Trigonometry 9e. (Odd Solutions), 2013 - Ron Larson

Student Study and Solutions Manual
Trigonometry
NINTH EDITION
Ron Larson
The Pennsylvania State University,
The Behrend College
Australia • Brazil • Mexico • Singapore • United Kingdom • United States
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 17 16 15 14 13
CONTENTS
Part I Solutions to Select Exercises................................................................ 1
Chapter P Prerequisites............................................................................................ 1
Chapter 1 Trigonometry........................................................................................61
Chapter 2 Analytic Trigonometry.......................................................................108
Chapter 3 Additional Topics in Trigonometry ...................................................146
Chapter 4 Complex Numbers..............................................................................175
Chapter 5 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions ...........................................213
Chapter 6 Topics in Analytic Geometry.............................................................247
Solutions to Checkpoints .................................................................322
Solutions to Practice Tests...............................................................425
Part II Solutions to Chapter and Cumulative Tests .................................441
iii
CHAPTER P
Prerequisites
Section P.1 Review of Real Numbers and Their Properties.....................................2
Section P.2 Solving Equations...................................................................................3
Section P.3 The Cartesian Plane and Graphs of Equations......................................8
Section P.4 Linear Equations in Two Variables .....................................................14
Section P.5 Functions...............................................................................................20
Section P.6 Analyzing Graphs of Functions ...........................................................25
Section P.7 A Library of Parent Functions .............................................................30
Section P.8 Transformations of Functions ..............................................................33
Section P.9 Combinations of Functions: Composite Functions............................38
Section P.10 Inverse Functions .................................................................................42
Review Exercises ..........................................................................................................49
Problem Solving ...........................................................................................................56
Practice Test ...............................................................................................................59
C H A P T E R P
Prerequisites
Section P.1 Review of Real Numbers and Their Properties
1. irrational 19. (a) The interval [4, ∞) denotes the set of all real
3. absolute value numbers greater than or equal to 4.

(b)
5. terms
(c) The interval is unbounded.
7. −9, − 72 , 5, 23 , 2, 0, 1, − 4, 2, −11
21. (a) The inequality −2 < x < 2 denotes the set of all
(a) Natural numbers: 5, 1, 2
real numbers greater than −2 and less than 2.
(b) Whole numbers: 0, 5, 1, 2
(b)
(c) Integers: −9, 5, 0, 1, − 4, 2, −11
(d) Rational numbers: −9, − 72 , 5, 23 , 0, 1, − 4, 2, −11 (c) The interval is bounded.
(e) Irrational numbers: 2 23. (a) The interval [−5, 2) denotes the set of all real
numbers greater than or equal to − 5 and less than 2.
9. 2.01, 0.666 . . ., −13, 0.010110111 . . ., 1, − 6
(b)
(a) Natural numbers: 1
(b) Whole numbers: 1
(c) The interval is bounded.
(c) Integers: −13, 1, − 6
(d) Rational numbers: 2.01, 0.666 . . ., −13, 1, − 6 25. y ≥ 0; [0, ∞)
(e) Irrational numbers: 0.010110111 . . . 27. 10 ≤ t ≤ 22; [10, 22]
11. (a)
29. W > 65; (65, ∞)
(b)
31. −10 = −(−10) = 10
(c) 33. 3 − 8 = −5 = −(−5) = 5
35. −1 − −2 = 1 − 2 = −1
(d)
−5 −5 −5
37. = = = −1
13. −4 > −8 −5 −( −5) 5
39. If x < −2, then x + 2 is negative.
15. 5
> 2 x + 2 −( x + 2)
6 3 So, = = −1.
x + 2 x + 2
41. −4 = 4 because −4 = 4 and 4 = 4.

17. (a) The inequality x ≤ 5 denotes the set of all real
numbers less than or equal to 5. 43. − −6 < −6 because −6 = 6 and
− −6 = −(6) = −6.
(b)
45. d (126, 75) = 75 − 126 = 51
(c) The interval is unbounded.
( )
47. d − 52 , 0 = 0 − − 52 ( ) = 5
2
Section P.2 Solving Equations 3
49. d (165 , 112

75 )
= 112
75
− 16
5
= 128
75
53. d ( y, a) = y − a and d ( y , a ) ≤ 2, so y − a ≤ 2.
51. d ( x, 5) = x − 5 and d ( x, 5) ≤ 3, so x − 5 ≤ 3.
Receipts, R Expenditures, E R −E
55. $1880.1 $2292.8 1880.1 − 2292.8 = $412.7 billion
57. $2524.0 $2982.5 2524.0 − 2982.5 = $458.5 billion

59. 7 x + 4 65. − x 2 + 5 x − 4
Terms: 7 x, 4
(a) −( −1) + 5( −1) − 4 = −1 − 5 − 4 = −10
2
Coefficient: 7
(b) −(1) + 5(1) − 4 = −1 + 5 − 4 = 0
2
x
61. 4 x3 + −5
2 1
67. (h + 6) = 1, h ≠ −6
x (h + 6)
Terms: 4 x3 , , − 5
2 Multiplicative Inverse Property
1
Coefficients: 4, 69. 2( x + 3) = 2 ⋅ x + 2 ⋅ 3
2
Distributive Property
63. 4 x − 6
(a) 4( −1) − 6 = −4 − 6 = −10
(b) 4(0) − 6 = 0 − 6 = −6
71. x(3 y ) = ( x ⋅ 3) y Associative Property of Multiplication

= (3 x ) y Commutative Property of Multiplication
73. 5
− 5
+ 1 = 15
− 10
+ 4 = 9
= 3 79. False. Because 0 is nonnegative but not positive, not
8 12 6 24 24 24 24 8
every nonnegative number is positive.
2x x 8x 3x 5x 81. (a)
75. − = − = n 0.0001 0.01 1 100 10,000
3 4 12 12 12
5n 50,000 500 5 0.05 0.0005
77. (a) Because A > 0, − A < 0.
The expression is negative. (b) (i) As n approaches 0, the value of 5 n increases
(b) Because B < A, B − A < 0. without bound (approaches infinity).
The expression is negative. (ii) As n increases without bound (approaches
(c) Because C < 0, − C > 0. infinity), the value of 5 n approaches 0.
The expression is positive.
(d) Because A > C , A − C > 0.
The expression is positive.
Section P.2 Solving Equations

1. equation 7. 7 − 2 x = 25
7 − 7 − 2 x = 25 − 7
3. extraneous
−2 x = 18
5. x + 11 = 15 −2 x 18
=
x + 11 − 11 = 15 − 11 −2 −2
x = 4 x = −9
4 Chapter P Prerequisites
9. 4 y + 2 − 5 y = 7 − 6 y 5x − 4 2
15. =
4y − 5y + 2 = 7 − 6y 5x + 4 3
−y + 2 = 7 − 6y 3(5 x − 4) = 2(5 x + 4)
−y + 6y + 2 = 7 − 6y + 6y 15 x − 12 = 10 x + 8
5y + 2 = 7 5 x = 20
5y + 2 − 2 = 7 − 2 x = 4
5y = 5
13 5
5y 5 17. 10 − = 4+
= x x
5 5 10 x − 13 4x + 5
y =1 =
x x
10 x − 13 = 4 x + 5
11. x − 3( 2 x + 3) = 8 − 5 x
6 x = 18
x − 6 x − 9 = 8 − 5x
x = 3
−5 x − 9 = 8 − 5 x
−5 x + 5 x − 9 = 8 − 5 x + 5 x x 4
19. + + 2 = 0
−9 =/ 8 x + 4 x + 4
x + 4
No solution + 2 = 0
x + 4
3x 4x 3x 4x 1+ 2 = 0
13. − = 4 or − = 4
8 3 8 3 3 =/ 0
9x 32 x ⎛ 3x 4x ⎞ Contradiction; no solution
24
−
24
= 4 24⎜ − ⎟ = 24( 4)
⎝8 3⎠
23 x 9 x − 32 x = 96
− = 4
24 −23 x = 96
23 x ⎛ 24 ⎞ ⎛ 24 ⎞
− ⎜− ⎟ = 4⎜ − ⎟ 96
24 ⎝ 23 ⎠ ⎝ 23 ⎠ x = −
23
96
x = −
23
The second method is easier. The fractions are
eliminated in the first step.
2 1 2
21. = + Multiply both sides by ( x − 4)( x − 2).
(x − 4)( x − 2) x−4 x−2
2 = 1( x − 2) + 2( x − 4)
2 = x − 2 + 2x − 8
2 = 3x − 10
12 = 3x
4 = x
A check reveals that x = 4 is an extraneous solution—it makes the denominator zero. There is no real solution.
1 1 10
23. + = 2
x −3 x +3 x −9
1 1 10
+ = Multiply both sides by ( x + 3)( x − 3).
x −3 x +3 ( x + 3)( x − 3)
1( x + 3) + 1( x − 3) = 10
2 x = 10
x = 5
25. 6 x 2 + 3x = 0 43. x 2 + 4 x − 32 = 0
3x( 2 x + 1) = 0 x 2 + 4 x = 32
3x = 0 or 2 x + 1 = 0 x + 4 x + 22 = 32 + 22
2
x = 0 or x = − 12 (x + 2) = 36
2
x + 2 = ±6
27. x2 − 2x − 8 = 0 x = −2 ± 6
(x − 4)( x + 2) = 0 x = 4 or x = − 8
x − 4 = 0 or x+ 2 = 0
x = 4 or x = −2 45. x2 + 6 x + 2 = 0
x 2 + 6 x = −2
29. x + 10 x + 25 = 0
2
x 2 + 6 x + 32 = −2 + 32
(x + 5)( x + 5) = 0
(x + 3) = 7
2
x +5 = 0
x +3 = ± 7
x = −5
x = −3 ± 7
31. x + 4 x = 12
2
47. 9 x 2 − 18 x = −3
x + 4 x − 12 = 0
2
1
(x + 6)( x − 2) = 0 x2 − 2x = −
3
x +6 = 0 or x−2 = 0 1
x 2 − 2 x + 12 = − + 12
x = − 6 or x = 2 3
2
3 x2 ( x − 1)2 =
33. 4
+ 8 x + 20 = 0 3
4 ( 3 x2
4 )
+ 8 x + 20 = 4(0) x −1 = ±
2
3
3 x 2 + 32 x + 80 = 0
2
(3 x + 20)( x + 4) = 0 x =1±
3
3x + 20 = 0 or x+ 4 = 0 6
x =1±
x = − 20
3
or x = −4 3
49. 2x2 + 5x − 8 = 0
35. x 2 = 49
x = ±7 2 x2 + 5x = 8
5
x2 + x = 4
37. 3x = 81 2 2
2 2
x 2 = 27 5 ⎛5⎞ ⎛ 5⎞
x2 + x +⎜ ⎟ = 4+⎜ ⎟
2 4
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ 4⎠
x = ±3 3
2
⎛ 5⎞ 89
⎜x + ⎟ =
39. ( x − 12) = 16
2
⎝ 4⎠ 16
x − 12 = ± 4 5 89
x + = ±
x = 12 ± 4 4 4
x = 16 or x = 8 5 89
x = − ±
4 4
41. ( 2 x − 1) = 18
2
−5 ± 89
x =
2 x − 1 = ± 18 4
2x = 1 ± 3 2
1±3 2
x =
2
51. 2 x 2 + x − 1 = 0 61. 8t = 5 + 2t 2
−b ± b 2 − 4ac −2t 2 + 8t − 5 = 0
x =
2a −b ± b 2 − 4ac
t =
−1 ± 1 − 4( 2)( −1)
2
2a
=
2( 2) −8 ± 82 − 4( − 2)( − 5)
=
−1 ± 3 1 2( − 2)
= = , −1
4 2 −8 ± 2 6 6
= = 2±
−4 2
53. 2 + 2 x − x = 0 2
− x2 + 2x + 2 = 0
63. (y − 5) = 2 y
2
−b ± b 2 − 4ac y 2 − 12 y + 25 = 0
x =
2a −b ± b 2 − 4ac
y =
−2 ± 22 − 4( −1)( 2) 2a
=
2( −1)
− ( −12) ± (−12)2 − 4(1)( 25)
=
=
−2 ± 2 3
=1± 3 2(1)
−2
12 ± 2 11
= = 6± 11
55. 2 x − 3 x − 4 = 0
2 2
−b ± b 2 − 4ac 65. 5.1x 2 − 1.7 x − 3.2 = 0

x =
2a
(−1.7) − 4(5.1)(−3.2)
2
1.7 ±
3± (−3) 2
− 4( 2)( − 4) x =
= 2(5.1)
2( 2)
≈ 0.976, − 0.643
3± 41 3 41
= = ±
4 4 4 67. 422 x 2 − 506 x − 347 = 0
(−506) − 4(422)(−347)
2
57. 12 x − 9 x 2 = −3 506 ±
x =
−9 x 2 + 12 x + 3 = 0 2( 422)
≈ 1.687, − 0.488
−b ± b 2 − 4ac
x =
2a
69. x2 − 2 x − 1 = 0 Complete the square.
−12 ± 122 − 4( −9)(3)
= x2 − 2 x = 1
2( −9)
x 2 − 2 x + 12 = 1 + 12
−12 ± 6 7 2 7
=
−18
=
3
±
3
(x − 1) = 2
2
x −1 = ± 2
59. 9 x 2 + 30 x + 25 = 0
x =1± 2
−b ± b 2 − 4ac
x =
71. ( x + 3) = 81 Extract square roots.
2
2a
−30 ± 302 − 4(9)( 25) x + 3 = ±9
=
2(9) x + 3 = 9 or x + 3 = −9
−30 ± 0 5 x = 6 or x = −12
= = −
18 3
73. x2 − x − 11 = 0 Complete the square. 85. − 26 − 11x + 4 = x

4
x − x =
2 11 4− x = 26 − 11x
4
16 − 8 x + x = 26 − 11x 2
( 12 ) ( 12 )
2 2
x2 − x + = 11 +
4
x 2 + 3x − 10 = 0
( x − 12 )
2
= 12
4 (x + 5)( x − 2) = 0
x − 1 = ± 12 x + 5 = 0 ⇒ x = −5
2 4
1 x−2 = 0 ⇒ x = 2
x = 2
± 3
87. x − x −5 =1
75. ( x + 1) = x 2
2
Extract square roots.
x =1+ x −5
x 2 = ( x + 1)
2
( x) ( )
2 2
= 1+ x −5
x = ± ( x + 1)
x =1+ 2 x −5 + x −5
For x = + ( x + 1):
0 =/ 1 No solution 4 = 2 x −5
For x = − ( x + 1): 2 = x −5
2 x = −1 4 = x −5
9 = x
x = − 12
89. ( x − 5)
32
= 8
77. 6 x 4 − 14 x 2 = 0
2 x 2 (3 x 2 − 7) = 0
(x − 5) = 82
3
x −5 = 3
64
2x2 = 0 ⇒ x = 0
x = 5+ 4 = 9
21
3x 2 − 7 = 0 ⇒ x = ±
91. ( x 2 − 5)
32
3 = 27
( x 2 − 5)
3
79. 5 x3 + 3 − x 2 + 45 x = 0 = 27 2
5 x( x 2 + 6 x + 9) = 0 x2 − 5 = 3
27 2
5 x( x + 3) = 0
2
x2 = 5 + 9
5x = 0 ⇒ x = 0 x 2 = 14
x + 3 = 0 ⇒ x = −3 x = ± 14
81. 3 x − 12 = 0 93. 2 x − 5 = 11
3 x = 12 2 x − 5 = 11 ⇒ x = 8
3 x = 144 − ( 2 x − 5) = 11 ⇒ x = − 3
x = 48
83. 3
2x + 5 + 3 = 0
3
2x + 5 = −3
2 x + 5 = − 27
2 x = − 32
x = −16
95. x 2 + 6 x = 3 x + 18
First equation: Second equation:

x + 6 x = 3x + 18
2
− ( x 2 + 6 x) = 3 x + 18
x 2 + 3 x − 18 = 0 0 = x 2 + 9 x + 18
(x − 3)( x + 6) = 0 0 = ( x + 3)( x + 6)
x −3 = 0 ⇒ x = 3 0 = x + 3 ⇒ x = −3
x + 6 = 0 ⇒ x = −6 x = x + 6 ⇒ x = −6
The solutions of the original equation are x = ± 3 and x = − 6.
97. Let y = 18: 101. True. There is no value to satisfy this equation.
y = 0.432 x − 10.44 x + 10 − x − 10 = 0
18 = 0.432 x − 10.44 x + 10 = x − 10
28.44 = 0.432 x x + 10 = x − 10
28.44 10 =/ −10
= x
0.432
65.8 ≈ x 103. Equivalent equations are derived from the substitution
principle and simplification techniques. They have the
So, the height of the female is about 65.8 inches or 5 feet same solution(s).
6 inches.
2 x + 3 = 8 and 2 x = 5 are equivalent equations.
99. False—See Example 14 on page 123.
Section P.3 The Cartesian Plane and Graphs of Equations

1. Cartesian 19. Year, x Number of Stores, y
3. Midpoint Formula 2003 4906

5. graph 2004 5289
7. y-axis 2005 6141
9. A: ( 2, 6), B : ( − 6, − 2), C : ( 4, − 4), D : ( − 3, 2) 2006 6779

2007 7262
11.
2008 7720
2009 8416
2010 8970
13. ( − 3, 4)
15. x > 0 and y < 0 in Quadrant IV.
17. ( x, − y ) is in the second Quadrant means that ( x, y ) is

in Quadrant III. Year (t = 3 ↔ 2003)
Section P.3 The Cartesian Plane and Graphs of Equations 9
31. (a)
21. d = ( x2 − x1 ) + ( y2 − y1 )
2 2
(3 − (−2)) + ( − 6 − 6)
2 2
=
(5) + ( −12)
2 2
=
= 25 + 144
= 13 units
23. d = ( x2 − x1 ) + ( y2 − y1 )
2 2
(b) d = (5 − (−3)) 2 + (6 − 6) 2 = 64 = 8
= (−5 − 1)2 + ( −1 − 4)
2
⎛ 6 + 6 5 + (−3) ⎞
(c) ⎜ , ⎟ = (6, 1)
⎝ 2 2 ⎠
(−6) + ( −5)
2 2
=
33. (a)
= 36 + 25
= 61 units
25. (a) (1, 0), (13, 5)
Distance = (13 − 1)2 + ( 5 − 0)

2
= 122 + 52 = 169 = 13
(13, 5), (13, 0)
(b) d = (5 + 1)2 + ( 4 − 2)
2
Distance = 5 − 0 = 5 = 5
= 36 + 4 = 2 10
(1, 0), (13, 0)
⎛ −1 + 5 2 + 4 ⎞
(c) ⎜ , ⎟ = ( 2, 3)
Distance = 1 − 13 = −12 = 12 ⎝ 2 2 ⎠
(b) 52 + 122 = 25 + 144 = 169 = 132

35. d = 1202 + 1502
= 36,900
27. d1 = ( 4 − 2) 2 + (0 − 1)
2
= 4+1 = 5
= 30 41
d2 = (4 + 1)2 + (0 + 5)
2
= 25 + 25 = 50
≈ 192.09
(2 + 1) + (1 + 5)
2 2
d3 = = 9 + 36 = 45 The plane flies about 192 kilometers.
( 5) + ( ) ( )
2 2 2
45 = 50 ⎛ 2002 + 2010 19,564 + 35,123 ⎞
37. midpoint = ⎜ , ⎟
⎝ 2 2 ⎠
= ( 2006, 27,343.5)
29. d1 = (1 − 3)2 + ( −3 − 2)
2
= 4 + 25 = 29
In 2006, the sales for the Coca-Cola Company were
d2 = (3 + 2)2 + ( 2 − 4)
2
= 25 + 4 = 29 about $27,343.5 million.
d3 = (1 + 2)2 + ( −3 − 4)
2
= 9 + 49 = 58 ?
39. (a) (0, 2): 2 = 0+ 4
d1 = d 2
2 = 2
Yes, the point is on the graph.
?
(b) (5, 3): 3 = 5+ 4
?
3 = 9
3 = 3
?
47. y = x 2 − 3 x
41. (a) (2, 0): (2)2 − 3( 2) + 2 = 0
?
4 −6+ 2 = 0 x −1 0 1 2 3
0 = 0 y 4 0 –2 –2 0
Yes, the point is on the graph. (x, y) (−1, 4) (0, 0) (1, − 2) (2, − 2) (3, 0)
?
(b) (−2, 8): (−2) 2
− 3( −2) + 2 = 8
?
4+ 6+ 2 = 8
12 ≠ 8
No, the point is not on the graph.
?
43. (a) (3, − 2): (3)2 + ( −2) = 20
2
?
9 + 4 = 20
13 ≠ 20
No, the point is not on the graph. 49. y = 16 − 4 x 2
?
(b) (−4, 2): (−4)2 + ( 2) = 20
2 x-intercepts: 0 = 16 − 4 x 2
? 4 x 2 = 16
16 + 4 = 20
x2 = 4
20 = 20
x = ±2
(− 2, 0), (2, 0)
45. y = −2 x + 5
y-intercept: y = 16 − 4(0) = 16
2
x −1 0 1 2
5
2
(0, 16)
y 7 5 3 1 0 51. y = 5 x − 6
(x , y ) (−1, 7) (0, 5) (1, 3) (2, 1) ( 0)
5
2
, x-intercept: 0 = 5 x − 6
6 = 5x
6
5
= x
( 56 , 0)
y-intercept: y = 5(0) − 6 = − 6
(0, − 6)
53. y = x + 4
x-intercept: 0 = x + 4
0 = x + 4
−4 = x
(− 4, 0)
y-intercept: y = 0+ 4 = 2
(0, 2)
55. y = 3 x − 7 59. y 2 = 6 − x
x-intercept: 0 = 3 x − 7 x-intercept: 0 = 6 − x
0 = 3x − 7 x = 6
7
= 0 (6, 0)
3
y-intercepts: y 2 = 6 − 0
( 73 , 0)
y = ± 6
y-intercept: y = 3(0) − 7 = 7
(0, )(
6 , 0, − 6 )
(0, 7)
61.
57. y = 2 x3 − 4 x 2
x-intercept: 0 = 2 x3 − 4 x 2
0 = 2 x 2 ( x − 2)
x = 0 or x = 2
(0, 0), (2, 0)

y-intercept: y = 2(0) − 4(0)
3 2
y = 0 63.
(0, 0)
65. x 2 − y = 0
( − x)2 − y = 0 ⇒ x 2 − y = 0 ⇒ y -axis symmetry

x 2 − ( − y ) = 0 ⇒ x 2 + y = 0 ⇒ No x-axis symmetry
( − x) − ( − y ) = 0 ⇒ x 2 + y = 0 ⇒ No origin symmetry
2
67. y = x3
y = ( − x) ⇒ y = − x3 ⇒ No y -axis symmetry
3
− y = x3 ⇒ y = − x3 ⇒ No x-axis symmetry
− y = ( − x) ⇒ − y = − x3 ⇒ y = x3 ⇒ Origin symmetry
3
x
69. y =
x2 + 1
−x −x
y = ⇒ y = ⇒ No y -axis symmetry
( − x)
2
+1 x2 + 1
x −x
−y = ⇒ y = 2 ⇒ No x-axis symmetry
x2 + 1 x +1
−x −x x
−y = ⇒ −y = 2 ⇒ y = 2 ⇒ Origin symmetry
( − x) + 1 + +1
2
x 1 x
71. xy 2 + 10 = 0
( − x) y 2 + 10 = 0 ⇒ − xy 2 + 10 = 0 ⇒ No y -axis symmetry
x( − y ) + 10 = 0 ⇒ xy 2 + 10 = 0 ⇒ x-axis symmetry
2
(− x)(− y )2 + 10 = 0 ⇒ − xy 2 + 10 = 0 ⇒ No origin symmetry
73. y = −3 x + 1 77. y = x3 + 3
x-intercept: ( 13 , 0) x-intercept: ( 3
−3, 0 )
y-intercept: (0, 1) y-intercept: (0, 3)
No symmetry No symmetry
x –2 –1 0 1 2
y –5 2 3 4 11
75. y = x 2 − 2 x
x-intercepts: (0, 0), ( 2, 0)
y-intercept: (0, 0)
No symmetry 79. y = x −3
x-intercept: (3, 0)
x –1 0 1 2 3
y-intercept: none
y 3 0 –1 0 3 No symmetry
x 3 4 7 12
y 0 1 2 3
81. y = x − 6 89. x 2 + y 2 = 25
x-intercept: (6, 0) Center: (0, 0), Radius: 5
y-intercept: (0, 6)
No symmetry
x –2 0 2 4 6 8 10
y 8 6 4 2 0 2 4
( ) ( )
2 2
1 1 9
91. x − 2
+ y − 2
= 4
Center: ( 12 , 12 ), Radius: 3
2
83. Center: (0, 0); Radius: 4
(x − 0) + ( y − 0) = 42
2 2
x 2 + y 2 = 16
85. Center: ( −1, 2); Solution point: (0, 0) 93. y = 500,000 − 40,000t , 0 ≤ t ≤ 8
( x − (−1)) + ( y − 2) = r 2
2 2
(0 + 1) + (0 − 2) = r 2 ⇒ 5 = r 2
2 2
(x + 1) + ( y − 2) = 5
2 2
87. Endpoints of a diameter: (0, 0), (6, 8)
⎛ 0 + 6 0 + 8⎞
Center: ⎜ , ⎟ = (3, 4)
⎝ 2 2 ⎠
(x − 3) + ( y − 4) = r 2
2 2
(0 − 3) + (0 − 4) = r 2 ⇒ 25 = r 2
2 2
(x − 3) + ( y − 4) = 25
2 2
95. (a)
x 5 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
y 414.8 103.7 25.9 11.5 6.5 4.1 2.9 2.1 1.6 1.3 1.0
(b)
When x = 85.5, the resistance is about 1.4 ohms.

(c) When x = 85.5,
10,370
y = = 1.4 ohms.
(85.5) 2
(d) As the diameter of the copper wire increases, the resistance decreases.
97. False, you would have to use the Midpoint Formula 103. Use the Midpoint Formula to prove the diagonals of the
15 times. parallelogram bisect each other.
99. False. A graph is symmetric with respect to the x-axis if, ⎛b + a c + 0⎞ ⎛ a + b c ⎞

⎜ , ⎟ = ⎜ , ⎟
whenever ( x, y ) is on the graph, ( x, − y ) is also on the ⎝ 2 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 2⎠
graph. ⎛ a + b + 0 c + 0⎞ ⎛ a + b c ⎞
⎜ , ⎟ = ⎜ , ⎟
⎝ 2 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 2⎠
101. The y-coordinate of a point on the x-axis is 0. The
x-coordinates of a point on the y-axis is 0.
x1 + x2 y + y2
105. Because xm = and ym = 1 we have:
2 2
2 xm = x1 + x2 2 ym = y1 + y2
2 xm − x1 = x2 2 ym − y1 = y2
So, ( x2 , y2 ) = ( 2 xm − x1 , 2 ym − y1 ).
(a) ( x2 , y2 ) = ( 2 xm − x1 , 2 ym − y1 ) = ( 2 ⋅ 4 − 1, 2( −1) − ( −2)) = (7, 0)
(b) ( x2 , y2 ) = ( 2 xm − x1 , 2 ym − y1 ) = ( 2 ⋅ 2 − (−5), 2 ⋅ 4 − 11) = (9, − 3)
Section P.4 Linear Equations in Two Variables

1. linear 11.
3. point-slope
5. perpendicular
7. linear extrapolation
9. (a) m = 23 . Because the slope is positive, the line rises.

Matches L2 .
13. Two points on the line: (0, 0) and ( 4, 6)
(b) m is undefined. The line is vertical. Matches L3.
(c) m = −2. The line falls. Matches L1. y2 − y1 6 3
Slope = = =
x2 − x1 4 2
Section P.4 Linear Equations in Two Variables 15
15. y = 5 x + 3 23. 7 x − 6 y = 30
Slope: m = 5 − 6 y = − 7 x + 30
y-intercept: (0, 3)
7
y = 6
x −5
7
Slope: m = 6
y -intercept: (0, − 5)
17. y = − 12 x + 4
Slope: m = − 12
y-intercept: (0, 4) 0−9 −9 3

25. m = = = −
6−0 6 2
19. y − 3 = 0
y = 3, horizontal line
Slope: m = 0
y-intercept: (0, 3)
6 − ( −2) 8
27. m = = = 2
1 − ( −3) 4
21. 5 x − 2 = 0
x = 2, vertical line
5
Slope: undefined
No y-intercept −7 − ( −7) 0
29. m = = = 0
8−5 3
4 − ( −1) 5 43. Point: (0, − 2); m = 3

31. m = =
−6 − ( − 6 ) 0
y + 2 = 3( x − 0)
m is undefined. y = 3x − 2
45. Point: ( −3, 6); m = −2
y − 6 = −2( x + 3)
y = −2 x
1.6 − 3.1 −1.5
33. m = = = 0.15
−5.2 − 4.8 −10
47. Point: ( 4, 0); m = − 13
y − 0 = − 13 ( x − 4)
y = − 13 x + 4
3
35. Point: ( 2, 1), Slope: m = 0

Because m = 0, y does not change. Three points are
(0, 1), (3, 1), and ( −1, 1).
1
49. Point: ( 2, − 3); m = −
37. Point: ( − 8, 1), Slope is undefined. 2
Because m is undefined, x does not change. Three points 1
y − ( −3) = − ( x − 2)
are ( − 8, 0), ( − 8, 2), and ( −8, 3). 2
1
y +3 = − x +1
39. Point: ( − 5, 4), Slope: m = 2 2
1
Because m = 2 = 2, y increases by 2 for every one y = − x − 2
1 2
unit increase in x. Three additional points are ( − 4, 6),
(−3, 8), and ( −2, 10). 51. Point: (6, −1); m is undefined.
Because the slope is undefined, the line is a vertical line.
41. Point: ( −1, − 6), Slope: m = − 12
x = 6
Because m = − 12 , y decreases by 1 unit for every two

unit increase in x. Three additional points are (1, − 7),
(3, − 8), and ( −13, 0).
53. Point: 4, ( 52 ); m = 0 61. (1, 0.6), ( −2, − 0.6)
−0.6 − 0.6
y − 5
2
= 0( x − 4) y − 0.6 = ( x − 1)
−2 − 1
5
y − 2
= 0 y = 0.4( x − 1) + 0.6
5
y = 2
y = 0.4 x + 0.2
55. (5, −1), ( −5, 5) ⎛1 ⎞

63. ( 2, −1), ⎜ , −1⎟
⎝3 ⎠
5+1
y +1= ( x − 5) −1 − ( −1)
−5 − 5 y +1 = ( x − 2)
3 1
y = − ( x − 5) − 1 − 2
5 3
3 y +1 = 0
y = − x + 2 y = −1
5
The line is horizontal.
57. ( −8, 1), ( −8, 7) 1x
65. L1 : y = 3
−2
Because both points have x = −8, the slope is m1 = 1
3
undefined, and the line is vertical.
L2 : y = 1x +3
x = −8 3
m2 = 1
3
The lines are parallel.
67. L1 : y = 1x −3
2
m1 = 1
2
L2 : y = − 12 x + 1
m2 = − 12
⎛ 1⎞ ⎛1 5⎞ The lines are neither parallel nor perpendicular.

59. ⎜ 2, ⎟, ⎜ , ⎟
⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ 2 4⎠
69. L1 : (0, −1), (5, 9)
5 1
− 9+1
1
y − = 4 2 ( x − 2) m1 = = 2
2 1 5−0
− 2
2 L2 : (0, 3), ( 4, 1)
1 1
y = − ( x − 2) + 1−3 1
2 2 m2 = = −
4−0 2
1 3
y = − x + The lines are perpendicular.
2 2
71. L1 : (3, 6), ( −6, 0) 79. x − y = 4

0−6 2 y = x − 4
m1 = =
−6 − 3 3 Slope: m = 1
⎛ 7⎞
L2 : (0, −1), ⎜ 5, ⎟
(a) (2.5, 6.8), m =1
⎝ 3⎠
y − 6.8 = 1( x − 2.5)
7
+1 y = x + 4.3
2
m2 = 3 =
5−0 3 (b) (2.5, 6.8), m = −1
The lines are parallel.
y − 6.8 = ( −1)( x − 2.5)
73. 4 x − 2 y = 3 y = − x + 9.3
3
y = 2x − 2
x y
Slope: m = 2 81. + =1
2 3
(a) (2, 1), m = 2 3x + 2 y − 6 = 0
y − 1 = 2( x − 2) x y
83. + =1
y = 2x − 3 −1 6 −2 3
(b) (2, 1), m = − 12 3
6x + y = −1
2
y − 1 = − 12 ( x − 2) 12 x + 3 y + 2 = 0
y = − 12 x + 2
x y
85. + = 1, c ≠ 0
c c
75. 3x + 4 y = 7
x + y = c
y = − 34 x + 7
4 1+ 2 = c
Slope: m = − 34 3 = c
x + y = 3
(a) (− 23 , 78 ), m = − 34 x + y −3 = 0
y − 7
8 ( ( ))
= − 34 x − − 23 87. (a) m = 135. The sales are increasing 135 units per
y = − 34 x + 3 year.
8
(b) m = 0. There is no change in sales during the year.
(b) (− 23 , 78 ), m = 4
3 (c) m = − 40. The sales are decreasing 40 units per
y − 7
8
= 4
3 ( x − (− )) 2
3
year.
6
y = 4x + 127 89. y = 100
x
3 72
y = 6
100 (200) = 12 feet
77. y + 3 = 0
y = −3
Slope: m = 0
(a) (−1, 0), m = 0
y = 0
(b) (−1, 0), m is undefined.
x = −1
91. (10, 2540), m = −125 103. Find the slope of the line segments between the points
A and B, and B and C.
V – 2540 = −125(t − 10)
V − 2540 = −125t + 1250
V = −125t + 3790, 5 ≤ t ≤ 10
93. The C-intercept measures the fixed costs of

manufacturing when zero bags are produced.
The slope measures the cost to produce one laptop bag.
95. Using the points (0, 875) and (5, 0), where the first
7 −5 2 1
coordinate represents the year t and the second m AB = = =
coordinate represents the value V, you have 3 − ( −1) 4 2
0 − 875 3−7 −4
m = = −175 mBC = = = −2
5−0 5−3 2
V = −175t + 875, 0 ≤ t ≤ 5. Since the slopes are negative reciprocals, the line
segments are perpendicular and therefore intersect to
97. Using the points (0, 32) and (100, 212), where the first form a right angle. So, the triangle is a right triangle.
coordinate represents a temperature in degrees Celsius 105. No. The slope cannot be determined without knowing
and the second coordinate represents a temperature in the scale on the y-axis. The slopes will be the same if
degrees Fahrenheit, you have the scale on the y-axis of (a) is 2 12 and the scale on the
212 − 32 180 9
m = = = . y-axis of (b) is 1. Then the slope of both is 54 .
100 − 0 100 5
Since the point (0, 32) is the F- intercept, b = 32, the 107. No, the slopes of two perpendicular lines have opposite
9 signs. (Assume that neither line is vertical or horizontal.)
equation is F = C + 32.
5
109. The line y = 4 x rises most quickly.
99. (a) Total Cost = cost for cost purchase
fuel and + for + cost
maintainance operator
C = 9.5t + 11.5t + 42,000
C = 21.0t + 42,000
(b) Revenue = Rate per hour ⋅ Hours
R = 45t
The line y = −4 x falls most quickly.
(c) P = R − C
P = 45t − ( 21t + 42,000)
P = 24t − 42,000
(d) Let P = 0, and solve for t.
0 = 24t − 42,000
42,000 = 24t
1750 = t
The equipment must be used 1750 hours to yield a The greater the magnitude of the slope (the absolute
profit of 0 dollars. value of the slope), the faster the line rises or falls.
101. False. The slope with the greatest magnitude corresponds

to the steepest line.
111. Set the distance between ( 4, −1) and ( x, y ) equal to the distance between ( −2, 3) and ( x, y ).
2 2
(x − 4) + ⎡⎣ y − (−1)⎤⎦ ⎡⎣ x − ( −2)⎤⎦ + ( y − 3)
2 2
=
(x − 4) + ( y + 1) = ( x + 2) + ( y − 3)
2 2 2 2
x 2 − 8 x + 16 + y 2 + 2 y + 1 = x 2 + 4 x + 4 + y 2 − 6 y + 9
−8 x + 2 y + 17 = 4 x − 6 y + 13
0 = 12 x − 8 y − 4
0 = 4(3 x − 2 y − 1)
0 = 3x − 2 y − 1
This line is the perpendicular bisector of the line segment connecting ( 4, −1) and ( −2, 3).
113. Set the distance between 3, ( 52 ) and ( x, y) equal to the distance between (−7, 1) and ( x, y).
( 52 )
2 2
(x − 3) + y − ⎡⎣ x − ( −7)⎤⎦ + ( y − 1)
2 2
=
+ ( y − 52 )
2
(x − 3)
2
= ( x + 7) + ( y − 1)
2 2
25
x2 − 6x + 9 + y 2 − 5 y + 4
= x 2 + 14 x + 49 + y 2 − 2 y + 1
61
−6 x − 5 y + 4
= 14 x − 2 y + 50
−24 x − 20 y + 61 = 56 x − 8 y + 200
80 x + 12 y + 139 = 0
This line is the perpendicular bisector of the line segment connecting 3, ( 52 ) and (−7, 1).
Section P.5 Functions
1. domain; range; function 15. y = 16 − x 2
3. implied domain Yes, y is a function of x.
5. Yes, the relationship is a function. Each domain value is 17. y = 4 − x

matched with exactly one range value.
Yes, y is a function of x.
7. No, it does not represent a function. The input values of
10 and 7 are each matched with two output values. 19. y = −75 or y = −75 + 0 x
9. (a) Each element of A is matched with exactly one
element of B, so it does represent a function. 21. f ( x) = 2 x − 3
(b) The element 1 in A is matched with two elements,
–2 and 1 of B, so it does not represent a function. (a) f (1) = 2(1) − 3 = −1
(c) Each element of A is matched with exactly one (b) f ( −3) = 2( −3) − 3 = −9
element of B, so it does represent a function.
(c) f ( x − 1) = 2( x − 1) − 3 = 2 x − 5
(d) The element 2 in A is not matched with an element
of B, so the relation does not represent a function.
11. x 2 + y 2 = 4 ⇒ y = ± 4 − x 2
No, y is not a function of x.
13. 2 x + 3 y = 4 ⇒ y = 1
3
(4 − 2 x)
Section P.5 Functions 21
23. g (t ) = 4t 2 − 3t + 5 33. f ( x) = x 2 − 3
f ( −2) = ( −2) − 3 = 1
2
(a) g ( 2) = 4( 2) − 3( 2) + 5
2
f ( −1) = ( −1) − 3 = −2
2
= 15
(b) g (t − 2) = 4(t − 2) − 3(t − 2) + 5 f (0) = (0) − 3 = −3
2 2
= 4t 2 − 19t + 27 f (1) = (1) − 3 = −2

