplinary Structural Coordination - FPS

 Staircase Pressurization
 Fire water Tank and Sump & Pump room
 Fire Compartmentalization
 Refuge Area in Multi storey Building

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Interdisciplinary Structural Coordination - Geotech

 Type of Soil strata from BH and Trial Pit

 SBC and Subgrade Modulus of Soil
 Type of foundation (Footing, Raft and Pile)
 Soil Excavation and Various Shoring System
 Dewatering Scheme
Pavement Design


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Interdisciplinary Structural Coordination - Others

 NBC and Local body Statutory Requirements

 Elevated pipe rack system for all services if any
 Project Specific Requirement such as Hospital project LINAC,
Medical Equipment and its Piping
 Construction Friendliness
 Quantity Reconciliation (Tener Vs Actual)
 Coordination with External Consultant and Vendor


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 Discussion & Interaction

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 Quality, Quantity & Timely Delivery -> Design Preference

WINNING DOESN'T ALWAYS MEAN BEING FIRST, WINNING MEANS YOU'RE DOING BETTER
THAN YOU'VE DONE BEFORE - BONNIE BLAIR