HYDROGEN AND HELIUM SPECTRA IN LARGE

MAGNETIC FIELDS

R. H. G A R S T A N G and S. B. KEMIC
Joint Institute .for Laboratory Astrophysics, University of Colorado and National Bureau
of Standards; and Dept. of Physics and Astrophysics, University of Colorado,
Boulder, Colo., U.S.A.

(Received 24 March, 1974)

Abstract. The energy levels and wave functions of hydrogen and helium atoms in the presence of large
(~ 107 G) magnetic fields are found by assuming that the eigenvalues and eigenvectors may be
approximated by those of a truncated Hamiltonian matrix. In these atoms, fields of this size produce, in
addition to the usual Paschen-Back effect, a quadratic Zeeman effect. This contributes an upward
shift to the energy of all levels, which at sufficiently high fields dominates the Paschen-Back splitting.
The behavior of a number of eigenvalues and wave functions as a function of magnetic field is pre-
sented. The effects of the field on the wavelengths and strengths of the components of H8 and the
helium lines 22 4471, 4026 and 4120 as well as the forbidden .~4025 are examined. In hydrogen the
lines are split into components attributed to the now nondegenerate transitions nlmz-7"-n'Fm'~. In
helium forbidden lines are excited, which may develop strengths larger than those of the allowed lines.

1. Introduction

K e m p et al. (1970) reported the first indication o f large (106-108 G) magnetic fields in
white d w a r f stars. Such fields have subsequently been found in several white dwarfs,
all showing peculiar spectra, the natures o f which are not presently understood. It is
certainly possible that the origin of these spectra is linked to the magnetic field. I n
order to investigate this possibility, it is necessary to understand the effect o f a large
magnetic field on the spectrum o f an individual atom.
A t o m s in the presence o f fields o f this size are subject not only to the usual linear
Zeeman effect but also to the quadratic or diamagnetic Zeeman effect. This effect,
which arises f r o m the term in the atomic Hamiltonian quadratic in the vector
potential, is u n i m p o r t a n t at lower values o f the field due to the smallness o f the
coupling constant.
Theoretical calculations of this effect to date fall largely into two classes: those (e.g.,
Schiff and Snyder, 1939; Preston, 1970) employing perturbation theory techniques and
those (e.g., Smith et al., 1972; Praddaude, 1972) using more accurate numerical
methods such as variational calculations. The validity o f the former approach breaks
d o w n at fields above a few million gauss for all but the lowest states o f an atom, hence
this treatment is n o t applicable over most o f the range o f interest. The latter calcula-
tions, whiIe yielding accurate eigenvalues even for fields above l0 s G, have to date
been performed for only a limited number o f low-lying states o f hydrogen and ionized
helium. In the prediction o f stellar spectral features, it is necessary to find eigenvalues

Astrophysics and Space Science 31 (1974) 103-115. All Rights Reserved

Copyright 9 1974 by D. Reidel Publishing Company, Dordrecht-Holland
104 R . H . GARSTANO AND S. B. KEMIC

for a large number of states at a variety of field strengths, making a time-consuming

calculation by a method of this type undesirable. The variation of the magnetic field
over the surface of a star leads to large broadening of the line profiles. This renders the
profile insensitive to small variations in the individual eigenvalues and makes the de-
gree of accuracy provided by these calculations unnecessary.
Here we wish to consider the effects of a large magnetic field on the spectra of hydro-
gen and helium atoms. In this work the energy eigenvalues will be approximated by
those of a truncated Hamiltonian matrix. While this method will yield sufficiently
accurate results for a larger range of fields than first order perturbation theory, it is
still computationally fast enough to facilitate the calculation of the large number of
cases needed for application to the astrophysical problem.
Previous results for calculations of this type for helium have been reportedelsewhere
(Garstang and Kemic, 1972). Here we briefly develop the theory as it applies to the
hydrogen atom. Numerical results for hydrogen as well as additional helium results
will be presented.
2. Calculations