2
(c) g (t ) − g ( 2) = 4t 2 − 3t + 5 − 15 f ( 2) = ( 2) − 3 = 1
2
= 4t 2 − 3t − 10
x –2 −1 0 1 2
25. f ( y ) = 3 − y
f ( x) 1 –2 –3 –2 1
(a) f ( 4) = 3 − 4 =1
(b) f (0.25) = 3 − 0.25 = 2.5 35. f ( x) = ⎪⎧− 12 x + 4, x ≤ 0

⎨
⎪⎩( x − 2) , x > 0
2
(c) f ( 4 x 2 ) = 3 − 4 x2 = 3 − 2 x
f ( −2) = − 12 (−2) + 4 = 5
1
27. q( x) = f ( −1) = − 12 ( −1) + 4 = 4 12 = 9
x2 − 9 2
1 1 f (0) = − 12 (0) + 4 = 4
(a) q(0) = = −
0 −9
2
9 f (1) = (1 − 2) = 1
2
1
(b) q(3) = is undefined. f ( 2) = ( 2 − 2) = 0
2
32 − 9
1 1
(c) q( y + 3) = = x –2 –1 0 1 2
( y + 3) − 9
2
y2 + 6 y
f ( x) 5 9
2 4 1 0
x
29. f ( x) =
x 37. 15 − 3 x = 0
2 3 x = 15
(a) f ( 2) = =1
2 x = 5
−2
(b) f ( −2) = = −1 3x − 4
−2 39. = 0
5
x −1 ⎧−1, if x < 1 3x − 4 = 0
(c) f ( x − 1) = = ⎨
x −1 ⎩1, if x > 1 4
x =
3
⎧2 x + 1, x < 0
31. f ( x) = ⎨
⎩2 x + 2, x ≥ 0 41. x 2 − 9 = 0
(a) f ( −1) = 2( −1) + 1 = −1 x2 = 9

x = ±3
(b) f (0) = 2(0) + 2 = 2
(c) f ( 2) = 2( 2) + 2 = 6 43. x3 − x = 0
x( x 2 − 1) = 0
x( x + 1)( x − 1) = 0
x = 0, x = −1, or x = 1
45. f ( x ) = g ( x) 61. (a)

Height, x Volume, V
x2 = x + 2
1 484
x2 − x − 2 = 0
(x − 2)( x + 1) = 0 2 800
x − 2 = 0 x +1= 0 3 972
x = 2 x = −1 4 1024
47. f ( x) = g ( x) 5 980
x4 − 2x2 = 2x2 6 864
x − 4x = 0
4 2
The volume is maximum when x = 4 and

x ( x 2 − 4) = 0
2
V = 1024 cubic centimeters.
x 2 ( x + 2)( x − 2) = 0 (b)
x2 = 0 ⇒ x = 0
x + 2 = 0 ⇒ x = −2
x − 2 = 0 ⇒ x = 2
49. f ( x) = 5 x 2 + 2 x − 1
Because f ( x) is a polynomial, the domain is all real

numbers x.
V is a function of x.
4
51. h(t ) = (c) V = x( 24 − 2 x)
2
t
The domain is all real numbers t except t = 0. Domain: 0 < x < 12
P
53. g ( y ) = y − 10 63. A = s 2 and P = 4s ⇒ = s
4
Domain: y − 10 ≥ 0 2
⎛P⎞ P2
y ≥ 10 A = ⎜ ⎟ =
⎝4⎠ 16
The domain is all real numbers y such that y ≥ 10.
1 2
65. y = − 10 x + 3x + 6
1 3
55. g ( x) = − y(30) = − 10
1
(30) + 3(30) + 6 = 6 feet
2
x x + 2
The domain is all real numbers x except x = 0, x = −2. If the child holds a glove at a height of 5 feet, then the
ball will be over the child's head because it will be at a
s −1 height of 6 feet.
57. f ( s ) =
s − 4
Domain: s − 1 ≥ 0 ⇒ s ≥ 1 and s ≠ 4
The domain consists of all real numbers s, such that
s ≥ 1 and s ≠ 4.
x − 4
59. f ( x) =
x
The domain is all real numbers x such that x > 0 or
(0, ∞).
Section P.5 Functions 23
1 1 69. For 2004 through 2007, use

67. A = bh = xy
2 2 p(t ) = 4.57t + 27.3.
Because (0, y ), ( 2, 1), and ( x, 0) all lie on the same 2004: p( 4) = 4.57( 4) + 27.3 = 45.58%
line, the slopes between any pair are equal. 2005: p(5) = 4.57(5) + 27.3 = 50.15%
1− y 0 −1
= 2006: p(6) = 4.57(6) + 27.3 = 54.72%
2 −0 x − 2
1− y −1 2007: p(7) = 4.57( 7) + 27.3 = 59.29%
=
2 x − 2 For 2008 through 2010, use
y =
2
+1 p(t ) = 3.35t + 37.6.
x − 2
2008: p(8) = 3.35(8) + 37.6 = 64.4%
x
y = 2009: p(9) = 3.35(9) + 37.6 = 67.75%
x − 2
1 ⎛ x ⎞ x2 2010: p(10) = 3.35(10) + 37.6 = 71.1%
So, A = x⎜ ⎟ = .
2 ⎝ x − 2⎠ 2( x − 2)
The domain of A includes x-values such that
x 2 ⎣⎡2( x − 2)⎤⎦ > 0. By solving this inequality, the
domain is x > 2.
71. (a) Cost = variable costs + fixed costs

C = 12.30 x + 98,000
(b) Revenue = price per unit × number of units
R = 17.98 x
(c) Profit = Revenue − Cost
P = 17.98 x − (12.30 x + 98,000)
P = 5.68 x − 98,000
(3000)
2
73. (a) (b) + h2 = d 2
d 2 − (3000)
2
h =
Domain: d ≥ 3000 (because both d ≥ 0 and d 2 − (3000) ≥ 0)

2
75. (a) R = n( rate) = n ⎡⎣8.00 − 0.05( n − 80)⎤⎦ , n ≥ 80

n2 240n − n 2
R = 12.00n − 0.05n 2 = 12n − = , n ≥ 80
20 20
(b)
n 90 100 110 120 130 140 150
R( n) $675 $700 $715 $720 $715 $700 $675
The revenue is maximum when 120 people take the trip.
77. f ( x) = x 2 − x + 1
f ( 2 + h ) = ( 2 + h ) − ( 2 + h) + 1
2
= 4 + 4h + h 2 − 2 − h + 1
= h 2 + 3h + 3
f ( 2) = ( 2) − 2 + 1 = 3
2
f ( 2 + h) − f ( 2) = h 2 + 3h
f ( 2 + h ) − f ( 2) h 2 + 3h
= = h + 3, h ≠ 0
h h
79. f ( x) = x3 + 3 x
f ( x + h) = ( x + h) + 3( x + h)
3
= x3 + 3x 2 h + 3 xh 2 + h3 + 3x + 3h
f ( x + h) − f ( x)
=
( x3 + 3x 2h + 3xh2 + h3 + 3 x + 3h) − ( x3 + 3x)
h h
h(3 x + 3 xh + h + 3)
2 2
=
h
= 3 x + 3 xh + h 2 + 3, h ≠ 0
2
1 91. False. The range is [−1, ∞).

81. g ( x) =
x2
1
−
1 93. f ( x) = x −1 Domain: x ≥ 1
g ( x) − g (3) x 2
9
= 1
x −3 x −3 g ( x) = Domain: x > 1
x −1
9− x 2
= The value 1 may be included in the domain of f ( x)
9 x 2 ( x − 3)
as it is possible to find the square root of 0. However,
−( x + 3)( x − 3)
= 1 cannot be included in the domain of g ( x) as it causes
9 x 2 ( x − 3)
a zero to occur in the denominator which results in the
x +3 function being undefined.
= − ,x ≠ 3
9x2
95. No; x is the independent variable, f is the name of the
83. f ( x) = 5x function.
f ( x) − f (5) 5x − 5 97. (a) Yes. The amount that you pay in sales tax will
= ,x ≠ 5 increase as the price of the item purchased increases.
x −5 x −5
(b) No. The length of time that you study the night
85. By plotting the points, we have a parabola, so before an exam does not necessarily determine your
g ( x) = cx 2 . Because ( −4, − 32) is on the graph, you score on the exam.
have −32 = c( −4) ⇒ c = −2. So, g ( x) = −2 x 2 .

2
87. Because the function is undefined at 0, we have

r ( x) = c x. Because ( −4, − 8) is on the graph, you
have −8 = c −4 ⇒ c = 32. So, r ( x) = 32 x.
89. False. The equation y 2 = x 2 + 4 is a relation between

x and y. However, y = ± x 2 + 4 does not represent
a function.
Section P.6 Analyzing Graphs of Functions 25
Section P.6 Analyzing Graphs of Functions

1. Vertical Line Test 19. f ( x) = 1 x3
2
− x
1 3
3. decreasing 2
x − x = 0
5. average rate of change; secant x 3 − 2 x = 2(0)

x ( x 2 − 2) = 0
7. Domain: ( −∞, ∞); Range: [−4, ∞)
(a) f ( −2) = 0 x = 0 or x2 − 2 = 0
x2 = 2
(b) f ( −1) = −1
x = ± 2
(c) f ()
1
2
= 0
21. f ( x) = 4 x3 − 24 x 2 − x + 6
(d) f (1) = − 2
4 x 3 − 24 x 2 − x + 6 = 0
9. Domain: ( −∞, ∞); Range: ( −2, ∞) 4 x 2 ( x − 6) − 1( x − 6) = 0
(a) f ( 2) = 0 ( x − 6)(4 x 2 − 1) = 0
(b) f (1) = 1 ( x − 6)(2 x + 1)(2 x − 1) = 0
(c) f (3) = 2 x − 6 = 0 or 2 x + 1 = 0 or 2 x − 1 = 0
x = 6 x = − 12 x = 1
(d) f ( −1) = 3 2
1 x3 23. f ( x) = 2x − 1
11. y = 4
2x − 1 = 0
A vertical line intersects the graph at most once, so y is a
function of x. 2x = 1
2x = 1
13. x 2 + y 2 = 25 1
x = 2
A vertical line intersects the graph more than once, so y
is not a function of x.
25. (a)
15. f ( x) = 2 x − 7 x − 30
2
2 x − 7 x − 30 = 0
2
(2 x + 5)( x − 6) = 0
2x + 5 = 0 or x −6 = 0
5
x = − 52 x = 6 Zero: x = −
3
x (b) f ( x) = 3 + 5
17. f ( x) = x
9x2 − 4 3+ 5
= 0
x
x
= 0 3x + 5 = 0
9x2 − 4
x = 0 x = − 53
27. (a) 39. f ( x) = 3

(a)
Zero: x = − 11
2
Constant on ( −∞, ∞)
(b) f ( x) = 2 x + 11
(b)
2 x + 11 = 0 x –2 −1 0 1 2
2 x + 11 = 0 f ( x) 3 3 3 3 3
x = − 11
2
s2
29. (a) 41. g ( s ) =
4
(a)
1
Zero: x =
3
Decreasing on ( −∞, 0); Increasing on (0, ∞)
3x − 1
(b) f ( x) =
x −6 (b)
s –4 −2 0 2 4
3x − 1
= 0
x −6 g ( s) 4 1 0 1 4
3x − 1 = 0
x =
1 43. f ( x) = 1− x
3
(a)
31. f ( x) = 3
2
x
The function is increasing on ( −∞, ∞).
33. f ( x) = x3 − 3 x 2 + 2
Decreasing on ( −∞, 1)
The function is increasing on ( −∞, 0) and ( 2, ∞) and
(b)
decreasing on (0, 2). x –3 −2 –1 0 1
f ( x) 2 3 2 1 0
35. f ( x) = x + 1 + x − 1
The function is increasing on (1, ∞).

45. f ( x) = x3 2
The function is constant on ( −1, 1). (a)
The function is decreasing on ( −∞, −1).
⎧x + 3, x ≤ 0
⎪
37. f ( x) = ⎨3, 0 < x ≤ 2
⎪2 x + 1, x > 2
⎩ Increasing on (0, ∞)
The function is increasing on ( −∞, 0) and ( 2, ∞). (b)
x 0 1 2 3 4
The function is constant on (0, 2).
f ( x) 0 1 2.8 5.2 8
47. f ( x) = 3x 2 − 2 x − 5 57. f ( x) = 9 − x 2
f ( x) ≥ 0 on [−3, 3]
Relative minimum: ( 13 , − 163 ) or (0.33, − 5.33)
49. f ( x) = −2 x 2 + 9 x
59. f ( x) = x −1
f ( x) ≥ 0 on [1, ∞)
x −1 ≥ 0
x −1 ≥ 0
Relative maximum: ( 2.25, 10.125)
x ≥1
51. f ( x) = x − 3 x − x + 1
3 2 [1, ∞)
61. f ( x) = −2 x + 15
f (3) − f (0) 9 − 15
= = −2
3−0 3
The average rate of change from x1 = 0 to x2 = 3 is
Relative maximum: ( −0.15, 1.08)
−2.
Relative minimum: ( 2.15, − 5.08)
63. f ( x) = x3 − 3 x 2 − x
53. h( x) = ( x − 1) x
f (3) − f (1) −3 − ( −3)
= = 0
3−1 2
The average rate of change from x1 = 1 to x2 = 3 is 0.
65. (a)
Relative minimum: (0.33, − 0.38)
55. f ( x) = 4 − x
f ( x) ≥ 0 on ( −∞, 4] (b) To find the average rate of change of the amount the
U.S. Department of Energy spent for research and
development from 2005 to 2010, find the average
rate of change from (5, f (5)) to (10, f (10)).
f (10) − f (5) 10,925 − 8501.25

= = 484.75
10 − 5 5
The amount the U.S. Department of Energy spent for
research and development increased by about
$484.75 million each year from 2005 to 2010.
67. s0 = 6, v0 = 64 71. f ( x) = x6 − 2 x 2 + 3
f ( − x) = ( − x) − 2( − x) + 3
6 2
(a) s = −16t 2 + 64t + 6
(b) = x6 − 2 x 2 + 3
= f ( x)
The function is even. y-axis symmetry.
73. h( x ) = x x +5
s(3) − s(0) 54 − 6 h( − x ) = ( − x ) − x + 5
(c) = = 16
3− 0 3
= −x 5 − x
(d) The slope of the secant line is positive.
≠ h( x )
(e) s(0) = 6, m = 16
≠ − h( x )
Secant line: y − 6 = 16(t − 0)
The function is neither odd nor even. No symmetry.
y = 16t + 6
75. f ( s) = 4 s 3 2
(f )
= 4( − s )
32
≠ f ( s)
≠ − f ( s)
The function is neither odd nor even. No symmetry.
69. v0 = 120, s0 = 0
77.
(a) s = −16t 2 + 120t
(b)
(c) The average rate of change from t = 3 to t = 5:

s(5) − s(3) 200 − 216 16 The graph of f ( x) = −9 is symmetric to the y-axis,
= = − = − 8 feet per
5−3 2 2 which implies f ( x) is even.
second
f ( − x) = −9
(d) The slope of the secant line through (3, s(3)) and
= f ( x)
(5, s(5)) is negative. The function is even.
(e) The equation of the secant line: m = − 8
Using (5, s(5)) = (5, 200) we have
y − 200 = − 8(t − 5)
y = − 8t + 240.
(f ) 270
0 8
0
79. f ( x) = − x − 5 83. h = top − bottom

= 3 − (4 x − x 2 )
= 3 − 4x + x2
85. L = right − left

= 2− 3 2y
87. L = −0.294 x 2 + 97.744 x − 664.875, 20 ≤ x ≤ 90

(a)
The graph displays no symmetry, which implies f ( x) is
neither odd nor even.
f ( x) = − ( − x) − 5
= − −x − 5
≠ f ( x) (b) L = 2000 when x ≈ 29.9645 ≈ 30 watts.
≠ − f ( x)
89. (a) For the average salaries of college professors, a scale
The function is neither even nor odd. of $10,000 would be appropriate.
(b) For the population of the United States, use a scale
81. f ( x) = 1− x
of 10,000,000.
(c) For the percent of the civilian workforce that is
unemployed, use a scale of 1%.
The graph displays no symmetry, which implies

f ( x) is neither odd nor even.
f ( − x) = 1 − ( − x) = 1 + x ≠ f ( x ) ≠ − f ( x)
The function is neither even nor odd.
91. (a) y = x (b) y = x2 (c) y = x3
(d) y = x 4 (e) y = x5 (f ) y = x 6
All the graphs pass through the origin. The graphs of the odd powers of x are symmetric with respect to the origin and the
graphs of the even powers are symmetric with respect to the y-axis. As the powers increase, the graphs become flatter in the
interval −1 < x < 1.
93. False. The function f ( x) = x 2 + 1 has a domain of (

95. − 53 , − 7 )
all real numbers.
(a) If f is even, another point is ( 53 , − 7).
(b) If f is odd, another point is ( 53 , 7).
97.
f ( x) = x 2 − x 4 is even. g ( x) = 2 x 3 + 1 is neither. h( x) = x5 − 2 x3 + x is odd.
j ( x ) = 2 − x 6 − x8 is even. k ( x) = x5 − 2 x 4 + x − 2 is neither. p( x) = x9 + 3 x5 − x3 + x is odd.

Equations of odd functions contain only odd powers of x. Equations of even functions contain only even powers of x.
A function that has variables raised to even and odd powers is neither odd nor even.
Section P.7 A Library of Parent Functions

1. f ( x) = a xb 9. f ( x) = ax + b
(g) greatest integer function (d) linear function
2. f ( x) = x 11. (a) f (1) = 4, f (0) = 6

(i) identity function (1, 4), (0, 6)
1 6−4
3. f ( x) = m = = −2
x 0 −1
(h) reciprocal function y − 6 = −2( x − 0)

y = −2 x + 6
4. f ( x) = x 2
f ( x) = −2 x + 6
(a) squaring function
(b)
5. f ( x) = x
(b) square root function
6. f ( x) = c
(e) constant function
7. f ( x) = x
(f ) absolute value function
8. f ( x) = x3
(c) cubic function
Section P.7 A Library of Parent Functions 31
13. (a) f ( − 5) = −1, f (5) = −1 1

23. f ( x) = 4 +
x
(− 5, −1), (5, −1)
−1 − ( −1) 0
m = = = 0
5 − ( − 5) 10
y − ( −1) = 0( x − ( − 5))
y = −1
f ( x ) = −1 25. g ( x) = x − 5
(b) y
x
−3 −2 −1 1 2 3
−2
27. f ( x) = a xb
−3
(a) f ( 2.1) = 2
(b) f ( 2.9) = 2
15. f ( x) = 2.5 x − 4.25
(c) f ( −3.1) = −4
(d) f ( 72 ) = 3
29. k ( x) = cde 12 x + 6fgh
17. g ( x) = −2 x 2 (a) k (5) = cde 12 (5) + 6fgh = a8.5b = 8
(b) k ( −6.1) = cde 12 ( −6.1) + 6fgh = a2.95b = 2
(c) k (0.1) = cde 12 (0.1) + 6fgh = a6.05b = 6
(d) k (15) = cde 12 (15) + 6fgh = a13.5b = 13
19. f ( x) = x3 − 1 31. g ( x) = −a xb
21. f ( x) = 4 − 2 x
33. g ( x) = a xb − 1
⎧⎪ x + 6, x ≤ −4 45. Answers will vary. Sample answer:

35. g ( x) = ⎨ 1
⎪⎩ 2 x − 4, x > −4 Input
Interval Drain Pipe 1 Drain Pipe 2
Pipe
[0, 5] Open Closed Closed
[5, 10] Open Open Closed
[10, 20] Closed Closed Closed
[20, 30] Closed Closed Open
[30, 40] Open Open Open
⎧⎪1 − ( x − 1)2 , x ≤ 2 [40, 45] Open Closed Open
37. f ( x) = ⎨
⎪⎩ x − 2, x > 2 [45, 50] Open Open Open
[50, 60] Open Open Closed
47. For the first two hours the slope is 1. For the next six
hours, the slope is 2. For the final hour, the slope is 12 .
⎧4 − x 2 , x < −2
⎪
39. h( x) = ⎨3 + x, −2 ≤ x < 0
⎪x 2 + 1, x ≥ 0
⎩
⎧t , 0 ≤ t ≤ 2
⎪
f (t ) = ⎨2t − 2, 2 < t ≤ 8
⎪1
⎩ 2 t + 10, 8 < t ≤ 9
To find f (t ) = 2t − 2, use m = 2 and ( 2, 2).
(
41. s( x) = 2 14 x − cde 14 xfhg ) y − 2 = 2(t − 2) ⇒ y = 2t − 2
(a)
To find f (t ) = 1t
2
+ 10, use m = 1
2
and (8, 14).
y − 14 = 1
2
(t − 8) ⇒ y = 1t
2
+ 10
Total accumulation = 14.5 inches
(b) Domain: ( −∞, ∞) ; Range: [0, 2) 49. False. A piecewise-defined function is a function that
is defined by two or more equations over a specified
domain. That domain may or may not include x- and
43. (a) W (30) = 14(30) = 420
y-intercepts.
W ( 40) = 14( 40) = 560
W ( 45) = 21( 45 − 40) + 560 = 665
W (50) = 21(50 − 40) + 560 = 770
(b) W ( h) = ⎧⎪14h, 0 < h ≤ 45

⎨
⎪⎩21( h − 45) + 630, h > 45
Section P.8 Transformations of Functions 33
Section P.8 Transformations of Functions

1. rigid 3. vertical stretch; vertical shrink
5. (a) f ( x) = x + c Vertical shifts
c = −1: f ( x) = x − 1 1 unit down
c = 1: f ( x) = x + 1 1 unit up
c = 3: f ( x) = x + 3 3 units up
(b) f ( x) = x − c Horizontal shifts
c = −1: f ( x) = x + 1 1 unit left
c = 1: f ( x) = x − 1 1 unit right
c = 3: f ( x) = x − 3 3 units right
7. (a) f ( x) = a xb + c Vertical shifts
c = −2: f ( x) = a xb − 2 2 units down
c = 0: f ( x) = a xb Parent function
c = 2: f ( x) = a xb + 2 2 units up
(b) f ( x) = a x + cb Horizontal shifts
c = −2: f ( x) = a x − 2b 2 units right
c = 0: f ( x) = a xb Parent function
c = 2: f ( x) = a x + 2b 2 units left
9. (a) y = f ( − x) (b) y = f ( x) + 4 (c) y = 2 f ( x)

Reflection in the y-axis Vertical shift 4 units Vertical stretch (each y-value
upward is multiplied by 2)
(d) y = − f ( x − 4) (e) y = f ( x) − 3 (f ) y = − f ( x) − 1
Reflection in the x-axis and Vertical shift 3 units Reflection in the x-axis and a
a horizontal shift 4 units to downward vertical shift 1 unit downward
the right
(g) y = f ( 2 x)
Horizontal shrink
(each x-value is divided by 2)
11. Parent function: f ( x) = x 2 13. Parent function: f ( x) = x

(a) Vertical shift 1 unit downward (a) Reflection in the x-axis and a horizontal shift 3 units
to the left
g ( x) = x − 1 2
g ( x) = − x + 3
(b) Reflection in the x-axis, horizontal shift 1 unit to the
left, and a vertical shift 1 unit upward (b) Horizontal shift 2 units to the right and a vertical
shift 4 units downward
g ( x) = −( x + 1) + 1
2
g ( x) = x − 2 − 4
15. Parent function: f ( x) = x3 25. g ( x) = 2 x2

3
+ 4
Horizontal shift 2 units to the right (a) Parent function: f ( x) = x 2
y = ( x − 2)
3
(b) Vertical shrink of two-thirds, and a vertical shift 4
units upward
17. Parent function: f ( x) = x 2 (c)
Reflection in the x-axis
y = − x2
19. Parent function: f ( x) = x

Reflection in the x-axis and a vertical shift 1 unit upward
y = − x +1
21. g ( x) = 12 − x 2 (d) g ( x) = 2 f ( x) + 4
3
(a) Parent function: f ( x) = x 2

27. g ( x) = 2 − ( x + 5)
2
(b) Reflection in the x-axis and a vertical shift 12 units

upward (a) Parent function: f ( x) = x 2
(c)
(b) Reflection in the x-axis, horizontal shift 5 units to the
left, and a vertical shift 2 units upward
(c)
(d) g ( x) = 12 − f ( x)
23. g ( x) = x3 + 7 (d) g ( x) = 2 − f ( x + 5)
(a) Parent function: f ( x) = x 3
29. g ( x) = 3x
(b) Vertical shift 7 units upward
(c) (a) Parent function: f ( x) = x
(b) Horizontal shrink by 1

3
(c)
(d) g ( x) = f ( x) + 7
(d) g ( x) = f (3x)
31. g ( x) = ( x − 1) + 2
3
37. g ( x) = − x + 4 + 8
(a) Parent function: f ( x) = x3 (a) Parent function: f ( x) = x
(b) Horizontal shift 1 unit to the right and a vertical shift (b) Reflection in the x-axis, horizontal shift 4 units to
2 units upward the left, and a vertical shift 8 units upward
(c) (c)
(d) g ( x) = f ( x − 1) + 2 (d) g ( x) = − f ( x + 4) + 8
33. g ( x) = 3( x − 2)
3 39. g ( x) = − 2 x − 1 − 4
(a) Parent function: f ( x) = x3 (a) Parent function: f ( x) = x
(b) Horizontal shift 2 units to the right, vertical stretch (b) Horizontal shift one unit to the right, vertical stretch,
(each y-value is multiplied by 3) reflection in the x-axis, vertical shift four units
downward
(c)
(c)
(d) g ( x) = 3 f ( x − 2)
(d) g ( x) = −2 f ( x − 1) − 4
35. g ( x) = − x − 2
41. g ( x) = 3 − a xb
(a) Parent function: f ( x) = x
(a) Parent function: f ( x) = a xb
(b) Reflection in the x-axis, vertical shift 2 units
downward (b) Reflection in the x-axis and a vertical shift 3 units
upward
(c)
(c)
(d) g ( x) = − f ( x) − 2
(d) g ( x) = 3 − f ( x)
43. g ( x) = x −9 57. f ( x) = x
(a) Parent function: f ( x) = x (a) Reflection in the x-axis and a vertical shrink
(b) Horizontal shift 9 units to the right

(each y-value is multiplied by 12 )
(c) g ( x) = − 12 x
(b) Vertical stretch (each y-value is multiplied by 3) and

a vertical shift 3 units downward
g ( x) = 3 x − 3
59. Parent function: f ( x) = x3

Vertical stretch (each y-value is multiplied by 2)
g ( x) = 2 x3
(d) g ( x) = f ( x − 9)
61. Parent function: f ( x) = x 2
45. g ( x) = 7 − x − 2 or g ( x) = − ( x − 7) − 2
Reflection in the x-axis, vertical shrink
(a) Parent function: f ( x) = x (each y-value is multiplied by 12 )
(b) Reflection in the y-axis, horizontal shift 7 units to the
g ( x) = − 12 x 2
right, and a vertical shift 2 units downward
(c)
Reflection in the y-axis, vertical shrink
g ( x) = 1
2
−x
65. Parent function: f ( x) = x3

Reflection in the x-axis, horizontal shift 2 units to the
(d) g ( x) = f (7 − x) − 2 right and a vertical shift 2 units upward
g ( x) = − ( x − 2) + 2
3
47. g ( x) = ( x − 3) − 7
2

49. f ( x) = x3 moved 13 units to the right
Reflection in the x-axis and a vertical shift 3 units
g ( x) = ( x − 13)
3
downward
g ( x) = − x −3
51. g ( x) = − x + 12
53. f ( x) = x moved 6 units to the left and reflected in

both the x- and y-axes
g ( x) = − −x + 6
55. f ( x) = x 2
(a) Reflection in the x-axis and a vertical stretch (each
y-value is multiplied by 3)
g ( x) = − 3 x 2
(b) Vertical shift 3 units upward and a vertical stretch
(each y-value is multiplied by 4)
g ( x) = 4 x 2 + 3
69. (a) 77. (a)
(b) H ( x) = 0.002 x 2 + 0.005 x − 0.029

(b)
2
⎛ x ⎞ ⎛ x ⎞ ⎛ x ⎞
H ⎜ ⎟ = 0.002⎜ ⎟ + 0.005⎜ ⎟ − 0.029
⎝ 1.6 ⎠ ⎝ 1.6 ⎠ ⎝ 1.6 ⎠
⎛ x2 ⎞ ⎛ x ⎞
= 0.002⎜ ⎟ + 0.005⎜ ⎟ − 0.029
⎝ 2.56 ⎠ ⎝ 1.6 ⎠
= 0.00078125 x 2 + 0.003125 x − 0.029 (c)
⎛ x ⎞
The graph of H ⎜ ⎟ is a horizontal stretch of the
⎝ 1.6 ⎠
graph of H ( x).
71. False. y = f ( − x) is a reflection in the y-axis. 3

79. (a) The profits were only 4
as large as expected:
73. True. Because x = − x , the graphs of g (t ) = 3
f (t )
4
f ( x) = x + 6 and f ( x) = − x + 6 are identical.
(b) The profits were $10,000 greater than predicted:
75. y = f ( x + 2) − 1 g (t ) = f (t ) + 10,000
Horizontal shift 2 units to the left and a vertical shift (c) There was a two-year delay: g (t ) = f (t − 2)
1 unit downward
(0, 1) → (0 − 2, 1 − 1) = ( − 2, 0)
(1, 2) → (1 − 2, 2 − 1) = ( −1, 1)
(2, 3) → ( 2 − 2, 3 − 1) = (0, 2)
Section P.9 Combinations of Functions: Composite Functions

1. addition; subtraction; multiplication; division 5. f ( x) = x + 2, g ( x) = x − 2
3.
x 0 1 2 3
(a) (f + g )( x) = f ( x) + g ( x)
= ( x + 2) + ( x − 2)
f 2 3 1 2
= 2x
g 1
–1 0 0
2 (b) (f − g )( x) = f ( x) − g ( x)
3
f + g 1 3 2 2 = ( x + 2) − ( x − 2)
= 4
(c) ( fg )( x) = f ( x ) ⋅ g ( x)
= ( x + 2)( x − 2)
= x2 − 4
⎛f⎞ f ( x) x + 2
(d) ⎜ ⎟( x) = =
⎝x⎠ g ( x) x − 2
Domain: all real numbers x except x = 2
Section P.9 Combinations of Functions: Composite Functions 39
7. f ( x) = x 2 , g ( x) = 4 x − 5 15. (f − g )(0) = f (0) − g (0)
(a) (f + g )( x) = f ( x) + g ( x) = (02 + 1) − (0 − 4)
= x 2 + ( 4 x − 5) = 5
= x2 + 4 x − 5 17. (f − g )(3t ) = f (3t ) − g (3t )

(b) (f − g )( x) = f ( x) − g ( x)
= ⎡(3t ) + 1⎤ − (3t − 4)
2
⎣ ⎦
= x − ( 4 x − 5)
2
= 9t 2 − 3t + 5
= x2 − 4x + 5
(c) ( fg )( x) = f ( x ) ⋅ g ( x) 19. ( fg )(6) = f ( 6) g ( 6 )
= x 2 ( 4 x − 5) = (62 + 1)(6 − 4)
= 4 x3 − 5 x 2 = 74
⎛f⎞ f ( x)
(d) ⎜ ⎟( x) = ⎛f⎞ f (5) 52 + 1
⎝g⎠ g ( x) 21. ⎜ ⎟(5) = = = 26
⎝g⎠ g (5) 5− 4
x2
=
4x − 5 ⎛f⎞ f ( −1)
23. ⎜ ⎟( −1) − g (3) = − g (3)
5 ⎝g⎠ g ( −1)
Domain: all real numbers x except x =
4
=
(−1)2 +1
− ( 3 − 4)
9. f ( x) = x 2 + 6, g ( x) = 1− x −1 − 4
2 3
= − +1=
(a) (f + g )( x) = f ( x) + g ( x ) = x 2 + 6 + 1− x 5 5
(b) (f − g )( x) = f ( x) − g ( x) = x 2 + 6 − 1− x
25. f ( x) = 1 x, g ( x) = x − 1
2
(c) ( fg )( x) = f ( x) ⋅ g ( x) = ( x + 6) 1 − x 2
(f + g )( x) = 3
2
x −1
⎛f⎞
(d) ⎜ ⎟( x) =
f ( x)
=
x2 + 6
=
( x + 6) 1 − x 2
⎝g⎠ g ( x) 1− x 1− x
Domain: x < 1
1 1
11. f ( x) = , g ( x) = 2
x x
1 1 x +1
(a) (f + g )( x) = f ( x) + g ( x) = + 2 =
x x x2
1 1 x −1
(b) (f − g )( x) = f ( x) − g ( x) = − 2 =
27. f ( x) = 3x, g ( x) = −
x3
x x x2
10
1⎛ 1 ⎞ 1
(c) ( fg )( x) = f ( x ) ⋅ g ( x) = ⎜ ⎟ = 3 (f + g )( x) = 3x −
x3
x ⎝ x2 ⎠ x 10
⎛f⎞ f ( x) 1x x2
(d) ⎜ ⎟( x) = = = = x
⎝g⎠ g ( x) 1 x2 x
For Exercises 13– 23, f ( x ) = x 2 + 1 and g ( x ) = x – 4.
For 0 ≤ x ≤ 2, f ( x) contributes most to the

13. (f + g )( 2) = f ( 2) + g ( 2) = ( 22 + 1) + ( 2 − 4) = 3
magnitude.
For x > 6, g ( x) contributes most to the magnitude.
29. f ( x) = 3x + 2, g ( x) = − x +5 35. f ( x ) = x + 4 Domain: x ≥ −4

(f + g ) x = 3x − x + 5 + 2 g ( x) = x 2 Domain: all real numbers x
(a) (f D g )( x) = f ( g ( x)) = f ( x 2 ) = x2 + 4
Domain: all real numbers x

(b) (g D f )( x) = g ( f ( x))
( ) ( )
2
For 0 ≤ x ≤ 2, f ( x) contributes most to the = g x + 4 = x + 4 = x + 4
magnitude. Domain: x ≥ − 4
For x > 6, f ( x) contributes most to the magnitude.
37. f ( x) = x 2 + 1 Domain: all real numbers x
31. f ( x) = x , g ( x) = x − 1
2
g ( x) = x Domain: x ≥ 0
(f D g )( x) = f ( g ( x)) = f ( x − 1) = ( x − 1)
2
(a) (a) (f D g )( x) = f ( g ( x))
(b) (g D f )( x) = g ( f ( x)) = g ( x 2
) = x −1
2
= f( x)
(c) (g D g )( x) = g ( g ( x)) = g ( x − 1) = x − 2 = ( x) + 1
2
= x +1
33. f ( x ) = 3
x − 1, g ( x) = x 3 + 1
Domain: x ≥ 0
(a) (f D g )( x) = f ( g ( x))
(b) (g D f )( x) = g ( f ( x)) = g ( x 2 + 1) = x2 + 1
= f ( x3 + 1)
Domain: all real numbers x
= 3
(x 3
+ 1) − 1
39. f ( x) = x Domain: all real numbers x
3
= x3 = x
g ( x) = x + 6 Domain: all real numbers x
(b) (g D f )( x) = g ( f ( x))
(a) (f D g )( x) = f ( g ( x)) = f ( x + 6) = x + 6
= g ( 3
x −1 ) Domain: all real numbers x
( )
3
= x −1 +1 D f )( x ) = g ( f ( x)) = g ( x )
3
(b) (g = x + 6
= ( x − 1) + 1 = x Domain: all real numbers x
(c) (g D g )( x) = g ( g ( x))
= g ( x3 + 1)
= ( x3 + 1) + 1
3
= x9 + 3 x 6 + 3x3 + 2
1
41. f ( x) = Domain: all real numbers x except x = 0
x
g ( x) = x + 3 Domain: all real numbers x
1
(a) (f D g )( x) = f ( g ( x)) = f ( x + 3) =
x +3
Domain: all real numbers x except x = −3
⎛1⎞ 1
(b) (g D f )( x) = g ( f ( x)) = g ⎜ ⎟ = +3
⎝ x⎠ x
Section P.9 Combinations of Functions: Composite Functions 41
43. (a) (f + g )(3) = f (3) + g (3) = 2 + 1 = 3 57. (a) p(t ) = d (t ) + c(t )
⎛f⎞ f ( 2) 0 (b) p(5) represents the number of dogs and cats in 2005.
(b) ⎜ ⎟( 2) = = = 0
⎝g⎠ g ( 2) 2 p (t ) d (t ) + c ( t )
(c) h(t ) = =
n(t ) n(t )
45. (a) (f D g )( 2) = f ( g ( 2)) = f ( 2) = 0
h(t ) represents the number of dogs and cats at time t
(b) (g D f )( 2) = g ( f ( 2)) = g (0) = 4 compared to the population at time t or the number
of dogs and cats per capita.
47. h( x) = ( 2 x 2 + 1)
2
x
59. (a) r ( x) =
One possibility: Let f ( x) = x and g ( x) = 2 x + 1, 2 2
(b) A( r ) = π r 2
then ( f D g )( x) = h( x).
2
⎛ x⎞ ⎛ x⎞
(c) ( A D r )( x) = A( r ( x )) = A⎜ ⎟ = π ⎜ ⎟
49. h( x) = 3
x − 4
2
⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ 2⎠
One possibility: Let f ( x ) = 3

x and g ( x) = x 2 − 4, ( A D r )( x) represents the area of the circular base of
the tank on the square foundation with side length x.
then ( f D g )( x) = h( x).
61. (a) f ( g ( x)) = f (0.03 x) = 0.03x − 500,000
1
51. h( x) =
x + 2 (b) g ( f ( x)) = g ( x − 500,000) = 0.03( x − 500,000)
One possibility: Let f ( x) = 1 x and g ( x) = x + 2, g ( f ( x)) represents your bonus of 3% of an amount
then ( f D g )( x) = h( x). over $500,000.
− x2 + 3 63. Let
53. h( x) = O = oldest sibling, M = middle sibling,
4 − x2
Y = youngest sibling.
x +3
One possibility: Let f ( x) = and g ( x) = − x 2 , Then the ages of each sibling can be found using the
4 + x
equations:
then ( f D g )( x) = h( x).
O = 2M
M = 1Y + 6
55. (a) T ( x) = R( x) + B( x) = 3
4
x + 1 x2
15
2
(b) (a) O( M (Y )) = 2 ( 12 (Y ) + 6) = 12 + Y ; Answers will

vary.
(b) Oldest sibling is 16: O = 16
Middle sibling: O = 2 M
16 = 2 M
M = 8 years old
Youngest sibling: M = 1Y + 6
2
(c) B( x); As x increases, B( x) increases at a faster 1
8 = 2
Y + 6
rate.
2 = 1Y
2
Y = 4 years old
65. False. ( f D g )( x) = 6 x + 1 and ( g D f )( x) = 6 x + 6
67. Let f ( x) and g ( x) be two odd functions and define 69. Let f ( x) be an odd function, g ( x) be an even function,
h( x) = f ( x) g ( x). Then and define h( x) = f ( x) g ( x). Then
h( − x ) = f ( − x ) g ( − x ) h( − x ) = f ( − x ) g ( − x )
⎣ f ( x)⎤⎡−
= ⎡− ⎦⎣ g ( x )⎤⎦ because f and g are odd ⎣ f ( x )⎤⎦ g ( x)
= ⎡− because f is odd and g is even
= f ( x) g ( x) = − f ( x ) g ( x)
= h( x). = − h( x).
So, h( x) is even. So, h is odd and the product of an odd function and an
even function is odd.
Let f ( x) and g ( x) be two even functions and define
h( x) = f ( x) g ( x). Then
h( − x ) = f ( − x ) g ( − x )
= f ( x) g ( x) because f and g are even
= h( x).
So, h( x) is even.
Section P.10 Inverse Functions

