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Vesting Clause
Vesting Clause
15
DAVID KINLAN
not be liable to pay the Contractor and the In the Dredging Handbook for Engineers
additional expenses incurred by the 2nd Edition, the authors question whether
Employer in completing the Works would the Employer would not be better advised
be chargeable to the Contractor. If the to increase the value of the performance
costs of execution and other expenses bond instead of resorting to a vesting of
incurred by the Employer were to exceed plant clause. In practice, a more important
the amount otherwise due to the provision is the Employer’s right not to
Contractor, then the Employer would be release a vessel from the work site until the
entitled to recover such excess amount as work related to that vessel has been
a debt due. completed.
DAVID KINLAN create a legal change of ownership in the Equipment shall, when brought on Site, be
(BSc. Quantity Surveying. MRICS) Contractor’s Equipment, rather that the deemed to be exclusively intended for the
worked as a Contracts Manager for Employer has a floating charge on the execution of the Works and the Contractor
Ballast Nedam Dredging, Ballast Ham Contractor’s Equipment if the Contractor shall not remove the same without the
Dredging and Van Oord between 1991 becomes insolvent. consent of the Engineer.
and 2008. From 1997 to 1999 he was
stationed on the Tanjung Pelepas Port, In the absence of registration in accordance FIDIC Red Book 4th Edition Clause 63.1
Malaysia. He has over twenty years with Part XII of the Companies Act 1985, provides that on termination the Employer or
experience with marine infrastructure such floating charge will be void against the another contractor employed by the
projects at both tender and execution Contractor’s administrator. The relevant Employer may use for completion so much
phase including dredging, reclamation, case is Smith (as Administrator of Cosslett of the Contractor’s Equipment as the
offshore and integrated civil engineering (Contractors) Ltd) v Bridgend County Employer may think proper. Clause 63.2
projects in worldwide and was involved Borough Council [2001] UKHL 58; [2002] provides that the Engineer shall on
with landmark capital works projects BLR 160) which went to the Court of termination certify the value of the
such as Chek Lap Kok Airport and the Appeal and was finally decided in the House Contractor’s Equipment.
Oresund Link. In 2008 he relocated to of Lords in 2001. The case demonstrates Dredging contractors working with FIDIC 4th
Brisbane, Australia and set up his own that whilst the right of the Employer to use Edition Part II Particular Conditions Clause
company to provide contractual support the Contractor’s Equipment to complete the 54.2 are faced with the potential of the
to Contractors and Clients both in Works following contract termination may more onerous part of the vesting of plant
Australia and the rest of the world. be legally enforceable, any right to sell the provisions being enforced in event of
Contractor’s Equipment to recover debt is Contractor default.
likely to fail.
FIDIC 4th Edition Part I General Conditions
Increasingly in the United Kingdom the Clause 54.5 provides that, in the event of
It is of interest to note that in Australia the Engineering & Construction Contract (ECC) is termination for Contractor’s default, the
Australian Standard General Conditions of being used for civil engineering projects. This Employer may then take over any hired
Contract both the AS 2124-1992 and the provides that on termination of the contract, equipment agreements and agrees to pay
later AS 4000-1997 have incorporated a the Employer may use any Equipment to the hire charges from the date of
vesting of plant procedure. In the event of which the Contractor has title to complete termination.
default of the Contractor, the Employer the Works. Title in equipment refers to a
may take work out of the hands of the legal right of possession or control. The ECC This gives some degree of protection to the
Contractor and perform that work and take Guidance Notes indicate that the Employer dredging vessel owner, as quite often the
possession of such Contractor’s Equipment can only use Equipment to which the registered vessel owner is a different entity
in order to do so. If the Contractor is Contractor has title, so that Equipment from, to that of the Contractor. This clause thus
indebted to the Employer then the for instance, subcontractors or hired ensures that payment will be made to the
Employer may retain the Contractor’s equipment would be exempted. owner if the Contractor’s Equipment is to
Equipment until the debt is satisfied, or, if be used to complete the Works.
the Contractor fails to pay the debt, the
Employer may sell the Contractor’s FIDIC’S USE OF THE VESTING OF The Rainbow Suite
Equipment. Similar provisions also exist in PLANT PROVISION In 1999 FIDIC introduced the new
the Hong Kong General Conditions of “rainbow suite” of contracts which
Contract for Civil Engineering Works 1999. In 1987 FIDIC updated its 3rd Edition Red included:
Book contract with the issue of the Red - a new Red Book Contract for
The principle of title and vesting of plant Book 4th Edition. Part III of the 3rd Edition Construction,
has undergone considerable transformation was discarded and the title and vesting of - a Yellow Book for Design-Build and
under the UK’s ICE Conditions of Contract. plant clause, although watered down, was - a Silver Book for EPC/Turnkey Work.
The pure vesting of Contractor’s Equipment brought back as an optional provision. In
included in the ICE 5th and 6th Editions has the 4th Edition Part II Particular Conditions The rainbow suite of contracts all follow
been discarded and was not used in Clause where vesting of the Contractor’s the same formatting and include identical
54 of the 7th Edition published in 1999. Equipment is required, Clause 54 termination clauses. The rainbow suite was
recommends wording similar to that of the never intended for dredging contracts.