For the range of magnetic fields under consideration a complete Paschen-Back effect
occurs in hydrogen. In this case we may neglect spin in the Hamiltonian without
affecting the resulting spectrum. The Hamiltonian describing a hydrogen atom in the
presence of an external magnetic field taken to be constant over the orbit of the elec-
tron is then
p2 ez eB e2B 2
-- - -- + /~ + r 2 sin 2 0, (i)
H = 2m r 2-mmc

where lz is the operator for the component of angular momentum along the field, B is
the magnitude of the field and r and 0 are the usual polar coordinates in a system whose
polar axis is taken along B.
We wish to consider the matrix of this Hamiltonian with respect to the basis vectors
[nlml). This matrix has the form
( eB ) e2B 2
H~j = E~ + ~-mmcmt 5,~ + ~ H~., (2)

where the E~ are the unperturbed energies of the atom and where
H~ = <nlmti r2 sin z 0 In'I'm't>. (3)
Here the unprimed quantum numbers refer to the state i; the primed quantum numbers
to the state j.
It is convenient at this point to introduce the spherical harmonic tensor operators
C~(k) of Racah (1942). In terms of the usual spherical harmonics
/
c~")= ~/2~--f Y~.(o,~). (4)
 HYDROGEN AND HELIUM SPECTRA IN LARGE MAGNETIC FIELDS 105

Equation (3) may be written

H ,j.~ = ](lm, I C~o~ - C~o2) ]l 'm'L)o'(nl; n'l'), (5)

where
oo

a(nl; n'l') = lrZP, lP,,e dr (6)

0

in terms of the usual radial wave functions.

Because the perturbation is axially symmetric, the angular part of (5) will vanish
unless rn~= rn~. The problem is now reduced to one of calculating matrix elements of
the form (lmz[ C~ok> [l'm~) for k = 0, 2. This matrix element is readily expressed in terms
of 3j symbols (Rotenberg et al., 1959),
(lm,l CCok> ll'm,> = (-1)m,[(21 + 1)(2/' + I)] ~/2 •

x -mz 0 mJ\O 0 " (7)

We may now evaluate the 3j symbols (Edmonds, 1960) to obtain the final form of the
matrix elements,

2( 3m2-1(I+ l~)),:r(nl; n'l'), l'=1 (8a)

~r~ = 5 1 + ( 2 1 + 3 ) ( 2 l -

Hg. = [(l< + m, + 2)(l< + rn, + 1)(l< - m, + 2)(l< - m, + 1)] 1/2

'J ~ -(if< ~ - - 5 - ) ( ~ T3)-~2-~< + 1) ~ x
• o(nl; n'l'), l' = l + 2 (8b)
Hg.+~= 0, otherwise. (8c)
In (Sb) l< is the lesser of l and l'.
The radial matrix element for hydrogen may be calculated exactly by evaluating
the integral in (6). For the helium results to be discussed, the matrix elements were
calculated in the Coulomb approximation (Garstang and Kemic, 1972). These matrix
elements are such that mixing occurs between states of all values of n and n', making
the matrix H~ of infinite order.
It was then assumed that the eigenvalues and eigenvectors of Hij could be approxi-
mated by those of the matrix obtained by truncating H~j above some cutoff value, no,
of the principal quantum number. The value of nc to be used may be determined by
requiring a specific rate of convergence of a particular eigenvalue as additional states
are added to the matrix. In practice there is usually a point beyond which the addition
of more states has little effect on the eigenvalue of interest. In the present work on
hydrogen a cutoff of n~ = 9 was used.
The use of a hydrogenic set of basis functions does not allow for mixing with con-
tinuum states. As a result, the eigenvalues of the truncated matrices may not converge
to the true eigenvalues as nc -+ 0% but rather to an upper bound to the true eigenvalue.
106 R. H. GARSTANG AND S. B. KEMIC

Ira order to have an idea of the uncertainty in the eigenvalues computed by this method,
lower bounds to these eigenvalues for hydrogen were calculated using the method of
intermediate Hamiltonians (Bazley, 1960; Bazley and Fox, 1961). Based on a com-
parison using these lower bounds, we expect uncertainties on the order of 5 cm -~ at a
field of 107 G for the n = 5 eigenvalues. These uncertainties are about I or 2% of the
quadratic Zeeman shifts of these states.
The width of spectral features formed in the atmosphere of a magnetic white dwarf
will be determined by broadening due to the nonuniformity of the surface field and
will be of the same order of magnitude as the total shifts. This being the case, these
profiles will be relatively insensitive to eigenvalue uncertainties of the size generated
here.
Edmonds (1973) calculated hydrogen eigenvalues using a somewhat similar trunca-
tion procedure with the basic functions taken to be Sturmians rather than the hydro-
genic functions used here. The use of this basis allowed for mixing with continuum
states. Comparison of his results with those of the present calculation at a field of 107 G
shows agreement to within an average of about 1 cm -~ for n = 5 and 6 and to within a
fraction of a wave number for lower states.