1. inverse 9. f ( x ) = 3x + 1
x −1
3. range; domain f −1 ( x) =
3
5. one-to-one ⎛ x − 1⎞ ⎛ x − 1⎞
f ( f −1 ( x)) = f ⎜ ⎟ = 3⎜ ⎟ +1 = x
⎝ 3 ⎠ ⎝ 3 ⎠
7. f ( x) = 6 x
x 1 f −1 ( f ( x)) = f −1 (3 x + 1) =
(3 x + 1) − 1
= x
f −1 ( x) = = x 3
6 6
⎛ x⎞ ⎛ x⎞
f ( f −1 ( x)) = f ⎜ ⎟ = 6⎜ ⎟ = x 11. f ( x) = 3
x
⎝6⎠ ⎝6⎠ f −1
( x) = x3
6x
f −1 ( f ( x)) = f −1 (6 x) = = x f ( f −1 ( x)) = f ( x3 ) = 3
x3 = x
6
( x) = ( x)
3
f −1 ( f ( x)) = f −1 3 3
= x
⎛ 2x + 6 ⎞ 7⎛ 2x + 6 ⎞
13. (f D g )( x) = f ( g ( x)) = f ⎜ − ⎟ = − ⎜− ⎟−3 = x + 3−3 = x
⎝ 7 ⎠ 2⎝ 7 ⎠
⎛ 7 ⎞
2⎜ − x − 3⎟ + 6
⎛ 7 ⎞ − ( − 7 x)
= g ⎜ − x − 3⎟ = − ⎝
2 ⎠
(g D f )( x) = g ( f ( x)) = = x
⎝ 2 ⎠ 7 7
( ) ( )
3
15. (f D g )( x) = f ( g ( x)) = f 3
x −5 = 3
x −5 + 5 = x −5+ 5 = x
(g D f )( x ) = g ( f ( x)) = g ( x3 + 5) = 3
x3 + 5 − 5 = 3
x3 = x
Section P.10 Inverse Functions 43
17. y x3
25. f ( x) = , g ( x) = 3
8x
3 8
( )
2 3
3
8x
1
x
(a) f ( g ( x)) = f ( 3
8x = ) 8
=
8x
8
= x
−3 −1 1 2 3
−1 ⎛x ⎞ 3
⎛ x3 ⎞
g ( f ( x)) = g ⎜ ⎟ = 3 8⎜ ⎟ = 3
x3 = x
⎝8⎠ ⎝8⎠
−2
−3
(b)
19. y
x
−1 1 2 3 4
−1
27. f ( x) = x − 4, g ( x) = x 2 + 4, x ≥ 0
x (a) f ( g ( x)) = f ( x 2 + 4), x ≥ 0

21. f ( x) = 2 x, g ( x) =
2
= ( x2 + 4) − 4 = x
⎛ x⎞ ⎛ x⎞
(a) f ( g ( x)) = f ⎜ ⎟ = 2⎜ ⎟ = x
⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ 2⎠ g ( f ( x)) = g ( x − 4 )
2x
( )
2
g ( f ( x )) = g ( 2 x) = = x = x − 4 + 4 = x
2
(b) (b)
x −1
23. f ( x ) = 7 x + 1, g ( x) =
7
⎛ x − 1⎞ ⎛ x − 1⎞
(a) f ( g ( x)) = f ⎜ ⎟ = 7⎜ ⎟ +1= x
⎝ 7 ⎠ ⎝ 7 ⎠
g ( f ( x)) = g (7 x + 1) =
(7 x + 1) − 1
= x
7
(b)
29. f ( x) = 9 − x 2 , x ≥ 0; g ( x) = 9 − x, x ≤ 9
( ) ( )
2
(a) f ( g ( x)) = f 9− x ,x ≤ 9 = 9− 9− x = x
g ( f ( x)) = g (9 − x 2 ), x ≥ 0 = 9 − (9 − x 2 ) = x
(b)
x −1 5x + 1
31. f ( x) = , g ( x) = −
x +5 x −1
⎛ 5x + 1 ⎞
⎜− − 1⎟
(a) f ( g ( x))
⎛ 5x + 1⎞
= f ⎜− ⎝ x − 1 ⎠ ⋅ x − 1 = − (5 x + 1) − ( x − 1) = − 6 x = x
⎟ =
⎝ x − 1 ⎠ ⎛ 5 x + 1 ⎞ x −1 − (5 x + 1) + 5( x − 1) −6
⎜− + 5⎟
⎝ x − 1 ⎠
⎡ ⎛ x − 1⎞ ⎤
⎢5⎜ x + 5 ⎟ + 1⎥ x + 5 5( x − 1) + ( x + 5)
⎛ x − 1⎞ ⎣ ⎝ ⎠ ⎦ ⋅ 6x
g ( f ( x )) = g⎜ ⎟ = − x −1 = − = − = x
⎝ x + 5⎠ ⎡
− 1
⎤ x +5 ( x − 1) − ( x + 5) −6
⎢⎣ x + 5 ⎥⎦
(b)
33. No, {(−2, −1), (1, 0), (2, 1), (1, 2), (−2, 3), (−6, 4)} does 41. g ( x) = ( x + 5)
3
not represent a function. −2 and 1 are paired with two

different values.
35.
x –2 0 2 4 6 8
f −1
( x) –2 –1 0 1 2 3
g passes the Horizontal Line Test, so g has an inverse.
37. Yes, because no horizontal line crosses the graph of f at 43. f ( x) = −2 x 16 − x 2

more than one point, f has an inverse.
39. No, because some horizontal lines cross the graph of f

twice, f does not have an inverse.
f does not pass the Horizontal Line Test, so f does not

have an inverse.
45. (a) f ( x) = 2 x − 3 (b) 4

51. (a) f ( x) = (b)
y = 2x − 3 x
4
x = 2y − 3 y =
x
x +3
y = 4
2 x =
y
x +3
f ( x) =
−1
xy = 4
2
4
y =
(c) The graph of f −1 is the reflection of the graph of f x
in the line y = x. 4
f −1 ( x) =
(d) The domains and ranges of f and f −1 are all real x
numbers. (c) The graph of f −1 is the same as the graph of f.
47. (a) f ( x) = x 5 − 2 (b) (d) The domains and ranges of f and f −1 are all real
numbers except for 0.
y = x5 − 2
x = y5 − 2 x +1
53. (a) f ( x) = (b)
x − 2
y = 5
x + 2
x +1
f −1 ( x) = 5
x + 2 y =
x − 2
y +1
x =
y − 2
(c) The graph of f −1 is the reflection of the graph of f x ( y − 2) = y + 1
in the line y = x. xy − 2 x = y + 1
(d) The domains and ranges of f and f −1 are all real xy − y = 2 x + 1
numbers. y ( x − 1) = 2 x + 1
2x + 1
49. (a) f ( x) = 4 − x2 , 0 ≤ x ≤ 2 y =
x −1
y = 4 − x2 2x + 1
f ( x) =
−1
x −1
x = 4 − y2
x2 = 4 − y2 (c) The graph of f −1 is the reflection of graph of f in
the line y = x.
y2 = 4 − x2
(d) The domain of f and the range of f −1 is all real
y = 4 − x2
numbers except 2.
f −1 ( x) = 4 − x2 , 0 ≤ x ≤ 2
The range of f and the domain of f −1 is all real
(b) numbers except 1.
55. (a) f ( x) = 3
x −1 (b)
y = 3
x −1
x = 3 y −1
x = y −1
3
y = x3 + 1
f −1 ( x) = x 3 + 1
(c) The graph of f −1 is the same as the graph of f.
(c) The graph of f −1 is the reflection of the graph of f
(d) The domains and ranges of f and f −1 are all real
in the line y = x.
numbers x such that 0 ≤ x ≤ 2.
(d) The domains and ranges of f and f −1 are all real
numbers.
57. f ( x) = x 4 67. h( x) = −
4
x2
y = x4
y
x = y4
2
y = ±4 x
x
This does not represent y as a function of x. f does not −4 4
have an inverse. −2
x
59. g ( x) =
8
x
y =
8
The graph fails the Horizontal Line Test so h does not
y
x = have an inverse.
8
y = 8x 3
69. f ( x) = 2x + 3 ⇒ x ≥ − , y ≥ 0
This is a function of x, so g has an inverse. 2
3
g −1 ( x) = 8 x y = 2 x + 3, x ≥ − , y ≥ 0
2
3
61. p( x) = − 4 x = 2 y + 3, y ≥ − , x ≥ 0
2
y = −4 3
x2 = 2 y + 3, x ≥ 0, y ≥ −
Because y = − 4 for all x, the graph is a horizontal line 2
and fails the Horizontal Line Test. p does not have an x −3
2
3
y = , x ≥ 0, y ≥ −
inverse. 2 2
This is a function of x, so f has an inverse.
63. f ( x ) = ( x + 3) , x ≥ − 3 ⇒ y ≥ 0
2
x2 − 3
f −1 ( x) = ,x ≥ 0
y = ( x + 3) , x ≥ − 3, y ≥ 0
2
2
x = ( y + 3) , y ≥ − 3, x ≥ 0
2
6x + 4
71. f ( x) =
x = y + 3, y ≥ − 3, x ≥ 0 4x + 5
y = x − 3, x ≥ 0, y ≥ − 3 6x + 4
y =
4x + 5
6y + 4
f −1 ( x) = x − 3, x ≥ 0 x =
4y + 5
x( 4 y + 5) = 6 y + 4
⎧x + 3, x < 0
65. f ( x) = ⎨ 4 xy + 5 x = 6 y + 4
⎩6 − x, x ≥ 0
4 xy − 6 y = − 5 x + 4
y( 4 x − 6) = − 5 x + 4
− 5x + 4
y =
4x − 6
5x − 4
=
6 − 4x
5x − 4
f −1 ( x) =
6 − 4x
This graph fails the Horizontal Line Test, so f does not
have an inverse.
73. f ( x) = ( x − 2)
2
79. f ( x) = − 2 x 2 + 5
domain of f : x ≥ 2, range of f : y ≥ 0 domain of f : x ≥ 0, range of f : y ≤ 5
f ( x ) = ( x − 2)
2
f ( x) = − 2 x 2 + 5
y = ( x − 2)
2 y = − 2x2 + 5
x = − 2 y2 + 5
x = ( y − 2)
2
x − 5 = − 2 y2
x = y − 2
5 − x = 2 y2
x + 2 = y
5− x
= y
So, f −1 ( x) = x + 2. 2
domain of f −1 : x ≥ 0, range of f −1 : x ≥ 2 5− x 2
⋅ = y
2 2
75. f ( x) = x + 2 2(5 − x)
= y
domain of f : x ≥ − 2, range of f : y ≥ 0 2
f ( x) = x + 2 − 2( x − 5)
So, f −1 ( x) = .
y = x + 2 2
x = y + 2 domain of f −1 ( x): x ≤ 5, range of f −1 ( x): y ≥ 0

x − 2 = y
81. f ( x) = x − 4 + 1
So, f −1 ( x) = x − 2.
domain of f : x ≥ 4, range of f : y ≥ 1
domain of f −1 : x ≥ 0, range of f −1 : y ≥ − 2
f ( x) = x − 4 + 1
y = x −3
77. f ( x) = ( x + 6)
2
x = y −3
domain of f : x ≥ − 6, range of f : y ≥ 0
x +3 = y
f ( x ) = ( x + 6)
2
So, f −1 ( x) = x + 3.
y = ( x + 6)
2
domain of f −1 : x ≥ 1, range of f −1 : y ≥ 4
x = ( y + 6)
2
x = y + 6 In Exercises 83– 87, f ( x ) = 1x

8
– 3, f –1 ( x ) = 8( x + 3),
x −6 = y g ( x ) = x 3 , g –1 ( x ) = 3
x.
So, f −1 ( x) = x − 6.
83. ( f −1 D g −1 )(1) = f −1 ( g −1 (1))
−1 −1
: x ≥ 0, range of f : y ≥ −6
domain of f
= f −1 ( 1)
3
= 8 ( 3
1 + 3 = 32)
85. ( f −1 D f −1 )(6) = f −1 ( f −1 (6))
= f −1 (8[6 + 3])
= 8⎡⎣8(6 + 3) + 3⎤⎦ = 600
87. (f D g )( x) = f ( g ( x)) = f ( x 3 ) = 1 x3
8
−3 97.
x 1 3 4 6
y = 1 x3 −3
8 f 1 2 6 7
x = 1 y3 −3
8
1 y3
x 1 2 6 7
x +3 = 8
8( x + 3) = y 3
f −1
( x) 1 3 4 6
3 8( x + 3) = y
(f D g) ( x)
−1
= 23 x + 3
In Exercises 89–91, f ( x ) = x + 4, f –1 ( x ) = x – 4,
x +5
g ( x ) = 2 x – 5, g –1 ( x ) = .
2
89. ( g −1 D f −1 )( x) = g −1 ( f −1 ( x))
= g −1 ( x − 4)
99. Let ( f D g )( x) = y. Then x = (f D g) ( y ).
−1
Also,
=
(x − 4) + 5
2 (f D g )( x) = y ⇒ f ( g ( x)) = y
x +1 g ( x) = f −1 ( y )
=
2
x = g −1 ( f −1 ( y ))
91. (f D g )( x) = f ( g ( x)) x = ( g −1 D f −1 )( y ).
= f ( 2 x − 5)
Because f and g are both one-to-one
= ( 2 x − 5) + 4 functions, ( f D g )
−1
= g −1 D f −1.
= 2x − 1
x +1 101. If f ( x) = k ( 2 − x − x3 ) has an inverse and
(f D g)
−1
( x) =
2
f −1 (3) = −2, then f ( − 2) = 3. So,
Note: Comparing Exercises 89 and 91,
(f D g)
−1
( x) = ( g −1 D f −1 )( x ). (
f ( − 2) = k 2 − ( − 2) − ( − 2)
3
)=3
k ( 2 + 2 + 8) = 3
93. (a) y = 10 + 0.75 x
12k = 3
x = 10 + 0.75 y
3
k = = 14 .
x − 10 = 0.75 y 12
x − 10 So, k = 14 .
= y
0.75
x − 10 103.
So, f −1 ( x) = .
0.75
x = hourly wage, y = number of units produced
24.25 − 10
(b) y = = 19
0.75
There is an inverse function f −1 ( x) = x − 1 because
So, 19 units are produced.
−1
the domain of f is equal to the range of f and the
95. False. f ( x) = x is even and does not have an inverse.
2
range of f is equal to the domain of f . −1
105. This situation could be represented by a one-to-one

function if the runner does not stop to rest. The inverse
function would represent the time in hours for a given
number of miles completed.
Review Exercises for Chapter P 49
Review Exercises for Chapter P
{
1. 11, −14, − 89 , 52 , 6, 0.4 } 25.
x
−3 =
2x
+1
5 2
(a) Natural numbers: 11 ⎛x ⎞
5⎜ − 3⎟ = ( x + 1)5
(b) Whole numbers: 0, 11 ⎝5 ⎠
(c) Integers: 11, −14 x − 15 = 5 x + 5
(d) Rational numbers: 11, −14, − 89 , 52 , 0.4 − 4 x = 20
x = −5
(e) Irrational numbers: 6
27. 2 x2 + 5x + 3 = 0
3.
(2 x + 3)( x + 1) = 0
5 7 2 x + 3 = 0 ⇒ x = − 32
>
4 8
x + 1 = 0 ⇒ x = −1
5. d ( −74, 48) = 48 − (−74) = 122
(x + 4) = 18
2
29.
7. d ( x, 7) = x − 7 and d ( x, 7) ≥ 4, thus x − 7 ≥ 4. x + 4 = ± 18
x = −4 ± 3 2
9. − x 2 + x − 1
(a) −(1) + 1 − 1 = −1
2
31. 5 x 4 − 12 x3 = 0
x3 (5 x − 12) = 0
(b) −( −1) + ( −1) − 1 = −3
2
x3 = 0 or 5 x − 12 = 0
11. 2 x + (3x − 10) = ( 2 x + 3 x) − 10 x = 0 or x = 12
5
Illustrates the Associative Property of Addition
33. x + 4 = 3
13. 0 + ( a − 5) = a − 5
( )
2
= (3)
2
x + 4
Illustrates the Additive Identity Property
x + 4 = 9
15. (t + 1) + 3 = 3 + (t + 1)
2 2
x = 5
Illustrates the Commutative Property of Addition

35. (x − 1)
23
− 25 = 0
17. −3 + 4( −2) − 6 = 3 − 8 − 6 = −11 (x − 1)
23
= 25
5 10 5 3 1
(x − 1) = 253
2
19. ÷ = ⋅ =
18 3 18 10 12 x −1 = ± 253
6 2
x = 1 ± 125
21. 6 ⎡⎣4 − 2(6 + 8)⎤⎦ = 6⎡⎣4 − 2(14)⎤⎦ x = 126 or x = −124
= 6[4 − 28]
37. x − 5 = 10
= 6( −24) x − 5 = −10 or x − 5 = 10
= −144 x = −5 x = 15
23. 3x − 2( x + 5) = 10
3 x − 2 x − 10 = 10
x = 20
39. (a) y
(b) d = (5 − 1)2 + (1 − 4)
2
= 16 + 9 = 25 = 5
6
⎛5 + 1 1 + 4⎞ ⎛ 5⎞
(c) Midpoint: ⎜ , ⎟ = ⎜ 3,
5
(1, 4) ⎟
4 ⎝ 2 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2⎠
3
2
(5, 1)
1
x
−1 1 2 3 4 5 6
−1
41. y
45. y = x 2 + 2 x
Apparent temperature (in °F)
150
140
130 x –3 –2 –1 0 1
120
110 y 3 0 –1 0 3
100
90
80
70
x
65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100
Actual temperature (in °F)
43. y = 2 x − 6
x 1 2 3 4 5
y −4 −2 0 2 4
y
47. x-intercepts: (1, 0), (5, 0)
4
y-intercept: (0, 5)
2
x
−2 2 4 6
−2
−4
−6
49. y = − 4 x + 1
Intercepts: ( 14 , 0), (0, 1)

y = − 4( − x) + 1 ⇒ y = 4 x + 1 ⇒ No y -axis symmetry
− y = − 4 x + 1 ⇒ y = 4 x − 1 ⇒ No x-axis symmetry
− y = − 4( − x) + 1 ⇒ y = − 4 x − 1 ⇒ No origin symmetry
51. y = x3 + 3
Intercepts: − 3 3, 0 , (0, 3) ( )
y = ( − x) + 3 ⇒ y = − x3 + 3 ⇒ No y -axis symmetry
3
− y = x3 + 3 ⇒ y = − x3 − 3 ⇒ No x-axis symmetry
− y = ( − x) + 3 ⇒ y = x3 − 3 ⇒ No origin symmetry
3
53. Endpoints of a diameter: (0, 0) and ( 4, − 6)
⎛ 0 + 4 0 + ( − 6) ⎞
Center: ⎜ , ⎟ = ( 2, − 3)
⎝ 2 2 ⎠
Radius: r = (2 − 0) + ( − 3 − 0 )
2 2
= 4+ 9 = 13
( )
2
Standard form: ( x − 2) + ( y − ( − 3)) =
2 2
13
(x − 2) + ( y + 3) = 13
2 2
55. x 2 + y 2 = 9 63. (10, − 3), m = − 12

Center: (0, 0) y − ( − 3) = − 12 ( x − 10)
Radius: 3 y + 3 = − 12 x + 5
y = − 12 x + 2
57. y = − 2 x − 7
65. ( −1, 0), (6, 2)
Slope: m = − 2 = − 12
2 − ( 0) 2
y-intercept: (0, − 7) m = =
6 − ( −1) 7
2
y −0 =
7
( x − (−1))
2
y = ( x + 1)
7
59. y = 6 2 2
y = x +
Slope: m = 0 7 7
y-intercept: (0, 6)
67. Point: (3, − 2)
5x − 4 y = 8
5
y = 4
x − 2
5
(a) Parallel slope: m = 4
61. (6, 4), ( − 3, − 4) y − ( − 2) = 5

4
(x − 3)
4 − ( − 4) 4+ 4 8 y + 2 = 5
x − 15
m = = = 4 4
6 − ( − 3) 6+3 9 5 23
y = 4
x − 4
(b) Perpendicular slope: m = − 54
y − ( − 2) = − 54 ( x − 3)
y + 2 = − 54 x + 12
5
y = − 54 x + 2
5
69. Verbal Model : Hourly wage = ( Base wage per hour ) + ( Piecework rate) ⋅ ( Number of units)
Labels : Hourly wage = W
Base wage = 12.25
Piecework rate = 0.75
Number of units = x
Equation : W = 12.25 + 0.75 x
71. 16 x − y 4 = 0 79. (a) v(t ) = − 32t + 48

y 4 = 16 x v(1) = 16 feet per second
y = ±24 x (b) 0 = − 32t + 48
No, y is not a function of x. Some x-values correspond 48
t = 32
= 1.5 seconds
to two y-values.
81. y = ( x − 3)
2
73. y = 1− x
Yes, the equation represents y as a function of x. Each A vertical line intersects the graph no more than once, so
x-value, x ≤ 1, corresponds to only one y-value. y is a function of x.
75. g ( x) = x 4 3 83. f ( x) = 2x + 1
(a) g (8) = 84 3 = 24 = 16 2x + 1 = 0
2x + 1 = 0
(b) g (t + 1) = (t + 1)
43
2 x = −1
(c) (− 27) 43
= ( − 3) = 81
4
x = − 12
(d) g ( − x) = ( − x)
43
= x4 3 85. f ( x) = x + x + 1
f is increasing on (0, ∞).

77. f ( x) = 25 − x 2
f is decreasing on ( − ∞, −1).
Domain: 25 − x 2 ≥ 0
(5 + x)(5 − x) ≥ 0 f is constant on ( −1, 0).
Critical numbers: x = ± 5
87. f ( x) = − x 2 + 2 x + 1
Test intervals: ( − ∞, − 5), (− 5, 5), (5, ∞)
Relative maximum: (1, 2)
Test: Is 25 − x 2 ≥ 0?
Solution set: − 5 ≤ x ≤ 5
Domain: all real numbers x such that
− 5 ≤ x ≤ 5, or [− 5, 5]
89. f ( x) = − x 2 + 8 x − 4
f ( 4) − f (0) 12 − ( − 4)
= = 4
4−0 4
The average rate of change of f from x1 = 0 to x2 = 4
is 4.
91. f ( x) = x5 + 4 x − 7
f ( − x) = ( − x) + 4(− x) − 7
5
= − x5 − 4 x − 7
≠ f ( x)
≠ − f ( x)
Neither even nor odd
93. f ( x) = 2 x x2 + 3 101. g ( x) = a x + 4b
f ( − x) = 2( − x) ( − x)
2
+ 3
= − 2x x2 + 3
= − f ( x)
The function is odd.
95. (a) f ( 2) = − 6, f (−1) = 3
Points: ( 2, − 6), ( −1, 3)
3 − ( − 6) 9 103. (a) f ( x) = x 2
m = = = −3
−1 − 2 −3
(b) h( x) = − ( x + 2) + 3
2
y − ( − 6) = − 3( x − 2)
Horizontal shift two units to the left, vertical shift
y + 6 = − 3x + 6 3 units upward, reflection in the x-axis.
y = − 3x (c)
f ( x) = − 3 x
(b)
(d) h( x) = − f ( x + 2) + 3
105. (a) f ( x) = x3
97. f ( x) = x 2 + 5
(b) h( x) = − 13 x3
Reflection in the x-axis; vertical shrink

(c)
99. f ( x) = x +1
(d) h( x) = − 13 f ( x)
107. (a) f ( x) = x 113. f ( x) = x 2 + 3, g ( x) = 2 x − 1
(b) h( x) = − x + 4 (a) (f + g )( x) = ( x 2 + 3) + ( 2 x − 1) = x 2 + 2 x + 2
Vertical shift 4 units upward, reflection in the x-axis (b) (f − g )( x) = ( x 2 + 3) − ( 2 x − 1) = x 2 − 2 x + 4
(c)
(c) ( fg )( x) = ( x 2 + 3)( 2 x − 1) = 2 x3 − x 2 + 6 x − 3
⎛f⎞ x2 + 3 1
(d) ⎜ ⎟( x) = , Domain: x ≠
⎝g⎠ 2x − 1 2
115. f ( x) = 1x
3
− 3, g ( x) = 3 x + 1
The domains of f and g are all real numbers.

(a) (f D g )( x) = f ( g ( x))
(d) h( x) = − f ( x) + 4
= f (3 x + 1)
109. (a) f ( x) = x = 1
(3 x + 1) − 3
3
(b) h( x) = x + 3 − 5 = x + 1
3
−3
8
Horizontal shift 3 units to the left; vertical shift = x − 3
5 units downward
Domain: all real numbers
(c)
(b) (g D f )( x) = g ( f ( x))
= g (13 x − 3)
= 3( 13 x − 3) + 1
= x −9+1
= x −8
(d) h( x) = f ( x + 3) − 5
111. (a) f ( x) = a xb
(b) h( x) = −a xb + 6
Reflection in the x-axis and a vertical shift 6 units
upward
(c)
(d) h( x) = − f ( x) + 6
117. N (T (t )) = 25( 2t + 1) − 50( 2t + 1) + 300, 2 ≤ t ≤ 20

2
= 25( 4t 2 + 4t + 1) − 100t − 50 + 300

= 100t 2 + 100t + 25 − 100t + 250
= 100t 2 + 275
The composition N (T (t )) represents the number of bacteria in the food as a function of time.
x − 4
119. f ( x) =
5
x − 4
y =
5
y − 4
x =
5
5x = y − 4
y = 5x + 4
So, f −1 ( x) = 5 x + 4.
5x + 4 − 4 5x
f ( f −1 ( x)) = f (5 x + 4) = = = x
5 5
⎛ x − 4⎞ ⎛ x − 4⎞
f −1 ( f ( x)) = f −1 ⎜ ⎟ = 5⎜ ⎟ + 4 = x − 4+ 4 = x
⎝ 5 ⎠ ⎝ 5 ⎠
121. f ( x) = ( x − 1) 125. f ( x) = 2( x − 4) is increasing on ( 4, ∞).

2 2
No, the function does not have an inverse because some Let f ( x) = 2( x − 4) , x > 4 and y > 0.
2
horizontal lines intersect the graph twice.

y = 2( x − 4)
2
x = 2( y − 4) , x > 0, y > 4
2
x
= ( y − 4)
2
2
x
= y − 4
123. (a) f ( x) = 1x − 3 (b) 2
2
x
y = 1x −3 + 4 = y
2 2
x = 1y −3 x
f −1 ( x) =
2
+ 4, x > 0
x +3 = 1y 2
2
2( x + 3) = y 127. False. The graph is reflected in the x-axis, shifted 9 units
f −1 ( x) = 2 x + 6 to the left, then shifted 13 units downward.
(c) The graph of f −1 is the reflection of the graph of f

in the line y = x.
(d) The domains and ranges of f and f −1 are the set of

all real numbers.
Problem Solving for Chapter P

1. (a) W1 = 0.07 S + 2000
(b) W2 = 0.05S + 2300
(c)
Point of intersection: (15,000, 3050)

Both jobs pay the same, $3050, if you sell $15,000 per month.
(d) No. If you think you can sell $20,000 per month, keep your current job with the higher commission rate.
For sales over $15,000 it pays more than the other job.
3. (a) Let f ( x) and g ( x) be two even functions. (b) Let f ( x) and g ( x) be two odd functions.
Then define h( x) = f ( x) ± g ( x). Then define h( x) = f ( x) ± g ( x).
h( − x ) = f ( − x ) ± g ( − x ) h( − x ) = f ( − x ) ± g ( − x )
= f ( x) ± g ( x) because f and g are even = − f ( x) ± g ( x) because f and g are odd
= h( x ) = − h( x )
So, h( x) is also even. So, h( x) is also odd. ( If f ( x) ≠ g ( x ))
(c) Let f ( x) be odd and g ( x) be even. Then define h( x) = f ( x) ± g ( x).

h( − x ) = f ( − x ) ± g ( − x )
= − f ( x) ± g ( x) because f is odd and g is even
≠ h( x )
≠ − h( x )
So, h( x) is neither odd nor even.
5. f ( x) = a2 n x 2 n + a2 n − 2 x 2 n − 2 + " + a2 x 2 + a0
f ( − x) = a2 n ( − x) + a2 n − 2 ( − x) + " + a2 ( − x) + a0 = a2 n x 2 n + a2 n − 2 x 2 n − 2 + " + a 2 x 2 + a0 = f ( x)
2n 2n − 2 2
So, f ( x) is even.
7. (a) April 11: 10 hours 180

(c) D = − t + 3400
April 12: 24 hours 7
April 13: 24 hours 1190
Domain: 0 ≤ t ≤
9
2
April 14: 23 hours Range: 0 ≤ D ≤ 3400
3
2 (d)
Total: 81 hours
3
distance 2100 180 5
(b) Speed = = = = 25 mph
time 2 7 7
81
3
Problem Solving for Chapter P 57
9. (a)–(d) Use f ( x) = 4 x and g ( x) = x + 6.
(a) (f D g )( x) = f ( x + 6) = 4( x + 6) = 4 x + 24
x − 24 1
(b) (f D g)
−1
( x) = = x −6
4 4
1
(c) f −1 ( x) = x
4
g −1 ( x) = x − 6
⎛1 ⎞ 1
(d) ( g −1 D f −1 )( x) = g −1 ⎜ x ⎟ = x − 6
⎝4 ⎠ 4
(e) f ( x) = x3 + 1 and g ( x) = 2 x
(f D g )( x) = f ( 2 x) = ( 2 x) + 1 = 8 x3 + 1
3
x −1 1
(f D g)
−1
( x) = 3 = 3
x −1
8 2
f −1 ( x) = 3
x −1
1
g −1 ( x) = x
2
( g −1 D f −1 )( x) = g −1 ( 3
x −1 = ) 1
2
3
x −1
(f ) Answers will vary.

(g) Conjecture: ( f D g ) ( x) = ( g −1 D f −1 )( x)
−1
⎧1, x ≥ 0
11. H ( x) = ⎨
⎩0, x < 0
(a) H ( x) − 2 (b) H ( x − 2) (c) − H ( x)
(d) H ( − x) (e) 1
2
H ( x) (f ) − H ( x − 2) + 2
x
−3 −2 −1 1 2 3
−1
−2
−3
13. ( f D ( g D h))( x) = f (( g D h)( x)) = f g ( h( x )) =( ) (f D g D h)( x)
(( f D g ) D h)( x) = (f D g )( h( x)) = f ( g ( h( x ))) = ( f D g D h)( x)
15. (a) (b)

x f ( x) f −1 ( x) x f ( f −1 ( x)) x (f + f −1 )( x)
–4 — 2 –4 f ( f −1 ( −4)) = f ( 2) = −4 –3 f ( −3) + f −1 ( −3) = 4 + 1 = 5
–3 4 1 –2 f ( f −1 ( −2)) = f (0) = −2 –2 f ( −2) + f −1 ( −2) = 1 + 0 = 1
–2 1 0 0 f ( f −1 (0)) = f ( −1) = 0 0 f (0) + f −1 (0) = −2 + ( −1) = −3
–1 0 — 4 f ( f −1 ( 4)) = f ( −3) = 4 1 f (1) + f −1 (1) = −3 + ( −2) = −5
0 –2 –1
(c) (d)
1 –3 –2 x (f ⋅ f −1 )( x) x f −1 ( x)
2 –4 — –3 f ( −3) f −1 ( −3) = ( 4)(1) = 4 –4 f −1 ( −4) = 2 = 2
3 — — –2 f ( −2) f −1 ( −2) = (1)(0) = 0 –3 f −1 ( −3) = 1 = 1
4 — –3 0 f (0) f −1 (0) = ( −2)( −1) = 2 0 f −1 (0) = −1 = 1

1 f (1) f −1 (1) = ( −3)( −2) = 6 4 f −1 ( 4) = −3 = 3
Practice Test for Chapter P 59
Practice Test for Chapter P

1. Solve for x: 5( x − 2) − 4 = 3 x + 8
2. Solve for x: x 2 − 16 x + 25 = 0
3. Solve for x: 3 x + 5 = 8
4. Write the standard equation of the circle with center ( − 3, 5) and radius 6.
5. Find the distance between the points ( 2, 4) and (3, −1).
6. Find the equation of the line with slope m = 4 3 and y-intercept b = − 3.
7. Find the equation of the line through ( 4, 1) perpendicular to the line 2 x + 3 y = 0.
8. If it costs a company $32 to produce 5 units of a product and $44 to produce 9 units, how much does it cost
to produce 20 units? (Assume that the cost function is linear.)
9. Given f ( x) = x 2 − 2 x + 1, find f ( x − 3).
f ( x) − f (3)
10. Given f ( x) = 4 x − 11, find .
x −3
11. Find the domain and range of f ( x) = 36 − x 2 .
12. Which equations determine y as a function of x?
(a) 6 x − 5 y + 4 = 0
(b) x 2 + y 2 = 9
(c) y 3 = x 2 + 6
13. Sketch the graph of f ( x) = x 2 − 5.
14. Sketch the graph of f ( x) = x + 3 .
⎧ 2 x + 1, if x ≥ 0
15. Sketch the graph of f ( x) = ⎨ 2 .
⎩x − x, if x < 0
16. Use the graph of f ( x) = x to graph the following:
(a) f ( x + 2)
(b) − f ( x) + 2
17. Given f ( x) = 3 x + 7 and g ( x) = 2 x 2 − 5, find the following:
(a) (g − f )( x)
(b) ( fg )( x)
18. Given f ( x) = x 2 − 2 x + 16 and g ( x) = 2 x + 3, find f ( g ( x)).
19. Given f ( x) = x3 + 7, find f −1

( x).
20. Which of the following functions have inverses?
(a) f ( x) = x − 6
(b) f ( x) = ax + b, a ≠ 0
(c) f ( x) = x3 − 19
3− x
21. Given f ( x) = , 0 < x ≤ 3, find f −1
( x).
x
Exercises 22–24, true or false?
22. y = 3 x + 7 and y = 1x − 4 are perpendicular.

3
23. (f D g)
−1
= g −1 D f −1
24. If a function has an inverse, then it must pass both the Vertical Line Test and the Horizontal Line Test.
25. Use your calculator to find the least square regression line for the data.
x −2 −1 0 1 2 3
y 1 2.4 3 3.1 4 4.7
C H A P T E R 1
Trigonometry
Section 1.1 Radian and Degree Measure ................................................................62
Section 1.2 Trigonometric Functions: The Unit Circle..........................................65
Section 1.3 Right Triangle Trigonometry...............................................................67
Section 1.4 Trigonometric Functions of Any Angle ..............................................73
Section 1.5 Graphs of Sine and Cosine Functions..................................................78
Section 1.6 Graphs of Other Trigonometric Functions ..........................................85
Section 1.7 Inverse Trigonometric Functions.........................................................90
Section 1.8 Applications and Models......................................................................96
Review Exercises ........................................................................................................100
Problem Solving .........................................................................................................104
Practice Test .............................................................................................................106
C H A P T E R 1
Trigonometry
Section 1.1 Radian and Degree Measure
1. coterminal π 13π π 11π
15. (a) + 2π = − 2π = −
6 6 6 6
3. complementary; supplementary
7π 19π 7π 5π
(b) + 2π = − 2π = −
5. linear; angular 6 6 6 6
7. π π π
17. (a) Complement: − =
6 2 3
2π π
Supplement: π − =
3 3
π π π
(b) Complement: − =
The angle shown is approximately 1 radian. 4 2 4
3π π
Supplement: π − =
9. 4 4
The angle shown is approximately −3 radians. π

19. (a) Complement: − 1 ≈ 0.57
2
π π π
11. (a) Because 0 < < , lies in Quadrant І. Supplement: π − 1 ≈ 2.14
4 2 4
π
5π 3π 5π (b) Complement: Not possible, 2 is greater than .
(b) Because π < < , lies in Quadrant ІІІ. 2
4 2 4
Supplement: π − 2 ≈ 1.14
π
13. (a) 21.
3
y
The angle shown is approximately 210°.

π
3
x 23.
The angle shown is approximately −60°.