UK Legal Judgment earlier ICE Contracts. Consequently, shortly thereafter in 2001 a
It has been held that the wording stating test edition blue form for dredging was
that the Contractor’s Equipment is deemed The wording of FIDIC Red Book 4th Edition issued, with the first Blue Book edition
to be property of the Employer does not Clause 54.1 provides that all Contractor’s subsequently issued in 2006 (Figure 2).
18 Terra et Aqua | Number 115 | June 2009
Since the issue of the vesting of plant in right of the liquidator or receiver to realize REFERENCES
relation to marine dredging vessels was no the assets of an insolvent Contractor.
longer an issue to the writers of the Reference to the applicable laws, both in Australian Standard AS 2124-1992, General
rainbow suite, not unexpectedly, vesting of the country of the project and in the Conditions of Contract. Standards Australia
plant crept back into the new rainbow insolvent Contractor’s country, would be Publishers.
suite. In addition, there were no provisions necessary”.
which dealt with the Employer being able Bray, R N, Bates, A D and Land, J M (1995).
to take over hire agreements. Clause 15.2 Dredging A Handbook for Engineers 2nd Edition.
provides that following termination the CONCLUSIONS Arnold Publishing. p. 323.
Employer may complete the Works and/or
arrange for any other entities to do so. Vesting of Plant provisions have come a Corbett, E C (1991). FIDIC 4th: A Practical Legal
long way since their initial use in the ICE Guide: a Commentary on the International
Although it does not clearly state that the Conditions of Contract and their later Construction Contract.
Employer or other entities may use the adoption by FIDIC. Smith v. Bridgend
Contractor’s own or hired equipment, it County Borough Council demonstrates that Dolmans, Constantijn (2001). Terra et Aqua, “A
does say that the Employer shall then give whilst the right of the Employer to use the Contract for ‘Just Digging a Hole’”, pp. 3-10.
notice that the Contractor’s Equipment will Contractor’s Equipment to complete the
be released to the Contractor at or near the Works following contract termination is a Eggleston, Brian (2001). The ICE Conditions of
Site. The presumption is that the Employer contract requirement and is legally Contract, Seventh Edition. Wiley-Blackwell
only releases the Contractor’s Equipment enforceable, any right to sell the Publishers.
when the Works are completed. Contractor’s equipment to recover debt is
likely to fail. FIDIC (1987). Conditions of Contract for Works
There is no express right regarding of Civil Engineering Construction, Fourth Edition.
Employer’s use of the Contractor’s The dredging industry has urged the
Equipment, and if the Employer did use the removal of the more draconian vesting FIDIC (2006). Form of Contract for Dredging and
Equipment there is no provision for provisions from international contracts such Reclamation Works. Agreement, General
payment by the Employer for such use of as FIDIC. Nonetheless, dredging contractors Conditions, Rules for Adjudication and Notes for
the Contractor’s Equipment after should remain vigilant that vesting Guidance.
termination. It then goes on to provide that provisions still exist in the construction
if a payment due is not made to the market and that payment for use of Glover, Jeremy, Thomas, Christopher and
Employer then the Employer may sell the Contractor’s Equipment following Hughes, Simon (2006). Understanding the New
Equipment to recover the payment. termination is not dealt with in either the FIDIC Red Book: a Clause-by-Clause Commentary.
new FIDIC rainbow suite nor included in Sweet & Maxwell Publishers. UK.
The Blue Book for Dredging the more recent Form of Contract for
In 2006 FIDIC issued the long awaited Form Dredging and Reclamation Works. Goudsmit. JJ “A first impression of the 4th
of Contract for Dredging and Reclamation edition of the FIDIC Conditions of Contract”.
Works (the Blue Book in the rainbow suite). Employers who are concerned as to the Terra et Aqua, No. 36.
In it Clause 12.1 provides that in event of possibility of contractor default or
Contractor’s default the Contractor shall insolvency are advised to review either their Institution of Civil Engineers (1973).
demobilise from the Site, but leave behind own or standard termination clauses and ICE Conditions of Contract, Fifth Edition.
any Contractor’s Equipment which the consider recourse to other forms of London, UK.
Employer instructs is to be used until the contract security as they will not be entitled
completion of the Works. to sell the Contractor’s equipment in order Institution of Civil Engineers (1995). The
to recover a debt due. Engineering and Construction Contract: a NEC
There is no provision that the Employer can Document: Guidance Notes. London, UK.
sell the Contractor’s Equipment in order to Employers are also advised to consider
recover a debt due nor is there any wording similar to FIDIC 4th Edition Clause House of Lords Judgment Index http://www.
arrangement to pay hire charges from the 54.5 to secure that any hired equipment publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld200102/
date of termination. may be used to complete the Works ldjudgmt/jd011108/smith-1.htm
following termination of the Contract for
In the Blue Book Notes for Guidance (12.3) contractor’s default. Contractors will also Murdoch, John and Hughes, Will. (2008).
it states in respect of insolvency (FIDIC benefit from such wording as there is an Construction Contracts: Law and Management.
2006, p. 33): arrangement whereby the Contractor’s Taylor & Francis Publishers. UK, USA and
“The right of the Employer to retain the Equipment will be paid for should the Canada.
Contractor’s Equipment may clash with the Employer use it.