3. Results

We now consider a number of results which illustrate the behavior of the eigenvalues
and eigenvectors of hydrogen and helium as a function of the magnetic field.
Figure 1 shows the behavior of the hydrogen eigenvalues. The form of the diagonal

109 6s

6d
108 6f
I 6h
107

o
I

v
106
>-

f~ 105 -
w
z
w
104 - 4s
~ 4 P 4 ,
103 -
I I 1 I
0 5 t0 15 20
B (10 6 G)
Fig. 1. Energies o f the n = 4 , 5 a n d 6 states o f h y d r o g e n with m~ = 0 in a m a g n e t i c field.
 HYDROGEN AND HELIUM SPECTRA IN LARGE MAGNETIC FIELDS 107

matrix element of the quadratic Zeeman effect is such that the first order perturbation
is a decreasing function of angular momentum for a fixed n, mr. The states are
labelled in such a manner as to reflect this behavior. As will be seen later, these labels
do not reflect in every case the nature of the wave function. The figure shows the
n = 4, 5, and 6 m~ = 0 eigenvalues as a function of the field. This presentation gives a
good indication of the size of the quadratic Zeeman shifts compared to the inter-n
energy differences in the atom. The bump in the 6s curve n e a r 10 7 G is the result of the
onset of strong interaction with the n = 7 states.

I10 -

~,m 1
I,I

I09
2,1

0,0
1,0
108 I,-I
2,0
0
2,-I

106

I I
0 5 I0 15
B (106 G)
Fig. 2. Energies of the 6s, 6p and 6d hydrogen states with ]mzl <~1 in a magnetic field.

Figure 2 shows the behavior of the n = 6 eigenvalues of different l and m~. For
pictorial clarity, only those substates which have 142 and Im~I~<1 are included. The
shifts for m~ # 0 are due to both the quadratic and linear Zeeman effects. Note that
above about 5 x 106 G the quadratic effect completely dominates. We see from
Equation (8) that the quadratic effect depends only upon m~ and thus produces a
positive shift in all components.
A similar plot for the n = 4 singlets of helium is shown in Figure 3. In this case the
labels of the states correspond to the low-field identity of these states in the scheme
108 R. H. GARSTANG AND S. B. KEMIC

[SLMsMz>. Here, in states of lower n, the quadratic shift is not large enough at these
fields to reverse the negative linear shift for ML = - 1. The L dependence of the quad-
ratic effect is illustrated by the crossing of the D and F states. This crossing is per-
mitted because there is no interaction between states o f opposite parity.

- 5500 - L, ML
P,

D,
F,
-600C

7 -s5oo P,O
D,O
E(.~

>- F,O

~
(_9
Cg
h,
Z P,-I
-7000
S.0

D,-I

g,-I

-7500

-8000 I I I
5 I0 15
B(IO 6 G)
F i g . 3. Energies of helium n = 4 singlets with ]MLI ~< I i n a magnetic field.

The L dependence of the quadratic Zeeman effect gives rise to interesting behavior
in the eigenfunctions of helium as illustrated in Figure 4 for the 5tD eigenfunction
with M z = 0 . The 1D state is initially below the 1G state in energy, but, due to its larger
quadratic Zeeman effect, it tries to cross the latter. Because they interact, the two
states may not cross. This results in an exchange between the two states of the charac-
teristic identities of their eigenfunctions. This is seen in the figure near a field of 2 x 10 6
G. At 5 x 10 6 G the IS state, initially further removed in energy, also begins to interact
with the ~D state.
The behavior o f the hydrogen eigenfunctions is also of interest. In the case of a
 HYDROGEN AND HELIUM SPECTRA IN LARGE MAGNETIC FIELDS 109

I.Ox"