2π
(b) −
3 25. (a) Because 90° < 130° < 180°, 130° lies in
y Quadrant ІІ.
(b) Because 0° < 8.3° < 90°, 8.3° lies in Quadrant І.
− 2π
3
62
Section 1.1 Radian and Degree Measure 63
27. (a) 270° ⎛ π ⎞

41. 345° = 345°⎜ ⎟ ≈ 6.021 radians
y
⎝ 180° ⎠
5π 5π ⎛ 180° ⎞
43. = ⎜ ⎟ ≈ 81.818°
270° 11 11 ⎝ π ⎠
x
⎛ 180° ⎞
45. −4.2π = −4.2π ⎜ ⎟ = −756.000°
⎝ π ⎠
(b) 120°
47. (a) 54°45′ = 54° + ( 6045 )° = 54.75°
y
(b) −128° 30′ = −128° − ( 3060 )° = −128.5°
120° 49. (a) 240.6° = 240° + 0.6(60)′ = 240° 36′
(b) −145.8° = −⎡⎣145° + 0.8(60′)⎤⎦ = −145° 48′

x
51. r = 15 inches, θ = 120°

s = rθ
29. Sample answers: ⎛ π ⎞
s = 15(120°)⎜ ⎟ = 10π inches
(a) 45° + 360° = 405° ⎝ 180° ⎠
45° − 360° = −315° ≈ 31.42 inches
(b) −36° + 360° = 324°
53. r = 14 feet, s = 8 feet
−36° − 360° = −396°
s = rθ
31. (a) Complement: 90° − 18° = 72° 8 = 14θ
Supplement: 180° − 18° = 162° θ = 8
= 4 radian
14 7
(b) Complement: 90° − 85° = 5°
Supplement: 180° − 85° = 95° 55. s = rθ
28 = 7θ
33. (a) Complement: Not possible, 150° is greater
θ = 4 radians
than 90°.
Supplement: 180° − 150° = 30° π
57. r = 12 mm, θ =
(b) Complement: 90° − 79° = 11° 4
1 2 1 2⎛π ⎞
Supplement: 180° − 79° = 101° A = r θ = (12) ⎜ ⎟
2 2 ⎝4⎠
⎛ π ⎞ 7π = 18π mm 2
35. (a) 315° = 315°⎜ ⎟ =
⎝ 180° ⎠ 4 ≈ 56.55 mm 2
⎛ π ⎞ π
(b) −20° = −20⎜ ⎟ = − 59. θ = 41°15′ 50′′ − 32° 47′ 39′′
⎝ 180° ⎠ 9
≈ 8.46972° ≈ 0.14782 radian
3π 3π ⎛ 180° ⎞ s = rθ ≈ 4000(0.14782) ≈ 591.3 miles
37. (a) = ⎜ ⎟ = 270°
2 2⎝ π ⎠
61. s = rθ
7π 7π ⎛ 180° ⎞
(b) = ⎜ ⎟ = 210° 2.5 = 6θ
6 6 ⎝ π ⎠
2.5 25 5
θ = = = radian
⎛ π ⎞ 6 60 12
39. 45° = 45⎜ ⎟ ≈ 0.785 radian
⎝ 180° ⎠
64 Chapter 1 Trigonometry
1 29
63. diameter = 7 = inches
4 4
1 1 ⎛ 29 ⎞ 29
radius = diameter = ⎜ ⎟ = inches
2 2⎝ 4 ⎠ 8
(a) Angular speed =

(5000)(2π ) radians
1 minute
= 10,000π radians per minute
≈ 31,415.927 radians per minute
⎛ 29 ⎞⎛ 1 foot ⎞
⎜ in.⎟⎜ ⎟(5000)( 2π )
(b) Linear speed = ⎝
8 ⎠⎝ 12 in. ⎠
1 minute
18,125π
= feet per minute
6
≈ 9490.23 feet per minute
65. (a) (200)(2π ) ≤ Angular speed ≤ (500)( 2π ) radians per minute
Interval: [400π , 1000π ] radians per minute
(b) (6)(200)(2π ) ≤ Linear speed ≤ (6)(500)( 2π ) centimeters per minute
Interval: [2400π , 6000π ] centimeters per minute
67. diameter = 25 inches

1 1
radius = diameter = ( 25) = 12.5 inches
2 2
1 foot 1 mile 480 rev 60 min 2π radians
(a) 12.5 in. × × × × ×
12 in. 5280 feet min 1 hr rev
≈ 35.70 miles per hour
35.70 miles per hour 55 miles per hour
(b) =
480 rev per minute x rev per minute
35.70 x = 26,400
x ≈ 739.50 revolutions per minute
1 2 73. False. The terminal side of −1260° lies on the negative

69. A = rθ
2 x-axis.
1 ⎛ π ⎞
= (15) (140°)⎜
2 °
⎟ ⎛ 180 ⎞
2 ⎝ 180° ⎠ 75. l radian = ⎜ ⎟ ≈ 57.3°,
⎝ π ⎠
= 87.5π square meters
so one radian is much larger than one degree.
≈ 274.89 square meters
77. Since s = rθ , then the rate of change of θ is 0 and so
ds dr
does = θ .
dt dt
140°
That is, the arc length changes at a rate proportional to
15 the rate of change of the radius and the proportionality
constant is θ .
71. False. An angle measure of 4π radians corresponds to
two complete revolutions from the initial side to the
terminal side of an angle.
Section 1.2 Trigonometric Functions: The Unit Circle 65
Section 1.2 Trigonometric Functions: The Unit Circle

1. unit circle π ⎛ 3 1⎞
15. t = − corresponds to ⎜⎜ , − ⎟⎟.
3. period 6 ⎝ 2 2⎠
π 1
12 5 sin − = y = −
5. x = ,y = 6 2
13 13
π 3
5 1 13 cos − = x =
sin t = y = csc t = = 6 2
13 y 5
π y 1 3
12 1 13 tan − = = − = −
cos t = x = sec t = = 6 x 3 3
13 x 12
y 5 x 12 7π
tan t = = cot t = = 17. t = − corresponds to the point
x 12 y 5 4
⎛ 2 2⎞
4 3 ( x, y ) = ⎜⎜ , ⎟.
7. x = − , y = −
⎝ 2 2 ⎟⎠
5 5
3 1 5 ⎛ 7π ⎞ 2
sin t = y = − csc t = = − sin ⎜ − ⎟ = y =
5 y 3 ⎝ 4 ⎠ 2
4 1 5 ⎛ 7π ⎞ 2
cos t = x = − sec t = = − cos⎜ − ⎟ = x =
5 x 4 ⎝ 4 ⎠ 2
y 3 x 4 ⎛ 7π ⎞ y
tan t = = cot t = = tan ⎜ − ⎟ = =1
x 4 y 3 ⎝ 4 ⎠ x
π ⎛ 3 1⎞
9. t = corresponds to the point ( x, y ) = (0, 1). 19. t =
11π
corresponds to the point ( x, y ) = ⎜⎜ , − ⎟⎟.
2 6 ⎝ 2 2⎠
5π ⎛ 3 1⎞ 11π 1
11. t = corresponds to the point ( x, y ) = ⎜⎜ − sin = y = −
, ⎟.
6 ⎝ 2 2 ⎟⎠ 6 2
11π 3
cos = x =
π ⎛ 2 2⎞ 6 2
13. t = corresponds to the point ( x, y ) = ⎜ , ⎟. 11π
4 ⎜ 2 ⎟⎠ y 1 3
⎝ 2 tan = = − = −
6 x 3 3
π 2
sin = y =
4 2 3π
21. t = − corresponds to the point ( x, y ) = (0, 1).
π 2 2
cos = x =
4 2 ⎛ 3π ⎞
sin ⎜ − ⎟ = y = 1
πy ⎝ 2 ⎠
tan = =1
4 x ⎛ 3π ⎞
cos⎜ − ⎟ = x = 0
⎝ 2 ⎠
⎛ 3π ⎞ y
tan ⎜ − ⎟ = is undefined.
⎝ 2 ⎠ x
2π ⎛ 1 3⎞
23. t = corresponds to the point ( x, y ) = ⎜⎜ − , ⎟⎟.
3 ⎝ 2 2 ⎠
2π 3 2π 1 2 3
sin = y = csc = =
3 2 3 y 3
2π 1 2π 1
cos = x = − sec = = −2
3 2 3 x
3 1
−
2π y 2 2π x 2 = − 3
tan = = = − 3 cot = =
3 x 1 3 y 3 3
−
2 2
4π ⎛ 1 3⎞
25. t = corresponds to the point ( x, y ) = ⎜⎜ − , − ⎟.
3 ⎝ 2 2 ⎟⎠
4π 3 4π 1 2 3
sin = y = − csc = = −
3 2 3 y 3
4π 1 4π 1
cos = x = − sec = = −2
3 2 3 x
4π y 4π x 3
tan = = 3 cot = =
3 x 3 y 3
5π ⎛ 1 3⎞
27. t = − corresponds to the point ⎜⎜ − , ⎟⎟.
3 ⎝ 2 2 ⎠
⎛ 5π ⎞ 3 ⎛ 5π ⎞ 1 2
sin ⎜ − ⎟ = y = csc ⎜ − ⎟ = =
⎝ 3 ⎠ 2 ⎝ 3 ⎠ y 3
⎛ 5π ⎞ 1 ⎛ 5π ⎞ 1
cos ⎜ − ⎟ = x = − sec ⎜ − ⎟ = = −2
⎝ 3 ⎠ 2 ⎝ 3 ⎠ x
⎛ 5π ⎞ y ⎛ 5π ⎞ x 1
tan ⎜ − ⎟ = = − 3 cot ⎜ − ⎟ = = −
⎝ 3 ⎠ x ⎝ 3 ⎠ y 3
π
29. t = − corresponds to the point ( x, y ) = (0, −1).
2
⎛ π⎞ ⎛ π⎞ 1
sin ⎜ − ⎟ = y = −1 csc⎜ − ⎟ = = −1
⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠ y
⎛ π⎞ ⎛ π⎞ 1
cos⎜ − ⎟ = x = 0 sec⎜ − ⎟ = is undefined.
⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠ x
⎛ π⎞ y ⎛ π⎞ x
tan ⎜ − ⎟ = is undefined. cot ⎜ − ⎟ = = 0
⎝ 2 ⎠ x ⎝ 2 ⎠ y
31. sin 4π = sin 0 = 0 37. sin t = 1

2
7π π 1 (a) sin( −t ) = −sin t = − 12

33. cos = cos =
3 3 2
(b) csc(−t ) = −csc t = −2
19π 7π 1
35. sin = sin = −
6 6 2
Section 1.3 Right Triangle Trigonometry 67
1 53. False. The real number 0 corresponds to the point (1, 0)

39. cos( −t ) = −
5 on the unit circle.
1
(a) cos t = cos( −t ) = − 55. (a) The points have y-axis symmetry.
5
(b) sin t1 = sin (π − t1 ) because they have the same
1
(b) sec(−t ) = = −5 y-value.
cos(−t )
(c) cos(π − t1 ) = −cos t1 because the x-values have
41. sin t = 4
5 the opposite signs.
(a) sin (π − t ) = sin t = 4

5 57. cos 2t :
(b) sin (t + π ) = −sin t = − 54 cos 1.5 = cos( 2(0.75)) ≈ 0.0707

2 cos t :
π
43. tan ≈ 1.7321 2 cos 0.75 ≈ 1.4634
3
So, cos 2t ≠ 2 cos t.
1
45. csc 0.8 = ≈ 1.3940
sin 0.8 59. (a) 1
1
47. sec 1.8 = ≈ −4.4014 − 1.5 1.5
sec(1.8)
−1
49. y(t ) = 1 cos 6t
4
Circle of radius 1 centered at (0, 0)
(a) y(0) = 1 cos 0 = 0.25 foot
4 (b) The t-values represent the central angle in radians.
(b) y ()=1
4
1
4
cos 3
2
≈ 0.02 foot
The x- and y-values represent the location in the
coordinate plane.
(c) y( 12 ) = 1
4
cos 3 ≈ −0.25 foot (c) −1 ≤ x ≤ 1, −1 ≤ y ≤ 1
61. Let h(t ) = f (t ) g (t ) = sin t cos t.

51. False. sin ( −t ) = −sin t means the function is odd, not
that the sine of a negative angle is a negative number. Then, h( −t ) = sin ( −t ) cos( −t )
⎛ 3π ⎞ ⎛ 3π ⎞ = −sin t cos t
For example: sin ⎜ − ⎟ = −sin ⎜ ⎟ = −( −1) = 1.
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠ = − h(t ).
Even though the angle is negative, the sine value is
So, h(t ) is odd.
positive.
Section 1.3 Right Triangle Trigonometry

hypotenuse adjacent hypotenuse
1. (i) = sec θ (e) (ii) = cot θ (f ) (iii) = csc θ (d)
adjacent opposite opposite
adjacent opposite opposite
(iv) = cos θ (b) (v) = sin θ (a) (vi) = tan θ (c)
hypotenuse hypotenuse adjacent
3. Complementary
5. hyp = 6 2 + 82 = 36 + 64 = 100 = 10
opp 6 3 hyp 10 5
sin θ = = = csc θ = = =
hyp 10 5 opp 6 3
adj 8 4 hyp 10 5
cos θ = = = sec θ = = =
hyp 10 5 adj 8 4
opp 6 3 adj 8 4
tan θ = = = cot θ = = =
adj 8 4 opp 6 3
7. adj = 412 − 92 = 1681 − 81 = 1600 = 40

opp 9 hyp 41
sin θ = = csc θ = =
hyp 41 opp 9
adj 40 hyp 41
cos θ = = sec θ = =
hyp 41 adj 40
opp 9 adj 40
tan θ = = cot θ = =
adj 40 opp 9
9. hyp = 152 + 82 = 289 = 17

opp 8 hyp 17
hyp 17 opp 8
adj 15 hyp 17
cos θ = = sec θ = =
hyp 17 adj 15
opp 8 adj 15
adj 15 opp 8
17
hyp = 7.52 + 42 =
2
sin θ =
opp
=
4
=
8
csc θ =
hyp
=
(17/2) = 17
hyp ( )
17/2 17 opp 4 8
cos θ =
adj
=
7.5
=
15
sec θ =
hyp
=
(17/2) = 17
hyp (17/2) 17 adj 7.5 15
opp 4 8 adj 7.5 15
tan θ = = = cot θ = = =
adj 7.5 15 opp 4 8
The function values are the same because the triangles are similar, and corresponding sides are proportional.
11. adj = 32 − 12 = 8 = 2 2
opp 1 hyp
sin θ = = csc θ = = 3
hyp 3 opp
adj 2 2 hyp 3 3 2
cos θ = = sec θ = = =
hyp 3 adj 2 2 4
opp 1 2 adj
tan θ = = = cot θ = = 2 2
adj 2 2 4 opp
adj = 62 − 22 = 32 = 4 2
opp 2 1 hyp 6
sin θ = = = csc θ = = = 3
hyp 6 3 opp 2
adj 4 2 2 2 hyp 6 3 3 2
cos θ = = = sec θ = = = =
hyp 6 3 adj 4 2 2 2 4
opp 5 2 1 2 adj 4 2
tan θ = = = = cot θ = = = 2 2
adj 4 2 2 4 opp 2
The function values are the same since the triangles are similar and the corresponding sides are proportional.
3 opp 3 hyp
13. Given: tan θ = = 15. Given: sec θ = =
4 adj 2 adj
32 + 42 = ( hyp)
2
(opp)2 + 22 = 32
hyp = 5 opp = 5
opp 3 opp 5
sin θ = = sin θ = =
hyp 5 hyp 3
adj 4 adj 2
cos θ = = cos θ = =
hyp 5 hyp 3
hyp 5 opp 5
csc θ = = tan θ = =
opp 3 adj 2
hyp 5
sec θ = = hyp 3 5
adj 4 csc θ = =
opp 5
adj 4
cot θ = = adj 2 5
opp 3 cot θ = =
opp 5
1 opp 3 1 adj
17. Given: sin θ = = 25. cot θ = = =
5 hyp 3 3 opp
12 + (adj) = 52
2 π
θ = 60° = radian
3
adj = 24 = 2 6
adj 2 6
cos θ = =
hyp 5
opp 6 π π ⎛ 180° ⎞
tan θ = = =
adj 12 27. ⎜ ⎟ = 30°
6 6⎝ π ⎠
hyp π hyp
csc θ = = 5 csc = = 2
opp 6 opp
hyp 5 6
sec θ = =
adj 12
adj
cot θ = = 2 6
opp
1 adj
29. cot θ = 1 = =
3 adj 1 opp
19. Given: cot θ = 3 = =
1 opp ⎛ π ⎞ π
θ = 45° = 45°⎜ ⎟ =
⎝ 180° ⎠ 4
12 + 32 = ( hyp)
2
hyp = 10
opp 10 31. (a) sin 10° ≈ 0.1736

sin θ = =
hyp 10 (b) cos 80° ≈ 0.1736
adj 3 10
cos θ = = Note: cos 80° = sin (90° − 80°) = sin 10°
hyp 10
opp 1 33. (a) sin 16.35° ≈ 0.2815
tan θ = =
adj 3
1
hyp (b) csc 16.35° = ≈ 3.5523
csc θ = = 10 sin 16.35°
opp
hyp 10
sec θ = = ⎛ 50 15 ⎞°
adj 3 35. (a) cos 4° 50′15′′ = cos⎜ 4 + + ⎟ ≈ 0.9964
⎝ 60 3600 ⎠
21. 1
(b) sec 4° 50′15′′ = ≈ 1.0036
cos 4° 50′15′′
1
37. (a) cot 11°15′ = ≈ 5.0273
tan 11.25°
(b) tan 11°15′ = tan 11.25° ≈ 0.1989
⎛ π ⎞ π
30° = 30°⎜ ⎟ = radian
⎝ 180° ⎠ 6 1
opp 1 39. (a) csc 32° 40′ 3′′ = ≈ 1.8527
sin 30° = = sin 32.6675°
hyp 2
(b) tan 44° 28′16′′ ≈ tan 44.4711° ≈ 0.9817
23. degree radian value
π
sec 45° 2
4
π 2
sec = = 2
4 1
3 1 ⎛ 1 ⎞
41. sin 60° = , cos 60° = 47. tan θ cot θ = tan θ ⎜ ⎟ =1
2 2 ⎝ tan θ ⎠
1
(a) sin 30° = cos 60° = ⎛ sin α ⎞
2 49. tan α cos α = ⎜ ⎟ cos α = sin α
⎝ cos α ⎠
3
(b) cos 30° = sin 60° =
2
51. (1 + sin θ )(1 − sin θ ) = 1 − sin 2 θ = cos 2 θ
sin 60°
(c) tan 60° = = 3
cos 60° 53. (sec θ + tan θ )(sec θ − tan θ ) = sec 2 θ − tan 2 θ
cos 60° 1 3 = (1 + tan 2 θ ) − tan 2 θ
(d) cot 60° = = =
sin 60° 3 3
=1
1 sin θ cos θ sin 2 θ + cos 2 θ

43. cos θ = 55. + =
3 cos θ sin θ sin θ cos θ
(a) sin 2 θ + cos 2 θ = 1 1
=
2 sin θ cos θ
⎛1⎞
sin 2 θ + ⎜ ⎟ = 1
⎝ 3⎠ 1 1
= ⋅
8 sin θ cos θ
sin 2 θ =
9 = csc θ sec θ
2 2
sin θ = 1 π
3 57. (a) sin θ = ⇒ θ = 30° =
2 6
2 2
π
sin θ 3 = 2 2 (b) csc θ = 2 ⇒ θ = 30° =
(b) tan θ = = 6
cos θ 1
3
π
1 59. (a) sec θ = 2 ⇒ θ = 60° =
(c) sec θ = = 3 3
cos θ
π
(b) cot θ = 1 ⇒ θ = 45° =
(d) csc (90° − θ ) = sec θ = 3 4
45. cot α = 5 2 3 π
61. (a) csc θ = ⇒ θ = 60° =
3 3
1 1
(a) tan α = =
cot α 5 2 π
(b) sin θ = ⇒ θ = 45° =
2 4
(b) csc2 α = 1 + cot 2 α
csc2 α = 1 + 52 63. cos 60° =
x
csc α = 26
2 18
⎛1⎞
csc α = 26 x = 18 cos 60° = 18⎜ ⎟ = 9
⎝ 2⎠
1
(c) cot (90° − α ) = tan α = sin 60° =
y
5 18
(d) sec2 α = 1 + tan 2 α 3
y = 18 sin 60° = 18 = 9 3
⎛1⎞
2 2
sec2 α = 1 + ⎜ ⎟
⎝5⎠
26
sec2 α =
25
26
sec α =
5
1 5 26
cos α = =
sec α 26
32 73.
65. tan 60° =
x
32
3 =
x
3 x = 32
32 32 3 y1
x = = sin 30° =
3 3 56
32 ⎛1⎞
sin 60° = y1 = (sin 30°)(56) = ⎜ ⎟(56) = 28
r ⎝ 2⎠
32 x1
r = cos 30° =
sin 60° 56
32 64 3 3
r = = x1 = cos 30°(56) = (56) = 28 3
3 3 2
2 ( x1, y1 ) (
= 28 3, 28 )
x
67. tan 82° =
45
x = 45 tan 82°
Height of the building:
123 + 45 tan 82° ≈ 443.2 meters
Distance between friends:
45 45
cos 82° = ⇒ y = y2
y cos 82° sin 60° =
56
≈ 323.34 meters
⎛ 3⎞
y2 = sin 60°(56) = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟(56) = 28 3
1500 1 ⎝ 2 ⎠
69. sin θ = = x
3000 ft 3000 2 cos 60° = 2
1500 ft
π 56
θ = 30° = ⎛1⎞
θ 6 x2 = (cos 60°)(56) = ⎜ ⎟(56) = 28
⎝ 2⎠
71. (a) sin 43° =
150
x
( x2 , y2 ) (
= 28, 28 3 )
150
x = ≈ 219.9 ft 75. x ≈ 9.397, y ≈ 3.420
sin 43°
y
150 sin 20° = ≈ 0.34
(b) tan 43° = 10
y
x
150 cos 20° = ≈ 0.94
y = ≈ 160.9 ft 10
tan 43° y
tan 20° = ≈ 0.36
x
x
cot 20° = ≈ 2.75
y
10
sec 20° = ≈ 1.06
x
10
csc 20° = ≈ 2.92
y
Section 1.4 Trigonometric Functions of Any Angle 73
77. (a)
θ 0 0.3 0.6 0.9 1.2 1.5
sin θ 0 0.2955 0.5646 0.7833 0.9320 0.9975
cos θ 1 0.9553 0.8253 0.6216 0.3624 0.0707
(b) On [0, 1.5], sin θ is an increasing function.
(c) On [0, 1.5], cos θ is a decreasing function.

(d) As the angle increases the length of the side opposite the angle increases relative to the length of the hypotenuse and the
length of the side adjacent to the angle decreases relative to the length of the hypotenuse. Thus the sine increases and the
cosine decreases.
79. (a) 81. sin 60° csc 60° = 1

True,
1 ⎛ 1 ⎞
csc x = ⇒ sin 60° csc 60° = sin 60°⎜ ⎟
sin x ⎝ sin 60° ⎠
=1
x
sin 35.4° = 83. sin 45° + sin 45° = 1
896.5
x = 896.5 sin 35.4° ≈ 519.33 feet 2 2
False, + = 2 ≠1
(b) Because the top of the incline is 1693.5 feet above 2 2
sea level and the vertical rise of the inclined plane is
519.33 feet, the elevation of the lower end of the 85. tan ⎡(5°) ⎤ = tan 2 5°
2
inclined plan is about ⎣ ⎦

1693.5 − 519.33 = 1174.17 feet. False.
d = rt tan ⎡(5°) ⎤ = tan 25° ≈ 0.466
2
(c) Ascent time:
⎣ ⎦
896.5 = 300t
tan 2 5° = ( tan 5°) ≈ 0.008
2
3 ≈ t
It takes about 3 minutes for the cars to get from the
bottom to the top.
Vertical rate: d = rt
519.33 = r (3)
r = 173.11 ft min
87. (a)
θ 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
sin θ 0.0998 0.1987 0.2955 0.3894 0.4794
(b) In the interval (0, 0.5], θ > sin θ .

θ
(c) As θ → 0, sin θ → 0, and → 1.
sin θ
Section 1.4 Trigonometric Functions of Any Angle

y 5. cos θ
1.
r
7. zero; defined
y
3.
x
9. (a) ( x, y ) = ( 4, 3) (b) ( x, y ) = ( −8, 15)

r = 16 + 9 = 5 r = 64 + 225 = 17
y 3 r 5 y 15 r 17
sin θ = = csc θ = = sin θ = = csc θ = =
r 5 y 3 r 17 y 15
x 4 r 5 x 8 r 17
cos θ = = sec θ = = cos θ = = − sec θ = = −
r 5 x 4 r 17 x 8
y 3 x 4 y 15 x 8
tan θ = = cot θ = = tan θ = = − cot θ = = −
x 4 y 3 x 8 y 15
11. (a) ( x, y ) = − ( 3, −1 ) (b) ( x, y ) = ( 4, −1)
r = 3+1 = 2 r = 16 + 1 = 17
y 1 r y 1 17 r
sin θ = = − csc θ = = −2 sin θ = = − = − csc θ = = − 17
r 2 y r 17 17 y
x 3 r 2 3 4 x 4 17 r 17
cos θ = = − sec θ = = − cos θ = = = sec θ = =
r 2 x 3 17 r 17 x 4
y 3 x y 1 x
tan θ = = cot θ = = 3 tan θ = = − cot θ = = −4
x 3 y x 4 y
13. ( x, y ) = (5, 12) 15. x = −5, y = −2
r = 25 + 144 = 13 r = (−5)2 + (−2)

2
= 29
y 12 r 13
sin θ = = csc θ = = y −2 2 29
r 13 y 12 sin θ = = = −
r 29 29
x 5 r 13
cos θ = = sec θ = = −5 x 5 29
r 13 x 5 cos θ = =
= −
29 r 29
y 12 x 5
tan θ = = cot θ = = y −2 2
x 5 y 12 tan θ = = =
x −5 5
r 29 29
csc θ = = = −
y −2 2
r 29 29
sec θ = = = −
x −5 5
x −5 5
cot θ = = =
y −2 2
17. ( x, y ) = ( −5.4, 7.2)

r = 29.16 + 51.84 = 9
y 7.2 4 r 9 5
sin θ = = = csc θ = = =
r 9 5 y 7.2 4
x 5.4 3 r 9 5
cos θ = = − = − sec θ = = − = −
r 9 5 x 5.4 3
y 7.2 4 x 5.4 3
tan θ = = − = − tan θ = = − = −
x 5.4 3 y 7.2 4
19. sin θ > 0 ⇒ θ lies in Quadrant I or in Quadrant II. 21. sin θ > 0 ⇒ θ lies in Quadrant I or in Quadrant II.
cos θ > 0 ⇒ θ lies in Quadrant I or in Quadrant IV. cos θ < 0 ⇒ θ lies in Quadrant II or in Quadrant III.
sin θ > 0 and cos θ > 0 ⇒ θ lies in Quadrant I. sin θ > 0 and cos θ < 0 ⇒ θ lies in Quadrant II.
23. tan θ < 0 and sin θ > 0 ⇒ θ is in Quadrant II 31. cot θ is undefined,
⇒ x < 0 and y > 0. π 3π
≤θ ≤ ⇒ y = 0 ⇒θ = π
y 15 2 2
tan θ = = ⇒ r = 17
x −8 sin θ = 0 csc θ is undefined.
y 15 r 17 cos θ = −1 sec θ = −1
r 17 y 15 tan θ = 0 cot θ is undefined.
x 8 r 17
cos θ = = − sec θ = = − 33. To find a point on the terminal side of θ , use any point
r 17 x 8
y 15 x 8 on the line y = − x that lies in Quadrant II. ( −1, 1) is
tan θ = = − cot θ = = −
x 8 y 15 one such point.
x = −1, y = 1, r = 2
y 3 1 2
25. sin θ = = ⇒ x 2 = 25 − 9 = 16 sin θ = = csc θ = 2
r 5 2 2
θ in Quadrant II ⇒ x = −4 1 2
cos θ = − = − sec θ = − 2
y 3 r 5 2 2
r 5 y 3 tan θ = −1 cot θ = −1
x 4 r 5
cos θ = = − sec θ = = − 35. To find a point on the terminal side of θ , use any point
r 5 x 4
y 3 x 4 on the line y = 2 x that lies in Quadrant III. ( −1, − 2) is
tan θ = = − cot θ = = −
x 4 y 3 one such point.
x = −1, y = −2, y = 5
x 3 3
27. cot θ = = − = 2 2 5 5 5
y 1 −1 sin θ = − = − csc θ = = −
5 5 −2 2
cos θ > 0 ⇒ θ is in Quadrant IV ⇒ x is positive; 1 5 5
cos θ = − = − sec θ = = − 5
x = 3, y = −1, r = 10 5 5 −1
−2 −1 1
y 10 r tan θ = = 2 cot θ = =
sin θ = = − csc θ = = − 10 −1 −2 2
r 10 y
cos θ =
x
=
3 10
sec θ =
r
=
10 37. ( x, y ) = ( −1, 0), r = 1
r 10 x 3 y 0
y 1 x sin π = = = 0
tan θ = = − cot θ = = −3 r 1
x 3 y
39. ( x, y ) = (0, −1), r = 1
r 2 3π
29. sec θ = = ⇒ y2 = 4 − 1 = 3 sec =
r
=
1
⇒ undefined
x −1 2 x 0
sin θ < 0 ⇒ θ is in Quadrant III ⇒ y = − 3
41. ( x, y ) = (0, 1), r = 1
y 3 r 2 2 3
sin θ = = − csc θ = = − = − π y 1
r 2 y 3 3 sin = = =1
2 r 1
x 1 r
cos θ = = − sec θ = = −2
r 2 x 43. ( x, y ) = ( −1, 0), r = 1
y x 1 3 r 1
tan θ = = 3 cot θ = = = csc π = = ⇒ undefined
x y 3 3 y 0
45. θ = 160° 53. θ = 225°, θ ′ = 45°, Quadrant III

θ ′ = 180° − 160° = 20° 2
sin 225° = −sin 45° = −
2
2
cos 225° = −cos 45° = −
2
tan 225° = tan 45° = 1
55. θ = 750°, θ ′ = 30°, Quadrant I

1
sin 750° = sin 30° =
2
3
47. θ = −125° cos 750° = cos 30° =
2
360° − 125° = 235° (coterminal angle) 3
tan 750° = tan 30° =
θ ′ = 235° − 180° = 55° 3
57. θ = −840° is coterminal with 240°.

θ ′ = 240° − 180° = 60° in Quadrant III.
3
sin ( −840°) = −sin 60° = −
2
1
cos( −840°) = −cos 60° = −
2
tan ( −840°) = tan 60° = 3
2π 2π π
49. θ = 59. θ = , θ′ = in Quadrant II
3 3 3
2π π
θ′ = π − = 2π π 3
3 3 sin = sin =
3 3 2
2π π 1
cos = −cos = −
3 3 2
2π π
tan = − tan = − 3
3 3
5π π
61. θ = , θ′ = in Quadrant III
4 4
5π π 2
sin = −sin = −
4 4 2
51. θ = 4.8
5π π 2
θ ′ = 2π − 4.8π ≈ 1.4832 cos = −cos = −
4 4 2
5π π
tan = tan =1
4 4
π π
63. θ = − , θ ′ = , Quadrant IV
6 6
⎛ π⎞ π 1
sin ⎜ − ⎟ = −sin = −
⎝ 6⎠ 6 2
⎛ π⎞ π 3
cos⎜ − ⎟ = cos =
⎝ 6⎠ 6 2
⎛ π⎞ π 3
tan ⎜ − ⎟ = − tan = −
⎝ 6 ⎠ 6 3
11π π 5
65. θ = , θ ′ = , Quadrant II 73. cos θ =
4 4 8
1 1
11π π 2 cos θ = ⇒ sec θ =
sin = sin = sec θ cos θ
4 4 2
11π π 1 8
cos = −cos = −
2 sec θ = =
5 5
4 4 2
8
11π π
tan = − tan = −1
4 4 75. sin 10° ≈ 0.1736
9π π
67. θ = , θ′ = in Quadrant I 77. cos( −110°) ≈ −0.3420
4 4
9π π 2 79. tan 304° ≈ −1.4826
sin = sin =
4 4 2
1
9π π 2 81. sec 72° = ≈ 3.2361
cos = cos = cos 72°
4 4 2
9π π
tan = tan =1 83. tan 4.5 ≈ 4.6373
4 4
3 ⎛π ⎞
69. sin θ = − 85. tan ⎜ ⎟ ≈ 0.3640
5 ⎝9⎠
sin 2 θ + cos 2 θ = 1
87. sin ( −0.65) ≈ −0.6052
cos 2 θ = 1 − sin 2 θ
⎛ 3⎞
2
⎛ 11π ⎞ 1
cos 2 θ = 1 − ⎜ − ⎟ 89. cot ⎜ − ⎟ = ≈ −0.4142
⎝ 5⎠ ⎝ 8 ⎠ tan ( −11π 8)
9
cos 2 θ = 1 − 1 π
25 91. (a) sin θ = ⇒ reference angle is 30° or and θ
16 2 6
cos 2 θ = is in Quadrant I or Quadrant II.
25
Values in degrees: 30°, 150°
cos θ > 0 in Quadrant IV.
π 5π
4 Values in radian: ,
cos θ = 6 6
5
1 π
(b) sin θ = ⇒ reference angle is 30° or and θ
3 2 6
71. tan θ = is in Quadrant III or Quadrant IV.
2
sec 2 θ = 1 + tan 2 θ Values in degrees: 210°, 330°
2 7π 11π
⎛3⎞ Values in radians: ,
sec 2 θ = 1 + ⎜ ⎟ 6 6
⎝2⎠
9 π
sec 2 θ = 1 + 93. (a) csc θ =
2 3
⇒ reference angle is 60° or and
4 3 3
13 θ is in Quadrant I or Quadrant II.
sec 2 θ =
4
sec θ < 0 in Quadrant III.
π 2π
Values in radians: ,
13 3 3
sec θ = −
2 π
(b) cot θ = −1 ⇒ reference angle is 45° or and θ
4
is in Quadrant II or Quadrant IV.
3π 7π
4 4
π 6 6
95. (a) tan θ = 1 ⇒ reference angle is 45° or and θ 97. sin θ = ⇒ d =
4 d sin θ
is in Quadrant I or Quadrant III.
(a) θ = 30°
6
d =
π 5π sin 30°
4 4 6
= = 12 miles
π 12
(b) cot θ = − 3 ⇒ reference angle is 30° or and
6 (b) θ = 90°
θ is in Quadrant II or Quadrant IV.
6 6
Values in degrees: 150°, 330° d = = = 6 miles
sin 90° 1
5π 11π (c) θ = 120°
6 6
6 6
d = = ≈ 6.9 miles
sin 120° 3 2
99. (a) New York City: N ≈ 22.1 sin (0.52t − 2.22) + 55.01
Fairbanks: F ≈ 36.6 sin (0.50t − 1.83) + 25.61

(b)
Month New York City Fairbanks
February 35° −1°
March 41° 14°
May 63° 48°

June 72° 59°
August 76° 56°
September 69° 42°
November 47° 7°
(c) The periods are about the same for both models, approximately 12 months.
v2 105. h(t ) = f (t ) g (t )
101. d = sin 2θ ; v = 100 feet per second
32 h( −t ) = f ( −t ) g ( −t ) = − f (t ) g (t ) = − h(t )
1002
(a) d = sin ( 2(30°)) ≈ 270.63 feet Therefore, h(t ) is odd.
32
1002
(b) d = sin ( 2(50°)) ≈ 307.75 feet 107. (a) sin t = y, cos t = x
32
1002 (b) r is the hypotenuse of the triangle which is equal to
(c) d = sin ( 2(60°)) ≈ 270.63 feet the radius of the circle. So, r = 1.
32
(c) sin θ = y, cos θ = x
103. False. In each of the four quadrants, the sign of the
(d) sin t = sin θ and cos t = cos θ
secant function and the cosine function will be the same
since they are reciprocals of each other.
Section 1.5 Graphs of Sine and Cosine Functions

1. cycle 5. y = 2 sin 5 x
3. phase shift 2π
Period:
5
Amplitude: 2 = 2
Section 1.5 Graphs of Sine and Cosine Functions 79
3 x 1
7. y = cos 17. y = sin 2π x
4 2 4
2π 2π
Period: = 4π Period: =1
12 2π
3 3 1 1
Amplitude: = Amplitude: =
4 4 4 4
1 πx 19. f ( x) = sin x
9. y = sin
2 3 g ( x) = sin ( x − π )
2π
Period: = 6 g is a horizontal shift to the right π units of the graph of
π 3
f (a phase shift).
1 1
Amplitude: = 21. f ( x) = cos 2 x
2 2
g ( x) = −cos 2 x
11. y = −4 sin x
g is a reflection in the x-axis of the graph of f.
2π
Period: = 2π
1 23. f ( x ) = cos x
Amplitude: − 4 = 4 g ( x ) = cos 2 x
The period of f is twice that of g.
13. y = 3 sin 10 x
2π π 25. f ( x ) = sin 2 x
Period: =
10 5 f ( x ) = 3 + sin 2 x
Amplitude: 3 = 3
g is a vertical shift three units upward of the graph of f.
5 4x 27. The graph of g has twice the amplitude as the graph of f.

15. y = cos
3 5 The period is the same.
2π 10π 5π
Period: = = 29. The graph of g is a horizontal shift π units to the right
45 4 2 of the graph of f.
5 5
Amplitude: =
3 3
31. f ( x) = −2 sin x
2π 2π
Period: = = 2π
b 1
Amplitude: 2
Symmetry: origin
Key points: Intercept Minimum Intercept Maximum Intercept
⎛π ⎞ ⎛ 3π ⎞
(0, 0) ⎜ , − 2⎟ (π , 0) ⎜ , 0⎟ (2π , 0)
⎝2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠
Because g ( x) = 4 sin x = ( −2) f ( x), generate key points for the graph of g ( x) by multiplying the y-coordinate of each key
point of f ( x) by −2.
33. f ( x) = cos x
2π 2π
Period: = = 2π
b 1
Amplitude: 1 = 1
Symmetry: y-axis
Key points: Maximum Intercept Minimum Intercept Maximum
⎛π ⎞ ⎛ 3π ⎞
(0, 1) ⎜ , 0⎟ (π , −1) ⎜ , 0⎟ (2π , 1)
⎝2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠
Because g ( x) = 2 + cos x = f ( x) + 2, the graph of g ( x) is the graph of f ( x), but translated upward by two units. Generate
key points of g ( x) by adding 2 to the y-coordinate of each key point of f ( x).
1 x
35. f ( x ) = − sin
2 2
2π 2π
Period: = = 4π
b 12
1
Amplitude:
2
Symmetry: origin
Key points: Intercept Minimum Intercept Maximum Intercept
⎛ 1⎞ ⎛ 1⎞
(0, 0) ⎜π , − ⎟ (2π , 0) ⎜ 3π , ⎟ (4π , 0)
⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ 2⎠
1 x
Because g ( x) = 3 − sin = 3 − f ( x ), the graph of g ( x) is the graph of f ( x), but translated upward by three units.
2 2
Generate key points for the graph of g ( x) by adding 3 to the y-coordinate of each key point of f ( x).
37. f ( x) = 2 cos x
2π 2π
Period: = = 2π
b 1
Amplitude: 2
Symmetry: y-axis
Key points: Maximum Intercept Minimum Intercept Maximum
⎛π ⎞ ⎛ 3π ⎞
(0, 2) ⎜ , 0⎟ (π , − 2) ⎜ , 0⎟ (2π , 2)
⎝2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠
Because g ( x) = 2 cos( x + π ) = f ( x + π ), the graph of g ( x) is the graph of f ( x), but with a phase shift (horizontal
translation) of −π . Generate key points for the graph of g ( x) by shifting each key point of f ( x) π units to the left.
39. y = 5 sin x 1
41. y = cos x
Period: 2π 3
Period: 2π
Amplitude: 5
1
Key points: Amplitude:
3
π
(0, 0), ⎛⎜ ⎞
, 5⎟, (π , 0), Key points:
⎝2 ⎠
⎛ 1⎞ ⎛π ⎞ ⎛ 1⎞
⎛ 3π ⎞ ⎜ 0, ⎟, ⎜ , 0 ⎟, ⎜ π , − ⎟,
⎜ , − 5 ⎟, ( 2π , 0) ⎝ 3 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 3⎠
⎝ 2 ⎠
⎛ 3π ⎞ ⎛ 1⎞
⎜ , 0 ⎟, ⎜ 2π , ⎟
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 3⎠
43. y = cos
y ⎛ π⎞
51. y = sin ⎜ x − ⎟
2 ⎝ 2⎠
2π Period: 2 π
Period = 4π
12
Amplitude: 1
Amplitude: 1 π π
Shift: Set x − = 0 and x − = 2π
Key points: 2 2
(0, 1), (π , 0), ( 2π , −1), x =
π
x =
5π
2 2
(3π , 0), (4π , 1)
⎛π ⎞ ⎛ 3π ⎞ ⎛ 5π ⎞
Key points: ⎜ , 0 ⎟, (π , 1), ⎜ , 0 ⎟, ( 2π , −1), ⎜ , 0 ⎟
45. y = cos 2π x ⎝2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠
2π
Period: =1
2π
Amplitude: 1
Key points:
(0, 1), ⎛⎜
1 ⎞ ⎛1 ⎞ ⎛3 ⎞
, 0 ⎟, ⎜ , −1⎟, ⎜ , 0 ⎟
⎝4 ⎠ ⎝2 ⎠ ⎝4 ⎠
2π x
47. y = −sin
3
2π x
2π 53. y = 2 − sin
Period: = 3 3
2π 3
2π
Amplitude: 1 Period: = 3
2π 3
Key points:
Amplitude: 1
(0, 0), ⎛⎜ , −1⎞⎟, ⎛⎜ , 0 ⎞⎟,
3 3
Key points:
⎝4 ⎠ ⎝2 ⎠
(0, 2), ⎛⎜
3 ⎞ ⎛3 ⎞
⎛9 ⎞ , 1⎟, ⎜ , 2 ⎟,
⎜ , 1⎟, (3, 0) ⎝4 ⎠ ⎝2 ⎠
⎝4 ⎠
⎛9 ⎞
⎜ , 3⎟, (3, 2)
49. y = 3 cos( x + π ) ⎝4 ⎠
Period: 2π 1
55. y = 2 + cos 60π x
Amplitude: 3 10
Shift: Set x + π = 0 and x + π = 2π 2π 1
Period: =
x = −π x = π 60π 30
⎛ π ⎞ ⎛π ⎞ 1
Key points: ( −π , 3), ⎜ − , 0 ⎟, (0, − 3), ⎜ , 0 ⎟, (π , 3) Amplitude:
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝2 ⎠ 10
Vertical shift two units
upward
Key points:
(0, 2.1), ⎛⎜ ⎞⎛ 1 ⎞
1
, 2 ⎟ ⎜ , 1.9 ⎟,
⎝ 120 ⎠ ⎝ 60 ⎠
⎛1 ⎞ ⎛1 ⎞
⎜ , 2 ⎟, ⎜ , 2.1⎟
⎝ 40 ⎠ ⎝ 30 ⎠
57. y = 3 cos( x + π ) − 3 61. g ( x) = sin ( 4 x − π )
Period: 2π (a) g ( x) is obtained by a horizontal shrink of four and

Amplitude: 3 π
a phase shift of ; and one cycle of g ( x)
Shift: Set x + π = 0 and x + π = 2π 4
x = −π x = π ⎡π 3π ⎤
corresponds to the interval ⎢ , ⎥.
⎛ π ⎞ ⎛π ⎞ ⎣4 4 ⎦
Key points: ( −π , 0), ⎜ − , − 3⎟, (0, − 6), ⎜ , − 3⎟, (π , 0)
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝2 ⎠ (b)
(c) g ( x) = f ( 4 x − π ) where f ( x) = sin x.
59. y =
2 ⎛x π ⎞
cos⎜ − ⎟ 63. g ( x) = cos( x − π ) + 2
3 ⎝2 4⎠
(a) g ( x) is obtained by shifting f ( x) two units upward
2π
Period: = 4π and a phase shift of π ; and one cycle of g ( x)
12
corresponds to the interval [π , 3π ].
2
Amplitude:
3 (b)
x π π π
Shift: − = 0 and − = 2π
2 4 2 4
π 9π
x = x =
2 2
Key points:
⎛π 2 ⎞ ⎛ 3π ⎞ ⎛ 5π −2 ⎞ ⎛ 7π ⎞ ⎛ 9π 2⎞
⎜ , ⎟, ⎜ , 0 ⎟, ⎜ , ⎟, ⎜ , 0 ⎟, ⎜ , ⎟
⎝2 3⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 3 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 3⎠
(c) g ( x) = f ( x − π ) + 2 where f ( x) = cos x
65. g ( x) = 2 sin ( 4 x − π ) − 3
(a) g ( x) is obtained by a horizontal shrink of four,

π
a phase shift of , shifting f ( x) three units
4
downward, and has an amplitude of two. One cycle
⎡π 3π ⎤
of g ( x) corresponds to the interval ⎢ , ⎥.
⎣4 4 ⎦
(b)
(c) g ( x) = 2 f ( 4 x − π ) − 3 where f ( x) = sin x
67. y = −2 sin ( 4 x + π ) 79. y = a sin (bx − c)
Amplitude: a = 2
Period: 2π ⇒ b = 1
π
Phase shift: bx − c = 0 when x = −
4
π⎞ π
(1)⎛⎜ − ⎟ −c = 0 ⇒ c = −
⎛ π⎞ ⎝ 4⎠ 4
69. y = cos⎜ 2π x − ⎟ + 1
⎝ 2⎠ π
a = 2, b = 1, c = −
4
2
81. y1 = sin x
1
y2 = − − 2 2
2
In the interval [−2π , 2π ],
⎛π x ⎞ −2
71. y = −0.1 sin ⎜ + π⎟
⎝ 10 ⎠ 5π π 7π 11π
y1 = y2 when x = − ,− , , .
6 6 6 6
Answers for 83 – 85 are sample answers.
83. f ( x) = 2 sin ( 2 x − π ) + 1
85. f ( x) = cos( 2 x + 2π ) − 3
73. f ( x) = a cos x + d 2
πt
Amplitude: 1 ⎡3
2⎣
− ( −1)⎤⎦ = 2 ⇒ a = 2 87. v = 1.75 sin
2
3 = 2 cos 0 + d 2π
(a) Period = = 4 seconds
d = 3− 2 =1 π 2
a = 2, d = 1 1 cycle 60 seconds
(b) ⋅ = 15 cycles per minute
4 seconds 1 minute
75. f ( x) = a cos x + d
(c)
Amplitude: 1
2 [8 − 0] = 4
Reflected in the x-axis: a = −4

0 = −4 cos 0 + d
d = 4
a = −4, d = 4
77. y = a sin (bx − c)
Amplitude: a = 3
Since the graph is reflected in the x-axis, we have
a = −3.
2π
Period: = π ⇒ b = 2
b
Phase shift: c = 0
a = −3, b = 2, c = 0
89. (a) y = a cos(bt − c) + d
1 1
Amplitude: a = [max temp − min temp] = [78.6 − 13.8] = 32.4
2 2
Period: p = 2[month of max temp − month of min temp] = 2[7 − 1] = 12
2π 2π π
b = = =
p 12 6
Because the maximum temperature occurs in the seventh month,
c
= 7 so c ≈ 3.67.
b
1
The average temperature is (78.6 + 13.8) = 46.2°, so d = 46.2.
2
⎛π ⎞
So, I (t ) = 32.4 cos⎜ t − 3.67 ⎟ + 46.2.
⎝ 6 ⎠
(b)
The model fits the data well.

(c)
The model fits the data well.

(d) The d value in each model represents the average temperature.
Las Vegas: 80.6°; International Falls: 46.2°
(e) The period of each model is 12. This is what you would expect because the time period is one year (twelve months).
(f ) International Falls has the greater temperature variability. The amplitude determines the variability. The greater the
amplitude, the greater the temperature varies.
91. y = 0.001 sin 880π t 95. False. The graph of sin ( x + 2π ) is the graph of
2π 1 sin ( x) translated to the left by one period, and the graphs
(a) Period: = seconds
880π 440 are indeed identical.
1
(b) f = = 440 cycles per second 97.
p
2π
93. (a) Period = = 20 seconds
⎛π ⎞
⎜ ⎟
⎝ 10 ⎠
The wheel takes 20 seconds to revolve once.
(b) Amplitude: 50 feet
The radius of the wheel is 50 feet.
Because the graphs are the same, the conjecture is that
(c)
⎛ π⎞
sin ( x) = cos⎜ x − ⎟.
⎝ 2⎠
Section 1.6 Graphs of Other Trigonometric Functions 85
99.
As the value of b increases, the period decreases.

1 1
b = → cycle
2 2
b = 2 → 2 cycles
b = 3 → 3 cycles
1 (1 2) (1 2) ≈ 0.4794 3 5
1 1 1
101. (a) sin ≈ − + (b) sin 1 ≈ 1 − + ≈ 0.8417
2 2 3! 5! 3! 5!
1 sin 1 ≈ 0.8415 (by calculator)
sin ≈ 0.4794 (by calculator)
2
(c) sin
π
≈1−
(π 6)3 +
(π 6)5 ≈ 0.5000 (d) cos( −0.5) ≈ 1 −
(− 0.5)2 +
(− 0.5)4 ≈ 0.8776
6 3! 5! 2! 4!
π cos( −0.5) ≈ 0.8776 (by calculator)
sin = 0.5 (by calculator)
6
(e) cos 1 ≈ 1 −
1
+
1
≈ 0.5417 (f ) cos
π
≈1−
(π 4)2 +
(π 4)2 = 0.7074
2! 4! 4 2! 4!
cos 1 ≈ 0.5403 (by calculator) π
cos ≈ 0.7071 ( by calculator )
4
The error in the approximation is not the same in each case. The error appears to increase as x moves farther away from 0.
Section 1.6 Graphs of Other Trigonometric Functions

1. odd; origin 1
11. y = cot π x
2
3. reciprocal
π
Period: =1
5. π π
Matches graph (a).
7. ( −∞, −1] ∪ [1, ∞)
12. y = −csc x
9. y = sec 2 x
Period: 2π
2π
Period: = π Matches graph (d).
2
Matches graph (e). 1 πx
13. y = sec
2 2
x
10. y = tan 2π 2π
2 Period: = = 4
b π 2
π π
Period: = = 2π Asymptotes: x = −1, x = 1
b 12
Matches graph (f).
Asymptotes: x = −π , x = π
Matches graph (c).
πx 21. y = csc π x
14. y = −2 sec
2 2π
Period: = 2
2π 2π π
Period: = = 4
b π 2 Two consecutive
Asymptotes: x = −1, x = 1 asymptotes:
x = 0, x = 1
Reflected in x-axis
Matches graph (b). 1 1 5
x
6 2 6
1
15. y = tan x y 2 1 2
3
Period: π
Two consecutive 23. y = 1
2
sec π x
asymptotes: Period: 2
π π Two consecutive
x = − and x =
2 2 asymptotes:
π π x = − 12 , x = 1
x − 0 2
4 4
1 1 x −1 0 1
y − 0
3 3 − 12 1 − 12
y 2
17. y = −2 tan 3 x
x
π 25. y = csc
Period: 2
3
2π
Two consecutive Period: = 4π
asymptotes: 12
π π Two consecutive
x = − ,x =
6 6 asymptotes:
x = 0, x = 2π
π π
x − 0
3 3 π 5π
x π
y 0 0 0 3 3
y 2 1 2
1
19. y = − sec x 27. y = 3 cot 2 x
2
Period: 2π π
Period:
2
Two consecutive
asymptotes: Two consecutive
π π asymptotes:
x = − ,x = π π
2 2 x = − ,x =
2 2
π π
x − 0
3 3
π π π π
1 x − −
y −1 − −1 6 8 8 6
2
y −3 3 −3 3 3 3
29. y = 2 sec 3 x 1 ⎛ π⎞
37. y = csc⎜ x + ⎟
2π 4 ⎝ 4⎠
Period:
3 Period: 2π
Two consecutive Two consecutive
asymptotes: asymptotes:
π π π 3π
x = − ,x = x = − ,x =
6 6 4 4
π π π π 7π
x − 0 x −
3 3 12 4 12
y −2 2 −2 1 1 1
y
2 4 2
πx
31. y = tan x
4 39. y = tan
3
π
Period: = 4
π 4
Two consecutive asymptotes:
πx π
= − ⇒ x = −2
4 2
πx π
= ⇒ x = 2
4 2 −2
41. y = −2 sec 4 x =
cos 4 x
x −1 0 1
y −1 0 1
33. y = 2 csc( x − π )
Period: 2π
Two consecutive ⎛ π⎞
43. y = tan ⎜ x − ⎟
asymptotes: ⎝ 4⎠
x = −π , x = π
π π 3π
x −
2 2 2
y 2 −2 −2
35. y = 2 sec( x + π ) 45. y = −csc( 4 x − π )

Period: 2π −1
y =
Two consecutive sin ( 4 x − π )
asymptotes:
π π
x = − ,x =
2 2
⎛π x π ⎞
47. y = 0.1 tan ⎜ + ⎟
π π ⎝ 4 4⎠
x − 0
3 3
y −4 −2 −4
49. tan x = 1 1
57. f ( x) = sec x =
7π 3π π 5π cos x
x = − ,− , ,
4 4 4 4 f ( − x) = sec( − x)
1
=
cos( − x)
1
=
cos x
= f ( x)
So, f ( x) = sec x is an even function and the graph has

y-axis symmetry.
1
3 59. g ( x) = cot x =
51. cot x = − tan x
3
4π π 2π 5π g ( − x) = cot ( − x)
x = − ,− , ,
3 3 3 3 1
=
tan ( − x)
1
= −
tan x
= − g ( x)
So, g ( x) = cot x is an odd function and the graph has

origin symmetry.
61. f ( x) = x + tan x
53. sec x = −2
2π 4π 2π 4π
x = , ,− ,−
3 3 3 3
f ( − x) = ( − x) + tan ( − x)
= − x − tan x
= −( x + tan x)
= − f ( x)
55. csc x = 2
7π 5π π 3π So, f ( x) = x + tan x is an odd function and the graph
x = − ,− , ,
4 4 4 4 has origin symmetry.
63. g ( x) = x csc x =
x 71. f ( x) = sin 2 x
sin x
g ( x) = 1
2 (1 − cos 2 x)
f ( x) = g ( x)
73. g ( x) = x cos π x 10
Damping factor: x
g ( − x) = ( − x) csc( − x)
−10 10
As x → ∞, g ( x) oscillates
−x and approaches −∞ and ∞.
=
sin ( − x)
−10
−x 75. f ( x ) = x 3 sin x 1500

=
−sin x
Damping factor: x 3
x −15 15
= As x → ∞, f ( x) oscillates
sin x
= x csc x and approaches −∞ and ∞. −1500
= g ( x) 6
77. y = + cos x, x > 0
So, g ( x) = x csc x is an even function and the graph x
has y-axis symmetry. As x → 0, y → ∞.
65. f ( x) = x cos x
Matches graph (d). sin x
79. g ( x) =
As x → 0, f ( x) → 0. x
As x → 0, g ( x) → 1.
66. f ( x) = x sin x
Matches graph (a)
As x → 0, f ( x) → 0. 1
81. f ( x ) = sin
x
67. g ( x) = x sin x
As x → 0, f ( x) oscillates
Matches graph (b).
between −1 and 1.
As x → 0, g ( x) → 0.
πt 2π
68. g ( x) = x cos x 83. (a) Period of cos = = 12
6 π 6
Matches graph (c).
πt 2π
As x → 0, g ( x) → 0. Period of sin = = 12
6 π 6
⎛ π⎞ The period of H (t ) is 12 months.

69. f ( x) = sin x + cos⎜ x + ⎟
⎝ 2⎠ The period of L(t ) is 12 months.
g ( x) = 0
(b) From the graph, it appears that the greatest
f ( x ) = g ( x) difference between high and low temperatures
occurs in the summer. The smallest difference
occurs in the winter.
(c) The highest high and low temperatures appear to
occur about half of a month after the time when the
sun is northernmost in the sky.
7 91. f ( x) = sec x
85. tan x =
d
π+
d =
7
= 7 cot x (a) x → , f ( x) → −∞
tan x 2
π−
(b) x → , f ( x) → ∞
2
π+
(c) x → − , f ( x) → ∞
2
π−
(d) x → − , f ( x) → −∞
2
93. f ( x) = x − cos x
(a)
87. True.
1
y = sec x =
cos x
If the reciprocal of y = sin x is translated π 2 units to
the left, then The zero between 0 and 1 occurs at x ≈ 0.7391.
1
1
y = = = sec x. (b) xn = cos( xn −1 )
⎛ π⎞ cos x
sin ⎜ x + ⎟ x0 = 1
⎝ 2⎠
x1 = cos 1 ≈ 0.5403
89. f ( x) = csc x x2 = cos 0.5403 ≈ 0.8576
(a) x → 0+ , f ( x) → ∞ x3 = cos 0.8576 ≈ 0.6543

x4 = cos 0.6543 ≈ 0.7935
(b) x → 0− , f ( x) → −∞ x5 = cos 0.7935 ≈ 0.7014
(c) x → π , f ( x) → −∞
+ x6 = cos 0.7014 ≈ 0.7640
x7 = cos 0.7640 ≈ 0.7221
(d) x → π − , f ( x) → ∞
x8 = cos 0.7221 ≈ 0.7504
x9 = cos 0.7504 ≈ 0.7314
#
This sequence appears to be approaching the zero of
f : x ≈ 0.7391.
Section 1.7 Inverse Trigonometric Functions

Function Alternative Notation Domain Range
π π
1. y = arcsin x y = sin −1 x −1 ≤ x ≤ 1 − ≤ y ≤
2 2
π π
3. y = arctan x y = tan −1 x −∞ < x < ∞ − < y <
2 2
1 1 π π π
5. y = arcsin ⇒ sin y = for − ≤ y ≤ ⇒ y =
2 2 2 2 6
1 1 π
7. y = arccos ⇒ cos y = for 0 ≤ y ≤ π ⇒ y =
2 2 3
Section 1.7 Inverse Trigonometric Functions 91
3 3 π π π
9. y = arctan ⇒ tan y = for − < y < ⇒ y =
3 3 2 2 6
⎛ 3⎞ 3 5π
11. y = cos −1 ⎜⎜ − ⎟⎟ ⇒ cos y = − for 0 ≤ y ≤ π ⇒ y =
⎝ 2 ⎠ 2 6
π π π
13. y = arctan − ( )
3 ⇒ tan y = − 3 for −
2
< y <
2
⇒ y = −
3
⎛ 1⎞ 1 2π
15. y = arccos⎜ − ⎟ ⇒ cos y = − for 0 ≤ y ≤ π ⇒ y =
⎝ 2⎠ 2 3
3 3 π π π
17. y = sin −1 − ⇒ sin y = − for − ≤ y ≤ ⇒ y = −
2 2 2 2 3
19. f ( x) = cos x x + 2
43. sin θ =
g ( x) = arccos x 5
⎛ x + 2⎞
y = x θ = arcsin ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 5 ⎠
x + 3
45. cos θ =
2x
21. arccos 0.37 = cos −1
(0.37) ≈ 1.19
x +3
θ = arccos
2x
23. arcsin ( − 0.75) = sin −1 ( − 0.75) ≈ −0.85
47. sin (arcsin 0.3) = 0.3
25. arctan ( −3) = tan −1 ( −3) ≈ −1.25
49. cos ⎣⎡arccos( −0.1)⎦⎤ = −0.1
27. sin −1 0.31 = sin −1 0.31 ≈ 0.32
51. arcsin (sin 3π ) = arcsin (0) = 0
29. arccos( −0.41) = cos −1 ( −0.41) ≈ 1.99
Note: 3π is not in the range of the arcsine function.
31. arctan 0.92 = tan −1 0.92 ≈ 0.74 3

53. Let y = arctan .
4
33. arcsin 7
8
= sin −1 ( 78 ) ≈ 1.07 tan y =
3 π
,0 < y < ,
4 2
35. tan −1 (194 ) ≈ 1.36 ⎛ 3⎞
sin ⎜ arctan ⎟ = sin y =
3
⎝ 4⎠ 5
37. tan −1 − ( )
372 ≈ −1.52
π 55. Let y = tan −1 2,

39. arctan − ( )
3 = −
3
2 π
⎛ π⎞ 3 tan y = 2 = ,0 < y < ,
tan ⎜ − ⎟ = − 1 2
⎝ 6⎠ 3
1 5
⎛π ⎞ cos( tan −1 2) = cos y = = .
tan ⎜ ⎟ = 1 5 5
⎝4⎠
x
41. tan θ =
4
x
θ = arctan
4
5 3
57. Let y = arcsin , 63. Let u = cos −1 .
13 2
5 π 3 π
sin y = ,0 < y < , cos u = ,0 < u < ,
13 2 2 2
⎛ 5⎞ 12
⎡
cos⎜ arcsin ⎟ = cos y = . 3⎤
⎝ 13 ⎠ 13 csc ⎢cos −1 ⎥ = csc u = 2.
⎣ 2 ⎦
⎛ 3⎞ 65. Let y = arctan x.

59. Let y = arctan ⎜ − ⎟,
⎝ 5⎠
x
3 π tan y = x = ,
tan y = − , − < y < 0, 1
5 2
1
cot (arctan x) = cot y =
⎡ ⎛ 3 ⎞⎤ 34 x
sec ⎢arctan ⎜ − ⎟⎥ = sec y = .
⎣ ⎝ 5 ⎠⎦ 5
67. Let y = arcsin ( 2 x).
2x
sin y = 2 x = ,
1
cos(arcsin 2 x) = cos y = 1 − 4x2
⎛ 2⎞
61. Let y = arccos⎜ − ⎟.
⎝ 3⎠
2 π
cos y = − , < y < π, 69. Let y = arccos x.
3 2
x
⎡ ⎛ 2 ⎞⎤ 5 cos y = x = ,
sin ⎢arccos⎜ − ⎟⎥ = sin y = 1
⎣ ⎝ 3 ⎠⎦ 3
sin (arccos x) = sin y = 1 − x2
⎛ x⎞ x
71. Let y = arccos⎜ ⎟. 73. Let y = arctan .
⎝ 3⎠ 2
x x
cos y = , tan y = ,
3 2
⎛ x⎞ 9 − x2 ⎛ x ⎞ x2 + 2
tan ⎜ arccos ⎟ = tan y = csc⎜ arctan ⎟ = csc y =
⎝ 3⎠ x ⎝ 2⎠ x
2x
75. f ( x) = sin (arctan 2 x), g ( x) =
1 + 4 x2
They are equal. Let y = arctan 2 x,
2x
tan y = 2 x = ,
1
2x
and sin y = .
1 + 4x2
2x
g ( x) = = f ( x)
1 + 4 x2
The graph has horizontal asymptotes at y = ±1.
9
77. Let y = arctan .
x
9 9
tan y = and sin y = ,x > 0
x x + 81
2
So,
9 9
arctan = arcsin , x > 0.
x x + 81
2
3 81. g ( x) = arcsin ( x − 1)
79. Let y = arccos . Then,
x − 2 x + 10
2
Domain: 0 ≤ x ≤ 2
3 3 π π
cos y = = Range: − ≤ y ≤
x 2 − 2 x + 10 (x − 1) + 9
2
2 2
x −1 This is the graph of
and sin y = . f ( x) = arcsin ( x) shifted
(x − 1) + 9
2
one unit to the right.

x −1
So, y = arcsin .
x 2 − 2 x + 10 83. y = 2 arccos x
Domain: −1 ≤ x ≤ 1
Range: 0 ≤ y ≤ 2π
This is the graph of
f ( x) = arccos x with
a factor of 2.
85. f ( x) = arctan 2 x 89. f ( x) = 2 arccos( 2 x)

π π
Range: − < y <
2 2
This is the graph of
g ( x) = arctan ( x) with a
horizontal shrink of a 91. f ( x) = arctan ( 2 x − 3)
factor of 2.
v
87. h(v) = arccos
2
Domain: − 2 ≤ v ≤ 2
Range: 0 ≤ y ≤ π
⎛ 2⎞
This is the graph of 93. f ( x) = π − sin −1 ⎜ ⎟ ≈ 2.412
h(v) = arccos v with ⎝ 3⎠
a horizontal stretch of
a factor of 2.
⎛ 3⎞
95. f (t ) = 3 cos 2t + 3 sin 2t = 32 + 32 sin ⎜ 2t + arctan ⎟
⎝ 3⎠
= 3 2 sin ( 2t + arctan 1)
⎛ π⎞
= 3 2 sin ⎜ 2t + ⎟
⎝ 4⎠
The graph implies that the identity is true.
π 3x
97. 105. β = arctan
2 x2 + 4
(a)
π
99.
2
101. π
5
103. (a) sin θ = (b) β is maximum when x = 2 feet.
s
5 (c) The graph has a horizontal asymptote at β = 0.
θ = arcsin
s As x increases, β decreases.
5 107.
(b) s = 40: θ = arcsin ≈ 0.13
40
5
s = 20: θ = arcsin ≈ 0.25
20
20
(a) tan θ =
41
⎛ 20 ⎞
θ = arctan ⎜ ⎟ ≈ 26.0°
⎝ 41 ⎠
h
(b) tan 26° =
50
h = 50 tan 26° ≈ 24.4 feet
x 119. y = arcsec 2 ⇒ sec y = 2 and

109. (a) tan θ =
20 π π π
x 0 ≤ y < ∪ < y ≤ π ⇒ y =
θ = arctan 2 2 4
20
121. y = arccot ( −1) ⇒ cot y = −1 and
5
(b) x = 5: θ = arctan ≈ 14.0° 3π
20 0 < y < π ⇒ y =
4
12
x = 12: θ = arctan ≈ 31.0°
20 123. y = arccsc 2 ⇒ csc y = 2 and
111. False. π π π
− ≤ y < 0∪0 < y ≤ ⇒ y =
2 2 6
5π
is not in the range of the arctangent function.
4
⎛2 3⎞ 2 3
π 125. y = arccsc⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ⇒ csc y = 3 and
arctan 1 = ⎝ 3 ⎠
4
π π π
− ≤ y < 0∪0 < y ≤ ⇒ y =
1 2 2 3
113. False. sin −1 x ≠
sin x
⎛ 1 ⎞
127. arcsec 2.54 = arccos⎜ ⎟ ≈ 1.17
The function sin −1
x is equivalent to arcsin x, which is ⎝ 2.54 ⎠
1
the inverse sine function. The expression, is the ⎛ 1 ⎞
sin x 129. arccot 5.25 = arctan ⎜ ⎟ ≈ 0.19
⎝ 5.25 ⎠
reciprocal of the sine function and is equivalent to csc x.
115. y = arccot x if and only if cot y = x.

131. arccot ( 53 ) = arctan( 53 ) 0.54
Domain: ( −∞, ∞) 133. arccsc − 25
3 ( ) 3
= arcsin − 25 ≈ − 0.12 ( )
Range: (0, π )
135. Area = arctan b − arctan a
(a) a = 0, b = 1
π π
Area = arctan 1 − arctan 0 = −0 =
4 4
(b) a = −1, b = 1
Area = arctan 1 − arctan ( −1)
117. y = arccsc x if and only if csc y = x. π ⎛ π⎞ π
= − ⎜− ⎟ =
Domain: ( −∞, − 1] ∪ [1, ∞ ) 4 ⎝ 4⎠ 2
(c) a = 0, b = 3
⎡ π ⎞ ⎛ π⎤
Range: ⎢− , 0 ⎟ ∪ ⎜ 0, ⎥
⎣ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2⎦ Area = arctan 3 − arctan 0
≈ 1.25 − 0 = 1.25
(d) a = −1, b = 3
Area = arctan 3 − arctan ( −1)
⎛ π⎞
≈ 1.25 − ⎜ − ⎟ ≈ 2.03
⎝ 4⎠
137. f ( x) = sin ( x), f −1 ( x) = arcsin ( x)
(a) f D f −1 = sin (arcsin x) f −1 D f = arcsin (sin x)
(b) The graphs coincide with the graph of y = x only for certain values of x.
f D f −1 = x over its entire domain, −1 ≤ x ≤ 1.

π π
f −1 D f = x over the region − ≤ x ≤ , corresponding to the region where sin x is one-to-one and has an inverse.
2 2
Section 1.8 Applications and Models

1. bearing 9. Given: a = 3, b = 4
a 2 + b 2 = c 2 ⇒ c 2 = (3) + ( 4) ⇒ c = 5
2 2
3. period
5. Given: A = 30°, b = 3 a ⎛a⎞ ⎛ 3⎞

tan A = ⇒ A = tan −1 ⎜ ⎟ = tan −1 ⎜ ⎟ ≈ 36.87°
b ⎝b⎠ ⎝ 4⎠
a
tan A = ⇒ a = b tan A = 3 tan 30° ≈ 1.73 B = 90° − 36.87° = 53.13°
b
b b 3
cos A = ⇒ c = = ≈ 3.46
c cos A cos 30°
B = 90° − 30° = 60°
11. Given: b = 16, c = 52
a = 522 − 162
7. Given: B = 71°, b = 24 = 2448 = 12 17 ≈ 49.48
b b 24 cos A = 16
tan B = ⇒ a = = ≈ 8.26 52
a tan B tan 71° 16
A = arccos 52
≈ 72.80°
b b 24
sin B = ⇒ c = = ≈ 25.38 B = 90° − 72.08° ≈ 17.92°
c sin B sin 71°
A = 90° − 71° = 19° 13. Given: A = 12°15′, c = 430.5
B = 90° − 12°15′ = 77° 45′
a
sin 12°15′ =
430.5
a = 430.5 sin 12°15′ ≈ 91.34
b
cos 12°15′ =
430.5
b = 430.5 cos 12°15′ ≈ 420.70
Section 1.8 Applications and Models 97
15. θ = 45°, b = 6 d
25. cot 55 = ⇒ d ≈ 7 kilometers
h 1 10
tan θ = ⇒ h = b tan θ D
(1 2)b 2 cot 28° = ⇒ D ≈ 18.8 kilometers
10
1
h = (6) tan 45° = 3.00 units Distance between towns:
2
D − d = 18.8 − 7 = 11.8 kilometers
17. θ = 32°, b = 8 27. tan θ = 75

50
h 1 θ = arctan 3
≈ 56.3°
tan θ = ⇒ h = b tan θ
(1 2)b 2
2
1
h = (8) tan 32° ≈ 2.50 units
2
29. 1200 feet + 150 feet − 400 feet = 950 feet

⎛ 5280 feet ⎞
5 miles = 5 miles⎜ ⎟ = 26,400 feet
⎝ 1 mile ⎠
100 950
19. tan 25° = tan θ =
x 26,400
100 ⎛ 950 ⎞
x = θ = arctan ⎜ ⎟ ≈ 2.06°
tan 25° ⎝ 26,400 ⎠
≈ 214.45 feet
h
21. sin 80° =
20
20 sin 80° = h
h ≈ 19.7 feet
31. (a) l 2 = ( h + 17) + 1002
2
l = (h + 17) + 10,000
2
= h 2 + 34h + 10,289
100
23. Let the height of the church = x and the height of the (b) cos θ =
church and steeple = y. Then, l
⎛ 100 ⎞
x y θ = arccos⎜ ⎟
tan 35° = and tan 47° 40′ = ⎝ l ⎠
50 50
x = 50 tan 35° and y = 50 tan 47° 40′ 100
(c) cos θ =
l
h = y − x = 50( tan 47° 40′ − tan 35°).
100
cos 35° =
h ≈ 19.9 feet l
l ≈ 122.077
l 2 = 1002 + ( h + 17)
2
l 2 = h 2 + 34h + 10.289
0 = h 2 + 34h − 4613.794
h ≈ 53.02 feet
33. (a) l 2 = ( 200) + (150)

2 2
l = 250 feet
150 ⎛ 150 ⎞
tan A = ⇒ A = arctan ⎜ ⎟ ≈ 36.87°
200 ⎝ 200 ⎠
200 ⎛ 200 ⎞
tan B = ⇒ B = arctan ⎜ ⎟ ≈ 53.13°
150 ⎝ 150 ⎠
mile hour 3600 sec
(b) 250 ft × × × ≈ 4.87 seconds
5280 ft 35 miles hour
35. The plane has traveled 1.5(600) = 900 miles. 41. θ = 32°, φ = 68°
a (a) α = 90° − 32° = 58°

sin 38° = ⇒ a ≈ 554 miles north
900 Bearing from
b A to C: N 58° E
cos 38° = ⇒ b ≈ 709 miles east
900
(b) β = θ = 32°
γ = 90° − φ = 22°
C = β + γ = 54°
d
tan C = ⇒ tan 54°
50
d
37. = ⇒ d ≈ 68.82 meters
50
43. The diagonal of the base has a length of

a2 + a2 = 2a . Now, you have
a 1
tan θ = =
2a 2
1
θ = arctan
2
a θ ≈ 35.3°.
(a) cos 29° = ⇒ a ≈ 104.95 nautical miles south
120
d
b 45. sin 36° = ⇒ d ≈ 14.69
sin 29° = ⇒ b ≈ 58.18 nautical miles west 25
120
Length of side: 2d ≈ 29.4 inches
20 + b 78.18
(b) tan θ = ≈ ⇒ θ ≈ 36.7°
a 104.95
Bearing: S 36.7° W
Distance: d ≈ 104.952 + 78.182
≈ 130.9 nautical miles from port
39. tan θ = 45
30
⇒ θ ≈ 56.3°
Bearing: N 56.31°
Section 1.8 Applications and Models 99
47. Use d = a sin ω t because d = 0 when t = 0. 1

55. d = sin 6π t
2π 4
Period: = 2 ⇒ ω = π
ω 1
(a) Maximum displacement = amplitude =
4
So, d = 4 sin (π t ).
ω 6π
(b) Frequency = =
49. Use d = a cos ω t because d = 3 when t = 0. 2π 2π
= 3 cycles per unit of time
2π 4π
Period: = 1.5 ⇒ ω =
ω 3 1
(c) d = sin 30π ≈ 0
4
⎛ 4π ⎞ ⎛ 4π t ⎞
So, d = 3 cos⎜ t ⎟ = 3 cos⎜ ⎟. 1
⎝ 3 ⎠ ⎝ 3 ⎠ (d) sin 6π t = 0
4
51. d = a sin ω t sin 6π t = 0
ω 6π t = arcsin 0
Frequency =
2π 6π t = π
ω 1
264 = t =
2π 6
ω = 2π ( 264) = 528π
1
57. y = cos 16t , t > 0
6π 4
53. d = 9 cos t
5 (a)
(a) Maximum displacement = amplitude = 9
6π
ω
(b) Frequency = = 5
2π 2π
3
= cycle per unit of time
5
6π
(c) d = 9 cos (5) = 9 2π π
5 (b) Period: =
6π 16 8
(d) 9 cos t = 0
5 1 π π
(c) cos 16t = 0 when 16t = ⇒ t =
6π 4 2 32
cos t = 0
5
59. (a)
6π
t = arccos 0
5
6π π
t =
5 2
5
t =
12 2π 2π
(b) Period = = = 12
n π 6
The period is what you expect as the model
examines the number of hours of daylight over
one year (12 months).
(c) Amplitude = 2.77 = 2.77

The amplitude represents the maximum
displacement from the average number of hours
of daylight.
61. False. The tower isn’t vertical and so the triangle formed
is not a right triangle.
Review Exercises for Chapter 1

15π
1. θ = 13. 198.4° = 198° + 0.4(60)′ = 198° 24′
4
(a) y
138π 23π
15. 138° = = radians
180 30
15π
4 ⎛ 23π ⎞
s = rθ = 20⎜ ⎟ ≈ 48.17 inches
x ⎝ 30 ⎠
120π 2π
17. 120° = = radians
180 3
1 2 1 2 ⎛ 2π ⎞
(b) Quadrant IV A = r θ = (18) ⎜ ⎟ ≈ 339.29 square inches
2 2 ⎝ 3 ⎠
15π 7π
(c) − 2π =
4 4 2π ⎛ 1 3⎞
7π π 19. t = corresponds to the point ⎜⎜ − , ⎟⎟.
− 2π = − 3 ⎝ 2 2 ⎠
4 4
7π
3. θ = −110° 21. t = corresponds to the point
6
(a) y
⎛ 3 1⎞
( x, y ) = ⎜⎜ − , − ⎟⎟.
⎝ 2 2⎠
3π ⎛ 2 2⎞
x
23. t = corresponds to the point ( x, y ) = ⎜⎜ − , ⎟.
4 ⎝ 2 2 ⎟⎠
− 110°
3π 2 3π 1
sin = y = csc = = 2
4 2 4 y
(b) Quadrant III 3π 2 3π 1
cos = x = − sec = = − 2
(c) Coterminal angles: 4 2 4 x
−110° + 360° = 250° 3π y 3π x
tan = = −1 cot = = −1
−110° − 360° = −470° 4 x 4 y
π rad 5π 11π 3π 2
5. 450° = 450° ⋅ = ≈ 7.854 radians 25. sin = sin =
180° 2 4 4 2
π rad ⎛ 17π ⎞ ⎛ 5π ⎞ 1
7. −33° 45′ = −33.75° = −33.75° ⋅ 27. sin ⎜ − ⎟ = sin ⎜ − ⎟ = −
180° ⎝ 6 ⎠ ⎝ 6 ⎠ 2
3π
= − radian ≈ −0.589 radian 29. tan 33 ≈ −75.3130
16
3π 3π 180° ⎛ 12π ⎞ 1
9. = ⋅ = 54.000° 31. sec⎜ ⎟ = ≈ 3.2361
10 10 π rad ⎝ 5 ⎠ ⎛ 12π ⎞
cos⎜ ⎟
⎝ 5 ⎠
180°
11. −3.5 rad = −3.5 rad ⋅ ≈ −200.535°
π rad
Review Exercises for Chapter 1 101
33. opp = 4, adj = 5, hyp = 4 2 + 52 = 41
opp 4 4 41 hyp 41
sin θ = = = csc θ = =
hyp 41 41 opp 4
adj 5 5 41 hyp 41
cos θ = = = sec θ = =
hyp 41 41 adj 5
opp 4 adj 5
adj 5 opp 4
35. tan 33° ≈ 0.6494 1