51G
0.8

0..6

0.4

0.2
5~S

oIJ I I ~...----""~ I ~ 4 5 1 D
2 4 6 8 I0
B( 10 6 G)
Fig. 4. Composition of the helium 51D (ML=O)eigenfunction. The expansion is of the form ~ O~i~ i .
i

magnetic field, which is small enough that the inter-n mixing may be ignored, the
Hamiltonian matrix, for a given value of n and rnt has the form

Hu =
eB )
E~ + g~mcm~ I + ~
e2B z H9 "
., (9)

where I is the identity matrix. Because the matrix H~ is independent of B, its eigen-
vectors and hence the eigenvectors of H u are independent of B. Thus, the eigenvectors
of hydrogen for given values of n and m~ do not vary as a function of field as long as
mixing between states of different n is unimportant. The expansions for these low field
eigenfunctions in terms of the usual ~b,z,,~were calculated by diagonalizing H u in (9)
and are given in Tables I and II for Iml[ =0, 1.
Figure 5 shows the composition of the hydrogen 6s eigenfunction as the field is in-
creased. For low fields the composition of the wave function is constant. The sudden
change in composition near 107 G is caused by the interaction with n = 7 states. This
interaction also causes the bump in the energy curve for the 6s level shown in Figure 1.
More interesting from an astronomical point of view are the positions and strengths
of the components of the spectral lines. In Table III this information is given for the
helium lines 2 4471 (23P-43D).
110 R . H . G A R S T A N G A N D $. B . K E M I C

TABLE I
Hydrogen eigenfunctions in low B field limit, m~ = 0 case

~u~= 0.916ffa,- 0.402~bad

~'a~= 1.0 ~bav
~aa= 0.402~b3,+0.916~b~a

I]/4s= -- 0.870~4s + 0.493ff4a

~,~,= - - 0 . 8 1 1 6 4 v + 0 . 5 8 5 ~ b , ~ .
V,~d= - 0.493~b,,~- 0.870~bga
~,,f = - 0.585~b4~- 0.81 l~4f

~5S ~ 0.832~b5,- 0.543~bsd + 0.114~b50

~l]5p = 0.736~5p- 0.677~ss-
0.447~bs, + 0.534~sa-- 0 . 7 1 7 ~
clef= -- 0 . 6 7 7 ~ v - 0.736~b~e
~/Sg = - 0.329~b~- 0.647~b~- 0.687~sa

0.800(~6s - - 0.572(b6a + 0.176(b6 a

{/-/6 p = -- 0.664q~6V+ 0.720~b6f-- 0.203(b6h
0.473~b6~ + 0.424~b6a - 0.772~b6g
~//6f = 0.528~6p + 0.259(b6,r - - 0.809~b6h
I//60 - - 0.368~b~,-- 0.701~b6n- 0.610~b6,
~16h - - 0. 530~6v -- 0.644q~6f - - 0. 552~6h

WTs= -- 0.774~b7~ + 0.591 ~bTa- 0.225~bTg + 0.032~7~

~gvp= 0.606~b7p- 0.735~b7y + 0.305~b7h
Vva = -- 0.472~bT,-- 0.309~bTa + 0.773~7g-- 0.291 ~bT~
~7y = -- 0.568~7v -- 0.132~7y + 0.813~bTa
I/I7o= -- 0.284~7n -- 0.426~bTa -- 0.020~bva + 0.859~7i
~Th= 0.557~bTp+ 0.666q~7,r + 0.497~bTh
VT~= 0.312~b7~+ 0.612~b7a + 0.593(b70 + 0.420~b7~

08

6~
06
od
qbi
f-.
_~04
6d

0.2
. . . . . . =?~-Ts
~Y
6c.! _ ~ ~__...~ ~ .
0.0 ] ~ " ~ - -
7d 75 T~ i 6(I
0 2 4 6 8 I0 12 14 16 18 20

B ( 1 0 6 G)

Fig. 5. Composition of the eigenfunction of the hydrogen 6s level (see Figure 1). The expansion o f
the eigenfunction is o f the form ~ c~b~.
 H Y D R O G E N A N D H E L I U M S P E C T R A I N L A R G E M A G N E T I C FIELDS 111

T A B L E II

Hydrogen eigenfunctions in low B field limit ]ms] = 1 case

I/g3p ~-- ~3p

qJ,p = -- 0.969#4p + 0.247~4f

V4.r= 0.247~b4p+ 0,969r

~Ysp= -- 0.942~bsp + 0.336~bss

Vsa = 0.922~bsn+ 0.388~bso
~sf= 0.336~bsp + 0.942~bss
9% = - 0.388~bsa- 0.922~bso

~6p = -- 0.917~,b6p+ 0,394ff6~ - O.066q~6tz

gt6a= 0.862~b6d-- 0,506~6a
~//6f~--- - - 0.370~6p -- 0.778~b6j, + 0.507~b6n
~6a = 0.506~6a + 0.862~b6a
V6h= 0.149~b6p+ 0.490~b6e + 0.859~b6h

gt7p= 0.894#7p-- 0.434~bTf + 0.109#7h

I]/7d---- - - 0.807~bTa+ 0.577470 -- 0.125~b7t
V7S = 0.402~bvp+ 0.670~bv.r- 0.624~b7h
gtTo= 0.519~b7a+ 0.593~b79- 0.615~b71
~tTh= - 0.197~bTp- 0.602~7f- 0.774~bvh
~u7~= -- 0.281 $Ta-- 0.561~b7o- 0.778~b71

T A B L E III

Wavelengths and strengths o f the components o f the helium line 2 4471 (23P-4aD)
as a function o f magnetic field

B (gauss)

5 • 10 6 1 • 10 7 1.5 X 10 v

M L upper ML lower 2 (A) S (AU) 2 (/~) S (Aid) 2 (A) S (AU)

0 0 4467.1 2.182 4450.2 2.078 4422.2 1.878

- 1 - 1 4466.2 1.668 4447.2 1.688 4417.8 1.708
+ 1 + 1 4466.2 1.668 4447.2 1.688 4417.8 1.708
+2 +1 4416.6 3.345 4343.7 3.403 4257.8 3.452
+1 0 4419.8 1.668 4355.8 1.688 4283.1 1.708
0 -- 1 4421.2 0.577 4360.6 0.639 4291,5 0.734
-2 --1 4509.6 3.345 4527.7 3.403 4527.9 3.452
--1 0 4512.9 1.668 4540.5 1.688 4556.5 1.708
0 +1 4514.4 0.577 4545.7 0.639 4566.0 0.734
112 R . H . G A R S T A N ( 3 A N D S. B . KEMIC

The strength of the transition between state i and state j as referred to here is defined
by

Su = e21(,,lm,[ r(~1) In'I'm;> Iz, (10)

where ra(1) is the appropriate component of the dipole tensor operator.
Figure 6 shows the same information graphically for the helium lines 22 4120
(23P-53S) and 4026 (2aP-5aD). Also included for nonzero fields is the forbidden
transition 23P-53G. This line has a zero field wavelength o f 4025 ~ and is excited by
quadratic Zeeman mixing. For fields of 3 x 106 G or more this line is stronger than the
allowed 2 4026. This p h e n o m e n o n is caused by the wave function exchange previously
discussed in conjunction with Figure 4.

B=0

-I
I __1 I
def abc
B:I xlO6G
0

0
I--
, II llL, gd he if a b c

B --3 xlO 6 G
-1:0
I-.

Z
l.iJ
-I
,i Ir [J
gd he if
I, I I,
a b c
I-- B= 5 xlO 6 G

I II ,11
g d he
I,
f c]
I b
B=I xlO 7 G
I
c

oI I 84 , I,I II, L
g d h o e b f c

3900 3950 4000 4050 4100 4150

WAVELENGTH

Fig. 6. Helium 2aP-5aS, 5aD, 53G transitions in a magnetic field. Key to the identification of the
transitions is given in Table IV. The three transitions shown for each line are for AML=O, 4-_1. The
various components for each AML are not shown separately.