37. cot 15°14′ =
⎛ 14 ⎞
tan ⎜15 + ⎟
⎝ 60 ⎠
≈ 3.6722
1
39. sin θ =
3
1 1 3 3 2
(a) csc θ = = 3 (c) sec θ = = =
sin θ cos θ 2 2 4
sin θ 13 1 2
(b) sin 2 θ + cos 2 θ = 1 (d) tan θ = = = =
⎛1⎞
2
cos θ 2 2 3 (
2 2 ) 4
⎜ ⎟ + cos θ = 1
2
⎝ 3⎠
1
cos 2 θ = 1 −
9
8
cos 2 θ =
9
8
cos θ =
9
2 2
cos θ =
3
x 43. x = 12, y = 16, r = 144 + 256 = 400 = 20
41. sin 1°10′ =
3.5
y 4 r 5
x = 3.5 sin 1°10' ≈ 0.07 kilometer or 71.3 meters sin θ = = csc θ = =
r 5 y 4
3.5 km x 3 r 5
1° 10′
x cos θ = = sec θ = =
r 5 x 3
Not drawn to scale y 4 x 3
x 3 y 4
45. x = 0.3, y = 0.4
(0.3) + (0.4)
2 2
r = = 0.5
y 0.4 4 r 0.5 5
sin θ = = = = 0.8 csc θ = = = = 1.25
r 0.5 5 y 0.4 4
x 0.3 3 r 0.5 5
cos θ = = = = 0.6 sec θ = = = ≈ 1.67
r 0.5 5 x 0.3 3
y 0.4 4 x 0.3 3
tan θ = = = ≈ 1.33 cot θ = = = = 0.75
x 0.3 3 y 0.4 4
6 6π
47. sec θ = , tan θ < 0 ⇒ θ is in Quadrant IV. 53. θ = −
5 5
r = 6, x = 5, y = − 36 − 25 = − 11 6π 4π
− + 2π =
5 5
y 11 4π π
sin θ = = − θ′ = π − =
r 6 5 5
x 5 y
cos θ = =
r 6
y 11
tan θ = = −
x 5
θ′
r 6 11 x
csc θ = = −
y 11 6π
−
5
6
sec θ =
5
5 11
cot θ = − π 3
11 55. sin =
3 2
x −2 π 1
49. cos θ = = ⇒ y 2 = 21 cos =
r 5 3 2
π
sin θ > 0 ⇒ θ is in Quadrant II ⇒ y = 21 tan = 3
3
y 21
sin θ = =
r 5 2
57. sin 495° = sin 45° =
y 21 2
tan θ = = −
x 2 2
cos 495° = −cos 45° = −
r 5 5 21 2
csc θ = = = tan 495° = − tan 45° = −1
y 21 21
r 5 5 59. sin 4 ≈ −0.7568
sec θ = = = −
x −2 2
x −2 2 21 12π
cot θ = = = − 61. sin ≈ 0.9511
y 21 21 5
63. y = sin 6 x
y
51. θ = 264°
θ ′ = 264° − 180° = 84° Amplitude: 1 2
y
2π π 1
Period: =
6 3 x
−
π π
4 4
264°
x −2
θ′
65. y = 5 + sin x y
7
Amplitude: 1 6
Period: 2π 5
Shift the graph 3

of y = sin x 2
5 units upward 1
x
− 2π −π π 2π
−1
67. g (t ) = sin (t − π )
y
5
2
81. tan −1 ( −1.5) ≈ −0.98 radian
4
5
Amplitude: 2
3
⎛ 1 ⎞
83. arccot(10.5) = arctan ⎜ ⎟ ≈ 0.09
Period: 2π 1 ⎝ 10.5 ⎠
t
π
−1
⎛ x⎞ ⎛ x⎞
−2 85. f ( x) = arctan ⎜ ⎟ = tan −1 ⎜ ⎟
−3 ⎝2⎠ ⎝ 2⎠
−4
2
69. y = a sin bx
−4 4
(a) a = 2,
2π 1
= ⇒ b = 528π −
2
b 264
y = 2 sin 528π x 87. Let u = arctan 3
then tan u = 34 .
4
(b) f =
1
1 264
(
cos arctan 3
4 )= 4
5 5
3
= 264 cycles per second

θ
4
⎛ π⎞
71. f (t ) = tan ⎜ t + ⎟
⎝ 2⎠ ⎡ ⎛ 1 ⎞⎤
y 89. sec ⎢sin −1 ⎜ − ⎟⎥
⎣ ⎝ 4 ⎠⎦
⎛ 1⎞ 1
Let y = sin −1 ⎜ − ⎟ then sin y = − and
1 ⎝ 4⎠ 4
⎡ ⎛ 1 ⎞⎤ 4 15
sec ⎢sin −1 ⎜ − ⎟⎥ = sec y =
t
−π π π .
−1
2 ⎣ ⎝ 4 ⎠⎦ 15
−2 4
−1
y
15
1 x
73. f ( x) = csc
2 2 ⎛ x⎞
91. Let y = arccos⎜ ⎟. Then
y ⎝ 2⎠
4
x ⎛ ⎛ x ⎞⎞ 4 − x2
3 cos y = and tan y = tan ⎜ arccos⎜ ⎟ ⎟ = .
2 2 ⎝ ⎝ 2 ⎠⎠ x
1
x
− 2π 2π 4π
−3 2
4 − x2
−4
75. f ( x) = x cos x 6
y
Damping factor: x x
−9 9
As x → +∞, f ( x) oscillates.
93. tan θ = 70
30
−6
77. arcsin ( −1) = −

π θ = arctan ( 3070 ) ≈ 66.8° 70 m
2
π θ
79. arccot 3 =
6 30 m
d1 ⎫
95. sin 48° = ⇒ d1 ≈ 483 ⎪
650 ⎪ d1 + d 2 ≈ 1217
⎬
d2
cos 25° = ⇒ d 2 ≈ 734⎪
810 ⎪⎭ N
d3 ⎫
cos 48° = ⇒ d3 ≈ 435⎪
650 ⎪
⎬ d3 − d 4 ≈ 93 48°
d
sin 25° = 4 ⇒ d 4 ≈ 342 ⎪
W B
25° E
810 ⎪⎭ d3 48° 65° 810 d4
650
D C
93 A θ
tan θ ≈ ⇒ θ ≈ 4.4° d1 d2
1217
D
sec 4.4° ≈ ⇒ D ≈ 1217 sec 4.4° ≈ 1221 S
1217
The distance is 1221 miles and the bearing is 85.6°.
97. False. For each θ there corresponds exactly one value 101. The ranges for the other four trigonometric functions are
of y. not bounded. For y = tan x and y = cot x, the range
is ( −∞, ∞). For y = sec x and y = csc x, the range is
99. f (θ ) = sec θ is undefined at the zeros of
1 (−∞, −1] ∪ [1, ∞).
g (θ ) = cos θ because sec θ = .
cos θ
103. Answers will vary.
Problem Solving for Chapter 1

1. (a) 8:57 − 6:45 = 2 hours 12 minutes = 132 minutes 5. (a) h( x) = cos 2 x
132 11
= revolutions
48 4
⎛ 11 ⎞ 11π
θ = ⎜ ⎟( 2π ) = radians or 990°
⎝4⎠ 2
(b) s = rθ = 47.25(5.5π ) ≈ 816.42 feet
h is even.
3000
3. (a) sin 39° = (b) h( x) = sin 2 x
d
3000
d = ≈ 4767 feet
sin 39°
3000
(b) tan 39° =
x
3000
x = ≈ 3705 feet h is even.
tan 39°
w + 3705
(c) tan 63° =
3000
3000 tan 63° = w + 3705
w = 3000 tan 63° − 3705 ≈ 2183 feet
Problem Solving for Chapter 1 105
7. If you alter the model so that h = 1 when t = 0, you can use either a sine or a cosine model.
1 1
a = [max − min] = [101 − 1] = 50
2 2
1 1
d = [max + min] = [101 + 1] = 51
2 2
b = 8π
Cosine model: h = 51 − 50 cos(8π t )
⎛ π⎞
Sine model: h = 51 − 50 sin ⎜ 8π t + ⎟
⎝ 2⎠
Notice that you needed the horizontal shift so that the sine value was one when t = 0.
⎛ 3π ⎞
Another model would be: h = 51 + 50 sin ⎜ 8π t + ⎟
⎝ 2 ⎠
Here you wanted the sine value to be 1 when t = 0.
⎛ 8π ⎞
9. P = 100 − 20 cos⎜ t ⎟
⎝ 3 ⎠
2π 6 3
(a) (b) Period = = = sec (c) Amplitude: 20
8π 3 8 4
The blood pressure ranges between
This is the time between
100 − 20 = 80 and 100 + 20 = 120.
heartbeats.
60 sec min 60 15
(d) Pulse rate = = 80 beats min (e) Period = = sec
3 64 16
sec beat
4 60 64 32
64 = ⇒ b = ⋅ 2π = π
2π b 60 15
11. f ( x) = 2 cos 2 x + 3 sin 3x 13.

g ( x) = 2 cos 2 x + 3 sin 4 x
(a)
sin θ1
(a) = 1.333
sin θ 2
sin θ1 sin 60°
(b) The period of f ( x) is 2π . sin θ 2 = = ≈ 0.6497
1.333 1.333
The period of g ( x) is π . θ 2 = 40.5°
(c) h( x) = A cos α x + B sin β x is periodic because the x

(b) tan θ 2 = ⇒ x = 2 tan 40.52° ≈ 1.71 feet
sine and cosine functions are periodic. 2
y
tan θ1 = ⇒ y = 2 tan 60° ≈ 3.46 feet
2
(c) d = y − x = 3.46 − 1.71 = 1.75 feet
(d) As you move closer to the rock, θ1 decreases, which
causes y to decrease, which in turn causes d to
decrease.
Practice Test for Chapter 1

1. Express 350° in radian measure.
2. Express (5π ) 9 in degree measure.
3. Convert 135° 14′ 12′′ to decimal form.
4. Convert −22.569° to D° M′ S′′ form.
5. If cos θ = 2,
3
use the trigonometric identities to find tan θ .
6. Find θ given sin θ = 0.9063.
7. Solve for x in the figure below.
35
20°
x
8. Find the reference angle θ ′ for θ = (6π ) 5.
9. Evaluate csc 3.92.
10. Find sec θ given that θ lies in Quadrant III and tan θ = 6.
x
11. Graph y = 3 sin .
2
12. Graph y = −2 cos( x − π ).
13. Graph y = tan 2 x.
⎛ π⎞
14. Graph y = −csc⎜ x + ⎟.
⎝ 4⎠
15. Graph y = 2 x + sin x, using a graphing calculator.
16. Graph y = 3x cos x, using a graphing calculator.
17. Evaluate arcsin 1.
18. Evaluate arctan ( −3).
⎛ 4 ⎞
19. Evaluate sin ⎜ arccos ⎟.
⎝ 35 ⎠
⎛ x⎞
20. Write an algebraic expression for cos⎜ arcsin ⎟.
⎝ 4 ⎠
Practice Test for Chapter 1 107
For Exercises 21 – 23, solve the right triangle.

B
c
a
A C
b
21. A = 40°, c = 12
22. B = 6.84°, a = 21.3
23. a = 5, b = 9
24. A 20-foot ladder leans against the side of a barn. Find the height of the top of the ladder if the angle of elevation
of the ladder is 67°.
25. An observer in a lighthouse 250 feet above sea level spots a ship off the shore. If the angle of depression to the ship
is 5°, how far out is the ship?
C H A P T E R 2
Analytic Trigonometry
Section 2.1 Using Fundamental Identities ............................................................109
Section 2.2 Verifying Trigonometric Identities....................................................111
Section 2.3 Solving Trigonometric Equations......................................................114
Section 2.4 Sum and Difference Formulas ...........................................................121
Section 2.5 Multiple-Angle and Product-to-Sum Formulas ................................131
Problem Solving .........................................................................................................141
Practice Test .............................................................................................................144
C H A P T E R 2
Analytic Trigonometry
Section 2.1 Using Fundamental Identities
1. tan u 3π
13. sin θ = −1, cot θ = 0 ⇒ θ =
2
3. cot u
cos θ = 1 − sin 2 θ = 0
2
5. cot u sec θ is undefined.
1 3 tan θ is undefined.
7. sin x = , cos x = ⇒ x is in Quadrant I.
2 2 csc θ = −1
sin x 12 1 3
tan x = = = =
cos x 3 2 3 3 ⎛ 1 ⎞
15. sec x cos x = ⎜ ⎟ cos x
1 1 ⎝ cos x ⎠
cot x = = = 3
tan x 1 3 =1
1 1 2 2 3 Matches (c).
sec x = = = =
cos x 3 2 3 3
16. cot 2 x − csc 2 x = (csc 2 x − 1) − csc 2 x
1 1
csc x = = = 2 = −1
sin x 12
Matches (b).
⎛π ⎞ 3 4
9. cos⎜ − x ⎟ = , cos x = ⇒ x is in Quadrant I.
⎝2 ⎠ 5 5 17. sec4 x − tan 4 x = (sec 2 x + tan 2 x)(sec 2 x − tan 2 x)
⎛4⎞ 3
2
= (sec 2 x + tan 2 x)(1)
sin x = 1−⎜ ⎟ =
⎝5⎠ 5 = sec 2 x + tan 2 x
sin x 3 5 3
tan x = = ⋅ = Matches (f ).
cos x 5 4 4
1 5 cos x 1 1
csc x = = 18. cot x sec x = ⋅ = = csc x
sin x 3 sin x cos x sin x
1 5 Matches (a).
sec x = =
cos x 4
1 4 sec2 x − 1 tan 2 x sin 2 x 1
cot x = = 19. 2
= 2
= ⋅ = sec 2 x
tan x 3 sin x sin x cos 2 x sin 2 x
11. sec x = 4, sin x > 0 ⇒ x is in Quadrant I. Matches (e).
cos x =
1
=
1 cos 2 ⎡⎣(π 2) − x⎤⎦ sin 2 x sin x
sec x 4 20. = = sin x = tan x sin x
cos x cos x cos x
2
⎛1⎞ 15 Matches (d).
sin x = 1−⎜ ⎟ =
⎝ 4⎠ 4
sin x 15 4 21. tan 2 x − tan 2 x sin 2 x = tan 2 x(1 − sin 2 x)
tan x = = ⋅ = 15
cos x 4 1 = tan 2 x cos 2 x
1 4 4 15 sin 2 x
csc x = = = = ⋅ cos 2 x
sin x 15 15 cos 2 x
1 1 15 = sin 2 x
cot x = = =
tan x 15 15
23.
sec2 x − 1
=
(sec x + 1)(sec x − 1)
sec x − 1 sec x − 1
= sec x + 1
109
110 Chapter 2 Analytic Trigonometry
25. 1 − 2 cos 2 x + cos 4 x = (1 − cos 2 x)

2
= (sin 2 x)
2
= sin 4 x
27. cot 3 x + cot 2 x + cot x + 1 = cot 2 x(cot x + 1) + (cot x + 1)

= (cot x + 1)(cot 2 x + 1)
= (cot x + 1)csc2 x
29. 3 sin 2 x − 5 sin x − 2 = (3 sin x + 1)(sin x − 2) sin β

43. sin β tan β + cos β = (sin β ) + cos β
cos β
31. cot 2 x + csc x − 1 = (csc 2 x − 1) + csc x − 1 sin 2 β cos 2 β
= +
= csc 2 x + csc x − 2 cos β cos β
= (csc x − 1)(csc x + 2) sin 2 β + cos 2 β

=
cos β
33. (sin x + cos x) = sin 2 x + 2 sin x cos x + cos 2 x 1
2
=
cos β
= (sin 2 x + cos 2 x) + 2 sin x cos x
= sec β
= 1 + 2 sin x cos x
1 1 1 − cos x + 1 + cos x
cos θ 45. + =
35. cot θ sec θ = ⋅
1
=
1
= csc θ 1 + cos x 1 − cos x (1 + cos x)(1 − cos x)
sin θ cos θ sin θ
2
=
1 − cos 2 x
1
37. sin φ (csc φ − sin φ ) = (sin φ ) − sin 2 φ 2
sin φ =
sin 2 x
= 1 − sin 2 φ = cos 2 φ
= 2 csc 2 x
1 − sin 2 x cos 2 x sin 2 x
39. = = cos 2 x tan 2 x = (cos 2 x) sec 2 x tan 2 x − sec 2 x
csc x − 1
2 2
cot x cos 2 x 47. tan x − =
= sin 2 x tan x tan x
−1
= = −cot x
⎛π ⎞ tan x
41. cos⎜ − x ⎟ sec x = (sin x)(sec x)
⎝2 ⎠
⎛ 1 ⎞ sin 2 y 1 − cos 2 y
= (sin x)⎜ ⎟ 49. =
⎝ cos x ⎠ 1 − cos y 1 − cos y
sin x
=
(1 + cos y )(1 − cos y )
= 1 + cos y
=
cos x 1 − cos y
= tan x
51. y1 = cos x cot x + sin x = csc x
⎛ cos x ⎞
cos x cot x + sin x = cos x⎜ ⎟ + sin x 4
⎝ sin x ⎠
cos 2 x sin 2 x
= + − 2 2
sin x sin x
cos 2 x + sin 2 x 1
= = = csc x −4
sin x sin x
Section 2.2 Verifying Trigonometric Identities 111
53. Let x = 3 cos θ . 61. µ W cos θ = W sin θ

W sin θ
9 − x2 = 9 − (3 cos θ )
2 µ = = tan θ
W cos θ
= 9 − 9 cos 2 θ
63. True. For example, sin ( − x) = −sin x means that the
= 9(1 − cos 2 θ ) graph of sin x is symmetric about the origin.
= 9 sin θ = 3 sin θ
2
π−
65. As x → , tan x → ∞ and cot x → 0.
2
55. Let x = 2 sec θ .
sin kθ
67. = tan θ is not an identity.
x2 − 4 = (2 sec θ )2 − 4 cos kθ
= 4(sec 2 θ − 1) sin kθ
= tan kθ
cos kθ
= 4 tan 2 θ
69. Let u = a tan θ , then
= 2 tan θ
a 2 + ( a tan θ )
2
a2 + u 2 =
57. Let x = 3 sin θ .
= a 2 + a 2 tan 2 θ
9 − x2 = 3
9 − (3 sin θ )
2
= 3 = a 2 (1 + tan 2 θ )
9 − 9 sin 2 θ = 3 = a 2 sec 2 θ
= a sec θ .
9(1 − sin 2 θ ) = 3
9 cos 2 θ = 3 71. Because sin 2 θ + cos 2 θ = 1, then

3 cos θ = 3 cos 2 θ = 1 − sin 2 θ .
cos θ = 1 cos θ = ± 1 − sin θ
1 − (1)
2
sin θ = 1 − cos θ = 2
= 0 sin θ sin θ
tan θ = =
cos θ ± 1 − sin 2 θ
59. sin θ = 1 − cos 2 θ
cos θ ± 1 − sin 2 θ
Let y1 = sin x and y2 = 1 − cos 2 x , 0 ≤ x ≤ 2π . cot θ = =
sin θ sin θ
y1 = y2 for 0 ≤ x ≤ π . 1 1
sec θ = =
So, sin θ = 1 − cos θ for 0 ≤ θ ≤ π .
2 cos θ ± 1 − sin 2 θ
2 1
csc θ =
y2 sin θ
0 2
y1
−2
Section 2.2 Verifying Trigonometric Identities

1. identity 11. cot 2 y(sec 2 y − 1) = cot 2 y tan 2 y = 1
3. tan u
13. (1 + sin α )(1 − sin α ) = 1 − sin 2 α = cos 2 α
5. cos 2 u
7. −csc u 15. cos 2 β − sin 2 β = (1 − sin 2 β ) − sin 2 β

= 1 − 2 sin 2 β
sin t cos t
9. tan t cot t = ⋅ =1
cos t sin t
17.
tan 2 θ
=
(sin θ cos θ )tan θ = sin θ tan θ 19.
cot 2 t
=
cos 2 t sin 2 t
=
cos 2 t
=
1 − sin 2 t
sec θ 1 cos θ csc t 1 sin t sin t sin t
21. sin1 2 x cos x − sin 5 2 x cos x = sin1 2 x cos x(1 − sin 2 x) = sin1 2 x cos x ⋅ cos 2 x = cos3 x sin x
cot x cos x sin x cos 2 x 1 − sin 2 x 1 sin 2 x

23. = = = = − = csc x − sin x
sec x 1 cos x sin x sin x sin x sin x
25. sec x − cos x =

1
− cos x ⎛π ⎞
33. tan ⎜ − θ ⎟ tan θ = cot θ tan θ
cos x ⎝2 ⎠
1 − cos 2 x ⎛ 1 ⎞
= = ⎜ ⎟ tan θ
cos x ⎝ tan θ ⎠
sin 2 x =1
=
cos x
tan x cot x 1
sin x 35. = = sec x
= sin x ⋅ cos x cos x
cos x
= sin x tan x 37. (1 + sin y ) ⎡⎣1 + sin (− y )⎤⎦ = (1 + sin y )(1 − sin y )
1 1 cot x + tan x = 1 − sin 2 y

27. + =
tan x cot x tan x cot x = cos 2 y
cot x + tan x
= 1 1
1 +
= tan x + cot x tan x + cot y cot x tan y cot x tan y
39. = ⋅
tan x cot y 1 1 cot x tan y
⋅
cot x tan y
29.
1 + sin θ
+
cos θ
=
(1 + sin θ ) + cos2 θ 2
cos θ 1 + sin θ cos θ (1 + sin θ ) = tan y + cot x
1 + 2 sin θ + sin 2 θ + cos 2 θ 1 + sin θ 1 + sin θ 1 + sin θ

= 41. = ⋅
cos θ (1 + sin θ ) 1 − sin θ 1 − sin θ 1 + sin θ
2 + 2 sin θ
= (1 + sin θ )2
cos θ (1 + sin θ ) =
1 − sin 2 θ
2(1 + sin θ )
=
cos θ (1 + sin θ )
=
(1 + sin θ )2
2 cos 2 θ
=
cos θ 1 + sin θ
=
= 2 sec θ cos θ
1 1 cos x − 1 + cos x + 1 ⎛π ⎞
31. + = 43. cos 2 β + cos 2 ⎜ − β ⎟ = cos 2 β + sin 2 β = 1
cos x + 1 cos x − 1 (cos x + 1)(cos x − 1) ⎝2 ⎠
2 cos x
= ⎛π ⎞ ⎛ 1 ⎞
cos 2 x − 1 45. sin t csc⎜ − t ⎟ = sin t sec t = sin t ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ cos t ⎠
2 cos x
= sin t
−sin 2 x = = tan t
cos t
1 cos x
= −2 ⋅ ⋅
sin x sin x
= −2 csc x cot x
Section 2.2 Verifying Trigonometric Identities 113
x x −1 x −1
47. Let θ = sin −1 x ⇒ sin θ = x = . 49. Let θ = sin −1 ⇒ sin θ = .
1 4 4
1 4
x x−1
θ θ
1 − x2 16 − (x − 1) 2
From the diagram, From the diagram,

x x − 1⎞ x −1
tan (sin −1 x) = tan θ = . ⎛
tan ⎜ sin −1 ⎟ = tan θ = .
1 − x2 ⎝ 4 ⎠ 16 − ( x − 1)
2
51. The first line claims that cot ( − x) = cot x, which is not
true. The correct substitution is cot ( − x) = −cot x.
53. (a) 3
(b)
−2 2
−1 Identity
Identity
1
(c) (1 + cot 2 x)(cos 2 x) = csc 2 x cos 2 x = ⋅ cos 2 x = cot 2 x
sin 2 x
55. (a) 5 (b)

y2
y1
− 2 2
−1 Not an identity
Not an identity
(c) 2 + cos 2 x − 3 cos 4 x = (1 − cos 2 x)( 2 + 3 cos 2 x) = sin 2 x( 2 + 3 cos 2 x) ≠ sin 2 x(3 + 2 cos 2 x)
57. (a) 3 (b)
−2 2
−3 Identity
Identity
(c)
1 + cos x
=
(1 + cos x)(1 − cos x)
sin x sin x(1 − cos x)
1 − cos 2 x
=
sin x(1 − cos x)
sin 2 x
=
sin x(1 − cos x)
sin x
=
1 − cos x
59. tan 3 x sec 2 x − tan 3 x = tan 3 x(sec 2 x − 1) 69. False. Because sin x 2 = sin ( x ⋅ x) and
= tan 3 x tan 2 x sin 2 x = (sin x)(sin x), sin x 2 ≠ sin 2 x.
= tan 5 x
71. Because sin 2 θ = 1 − cos 2 θ , then
61. (sin x − sin x) cos x = sin x(1 − sin x) cos x
2 4 2 2
sin θ = ± 1 − cos 2 θ ; sin θ ≠ 1 − cos 2 θ if θ
= sin 2 x cos 2 x cos x lies in Quadrant III or IV.
= sin 2 x cos3 x 7π
One such angle is θ = .
4
63. sin 2 25° + sin 2 65° = sin 2 25° + cos 2 (90° − 65°)
73. 1 − cos θ = sin θ
= sin 2 25° + cos 2 25°
(1 − cos θ ) = (sin θ )
2 2
=1
1 − 2 cos θ + cos 2 θ = sin 2 θ
1 cos x
65. cos x − csc x cot x = cos x − 1 − 2 cos θ + cos 2 θ = 1 − cos 2 θ
sin x sin x
2 cos 2 θ − 2 cos θ = 0
⎛ 1 ⎞
= cos x⎜1 − 2 ⎟ 2 cos θ (cos θ − 1) = 0
⎝ sin x⎠
= cos x(1 − csc 2 x)
The equation is not an identity because it is only true
when cos θ = 0 or cos θ = 1. So, one angle for which
= −cos x(csc 2 x − 1) π
the equation is not true is − .
= −cos x cot x 2 2
67. True. You can use many different techniques to verify a

trigonometric identity.
Section 2.3 Solving Trigonometric Equations

1. isolate 7. 3 tan 2 2 x − 1 = 0
3. quadratic π
(a) x =
12
5. tan x − 3 = 0 ⎡ ⎛ π ⎞⎤
2
π
3 ⎢tan 2⎜ ⎟⎥ − 1 = 3 tan 2 −1
π ⎣ ⎝ ⎠⎦
12 6
(a) x =
3 2
⎛ 1 ⎞
π = 3⎜ ⎟ −1
tan − 3 = 3 − 3 = 0 ⎝ 3⎠
3
= 0
4π
(b) x = 5π
3 (b) x =
12
4π
tan − 3 = 3 − 3 = 0 2
3 ⎡ ⎛ 5π ⎞⎤ 5π
3 ⎢tan 2⎜ ⎟⎥ − 1 = 3 tan 2 −1
⎣ ⎝ ⎠⎦
12 6
2
⎛ 1 ⎞
= 3⎜ − ⎟ −1
⎝ 3⎠
= 0
Section 2.3 Solving Trigonometric Equations 115
9. 2 sin 2 x − sin x − 1 = 0 19. 2 sin 2 2 x = 1

π 1 2
(a) x = sin 2 x = ± = ±
2 2 2
π π π 3π
− 1 = 2(1) − 1 − 1
2
2 sin 2 − sin 2x = + 2nπ , 2 x = + 2nπ ,
2 2 4 4
= 0 5π 7π
2x = + 2nπ , 2 x = + 2nπ
7π 4 4
(b) x =
6 π 3π 5π 7π
So, x = + nπ , + nπ , + nπ , + nπ .
2 8 8 8 8
7π 7π ⎛ 1⎞ ⎛ 1⎞
2 sin 2 − sin − 1 = 2⎜ − ⎟ − ⎜ − ⎟ − 1 You can combine these as follows:
6 6 ⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ 2⎠
1 1 π nπ 3π nπ
= + −1 x = + ,x = +
2 2 8 2 8 2
= 0
21. tan 3 x( tan x − 1) = 0
11. 3 csc x − 2 = 0 tan 3 x = 0 or tan x − 1 = 0
3 csc x = 2 3 x = nπ tan x = 1
2 nπ π
csc x = x = x = + nπ
3 3 4
π
x =+ 2nπ 23. sin x(sin x + 1) = 0
3
2π sin x = 0 or sin x = −1
or x = + 2nπ
3 3π
x = nπ x = + 2nπ
13. cos x + 1 = − cos x 2
2 cos x + 1 = 0 25. cos3 x = cos x

1
cos x = − cos3 x − cos x = 0
2
2π 4π cos x(cos 2 x − 1) = 0
x = + 2nπ or x = + 2nπ
3 3
cos x = 0 or cos 2 x − 1 = 0
15. 3 sec 2 x − 4 = 0 π 3π cos x = ±1

x = ,
4
2 2 x = 0, π
sec 2 x =
3
27. 3 tan 3 x − tan x = 0
2
sec x = ±
3 tan x(3 tan 2 x − 1) = 0
π
x = + nπ tan x = 0 or 3 tan 2 x − 1 = 0
6
x = 0, π 3
5π tan x = ±
or x = + nπ 3
6
π 5π 7π 11π
x = , , ,
17. 4 cos 2 x − 1 = 0 6 6 6 6
1
cos 2 x = 29. sec 2 x − sec x − 2 = 0
4
1 (sec x − 2)(sec x + 1) = 0
cos 2 x = ±
2 sec x − 2 = 0 or sec x + 1 = 0
π 2π sec x = 2 sec x = −1
x = + nπ or x = + nπ
3 3
π 5π x = π
x = ,
3 3
31. 2 sin x + csc x = 0 41. tan 3 x − 1 = 0

1 tan 3 x = 1
2 sin x + = 0
sin x π
3x = + nπ
2 sin x + 1 = 0
2 4
1 π nπ
sin 2 x = − ⇒ No solution x = +
2 12 3
x
33. 2 cos 2 x + cos x − 1 = 0 43. 2 cos = 2 = 0
2
(2 cos x − 1)(cos x + 1) = 0
x 2
cos =
2 cos x − 1 = 0 or cos x + 1 = 0 2 2
1 cos x = −1 x π x 7π
cos x = = + 2nπ or = + 2nπ
2 x = π 2 4 2 4
π 5π π 7π
x = , x = + 4nπ x = + 4nπ
3 3 2 2
35. 2 sec 2 x + tan 2 x − 3 = 0 πx

45. y = sin +1
2( tan 2 x + 1) + tan 2 x − 3 = 0 2
⎛π x ⎞
3 tan 2 x − 1 = 0 sin ⎜ ⎟ + 1 = 0
⎝ 2 ⎠
3
tan x = ± ⎛π x ⎞
3 sin ⎜ ⎟ = −1
⎝ 2 ⎠
π 5π 7π 11π
x = , , , πx 3π
6 6 6 6 = + 2nπ
2 2
37. csc x + cot x = 1 x = 3 + 4n
(csc x + cot x) = 12
2 For −2 < x < 4, the intercepts are −1 and 3.
csc 2 x + 2 csc x cot x + cot 2 x = 1 ⎛π x ⎞

47. y = tan 2 ⎜ ⎟ − 3
cot 2 x + 1 + 2 csc x cot x + cot 2 x = 1 ⎝ 6 ⎠
2 cot 2 x + 2 csc x cot x = 0 ⎛π x ⎞
tan 2 ⎜ ⎟ − 3 = 0
2 cot x(cot x + csc x) = 0 ⎝ 6 ⎠
2 cot x = 0 or cot x + csc x = 0 ⎛π x ⎞
tan 2 ⎜ ⎟ = 3
π 3π cos x 1 ⎝ 6 ⎠
x = , = −
2 2 sin x sin x ⎛π x ⎞
tan ⎜ ⎟ = ± 3
⎛ 3π ⎞ cos x = −1 ⎝ 6 ⎠
⎜ is extraneous.⎟
⎝ 2 ⎠ x = π πx π
= ± + nπ
6 3
(π is extraneous.)
x = ±2 + 6n
x = π 2 is the only solution. For −3 < x < 3, the intercepts are −2 and 2.
39. 2 cos 2 x − 1 = 0 49. 2 sin x + cos x = 0

1
cos 2 x = 4
2
π 5π 2
2x = + 2nπ or 2 x = + 2nπ
0
3 3
π 5π
x = + nπ x = + nπ −4
6 6
x ≈ 2.678 and x ≈ 5.820
1 + sin x cos x 55. sec2 x + 0.5 tan x − 1 = 0

51. + − 4 = 0
cos x 1 + sin x
x = 0, x ≈ 2.678,
x = π ≈ 3.142
10
x ≈ 5.820
0 2
10
− 10
π 5π
x = ≈ 1.047 and x = ≈ 5.236 0 2
3 3 −2
53. x tan x − 1 = 0
57. 2 tan 2 x + 7 tan x − 15 = 0
x ≈ 0.860 and x ≈ 3.426 10
4
0 2
0 2
− 30
−4
x ≈ 0.983, x ≈ 1.768, x ≈ 4.124 and x ≈ 4.910
59. 12 sin 2 x − 13 sin x + 3 = 0
−( −13) ± (−13)2 − 4(12)(3) 13 ± 5 30

sin x = =
2(12) 24
1 3
sin x = or sin x = 0 2
3 4
x ≈ 0.3398, 2.8018 x ≈ 0.8481, 2.2935 − 10
The x-intercepts occur at x ≈ 0.3398,

x ≈ 0.8481, x ≈ 2.2935, and x ≈ 2.8018.
61. tan 2 x + 3 tan x + 1 = 0

−3 ± 32 − 4(1)(1) −3 ± 5
tan x = =
10
2(1) 2
−3 − 5 −3 + 5
tan x = or tan x = 0 2
2 2
x ≈ 1.9357, 5.0773 x ≈ 2.7767, 5.9183 −5
The x-intercepts occur at x ≈ 1.9357, x ≈ 2.7767,

x ≈ 5.0773, and x ≈ 5.9183.
63. tan 2 x + tan x − 12 = 0

( tan x + 4)( tan x − 3) = 0
tan x + 4 = 0 or tan x − 3 = 0
tan x = −4 tan x = 3
x = arctan ( −4) + π , arctan( −4) + 2π x = arctan 3, arctan 3 + π
65. sec2 x − 6 tan x = − 4

1 + tan 2 x − 6 tan x + 4 = 0
tan 2 x − 6 tan x + 5 = 0
( tan x − 1)( tan x − 5) = 0
tan x − 1 = 0 tan x − 5 = 0
tan x = 1 tan x = 5
π 5π
x = , x = arctan 5, arctan 5 + π
4 4
67. 2 sin 2 x + 5 cos x = 4

2(1 − cos 2 x) + 5 cos x − 4 = 0
− 2 cos 2 x + 5 cos x − 2 = 0
− ( 2 cos x − 1)(cos x − 2) = 0
2 cos x − 1 = 0 or cos x − 2 = 0
1
cos x = cos x = 2
2
π 5π
x = , No solution
3 3
69. cot 2 x − 9 = 0
cot 2 x = 9
1 = tan 2 x
9
± 13 = tan x
x = arctan 13 , arctan 1
3 ( )
+ π , arctan − 13 + π , arctan − 13 + 2π ( )
71. sec2 x − 4 sec x = 0
sec x(sec x − 4) = 0
sec x = 0 sec x − 4 = 0
No solution sec x = 4
1
= cos x
4
1 1
x = arccos , − arccos + 2π
4 4
73. csc 2 x + 3 csc x − 4 = 0

(csc x + 4)(csc x − 1) = 0
csc x + 4 = 0 or csc x − 1 = 0
csc x = −4 csc x = 1
1
− = sin x 1 = sin x
4
⎛1⎞ ⎛ 1⎞ π
x = arcsin⎜ ⎟ + π , arcsin ⎜ − ⎟ + 2π x =
⎝ 4⎠ ⎝ 4⎠ 2
⎡ π π⎤ ⎡ π π⎤
75. 3 tan 2 x + 5 tan x − 4 = 0, ⎢− , ⎥ 77. 4 cos 2 x − 2 sin x + 1 = 0, ⎢− , ⎥
⎣ 2 2⎦ ⎣ 2 2⎦
3 6
−
2 2
−
2 2
−7 −2
x ≈ −1.154, 0.534 x ≈ 1.110
79. (a) f ( x) = sin 2 x + cos x (b) 2 sin x cos x − sin x = 0

2 sin x( 2 cos x − 1) = 0
sin x = 0 or 2 cos x − 1 = 0
0 2
x = 0, π 1
cos x =
≈ 0, 3.1416 2
−2
π 5π
Maximum: (1.0472, 1.25) x = ,
3 3
Maximum: (5.2360, 1.25) ≈ 1.0472, 5.2360
Minimum: (0, 1)
Minimum: (3.1416, −1)
81. (a) f ( x) = sin x + cos x (b) cos x − sin x = 0

3 cos x = sin x
sin x
1 =
0 2 cos x
tan x = 1
−3 π 5π
x = ,
Maximum: (0.7854, 1.4142) 4 4
≈ 0.7854, 3.9270
Minimum: (3.9270, −1.4142)
83. (a) f ( x) = sin x cos x (b) −sin 2 x + cos 2 x = 0

2
−sin 2 x + 1 − sin 2 x = 0
−2 sin 2 x + 1 = 0
0 2
1
sin 2 x =
2
−2
1 2
Maximum: (0.7854, 0.5) sin x = ± = ±
2 2
Maximum: (3.9270, 0.5)
π 3π 5π 7π
x = , , ,
Minimum: ( 2.3562, − 0.5)
Minimum: (5.4978, − 0.5)
85. The graphs of y1 = 2 sin x and y2 = 3 x + 1 appear to 93. (a) and (c) 100
have one point of intersection. This implies there is one

solution to the equation 2 sin x = 3x + 1.
sin x
87. f ( x) =
0 12
50
x
The model is a good fit.
(a) Domain: all real numbers except x = 0.
(b) H = a cos(bt − c) + d
(b) The graph has y-axis symmetry.
1 1
(c) As x → 0, f ( x) → 1. a = [high − low] = [93.6 − 62.3] = 15.65
2 2
sin x p = 2[high time − low time] = 2[7 − 1] = 12
(d) = 0 has four solutions in the interval [−8, 8].
x 2π 2π π
b = = =
⎛1⎞ p 12 6
sin x⎜ ⎟ = 0
⎝ x⎠ c ⎛π ⎞ 7π
= 7 ⇒ c = 7⎜ ⎟ =
sin x = 0 b 6
⎝ ⎠ 6
x = −2π , − π , π , 2π 1 1
d = [high + low ] = [93.6 + 62.3] = 77.95
2 2
1 π π
89. y = (cos 8t − 3 sin 8t ) ⎛
H = 15.65 cos⎜ t −
7 ⎞
⎟ + 77.95
12 ⎝6 6 ⎠
1
(cos 8t − 3 sin 8t ) = 0 (d) The constant term, d, gives the average maximum
12
temperature.
cos 8t = 3 sin 8t
The average maximum temperature in Houston is
1 77.95°F.
= tan 8t
3
(e) The average maximum temperature is above 86°F
8t ≈ 0.32175 + nπ
from June to September. The average maximum
nπ temperature is below 86°F from October to May.
t ≈ 0.04 +
8
In the interval 0 ≤ t ≤ 1, t ≈ 0.04, 0.43, and 0.83.
π
95. A = 2 x cos x, 0 < x <
2
⎛πt ⎞ (a) 2
91. Graph y1 = 58.3 + 32 cos⎜ ⎟
⎝6⎠

y2 = 75. 0
2
Left point of intersection: (1.95, 75)