It should be noted that the quadratic Zeeman splitting of the various components
into separate transitions ML -+ M'L with fixed AML has been suppressed for the sake o f
clarity in the figure. This splitting is small compared to the separation of the com-
ponents, and no significant information is lost in this method of treatment. In contrast,
this same splitting is somewhat larger in the case of the hydrogen lines shown in
Figure 7. Here all of the transitions nlm~ ~ n'l'm~ are plotted separately for the line
H~.
 HYDROGEN AND HELIUM SPECTRA IN LARGE MAGNETIC FIELDS 113

TABLE IV
Identification of helium transitions shown
in Figure 6

Feature Transition
a 23P-53S AML= 1
b 23P-53S AML= 0
c 23P-53S AML= - 1
d 23P-53D AML= 1
e 23P-53D AML= 0
f 23P-53D AML= - 1
g 23P-5aG A M z = 1
h 23P-53G AML= 0
i 23P-53G AM,.= - 1

B=3 xlO 6 G

flL,,it
0

F--
Z
,.

c) abcdef ghijk Imnopq

2Z
~.--
oL B= 7 •

(.9
Z
Ld -1t
obc d ef g hi j k Iron o pq
GO
LLI
Z B=l x l 0 7 G
J

ii lob d ef g hi j k Irn r~
,I
Pq
4700 4800 4900

WAVELENGTH /~,

Fig. 7. Hfl transitions in a magnetic field. Key to the identification of the transitions is given in
Table V.

More complete tables of the positions and strengths of hydrogen and helium lines
have been computed. Lines included in these calculations are

Hydrogen: He, Hfl, H?, H~

Helium: 22p-33D, 43S, 43D, 53S, 53D, 5aG
21P-41S, 4XD, 51S, 51D, 51G, 6iS, 61D, 61G
21S-31P, 4~p, 41F.
114 R. H. GARSTANG AND S. B. KEMIC

TABLE V
Identification of Hfl transitions shown in
Figure 7

Lower Upper 2(3 x 106 G)

a 2p- 1 4sO 4824.6

b 2sO 4pl 4824.8
c 2pl 4d2 4825.5
d 2pO 4dl 4826.7
e 2sO 4fl 4828.2
f 2p- 1 4dO 4828.5
g 2pO 4sO 4857.3
h 2sO 4pO 4857.6
f2p- 1 f4d- 1
i L2pl L4dl 4859.9
j 2pO 4dO 4861.2
k 2sO 4fO 4861.8
1 2pl 4sO 4890.7
m 2sO 4p- 1 4890.9
n 2p-1 4d-2 4891.7
o 2pO 4d- 1 4893.1
p 2sO 4f- 1 4894.4
q 2pl 4dO 4894.7

Magnetic fields of 3 x 106, 7 x 106 and 107 G have been used for hydrogen together
with higher fields for H7 (2 • 107), Hfl (2 x 107 and 5 x 107) and He (2 x 107, 5 x 107 and
108 G). Fields of 106, 5 x 106, 107, 1.5 x 107 and 2 x 107 were used for helium. The
amount of tabular material is too great to publish here, and it is being made available
separately.*

4. Discussion
The present work was undertaken to provide input to a series of calculations aimed at
investigating the peculiar spectral features associated with magnetic white dwarfs.
The applicability of our results to this type of problem depends a good deal on the
specific situation to be considered.
We may think of a stellar magnetic field as being describable in a general sense in
terms of parameters of two types: the first characterizing its magnitude; the other, its
variation from point to point on the star's surface, its derivative.
It is the former parameter that limits the accuracy of the present method in pre-
dicting the location of spectral lines. Because of the inability of our approach to allow
for continuum mixing, this limitation is an absolute one rather than a relative one

* The material is available as Joint Institute for Laboratory Astrophysics Report No. 113 by S. B.
Kemic, 1974. Copies may be obtained on application to Scientific Reports Editor, Joint Institute for
Laboratory Astrophysics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80302, U.S.A.
 HYDROGENANDHELIUMSPECTRAIN LARGEMAGNETICFIELDS 115

which could be relaxed by the addition o f more b o u n d states to the matrix. By com-
puting lower bounds to the eigenvalues, we can obtain some quantitative measure o f
the uncertainties involved.
The other magnetic field parameter, the qualitative o n e describing its surface deriva-
tive, determines the degree o f uncertainty that can be tolerated in a particular eigen-
value. I n cases in which the broadening due to the variation o f the field over the star's
surface is large, larger wavelength uncertainties m a y be tolerated than in cases o f a
field which is nearly constant.
W h e n the broadening caused by the field is insufficient to absorb the wavelength
uncertainties inherent in these calculations one must resort to more accurate methods
of finding the eigenvalues.

Acknowledgement
This w o r k was supported in part by the National Science F o u n d a t i o n under G r a n t
GP-20696.

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