−2
Right point of intersection: (10.05, 75)

The maximum area of A ≈ 1.12 occurs when
So, sales exceed 7500 in January, November, x ≈ 0.86.
and December. (b) A ≥ 1 for 0.6 < x < 1.1
S
πx
97. f ( x) = tan
(in thousands of dollars)
100
4
Monthly sales
75
Because tan π 4 = 1, x = 1 is the smallest nonnegative
50
fixed point.
25
π
2 4 6 8 10 12
x
99. True. The period of 2 sin 4t − 1 is and the period of
Month (1 ↔ January)
2
2 sin t − 1 is 2π .
In the interval [0, 2π ) the first equation has four cycles
whereas the second equation has only one cycle, so the
first equation has four times the x-intercepts (solutions)
as the second equation.
Section 2.4 Sum and Difference Formulas 121
101. cot x cos 2 x = 2 cot x 103. (a) 3
cos 2 x = 2
cos x = ±
0 2
2
No solution −2
Because you solved this problem by first dividing by

π
cot x, you do not get the same solution as Example 3. The graphs intersect when x = and x = π .
2
When solving equations, you do not want to divide each
(b) 3
side by a variable expression that will cancel out because
you may accidentally remove one of the solutions.
0 2
−2
⎛π ⎞
The x-intercepts are ⎜ , 0 ⎟ and (π , 0).
⎝2 ⎠
Both methods produce the same x-values.
Answers will vary on which method is preferred.
Section 2.4 Sum and Difference Formulas

1. sin u cos v − cos u sin v ⎛π π⎞ π π π π
7. (a) cos⎜ + ⎟ = cos cos − sin sin
⎝ 4 3 ⎠ 4 3 4 3
tan u + tan v
3. 2 1 2 3
1 − tan u tan v = ⋅ − ⋅
2 2 2 2
5. cos u cos v + sin u sin v 2 − 6
=
4
π π 2 1 2 +1
(b) cos + cos = + =
4 3 2 2 2
9. (a) sin (135° − 30°) = sin 135° cos 30° − cos 135° sin 30°
⎛ 2 ⎞⎛ 3 ⎞ ⎛ 2 ⎞⎛ 1 ⎞ 6 + 2
= ⎜⎜ ⎟⎜ 2 ⎟⎟ − ⎜⎜ − 2 ⎟⎟⎜⎝ 2 ⎟⎠ =
⎟⎜
⎝ 2 ⎠⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ 4
2 3 2 − 3
(b) sin 135° − cos 30° = − =
2 2 2
11π ⎛ 3π π⎞ 17π ⎛ 9π 5π ⎞
11. sin = sin ⎜ + ⎟ 13. sin = sin ⎜ − ⎟
12 ⎝ 4 6⎠ 12 ⎝ 4 6 ⎠
3π π 3π π 9π 5π 9π 5π
= sin cos + cos sin = sin cos − cos sin
4 6 4 6 4 6 4 6
2 3 ⎛ 2 ⎞1 2⎛ 3 ⎞ ⎛ 2 ⎞⎛ 1 ⎞
= ⋅ + ⎜⎜ − ⎟⎟ = ⎜− ⎟ −⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟
2 2 ⎝ 2 ⎠2 2 ⎜⎝ 2 ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ 2 ⎟⎠⎝ 2 ⎠
=
4
2
( 3 −1 ) = −
4
2
( 3 +1 )
11π ⎛ 3π π⎞ 17π ⎛ 9π 5π ⎞
cos = cos⎜ + ⎟ cos = cos⎜ − ⎟
12 ⎝ 4 6⎠ 12 ⎝ 4 6 ⎠
3π π 3π π 9π 5π 9π 5π
= cos cos − sin sin = cos cos + sin sin
4 6 4 6 4 6 4 6
2⎛ 3⎞
= −
2
2
⋅
2
3
−
2
2 1
⋅
2
= −
4
2
( 3 +1 ) = ⎜− ⎟ +
2 ⎝ 2 ⎟⎠
⎜
2⎛1⎞
⎜ ⎟
2 ⎝ 2⎠
11π ⎛ 3π π⎞
tan
4
= tan ⎜
⎝ 4
+ ⎟
6⎠
=
4
2
1−( 3 )
3π π 17π ⎛ 9π 5π ⎞
tan + tan tan = tan ⎜ −
4 6 ⎟
= 12 ⎝ 4 6 ⎠
3π π
1 − tan tan tan (9π 4) − tan (5π 6)
4 6 =
1 + tan (9π 4) tan (5π 6)
3
−1 +
= 3
=
(
1− − 3 3 )
1 + (− 3 3)
3
1 − ( −1)
3
−3 + 3 3− 3 3+ 3 3+ 3
= ⋅ = ⋅
3+ 3 3− 3 3− 3 3+ 3
−12 + 6 3 12 + 6 3
= = −2 + 3 = = 2+ 3
6 6
15. sin 105° = sin (60° + 45°)

= sin 60° cos 45° + cos 60° sin 45°
3 2 1 2
= ⋅ + ⋅
2 2 2 2
=
4
2
( 3 +1 )
cos 105° = cos(60° + 45°)
= cos 60° cos 45° − sin 60° sin 45°
1 2 3 2
= ⋅ − ⋅
2 2 2 2
=
4
2
1−( 3 )
tan 105° = tan (60° + 45°)
tan 60° + tan 45°
=
1 − tan 60° tan 45°
3 +1 3 +1 1+ 3
= = ⋅
1− 3 1− 3 1+ 3
4 + 2 3
= = −2 − 3
−2
17. sin 195° = sin ( 225° − 30°) 13π 3π π

19. = +
= sin 225° cos 30° − cos 225° sin 30° 12 4 3
= − sin 45° cos 30° + cos 45° sin 30° 13π ⎛ 3π π⎞
sin = sin ⎜ + ⎟
12 ⎝ 4 3⎠
2 3 2 1
= − ⋅ + ⋅ 3π π 3π π
2 2 2 2 = sin cos + cos sin
4 3 4 3
=
4
2
1−( 3 ) =
2 1 ⎛
⋅ + ⎜⎜ −
2 ⎞⎛ 3 ⎞
⎟⎜ ⎟⎟
2 2 ⎝ 2 ⎟⎜ ⎠⎝ 2 ⎠
cos 195° = cos( 225° − 30°)
= cos 225° cos 30° + sin 225° sin 30° =
4
2
(
1− 3 )
= −cos 45° cos 30° − sin 45° sin 30°
13π ⎛ 3π π⎞
2 3 2 1 cos = cos⎜ + ⎟
= − ⋅ − ⋅ 12 ⎝ 4 3⎠
2 2 2 2 3π π 3π π
= cos cos − sin sin
= −
4
2
( 3 +1 ) 4 3 4 3
tan 195° = tan ( 225° − 30°)

= −
2
2 1
⋅ −
2 2
2
⋅
2
3
= −
4
2
1+ ( 3 )
tan 225° − tan 30° 13π ⎛ 3π π⎞
= tan = tan ⎜ + ⎟
1 + tan 225° tan 30° 12 ⎝ 4 3⎠
tan 45° − tan 30° ⎛ 3π ⎞ ⎛π ⎞
= tan ⎜ ⎟ + tan ⎜ ⎟
1 + tan 45° tan 30° ⎝ 4 ⎠ ⎝3⎠
=
⎛ 3⎞ ⎛ 3π ⎞ ⎛π ⎞
1 − tan ⎜ ⎟ tan ⎜ ⎟
1 − ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ⎝ 4 ⎠ ⎝3⎠
= ⎝ 3 ⎠ = 3− 3 3−
⋅
3
−1 + 3
⎛ 3⎞ 3+ 3 3− 3 =
1 + ⎜⎜
⎝ 3 ⎟⎟
⎠
1 − ( −1) ( 3)
12 − 6 3 1− 3 1− 3
= = 2− 3 = − ⋅
6 1+ 3 1− 3
4−2 3
= −
−2
= 2− 3
13π ⎛ 3π π⎞
21. − = −⎜ + ⎟
12 ⎝ 4 3⎠
⎡ ⎛ 3π π ⎞⎤ ⎛ 3π π⎞ ⎡ 3π π 3π π⎤
sin ⎢−⎜ + ⎟⎥ = − sin ⎜ + ⎟ = − ⎢sin cos + cos sin ⎥
⎣ ⎝ 4 3 ⎠⎦ ⎝ 4 3 ⎠ ⎣ 4 3 4 3⎦
⎡ 2⎛1⎞ ⎛ 2 ⎞⎛ 3 ⎞⎤
= −⎢ ⎜ ⎟ + ⎜⎜ − ⎟⎜
⎟⎜
⎢⎣ 2 ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠⎝ 2 ⎠⎥⎦
⎟⎟⎥ = −
4
2
1− ( 3 =) 4
2
( 3 −1 )
⎡ ⎛ 3π π ⎞⎤ ⎛ 3π π⎞ 3π π 3π π
cos ⎢− ⎜ + ⎟⎥ = cos⎜ + ⎟ = cos cos − sin sin
⎣ ⎝ 4 3 ⎠⎦ ⎝ 4 3⎠ 4 3 4 3
⎛ ⎞
= −
2⎛1⎞
⎜ ⎟ −
2 ⎝ 2⎠
2
⎜
3
⎟ = −
2 ⎜⎝ 2 ⎟⎠ 4
2
3 +1 ( )
3π π
tan + tan
⎡ ⎛ 3π π ⎞⎤ ⎛ 3π π⎞ 4 3 = − −1 + 3
tan ⎢−⎜ + ⎟⎥ = − tan ⎜ + ⎟ = −
⎣ ⎝ 4 3 ⎠⎦ ⎝ 4 3⎠ 1 − tan
3π
tan
π 1− − 3 ( )
4 3
1− 3 1− 3 4− 2 3
= ⋅ = = −2 + 3
1+ 3 1− 3 −2
23. 285° = 225° + 60°

sin 285° = sin ( 225° + 60°) = sin 225° cos 60° + cos 225° sin 60°
2⎛ 3⎞
= −
2⎛1⎞
⎜ ⎟ −
2 ⎝ 2⎠
⎜ ⎟ = −
2 ⎜⎝ 2 ⎟⎠ 4
2
( 3 +1 )
cos 285° = cos( 225° + 60°) = cos 225° cos 60° − sin 225° sin 60°
2⎛1⎞ ⎛ 2 ⎞⎛ 3 ⎞
= − ⎜ ⎟ − ⎜− ⎟⎜
2 ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎜⎝ 2 ⎟⎜
⎟⎟ =
2
( 3 −1 )
⎠⎝ 2 ⎠ 4
tan 225° + tan 60°

tan 285° = tan ( 225° + 60°) =
1 − tan 225° tan 60°
1+ 3 1+ 4+ 2 3
=
1−
⋅
3 1+
3
3
=
−2
= −2 − 3 = −2+ ( 3 )
25. −165° = −(120° + 45°)
⎣ (120° + 45°)⎤⎦ = − sin (120° + 45°) = −[sin 120° cos 45° + cos 120° sin 45°]
sin ( −165°) = sin ⎡−
⎡ 3 2⎤
= −⎢ ⋅
2 1
− ⋅ ⎥ = −
2
( 3 −1 )
⎣⎢ 2 2 2 2 ⎦⎥ 4
cos( −165°) = cos ⎡−

⎣ (120° + 45°)⎤⎦ = cos(120° + 45°) = cos 120° cos 45° − sin 120° sin 45°
= −
1
2
⋅
2
2
−
2
3
⋅
2
2
= −
4
2
1+ ( 3 )
tan 120° + tan 45°
tan ( −165°) = tan ⎡−
⎣ (120° + 45°)⎤⎦ = − tan (120° + tan 45°) = − 1 − tan 120° tan 45°
− 3 +1 1− 3 1− 3 4− 2 3
= − = − ⋅ = − = 2− 3
(
1 − − 3 (1) ) 1+ 3 1− 3 −2
27. sin 3 cos 1.2 − cos 3 sin 1.2 = sin (3 − 1.2) = sin 1.8 37. sin 120° cos 60° − cos 120° sin 60° = sin (120° − 60°)
= sin 60°
29. sin 60° cos 15° + cos 60° sin 15° = sin (60° + 15°)
3
= sin 75° =
2
tan 45° − tan 30° tan (5π 6) − tan (π 6) ⎛ 5π π⎞

31. = tan ( 45° − 30°) 39. = tan ⎜ − ⎟
1 + tan 45° tan 30° 1 + tan (5π 6) tan (π 6) ⎝ 6 6⎠
= tan 15° 2π
= tan
3
33. cos 3 x cos 2 y + sin 3 x sin 2 y = cos(3 x − 2 y )
= − 3
π π π π ⎛π π⎞
35. sin cos + cos sin = sin ⎜ + ⎟
12 4 12 4 ⎝ 12 4⎠
π
= sin
3
3
=
2
For Exercises 41 – 45, you have:

5 5
sin u = 13 , u in Quadrant II ⇒ cos u = − 12
13
, tan u = − 12
cos v = − 35 , v in Quadrant II ⇒ sin v = 4,

5
tan v = − 43
y y
(−3, 4)
(−12, 5) 5
13 u
v
x
x
Figures for Exercises 41–45
41. sin (u + v) = sin u cos v + cos u sin v = (135 )(− 53 ) + (− 1213 )( 54 ) = − 6563
5 ⎛ 4⎞ 21
− + ⎜− ⎟ −
tan u + tan v 12 ⎝ 3 ⎠ 12 ⎛ 7 ⎞⎛ 9 ⎞ 63
43. tan (u + v) = = = = ⎜ − ⎟⎜ ⎟ = −
1 − tan u tan v ⎛ 5 ⎞⎛ 4 ⎞ 5 ⎝ 4 ⎠⎝ 4 ⎠ 16
1 − ⎜ − ⎟⎜ − ⎟ 1−
⎝ 12 ⎠⎝ 3 ⎠ 9
1 1 1 1 1 65
45. sec(v − u ) = = = = = =
cos(v − u ) cos v cos u + sin v sin u ⎛ ⎞⎛
3 12 ⎞ ⎛ 4 ⎞⎛ 5 ⎞ ⎛ ⎞ ⎛ ⎞
36 20 56 56
⎜ − ⎟⎜ − ⎟ + ⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟+⎜ ⎟ 65
⎝ 5 ⎠⎝ 13 ⎠ ⎝ 5 ⎠⎝ 13 ⎠ ⎝ 65 ⎠ ⎝ 65 ⎠
For Exercises 47– 51, you have:

7 , u in Quadrant III ⇒ cos u = – 24 , tan u =
sin u = – 25 7
25 24
cos v = – 45 , v in Quadrant III ⇒ sin v = – 53 , tan v = 3

4
y y
u v
x x
25
(−24, −7) 5
(− 4, −3)
47. cos(u + v) = cos u cos v − sin u sin v = − 24

25
7 −3 =
− 54 − − 25 5 ( )( ) ( )( ) 3
5
7 3 11
− −
tan u − tan v 24 4 44
49. tan (u − v) = = = 24 = −
1 + tan u tan v ⎛ 7 ⎞⎛ 3 ⎞ 39 117
1 + ⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟
⎝ 24 ⎠⎝ 4 ⎠ 32
1 1 1 1 125
51. csc(u − v) = = = = = −
sin (u − v) sin u cos v − cos u sin v ⎛ 7 ⎞⎛ 4 ⎞ ⎛ 24 ⎞⎛ 3 ⎞ −
44 44
⎜ − ⎟⎜ − ⎟ − ⎜ − ⎟⎜ − ⎟ 125
⎝ 25 ⎠⎝ 5 ⎠ ⎝ 25 ⎠⎝ 5 ⎠
53. sin (arcsin x + arccos x) = sin (arcsin x) cos(arccos x) + sin (arccos x) cos(arcsin x)
= x⋅ x + 1 − x2 ⋅ 1 − x2
= x2 + 1 − x2
=1 1 1
x 1 − x2
θ θ
x
1 − x2
θ = arcsin x θ = arccos x
55. cos(arccos x + arcsin x) = cos(arccos x) cos(arcsin x) − sin(arccos x) sin (arcsin x)
= x⋅ 1 − x2 − 1 − x2 ⋅ x
= 0
(Use the triangles in Exercise 53.)
⎛π ⎞ π π ⎛π ⎞ π π
57. sin ⎜ − x ⎟ = sin cos x − cos sin x 59. sin ⎜ + x ⎟ = sin cos x + cos sin x
⎝ 2 ⎠ 2 2 ⎝ 6 ⎠ 6 6
= (1)(cos x) − (0)(sin x) 1
= cos x + 3 sin x
2
( )
= cos x
⎛π ⎞ π π
61. cos(π − θ ) + sin ⎜ + θ ⎟ = cos π cos θ + sin π sin θ + sin cos θ + cos sin θ
⎝2 ⎠ 2 2
= ( −1)(cos θ ) + (0)(sin θ ) + (1)(cos θ ) + (sin θ )(0)
= −cos θ + cos θ
= 0
63. cos( x + y ) cos( x − y ) = (cos x cos y − sin x sin y )(cos x cos y + sin x sin y )
= cos 2 x cos 2 y − sin 2 x sin 2 y
= cos 2 x(1 − sin 2 y ) − sin 2 x sin 2 y
= cos 2 x − cos 2 x sin 2 y − sin 2 x sin 2 y
= cos 2 x − sin 2 y (cos 2 x + sin 2 x)
= cos 2 x − sin 2 y
⎛ 3π ⎞ 3π 3π ⎛ 3π ⎞ 3π 3π
65. cos⎜ − x ⎟ = cos cos x + sin sin x 67. sin ⎜ + θ ⎟ = sin cos θ + cos sin θ
⎝ 2 ⎠ 2 2 ⎝ 2 ⎠ 2 2
= (0)(cos x) + ( −1)(sin x) = ( −1)(cos θ ) + (0)(sin θ )
= − sin x = − cos θ
2 2
− 2 2 − 2 2
−2
−2
69. sin ( x + π ) − sin x + 1 = 0

sin x cos π + cos x sin π − sin x + 1 = 0
(sin x)(−1) + (cos x)(0) − sin x + 1 = 0
−2 sin x + 1 = 0
1
sin x =
2
π 5π
x = ,
6 6
⎛ π⎞ ⎛ π⎞
71. cos⎜ x + ⎟ − cos⎜ x − ⎟ = 1
⎝ 4⎠ ⎝ 4⎠
π π ⎛ π π⎞
cos x cos − sin x sin − ⎜ cos x cos + sin x sin ⎟ = 1
4 4 ⎝ 4 4⎠
⎛ 2⎞
−2 sin x⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = 1
⎝ 2 ⎠
− 2 sin x = 1
1
sin x = −
2
2
sin x = −
2
5π 7π
x = ,
4 4
73. tan ( x + π ) + 2 sin ( x + π ) = 0

tan x + tan π
+ 2(sin x cos π + cos x sin π ) = 0
1 − tan x tan π
tan x + 0
+ 2 ⎡⎣sin x( −1) + cos x(0)⎤⎦ = 0
1 − tan x(0)
tan x
− 2 sin x = 0
1
sin x
= 2 sin x
cos x
sin x = 2 sin x cos x
sin x(1 − 2 cos x) = 0
1
sin x = 0 or cos x =
2
π 5π
x = 0, π x = ,
3 3
⎛ π⎞ ⎛ π⎞ ⎛ π⎞
75. cos⎜ x + ⎟ + cos⎜ x − ⎟ = 1 77. sin ⎜ x + ⎟ + cos 2 x = 0
⎝ 4⎠ ⎝ 4⎠ ⎝ 2⎠
⎛ π⎞ ⎛ π⎞
Graph y1 = cos⎜ x + ⎟ + cos⎜ x − ⎟ and y2 = 1.
3
⎝ 4 ⎠ ⎝ 4⎠
π 7π
x = ,
4 4 0 2
2
−1
π 3π
0 2 x = , π,
2 2
−2
1 1
79. y = sin 2t + cos 2t
3 4
1 1
(a) a = ,b = ,B = 2
3 4
b 3
C = arctan = arctan ≈ 0.6435
a 4
2 2
⎛1⎞ ⎛1⎞ 5
y ≈ ⎜ ⎟ + ⎜ ⎟ sin ( 2t + 0.6435) = sin ( 2t + 0.6435)
⎝ 3⎠ ⎝ 4⎠ 12
5
(b) Amplitude: feet
12
1 B 2 1
(c) Frequency: = = = cycle per second
period 2π 2π π
81. True. 83. False.

sin (u + v) = sin u cos v + cos u sin v ⎛ π⎞ tan x − tan (π 4)
tan ⎜ x − ⎟ =
sin (u − v) = sin u cos v − cos u sin v ⎝ 4 ⎠ 1 + tan x tan (π 4)
tan x − 1
So, sin (u ± v) = sin u cos v ± cos u sin v. =
1 + tan x
85. (a) The domains of f and g are the same, all real numbers h, except h = 0.
(b) h 0.5 0.2 0.1 0.05 0.02 0.01 (c) 2 (d) As h → 0,

f → 0.5 and
f ( h) 0.267 0.410 0.456 0.478 0.491 0.496
−3 3 g → 0.5.
g ( h) 0.267 0.410 0.456 0.478 0.491 0.496
−2
87. cos( nπ + θ ) = cos nπ cos θ − sin nπ sin θ
= ( −1) (cos θ ) − (0)(sin θ )

n
= ( −1) (cos θ ), where n is an integer.

n
b b a
89. C = arctan ⇒ sin C = , cos C =
a a +b
2 2
a + b2
2
⎛ a b ⎞
a 2 + b 2 sin ( Bθ + C ) = a 2 + b 2 ⎜ sin Bθ ⋅ + ⋅ cos Bθ ⎟ = a sin Bθ + b cos Bθ
⎝ a +b
2 2
a +b
2
⎠ 2
91. sin θ + cos θ 93. 12 sin 3θ + 5 cos 3θ

a = 1, b = 1, B = 1 a = 12, b = 5, B = 3
b π b 5
(a) C = arctan = arctan 1 = (a) C = arctan = arctan ≈ 0.3948
a 4 a 12
sin θ + cos θ = a 2 + b 2 sin ( Bθ + C ) 12 sin 3θ + 5 cos 3θ = a 2 + b 2 sin ( Bθ + C )
⎛ π⎞ ≈ 13 sin (3θ + 0.3948)
= 2 sin ⎜θ + ⎟
⎝ 4⎠
a 12
(b) C = arctan = arctan ≈ 1.1760
a π b 5
(b) C = arctan = arctan 1 =
b 4
12 sin 3θ + 5 cos 3θ = a 2 + b 2 cos( Bθ − C )
sin θ + cos θ = a + b cos( Bθ − C )
2 2
≈ 13 cos(3θ − 1.1760)
⎛ π⎞
= 2 cos⎜θ − ⎟
⎝ 4⎠
b π
95. C = arctan = ⇒ a = b, a > 0, b > 0
a 4
a 2 + b2 = 2 ⇒ a = b = 2
B =1
⎛ π⎞
2 sin ⎜θ + ⎟ = 2 sin θ + 2 cos θ
⎝ 4⎠
97. y
m1 = tan α and m2 = tan β
β + δ = 90° ⇒ δ = 90° − β
y 1 = m 1x + b 1
θ α + θ + δ = 90° ⇒ α + θ + (90° − β ) = 90° ⇒ θ = β − α
δ
So, θ = arctan m2 − arctan m1.
α β
x
For y = x and y = 3 x you have m1 = 1 and m2 = 3.
y 2 = m 2x + b2
θ = arctan 3 − arctan 1 = 60° − 45° = 15°
99. y1 = cos( x + 2), y2 = cos x + cos 2

2
y2
0 2
y1
−2
No, y1 ≠ y2 because their graphs are different.
101. (a) To prove the identity for sin (u + v) you first need to prove the identity for cos(u − v).
Assume 0 < v < u < 2π and locate u, v, and u − v on the unit circle.
y
1 u−v
C
B
D
u
v A
x
−1 O 1
ⴚ1
The coordinates of the points on the circle are:

A = (1, 0), B = (cos v, sin v), C = (cos(u − v), sin (u − v)), and D = (cos u , sin u ).
Because ∠DOB = ∠COA, chords AC and BD are equal. By the Distance Formula:
⎡⎣cos(u − v) − 1⎤⎦ + ⎡⎣sin (u − v) − 0⎤⎦ (cos u − cos v) + (sin u − sin v)

2 2 2 2
=
cos 2 (u − v) − 2 cos(u − v) + 1 + sin 2 (u − v) = cos 2 u − 2 cos u cos v + cos 2 v + sin 2 u − 2 sin u sin v + sin 2 v
⎡⎣cos 2 (u − v) + sin 2 (u − v)⎤⎦ + 1 − 2 cos(u − v) = (cos 2 u + sin 2 u ) + (cos 2 v + sin 2 v) − 2 cos u cos v − 2 sin u sin v
2 − 2 cos(u − v) = 2 − 2 cos u cos v − 2 sin u sin v
−2 cos(u − v) = −2(cos u cos v + sin u sin v)
cos(u − v) = cos u cos v + sin u sin v
Now, to prove the identity for sin (u + v), use cofunction identities.
⎡π ⎤ ⎡⎛ π ⎞ ⎤
sin (u + v) = cos ⎢ − (u + v)⎥ = cos ⎢⎜ − u ⎟ − v⎥
⎣2 ⎦ ⎣⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎦
⎛π ⎞ ⎛π ⎞
= cos⎜ − u ⎟ cos v + sin ⎜ − u ⎟ sin v
⎝2 ⎠ ⎝2 ⎠
= sin u cos v + cos u sin v
(b) First, prove cos(u − v) = cos u cos v + sin u sin v using the figure containing points y
u−v
1 D
A(1, 0)
C
B(cos(u − v), sin (u − v))

u B
v
A
C (cos v, sin v)
x
−1 u−v 1
D(cos u , sin u )
on the unit circle. −1
Because chords AB and CD are each subtended by angle u − v, their lengths are equal. Equating
⎣⎡d ( A, B )⎦⎤ = ⎡⎣d (C , D)⎤⎦ you have (cos(u − v) − 1) + sin (u − v) = (cos u − cos v) + (sin u − sin v) .
2 2 2 2 2 2
Simplifying and solving for cos(u − v), you have cos(u − v) = cos u cos v + sin u sin v.
⎛π ⎞
Using sin θ = cos⎜ − θ ⎟,
⎝2 ⎠
⎡π ⎤ ⎡⎛ π ⎞ ⎤ ⎛π ⎞ ⎛π ⎞
sin (u − v) = cos ⎢ − (u − v)⎥ = cos ⎢⎜ − u ⎟ − ( −v )⎥ = cos⎜ − u ⎟ cos( −v) + sin ⎜ − u ⎟ sin ( −v)
⎣ 2 ⎦ ⎣⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎦ ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠
= sin u cos v − cos u sin v
Section 2.5 Multiple-Angle and Product-to-Sum Formulas 131
Section 2.5 Multiple-Angle and Product-to-Sum Formulas

1. 2 sin u cos u 13. tan 2 x − cot x = 0
2 tan x
= cot x
3. tan 2 u 1 − tan 2 x
2 tan x = cot x(1 − tan 2 x)
1
5. ⎡sin (u + v) + sin (u − v)⎤⎦
2⎣ 2 tan x = cot x − cot x tan 2 x
2 tan x = cot x − tan x
7. sin 2 x − sin x = 0
3 tan x = cot x
2 sin x cos x − sin x = 0
3 tan x − cot x = 0
sin x( 2 cos x − 1) = 0
1
sin x = 0 or 2 cos x − 1 = 0 3 tan x − = 0
tan x
1 3 tan 2 x − 1
x = 0, π cos x = = 0
2 tan x
π 5π
x = , 1
3 3
tan x
(3 tan 2 x − 1) = 0
π 5π
x = 0, , π, cot x(3 tan 2 x − 1) = 0
3 3
9. cos 2 x − cos x = 0 cot x = 0 or 3 tan 2 x − 1 = 0

cos 2 x = cos x π 3π 1
x = , tan 2 x =
cos x − sin x = cos x
2 2 2 2 3
cos x − (1 − cos 2 x) − cos x = 0
2
tan x = ±
3
3
2 cos 2 x − cos x − 1 = 0 π 5π 7π 11π
x = , , ,
(2 cos x + 1)(cos x − 1) = 0 6 6 6 6
2 cos x + 1 = 0 or cos x − 1 = 0 π π 5π 7π 3π 11π
x = , , , , ,
1 6 2 6 6 2 6
cos x = − cos x = 1
2
15. 6 sin x cos x = 3( 2 sin x cos x)
2π 4π
x = , x = 0 = 3 sin 2 x
3 3
11. sin 4 x = −2 sin 2 x 17. 6 cos 2 x − 3 = 3( 2 cos 2 x − 1)

sin 4 x + 2 sin 2 x = 0 = 3 cos 2 x
2 sin 2 x cos 2 x + 2 sin 2 x = 0
2 sin 2 x(cos 2 x + 1) = 0 19. 4 − 8 sin 2 x = 4(1 − 2 sin 2 x)
2 sin 2 x = 0 or cos 2 x + 1 = 0 = 4 cos 2 x
sin 2 x = 0 cos 2 x = −1
2 x = nπ 2 x = π + 2nπ
n π
x = π x = + nπ
2 2
π 3π π 3π
x = 0, , π, x = ,
2 2 2 2
3 3π
21. sin u = − , < u < 2π 27. cos 4 x = (cos 2 x)(cos 2 x)
5 2
⎛ 1 + cos 2 x ⎞⎛ 1 + cos 2 x ⎞
y = ⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟
⎝ 2 ⎠⎝ 2 ⎠
1 + 2 cos 2 x + cos 2 2 x
=
4
1 + cos 4 x
u
4
1 + 2 cos 2 x +
x
= 2
−3
4
5
2 + 4 cos 2 x + 1 + cos 4 x
=
8
3 + 4 cos 2 x + cos 4 x
⎛ 3 ⎞⎛ 4 ⎞ 24 =
sin 2u = 2 sin u cos u = 2⎜ − ⎟⎜ ⎟ = − 8
5
⎝ ⎠⎝ ⎠ 5 25
1
cos 2u = cos 2 u − sin 2 u =
16
−
9
=
7 = (3 + 4 cos 2 x + cos 4 x)
8
25 25 25
⎛ 3⎞
29. tan 4 2 x = ( tan 2 2 x)
2
2⎜ − ⎟
2 tan u 4 3 ⎛ 16 ⎞ 24
tan 2u = = ⎝ ⎠ = − ⎜ ⎟ = − 2
1 − tan u
2 9 2⎝ 7 ⎠ 7 ⎛ 1 − cos 4 x ⎞
1− = ⎜
16 ⎟
⎝ 1 + cos 4 x ⎠
3 π 1 − 2 cos 4 x + cos 2 4 x
23. tan u = , 0 < u < =
5 2 1 + 2 cos 4 x + cos 2 4 x
1 + cos 8 x
y
1 − 2 cos 4 x +
= 2
1 + cos 8 x
1 + 2 cos 4 x +
2
1
34
3 (2 − 4 cos 4 x + 1 + cos 8 x)
u x = 2
1
(2 + 4 cos 4 x + 1 + cos 8 x)
5
2
3 − 4 cos 4 x + cos 8 x
=
3 + 4 cos 4 x + cos 8 x
⎛ 3 ⎞⎛ 5 ⎞ 15
sin 2u = 2 sin u cos u = 2⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟ =
⎝ 34 ⎠⎝ 34 ⎠ 17 ⎛ 1 − cos 4 x ⎞⎛ 1 + cos 4 x ⎞
31. sin 2 2 x cos 2 2 x = ⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟
25 9 8 ⎝ 2 ⎠⎝ 2 ⎠
cos 2u = cos 2 u − sin 2 u = − =
34 34 17 1
= (1 − cos 2 4 x)
⎛ 3⎞ 4
2⎜ ⎟
tan 2u =
2 tan u
= ⎝ 5 ⎠ = 6 ⎛ 25 ⎞ = 15 1⎛ 1 + cos 8 x ⎞
9 ⎜ ⎟ = ⎜1 − ⎟
1 − tan 2 u 1− 5 ⎝ 16 ⎠ 8 4⎝ 2 ⎠
25
1 1 1
= − − cos 8 x
25. cos 4x = cos( 2 x + 2 x) 4 8 8
1 1
= cos 2x cos 2 x − sin 2x sin 2x = − cos 8 x
8 8
= cos 2 2x − sin 2 2x 1
= (1 − cos 8 x)
= cos 2 2x − (1 − cos 2 2x) 8
= 2 cos 2 2x − 1
= 2(cos 2 x) − 1
2
= 2( 2 cos 2 x − 1) − 1
2
= 2( 4 cos 4 x − 4 cos x + 1) − 1
= 8 cos 4 x − 8 cos x + 1
⎛1 ⎞
33. sin 75° = sin ⎜ ⋅ 150° ⎟ =
1 − cos 150°
=
1+ ( 3 2 )
⎝ 2 ⎠ 2 2
1
= 2+ 3
2
⎛1 ⎞
cos 75° = cos⎜ ⋅ 150° ⎟ =
1 + cos 150°
=
1− 3 2 ( )
⎝2 ⎠ 2 2
1
= 2− 3
2
⎛1 ⎞ sin 150° 12
tan 75° = tan ⎜ ⋅ 150° ⎟ = =
⎝ 2 ⎠ 1 + cos 150° 1− 3 2 ( )
1 2+ 3 2+ 3
= ⋅ = = 2+ 3
2− 3 2+ 3 4−3
π
1 − cos
π
⎡ 1 ⎛ π ⎞⎤ 4 = 1
35. sin = sin ⎢ ⎜ ⎟⎥ = 2− 2
8 ⎣ 2 ⎝ 4 ⎠⎦ 2 2
π
1 + cos
π ⎡ 1 ⎛ π ⎞⎤ 4 = 1
cos = cos ⎢ ⎜ ⎟⎥ = 2+ 2
8 ⎣ 2 ⎝ 4 ⎠⎦ 2 2
π 2
sin
π ⎡ 1 ⎛ π ⎞⎤ 4 2
tan = tan ⎢ ⎜ ⎟⎥ = = = 2 −1
8 ⎣ 2 ⎝ 4 ⎠⎦ π 2
1 + cos 1+
4 2
7 π
37. cos u = ,0 < u <
25 2
u
(a) Because u is in Quadrant I, is also in Quadrant I.
2
7
1−
u 1 − cos u 25 = 9 3
(b) sin = = =
2 2 2 25 5
7
1+
u 1 + cos u 25 = 16 4
cos = = =
2 2 2 25 5
7
1−
u 1 − cos u 25 = 3
tan = =
2 sin u 24 4
25
5 3π
39. tan u = − , < u < 2π
12 2
u
(a) Because u is in Quadrant IV, is in Quadrant II.
2
12
1−
u 1 − cos u 13 = 1 26
(b) sin = = =
2 2 2 26 26
12
1+
u 1 + cos u 13 = − 25 5 26
cos = − = − = −
2 2 2 26 26
12
1−
u 1 − cos u 13 = − 1
tan = =
2 sin u ⎛ 5⎞ 5
⎜− ⎟
⎝ 13 ⎠
1 − cos 6 x x
41. = sin 3x 47. cos − sin x = 0
2 2
1 + cos x
1 − cos 8 x ± = sin x
2
1 − cos 8 x 2
43. − = − 1 + cos x
1 + cos 8 x 1 + cos 8 x = sin 2 x
2
2
1 + cos x = 2 sin 2 x
sin 4 x
= − 1 + cos x = 2 − 2 cos 2 x
cos 4 x
2 cos 2 x + cos x − 1 = 0
= − tan 4 x
(2 cos x − 1)(cos x + 1) = 0
x 2 cos x − 1 = 0 or cos x + 1 = 0
45. sin + cos x = 0
2
1
1 − cos x cos x = cos x = −1
± = −cos x 2
2 π 5π
1 − cos x x = , x = π
= cos x 2 3 3
2
π 5π
0 = 2 cos 2 x + cos x − 1 x = , π,
3 3
= ( 2 cos x − 1)(cos x + 1)
π 3, π , and 5π 3 are all solutions to the equation.
1
cos x = or cos x = −1
2 2
π 5π
x = , x = π
3 3 0 2
−2
0 2
49. sin 5θ sin 3θ = 1 ⎡cos

2⎣ (5θ − 3θ ) − cos(5θ + 3θ )⎤⎦
−2 = 1
2 (cos 2θ − cos 8θ )
By checking these values in the original equation,
x = π 3 and x = 5π 3 are extraneous, and x = π 51. cos 2θ cos 4θ = 1 ⎡cos
2⎣ ( 2θ − 4θ ) + cos( 2θ + 4θ )⎤⎦
is the only solution. = 2⎣ ( )
1 ⎡cos −2θ + cos 6θ ⎤
⎦
⎛ 5θ + 3θ ⎞ ⎛ 5θ − 3θ ⎞
53. sin 5θ − sin 3θ = 2 cos⎜ ⎟ sin ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠
= 2 cos 4θ sin θ
⎛ 6x + 2x ⎞ ⎛ 6x − 2x ⎞
55. cos 6 x + cos 2 x = 2 cos⎜ ⎟ cos⎜ ⎟ = 2 cos 4 x cos 2 x
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠
⎛ 75° + 15° ⎞ ⎛ 75° − 15° ⎞ ⎛ 2 ⎞⎛ 3 ⎞ 6

57. sin 75° + sin 15° = 2 sin ⎜ ⎟ cos⎜ ⎟ = 2 sin 45° cos 30° = 2⎜⎜ ⎟⎜
⎟⎜ ⎟⎟ =
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠⎝ 2 ⎠ 2
⎛ 3π π ⎞ ⎛ 3π π ⎞
3π π ⎜ 4 + 4⎟ ⎜ 4 − 4⎟ π π
59. cos − cos = −2 sin ⎜ ⎟ sin ⎜ ⎟ = −2 sin sin
4 4 ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠ 2 4
3π π 2 2
cos − cos = − − = − 2
4 4 2 2
61. sin 6 x + sin 2 x = 0

⎛ 6x + 2x ⎞ ⎛ 6x − 2x ⎞
2 sin ⎜ ⎟ cos⎜ ⎟ = 0
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠
2(sin 4 x) cos 2 x = 0
sin 4 x = 0 or cos 2 x = 0
π
4 x = nπ 2x = + nπ
2
nπ π nπ 2
x = x = +
4 4 2
In the interval [0, 2π ) 0 2
π π 3π 5π 3π 7π
x = 0, , , , π, , , . −2
4 2 4 4 2 4
cos 2 x 67. 1 + cos 10 y = 1 + cos 2 5 y − sin 2 5 y

63. −1 = 0
sin 3 x − sin x
= 1 + cos 2 5 y − (1 − cos 2 5 y )
cos 2 x
=1 = 2 cos 2 5 y
sin 3 x − sin x 2
cos 2 x
=1 69. (sin x + cos x) = sin 2 x + 2 sin x cos x + cos 2 x
2
2 cos 2 x sin x 0 2
2 sin x = 1 = (sin 2 x + cos 2 x) + 2 sin x cos x

1 −2 = 1 + sin 2 x
sin x =
2
π 5π ⎛x ± y⎞ ⎛ x ∓ y⎞
x = , 2 sin ⎜ ⎟ cos⎜ ⎟
6 6 sin x ± sin y ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠
71. =
cos x + cos y ⎛x + y⎞ ⎛ x − y⎞
2 cos⎜ ⎟ cos⎜ ⎟
1 ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠
65. csc 2θ =
sin 2θ ⎛ x ± y⎞
= tan ⎜ ⎟
1 ⎝ 2 ⎠
=
2 sin θ cos θ
1 1
= ⋅
sin θ 2 cos θ
csc θ
=
2 cos θ
⎛θ ⎞ 1 − cos θ 1 1− 2
73. (a) sin ⎜ ⎟ = ± = (b) When M = 1, cos θ = = −1. So,
⎝2⎠ 2 M 1
2
2 θ = π.
⎛ 1 − cos θ ⎞ ⎛ 1⎞
⎜⎜ ± ⎟⎟ = ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝M ⎠
(c) When M = 4.5, cos θ =
( 4.5)2 − 2
( 4.5)
2
1 − cos θ 1
=
2 M2 cos θ ≈ 0.901235.
M 2 (1 − cos θ ) = 2 So, θ ≈ 0.4482 radian.
2 speed of object
1 − cos θ = (d) When M = 1, = M
M2 speed of sound
2
− cos θ = −1 speed of object
=1
M2 760 mph
2
cos θ =1− 2 speed of object = 760 mph.
M
M2 − 2 speed of object
cos θ = When M = 4.5, = M
M2 speed of sound
speed of object
= 4.5
760 mph
speed of object = 3420 mph.
x θ ⎛ 1 − cos θ ⎞ 77. False. For u < 0,

75. = 2r sin 2 = 2r ⎜ ⎟
2 2 ⎝ 2 ⎠ sin 2u = −sin ( −2u )
= r (1 − cos θ ) = −2 sin ( −u ) cos( −u )
So, x = 2r (1 − cos θ ). = −2( −sin u ) cos u
= 2 sin u cos u.
1.
sin x
= tan x 9. tan 2 x(csc 2 x − 1) = tan 2 x(cot 2 x)
cos x
⎛ 1 ⎞
= tan 2 x⎜ 2 ⎟
1 ⎝ tan x ⎠
3. = cot x
tan x =1
2 13 ⎛π ⎞
5. tan θ = , sec θ = cot ⎜ − u⎟
3 3 11. ⎝2 ⎠ = tan u = tan u sec u
cos u cos u
θ is in Quadrant I.
1 3 3 13 13. cos 2 x + cos 2 x cot 2 x = cos 2 x(1 + cot 2 x)
cos θ = = =
sec θ 13 13
= cos 2 x(csc 2 x)
9 4 2 13
sin θ = 1 − cos 2 θ = 1− = = ⎛ 1 ⎞
13 13 13 = cos 2 x⎜ 2 ⎟
1 13 ⎝ sin x ⎠
csc θ = = cos 2 x
sin θ 2 =
sin 2 x
1 3
cot θ = =
tan θ 2 = cot 2 x
1 1
7. = = sin 2 x
cot 2 x + 1 csc2 x
15.
1
−
1
=
(csc θ − 1) − (csc θ + 1) 31. 3 csc 2 x = 4
csc θ + 1 csc θ − 1 (csc θ + 1)(csc θ − 1) 4
csc 2 x =
−2 3
=
csc 2 θ − 1 3
sin x = ±
−2 2
=
cot 2 θ π 2π 4π 5π
x = + 2π n, + 2π n, + 2π n, + 2π n
= −2 tan 2 θ 3 3 3 3
These can be combined as:
17. Let x = 5 sin θ , then
π 2π
x = + nπ or x = + nπ
25 − x 2 = 25 − (5 sin θ )
2 3 3
= 25 − 25 sin 2 θ 33. 2 cos 2 x − cos x = 1
= 25(1 − sin 2 θ ) 2 cos 2 x − cos x − 1 = 0

(2 cos x + 1)(cos x − 1) = 0
= 25 cos 2 θ
2 cos x + 1 = 0 cos x − 1 = 0
= 5 cos θ .
1
cos x = − cos x = 1
19. cos x( tan x + 1) = cos x sec x
2 2 2
2π 4π
1 x = , x = 0
= sec2 x 3 3
sec x
= sec x 35. cos 2 x + sin x = 1
1 − sin 2 x + sin x − 1 = 0
⎛π ⎞
21. sec⎜ − θ ⎟ = csc θ −sin x(sin x − 1) = 0
⎝2 ⎠
sin x = 0 sin x − 1 = 0
1 1
23. = = cos θ x = 0, π sin x = 1
tan θ csc θ sin θ 1
⋅ π
cos θ sin θ x =
2
25. sin x cos x = sin x cos x sin x
5 2 4 2
37. 2 sin 2 x − 2 = 0
= (1 − cos 2 x) cos 2 x sin x
2
2
sin 2 x =
= (1 − 2 cos x + cos x) cos x sin x
2 4 2 2
π 3π
= (cos 2 x − 2 cos 4 x + cos 6 x) sin x 2x = + 2π n, + 2π n
4 4
π
3π
27. sin x = 3 − sin x x = + πn+ π n,
88
sin x =
3 π 3π 9π 11π
x = , , ,
2 8 8 8 8
π 2π
x = + 2π n, + 2π n
3 3
29. 3 3 tan u = 3
1
tan u =
3
π
u = + nπ
6
⎛ x⎞ 41. cos 4 x(cos x − 1) = 0

39. 3 tan 2 ⎜ ⎟ − 1 = 0
⎝ 3⎠ cos 4 x = 0 cos x − 1 = 0
2⎛
x⎞ 1
tan ⎜ ⎟ = π
3π
3
⎝ ⎠ 3 4x = + 2π n, + 2π n cos x = 1
2 2
x 1 π π 3π π
tan = ± x = + n, + n x = 0
3 3 8 2 8 2
tan
x
= ±
3 π 3π 5π 7π 9π 11π 13π 15π
x = 0, , , , , , , ,
3 3 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8
x π 5π 7π
= , ,
3 6 6 6 43. tan 2 x − 2 tan x = 0
π 5π
x = , ,
7π tan x( tan x − 2) = 0
2 2 2
tan x = 0 or tan x − 2 = 0
5π 7π
and are greater than 2π , so they are not x = 0, π tan x = 2
2 2
x = arctan 2, arctan 2 + π
π
solutions. The solution is x = .
2 x = 0, π , arctan 2, arctan 2 + π
45. tan 2 θ + tan θ − 6 = 0

( tan θ + 3)( tan θ − 2) = 0
tan θ + 3 = 0 or tan θ − 2 = 0
tan θ = −3 tan θ = 2
θ = arctan ( −3) + π , arctan (−3) + 2π θ = arctan 2, arctan 2 + π
47. sin 285° = sin (315° − 30°)

= sin 315° cos 30° − cos 315° sin 30°
⎛ 2 ⎞⎛ 3 ⎞ ⎛ 2 ⎞⎛ 1 ⎞
= ⎜⎜ − ⎟⎜
⎟⎜ ⎟⎟ − ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟⎜ ⎟
⎝ 2 ⎠⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠⎝ 2 ⎠
4
2
= −
3 +1 ( )
cos 285° = cos(315° − 30°)
= cos 315° cos 30° + sin 315° sin 30°
⎛ 2 ⎞⎛ 3 ⎞ ⎛ 2 ⎞⎛ 1 ⎞
= ⎜⎜ ⎟⎜ 2 ⎟⎟ + ⎜⎜ − 2 ⎟⎟⎜⎝ 2 ⎟⎠
⎟⎜
⎝ 2 ⎠⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
=
4
2
( 3 −1 )
tan 315° − tan 30°
tan 285° = tan (315° − 30°) =
1 + tan 315° tan 30°
⎛ 3⎞
( −1)
− ⎜⎜ ⎟
⎝ 3 ⎟⎠
= = −2 − 3
⎛ 3⎞
1 + ( −1)⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ 3 ⎠
25π ⎛ 11π π⎞ 11π π 11π π

49. sin = sin ⎜ + ⎟ = sin cos + cos sin
12 ⎝ 6 4⎠ 6 4 6 4
⎛ 1 ⎞⎛ 2 ⎞ ⎛ 3 ⎞⎛ 2 ⎞
= ⎜ − ⎟⎜⎜ ⎟ +⎜ ⎟⎜
⎝ 2 ⎠⎝ 2 ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ 2 ⎟⎜ ⎟⎟ =
2
( 3 −1 )
⎠⎝ 2 ⎠ 4
25π ⎛ 11π π⎞ 11π π 11π π
cos = cos⎜ + ⎟ = cos cos − sin sin
12 ⎝ 6 4 ⎠ 6 4 6 4
⎛ 3 ⎞⎛ 2 ⎞ ⎛ 1 ⎞⎛ 2 ⎞
= ⎜⎜
2 ⎟⎜ 2 ⎟⎟ − ⎜⎝ − 2 ⎟⎠⎜⎜ 2 ⎟⎟ = 4
⎟⎜
2
3 +1 ( )
⎝ ⎠⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
11π π
tan + tan
25π ⎛ 11π π⎞ 6 4
tan = tan ⎜ + ⎟ =
12 ⎝ 6 4⎠ 11π π
1 − tan tan
6 4
⎛ 3⎞
⎜⎜ − ⎟⎟ + 1
3
= ⎝ ⎠ = 2− 3
⎛ 3⎞
1 − ⎜⎜ − ⎟⎟( )
1
⎝ 3 ⎠
51. sin 60° cos 45° − cos 60° sin 45° = sin (60° − 45°)
= sin 15°
y y
5 3
v
u
x −4 x
4
−3
5
53. sin (u + v) = sin u cos v + cos u sin v = 3

5 (− 54 ) + 54 (− 53 ) = − 2425
55. cos(u − v) = cos u cos v + sin u sin v = 4
5 (− 54 ) + 53 (− 53 ) = −1
⎛ π⎞ π π
57. cos⎜ x + ⎟ = cos x cos − sin x sin = cos x(0) − sin x(1) = −sin x
⎝ 2⎠ 2 2
tan π − tan x ⎛ π⎞ ⎛ π⎞
59. tan (π − x) = = − tan x 61. sin ⎜ x + ⎟ − sin ⎜ x − ⎟ = 1
1 − tan π tan x ⎝ 4⎠ ⎝ 4⎠
π
2 cos x sin =1
4
2
cos x =
2
π 7π
x = ,
4 4
4 3π 65. sin 4 x = 2 sin 2 x cos 2 x

63. sin u = − , π < u <
5 2 = 2 ⎡⎣2 sin x cos x(cos 2 x − sin 2 x)⎤⎦
−3
cos u = − 1 − sin 2 u =
5 = 4 sin x cos x( 2 cos 2 x − 1)
sin u 4 = 8 cos3 x sin x − 4 cos x sin x
tan u = =
cos u 3 2
⎛ 4 ⎞⎛ 3 ⎞ 24
sin 2u = 2 sin u cos u = 2⎜ − ⎟⎜ − ⎟ =
⎝ 5 ⎠⎝ 5 ⎠ 25 − 2 2
2 2
⎛ 3⎞ ⎛ 4⎞ 7
cos 2u = cos 2 u − sin 2 u = ⎜ − ⎟ − ⎜ − ⎟ = −
⎝ 5⎠ ⎝ 5⎠ 25 −2
⎛ 4⎞
2⎜ ⎟ 1 − cos 4 x
2 tan u ⎝ 3 ⎠ = − 24
tan 2u = = sin 2 2 x 2 1 − cos 4 x
1 − tan 2 u ⎛ 4⎞
2
7 67. tan 2 x = 2
= =
1−⎜ ⎟ 2
cos 2 x 1 + cos 4 x 1 + cos 4 x
⎝ ⎠
3 2
⎛ 3⎞
1 − ⎜⎜ − ⎟⎟
69. sin ( −75°) = −
1 − cos 150°
= − ⎝ 2 ⎠ = − 2+ 3
= −
1
2+ 3
2 2 2 2
⎛ 3⎞
1 + ⎜⎜ − ⎟⎟
cos( −75°) = −
1 + cos 150°
= ⎝ 2 ⎠ = 2− 3
=
1
2− 3
2 2 2 2
⎛ ⎛ 3 ⎞⎞
⎜1 − ⎜⎜ − ⎟⎟ ⎟
⎛ 1 − cos 150° ⎞ ⎝ 2 ⎠⎟ = − 2 +
tan ( −75°) = −⎜
⎝ sin 150°
⎟
⎠
= −
⎜
⎜ 1 ⎟ ( )
3 = −2 − 3
⎜ ⎟
⎝ 2 ⎠
4 3π
71. tan u = ,π < u <
3 2
y
u
−3 x
−4 5
⎛ 3⎞
1 − ⎜− ⎟
u u 1 − cos u ⎝ 5⎠ = 4 2 5
(a) Because u is in Quadrant III, is in Quadrant II. (b) sin = = =
2 2 2 2 5 5
⎛ 3⎞
1 + ⎜− ⎟
u 1 + cos u ⎝ 5⎠ = − 1 5
cos = − = − = −
2 2 2 5 5
⎛ 3⎞
1 − ⎜− ⎟
u 1 − cos u ⎝ 5 ⎠ = −2
tan = =
2 sin u ⎛ 4⎞
⎜− ⎟
⎝ 5⎠
1 + cos 10 x 10 x π π θ π θ
73. − = − cos = − cos 5 x 81. False. If < θ < π , then < < and is in
2 2 2 4 2 2 2
Quadrant I.
75. cos 4θ sin 6θ = 1 ⎡sin
2⎣ (4θ + 6θ ) − sin ( 4θ − 6θ )⎤⎦
cos
θ
> 0
2
= 1
2 (sin 10θ − sin ( −2θ ))
83. True. 4 sin ( − x)cos( − x) = 4( −sin x) cos x
⎛ 6θ + 5θ ⎞ ⎛ 6θ − 5θ ⎞
77. cos 6θ + cos 5θ = 2 cos⎜ ⎟ cos⎜ ⎟ = −4 sin x cos x
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠
11θ θ = −2( 2 sin x cos x)
= 2 cos cos
2 2 = −2 sin 2 x
1 2 85. No. For an equation to be an identity, the equation must

79. r =v0 sin 2θ
32 be true for all real numbers. sin θ = 12 has an infinite
range = 100 feet
number of solutions but is not an identity.
v0 = 80 feet per second
1
(80) sin 2θ = 100
2
r =
32
sin 2θ = 0.5
2θ = 30°
π
θ = 15° or
12
1. sin θ = ± 1 − cos 2 θ You also have the following relationships:

⎛π ⎞
sin θ 1 − cos 2 θ sin θ = cos⎜ − θ ⎟
tan θ = = ± ⎝ 2 ⎠
cos θ cos θ
cos ⎡⎣(π 2) − θ ⎤⎦
1 1 tan θ =
csc θ = = ± cos θ
sin θ 1 − cos 2 θ
1
1 csc θ =
sec θ = cos ⎡⎣(π 2) − θ ⎤⎦
cos θ
1
1 cos θ sec θ =
cot θ = = ± cos θ
tan θ 1 − cos 2 θ
cos θ
cot θ =
cos ⎡⎣(π 2) − θ ⎤⎦
⎡ (12n + 1)π ⎤ ⎡1 ⎤
3. sin ⎢ ⎥ = sin ⎢ (12nπ + π )⎥
⎣ 6 ⎦ ⎣6 ⎦
⎛ π⎞
= sin ⎜ 2nπ + ⎟
⎝ 6⎠
π 1
= sin =
6 2
⎡ (12n + 1)π ⎤ 1
So, sin ⎢ ⎥ = for all integers n.
⎣ 6 ⎦ 2
5. From the figure, it appears that u + v = w. Assume that u, v, and w are all in Quadrant I.
From the figure:
s 1
tan u = =
3s 3
s 1
tan v = =
2s 2
s
tan w = =1
s
tan u + tan v 13 +12 56
tan (u + v) = = = = 1 = tan w.
1 − tan u tan v 1 − (1 3)(1 2) 1 − (1 6)
So, tan (u + v) = tan w. Because u, v, and w are all in Quadrant I, you have
arctan ⎡⎣tan (u + v)⎤⎦ = arctan[tan w]u + v = w.
7. (a)
10 θ 10
h
1
2
b
b
1
b
θ θ h
sin = 2 and cos =
2 10 2 10
θ θ
b = 20 sin h = 10 cos
2 2
1
A = bh
2
1⎛ θ ⎞⎛ θ⎞
= ⎜ 20 sin ⎟⎜10 cos ⎟
2⎝ 2 ⎠⎝ 2⎠
θ θ
= 100 sin cos
2 2
⎛ θ θ⎞
(b) A = 50⎜ 2 sin cos ⎟
⎝ 2 2⎠
⎛ ⎛ θ ⎞⎞
= 50 sin ⎜ 2⎜ ⎟ ⎟
⎝ ⎝ 2 ⎠⎠
= 50 sin θ
π π π
Because sin = 1 is a maximum, θ = . So, the area is a maximum at A = 50 sin = 50 square meters.
2 2 2
0.6W sin (θ + 90°)

9. F =
sin 12°
0.6W (sin θ cos 90° + cos θ sin 90°) 0.6(185) cos x
(a) F = (b) Let y1 = .
sin 12° sin 12°
0.6W ⎡⎣(sin θ )(0) + (cos θ )(1)⎤⎦ 550
=
sin 12°
0.6W cos θ
=
sin 12° 0 90
0
(c) The force is maximum (533.88 pounds) when θ = 0°.

The force is minimum (0 pounds) when θ = 90°.
π ⎛θ α⎞
11. d = 35 − 28 cos t when t = 0 corresponds to sin ⎜ + ⎟
6.2 ⎝2 2⎠
13. (a) n =
12:00 A.M. θ
sin
π 2
(a) The high tides occur when cos t = −1. Solving
6.2 ⎛θ ⎞ ⎛α ⎞ ⎛θ ⎞ ⎛α ⎞
sin ⎜ ⎟ cos⎜ ⎟ + cos⎜ ⎟ sin ⎜ ⎟
yields t = 6.2 or t = 18.6. ⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠
=
These t-values correspond to 6:12 A.M. and 6:36 P.M. ⎛θ ⎞
sin ⎜ ⎟
π ⎝2⎠
The low tide occurs when cos t = 1. Solving
6.2 ⎛α ⎞ ⎛θ ⎞ ⎛α ⎞
= cos⎜ ⎟ + cot ⎜ ⎟ sin ⎜ ⎟
yields t = 0 and t = 12.4 which corresponds to ⎝2⎠ ⎝2⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠
12:00 A.M. and 12:24 P.M.
⎛θ ⎞
(b) The water depth is never 3.5 feet. At low tide, the For α = 60°, n = cos 30° + cot ⎜ ⎟ sin 30°
depth is d = 35 − 28 = 7 feet. ⎝ 2⎠
(c)
3 1 ⎛θ ⎞
70 n = + cot ⎜ ⎟.
2 2 ⎝2⎠
(b) For glass, n = 1.50.
3 1 ⎛θ ⎞
0 24 1.50 = + cot ⎜ ⎟
0 2 2 ⎝ 2⎠
⎛ 3⎞ ⎛θ ⎞
2⎜⎜1.50 − ⎟⎟ = cot ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝2⎠
1 ⎛θ ⎞
= tan ⎜ ⎟
3− 3 ⎝ 2⎠
⎛ 1 ⎞
θ = 2 tan −1 ⎜ ⎟
⎝3 − 3 ⎠
θ ≈ 76.5°
15. (a) Let y1 = sin x and y2 = 0.5. (b) Let y1 = cos x and y2 = −0.5.
2 2
0 2 0 2
−2 −2
⎡π 5π ⎤ ⎡ 2π 4π ⎤
sin x ≥ 0.5 on the interval ⎢ , ⎥. cos x ≤ −0.5 on the interval ⎢ , ⎥.
⎣6 6 ⎦ ⎣ 3 3⎦
(c) Let y1 = tan x and y2 = sin x. (d) Let y1 = cos x and y2 = sin x.
2 2
0 2 0 2
−2 −2
⎛π ⎞ ⎛ 3π ⎞ ⎡ π⎤ ⎡ 5π ⎞
tan x < sin x on the intervals ⎜ , π ⎟ and ⎜ , 2π ⎟. cos x ≥ sin x on the intervals ⎢0, ⎥ and ⎢ , 2π ⎟.
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎣ 4 ⎦ ⎣ 4 ⎠

1. Find the value of the other five trigonometric functions, given tan x = 4, sec x < 0.
11
sec 2 x + csc 2 x
2. Simplify .
csc 2 x(1 + tan 2 x)
3. Rewrite as a single logarithm and simplify ln tan θ − ln cot θ .
4. True or false:
⎛π ⎞ 1
cos⎜ − x ⎟ =
⎝2 ⎠ csc x
5. Factor and simplify: sin 4 x + (sin 2 x) cos 2 x
6. Multiply and simplify: (csc x + 1)(csc x − 1)
7. Rationalize the denominator and simplify:

cos 2 x
1 − sin x
8. Verify:
1 + cos θ sin θ
+ = 2 csc θ
sin θ 1 + cos θ
9. Verify:
tan 4 x + 2 tan 2 x + 1 = sec 4 x
10. Use the sum or difference formulas to determine:

(a) sin 105°
(b) tan 15°
11. Simplify: (sin 42°) cos 38° − (cos 42°) sin 38°
⎛ π ⎞ 1 + tan θ
12. Verify tan ⎜θ + ⎟ = .
⎝ 4⎠ 1 − tan θ
13. Write sin (arcsin x − arccos x) as an algebraic expression in x.
14. Use the double-angle formulas to determine:

(a) cos 120°
(b) tan 300°
15. Use the half-angle formulas to determine:

(a) sin 22.5°
π
(b) tan
12
16. Given sin θ = 4 5, θ lies in Quadrant II, find cos(θ 2).
Practice Tests for Chapter 2 145
17. Use the power-reducing identities to write (sin 2 x) cos 2 x in terms of the first power of cosine.
18. Rewrite as a sum: 6(sin 5θ ) cos 2θ .
19. Rewrite as a product: sin ( x + π ) + sin ( x − π ).
sin 9 x + sin 5 x
20. Verify = −cot 2 x.
cos 9 x − cos 5 x
21. Verify:
(cos u ) sin v = 1 ⎡sin
2⎣
(u + v) − sin (u − v)⎤⎦.
22. Find all solutions in the interval [0, 2π ):
4 sin 2 x = 1
tan 2 θ + ( )
3 − 1 tan θ − 3 = 0

sin 2 x = cos x
25. Use the quadratic formula to find all solutions in the interval [0, 2π ):
tan 2 x − 6 tan x + 4 = 0
C H A P T E R 3
Additional Topics in Trigonometry
Section 3.1 Law of Sines .......................................................................................147
Section 3.2 Law of Cosines ...................................................................................150
Section 3.3 Vectors in the Plane............................................................................154
Section 3.4 Vectors and Dot Products...................................................................161
Problem Solving .........................................................................................................172
Practice Test .............................................................................................................174
C H A P T E R 3
Additional Topics in Trigonometry
Section 3.1 Law of Sines
1. oblique 11. Given: A = 83° 20′, C = 54.6°, c = 18.1
3. angles; side B = 180° − A − C = 180° − 83° 20′ − 54° 36′ = 42° 4′

c 18.1
5. a = (sin A) = (sin 83° 20′) ≈ 22.05
C
sin C sin 54.6°
b = 20 105° a c 18.1
b = (sin B) = (sin 42° 4′) ≈ 14.88
45° sin C sin 54.6°
A c B
Given: B = 45°, C = 105°, b = 20 13. Given: A = 35°, B = 65°, c = 10
A = 180° − B − C = 30° C = 180° − A − B = 80°

b 20 sin 30° c 10 sin 35°
a = (sin A) = = 10 2 ≈ 14.14 a = (sin A) = ≈ 5.82
sin B sin 45° sin C sin 80°
b 20 sin 105° c 10 sin 65°
C = (sin C ) = ≈ 27.32 b = (sin B) = ≈ 9.20
sin B sin 45° sin C sin 80°
7. C 3
a = 3.5
15. Given: A = 55°, B = 42°, c =
b 4
25° 35°
A c B C = 180° − A − B = 83°
c 0.75
Given: A = 25°, B = 35°, a = 3.5 a = (sin A) = (sin 55°) ≈ 0.62
sin C sin 83°
C = 180° − A − B = 120° c 0.75
a 3.5
b = (sin B) = (sin 42°) ≈ 0.51
b = (sin B) = (sin 35°) ≈ 4.75 sin C sin 83°
sin A sin 25°
a 3.5
c = (sin C ) = (sin 120°) ≈ 7.17
sin A sin 25°
9. Given: A = 102.4°, C = 16.7°, a = 21.6

B = 180° − A − C = 60.9°
a 21.6
b = (sin B) = (sin 60.9°) ≈ 19.32
sin A sin 102.4°
a 21.6
c = (sin C ) = (sin 16.7°) ≈ 6.36
sin A sin 102.4°
17. Given: A = 36°, a = 8, b = 5

b sin A 5 sin 36°
sin B = = ≈ 0.36737 ⇒ B ≈ 21.55°
a 8
C = 180° − A − B ≈ 180° − 36° − 21.55 = 122.45°
a 8
c = (sin C ) = (sin 122.45°) ≈ 11.49
sin A sin 36°
147
148 Chapter 3 Additional Topics in Trigonometry
19. Given: B = 15° 30′, a = 4.5, b = 6.8

a sin B 4.5 sin 15° 30′
sin A = = ≈ 0.17685 ⇒ A ≈ 10°11′
b 6.8
C = 180° − A − B ≈ 180° − 10°11′ − 15° 30′ = 154°19′
b 6.8
c = (sin C ) = (sin 154°19′) ≈ 11.03
sin B sin 15° 30′
21. Given: A = 145°, a = 14, b = 4

b sin A 4 sin 145°
sin B = = ≈ 0.1639 ⇒ B ≈ 9.43°
a 14
C = 180° − A − B ≈ 25.57°
a 14 sin 25.57°
c = (sin C ) ≈ ≈ 10.53
sin A sin 145°
23. Given: A = 110°15′, a = 48, b = 16

b sin A 16 sin 110°15′
sin B = = ≈ 0.31273 ⇒ B ≈ 18°13′
a 48
C = 180° − A − B ≈ 180° − 110°15′ − 18°13′ = 51° 32′
a 48
c = (sin C ) = (sin 15° 32') ≈ 40.06
sin A sin 110°15′
25. Given: A = 110°, a = 125, b = 100

b sin A 100 sin 110°
sin B = = ≈ 0.75175 ⇒ B ≈ 48.74°
a 125
C = 180° − A − B ≈ 21.26°
a sin C 125 sin 21.26°
c = ≈ ≈ 48.23
sin A sin 110°
27. Given: a = 18, b = 20, A = 76°

h = 20 sin 76° ≈ 19.41
Because a < h, no triangle is formed.
29. Given: A = 58°, a = 11.4, c = 12.8

b sin A 12.8 sin 58°
sin B = = ≈ 0.9522 ⇒ B ≈ 72.21° or B ≈ 107.79°
a 11.4
Case 1 Case 2
B ≈ 72.21° B ≈ 107.79°
C = 180° − A − B ≈ 49.79° C = 180° − A − B ≈ 14.21°
a 11.4 sin 49.79° a 11.4 sin 14.21°
c = (sin C ) ≈ ≈ 10.27 c = (sin C ) ≈ ≈ 3.30
sin A sin 58° sin A sin 58°
31. Given: A = 120°, a = b = 25 33. Given: A = 45°, a = b = 1

No triangle is formed because A is obtuse and a = b. Because a = b = 1, B = 45°.
C = 180° − A − B = 90°
a 1 sin 90°
c = (sin C ) = = 2 ≈ 1.41
sin A sin 45°
Section 3.1 Law of Sines 149
35. Given: A = 36°, a = 5 53. 10

mi
4
5 27°
(a) One solution if b ≤ 5 or b = . 70°
20°
63°
sin 36° y
d
5 θ
(b) Two solutions if 5 < b < .
sin 36°
In 15 minutes the boat has traveled
5
(c) No solution if b > .
(10 mph )⎛⎜ hr ⎞⎟ = miles.
1 10
sin 36°
⎝4 ⎠ 4
37. Given: A = 10°, a = 10.8 θ = 180° − 20° − (90° + 63°)
(a) One solution if b ≤ 10.8 or b =

10.8
. θ = 7°
sin 10° 10 4 y
=
10.8 sin 7° sin 20°
(b) Two solutions if 10.8 < b < .
sin 10° y ≈ 7.0161
10.8 d
(c) No solution if b > . sin 27° =
sin 10° 7.0161
d ≈ 3.2 miles
39. Area = 1 ab
2
sin C = 1
2
( 4)(6) sin 120° ≈ 10.4
55. α = 180 − θ − (180 − φ ) = φ − θ
41. Area = 1 bc
2
sin A = 1
2
(8)(10) sin 150° = 20 d
=
2
α
sin θ sin α
43. Area = 1 bc
2
sin A = 1
2
(57)(85) sin 43° 45′ ≈ 1675.2
d =
2 sin θ
d
sin (φ − θ ) θ
2
φ
45. Area = 1 ac
2
sin B = 1
2
(105)(64) sin(72° 30′) ≈ 3204.5
57. True. If one angle of a triangle is obtuse, then there is
47. C = 180° − 94° − 30° = 56° less than 90° left for the other two angles, so it cannot
40 contain a right angle. It must be oblique.
h = (sin 30°) ≈ 24.1 meters
sin 56° 59. False. To solve an oblique triangle using the Law of
Sines, you need to know two angles and any side,
sin ( 42° − θ ) sin 48° or two sides and an angle opposite one of them.
49. =
10 17
sin ( 42° − θ ) ≈ 0.43714
42° − θ ≈ 25.9°
θ ≈ 16.1°
51. N
W E
S
Elgin
C
a = 720 km b = 500 km
44°
46°
B A
Canton Naples
Given: A = 46°, a = 720, b = 500

b sin A 500 sin 46°
sin B = = ≈ 0.50 ⇒ B ≈ 30°
a 720
The bearing from C to B is 240°.
θ θ
(30)( 20) sin ⎛⎜θ + ⎞⎟ − (8)(20) sin − (8)(30) sin θ
1 1 1
61. (a) A =
2 ⎝ 2⎠ 2 2 2
3θ θ
= 300 sin − 80 sin − 120 sin θ 20 cm
2 2
⎡ 3θ θ ⎤ θ
8 cm
= 20 ⎢15 sin − 4 sin − 6 sin θ ⎥ 2
θ
⎣ 2 2 ⎦ 30 cm
(b) 170 (c) Domain: 0 ≤ θ ≤ 1.6690

The domain would increase in length and the area would have
a greater maximum value if the 8-centimeter line segment were
decreased.
0 1.7
0
Section 3.2 Law of Cosines

1. Cosines 3. b 2 = a 2 + c 2 − 2ac cos B
5. Given: a = 10, b = 12, c = 16
a 2 + b2 − c2 100 + 144 − 256

cos C = = = −0.05 ⇒ C ≈ 92.87°
2ab 2(10)(12)
b sin C 12 sin 92.87°
sin B = ≈ ≈ 0.7491 ⇒ B ≈ 48.51°
c 16
A ≈ 180° − 48.51° − 92.87° = 38.62°
7. Given: a = 6, b = 8, c = 12
a2 + b2 + c2 62 + 82 − 122
cos C = = ≈ − 0.4583 ⇒ C ≈ 117.28°
2ab 2(6)(8)
⎛ sin C ⎞ ⎛ sin 117.28° ⎞
sin B = b⎜ ⎟ = 8⎜ ⎟ ≈ 0.5925 ⇒ B ≈ 36.33°
⎝ c ⎠ ⎝ 12 ⎠
A = 180° − B − C ≈ 180° − 36.33° − 117.28° = 26.39°
9. Given: A = 30°, b = 15, c = 30
a 2 = b 2 + c 2 − 2bc cos A
= 225 + 900 − 2(15)(30) cos 30° ≈ 345.5771
a ≈ 18.59
(18.59) + 152 − 302 ≈ −0.5907 ⇒ C ≈ 126.21°
2
a 2 + b2 − c2
cos C = ≈
2ab 2(18.59)(15)
B ≈ 180° − 30° − 126.21° = 23.79°
11. Given: A = 50°, b = 15, c = 30

a 2 = b 2 + c 2 − 2bc cos A = 152 + 302 − 2(15)(30) cos 50°
≈ 546.49122 ⇒ a ≈ 23.38
⎛ sin A ⎞ ⎛ sin 50° ⎞

sin C = c⎜ ⎟ ≈ 30⎜ ⎟ ≈ 0.9829
⎝ a ⎠ ⎝ 23.38 ⎠
There are two angles between 0° and 180° whose sine is 0.9829, C1 ≈ 79.39° and C2 ≈ 180° − 79.39° ≈ 100.61°.
Because side c is the longest side of the triangle, C must be the largest angle of the triangle. So, C ≈ 100.61° and
B = 180° − A − C ≈ 180° − 50° − 100.56° = 29.39°.
Section 3.2 Law of Cosines 151
13. Given: a = 11, b = 15, c = 21
a 2 + b2 − c2 121 + 225 − 441

cos C = = ≈ −0.2879 ⇒ C ≈ 106.73°
2ab 2(11)(15)
b sin C 15 sin 106.73°
sin B = = ≈ 0.6841 ⇒ B ≈ 43.16°
c 21
A ≈ 180° − 43.16° − 106.73° = 30.11°
15. Given: a = 75.4, b = 52, c = 52
b2 + c2 − a 2 522 + 522 − 75.42

cos A = = = −0.05125 ⇒ A ≈ 92.94°
2bc 2(52)(52)
b sin A 52(0.9987)
sin B = ≈ ≈ 0.68876 ⇒ B ≈ 43.53°
a 75.4
C = B ≈ 43.53°
17. Given: A = 120°, b = 6, c = 7
a 2 = b 2 + c 2 − 2bc cos A = 36 + 49 − 2(6)(7) cos 120° = 127 ⇒ a ≈ 11.27

b sin A 6 sin 120°
sin B = ≈ ≈ 0.4611 ⇒ B ≈ 27.46°
a 11.27
C ≈ 180° − 120° − 27.46° = 32.54°
19. Given: B = 10° 35′, a = 40, c = 30
b 2 = a 2 + c 2 − 2ac cos B = 1600 + 900 − 2( 40)(30) cos 10° 35′ ≈ 140.8268 ⇒ b ≈ 11.87
c sin B 30 sin 10° 35′
sin C = = ≈ 0.4642 ⇒ C ≈ 27.66° ≈ 27° 40′
b 11.87
A ≈ 180° − 10° 35′ − 27° 40′ = 141° 45′
21. Given: B = 125° 40′, a = 37, c = 37
b 2 = a 2 + c 2 − 2ac cos B = 1369 + 1369 − 2(37)(37) cos 125° 40′ ≈ 4334.4420 ⇒ b ≈ 65.84
A = C ⇒ 2 A = 180 − 125° 40′ = 54° 20′ ⇒ A = C = 27° 10′
4 7
23. C = 43°, a = ,b =
9 9
2 2
⎛ 4⎞ ⎛7⎞ ⎛ 4 ⎞⎛ 7 ⎞
c 2 = a 2 + b 2 − 2ab cos C = ⎜ ⎟ + ⎜ ⎟ − 2⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟ cos 43° ≈ 0.2968 ⇒ c ≈ 0.54
⎝9⎠ ⎝9⎠ ⎝ 9 ⎠⎝ 9 ⎠
sin A =
a sin C
=
(4 9) sin 43° ≈ 0.5564 ⇒ A ≈ 33.80°
c 0.5448
B ≈ 180° − 43° − 33.8° = 103.20°
25. d 2 = 52 + 82 − 2(5)(8) cos 45° ≈ 32.4315 ⇒ d ≈ 5.69 8

φ c
2φ = 360° − 2( 45°) = 270° ⇒ φ = 135° 5
5
c = 5 + 8 − 2(5)(8) cos 135° ≈ 145.5685 ⇒ c ≈ 12.07

2 2 2 d
45°
8
27. 14
φ 20
10
10
d
θ
14
102 + 142 − 202

cos φ =
2(10)(14)
φ ≈ 111.8°
2θ ≈ 360° − 2(111.8°)
θ = 68.2°
d 2 = 102 + 142 − 2(10)(14) cos 68.2°
d ≈ 13.86
29. cos α =
(12.5)2 + (15) − 102
2
= 0.75 ⇒ α ≈ 41.41°
b
2(12.5)(15) β φ α
.5
12
10 + 15 − (12.5)
10
2 2 2
15
cos β = = 0.5625 ⇒ β ≈ 55.77° z 15
2(10)(15) θ
12
.5 u
10
β
α
z = 180° − α − β = 82.82° δ x
b
u = 180° − z = 97.18°
b 2 = 12.52 + 10 2 − 2(12.5)(10) cos 97.18° ≈ 287.4967 ⇒ b ≈ 16.96
12.52 + 16.962 − 102
cos δ = ≈ 0.8111 ⇒ δ ≈ 35.80°
2(12.5)(16.96)
θ = α + δ = 41.41° + 35.80° = 77.1°
360° − 2(77.21°)
2φ = 360° − 2θ ⇒ φ = = 102.79°
2
31. Given: a = 8, c = 5, B = 40°

Given two sides and included angle, use the Law of Cosines.
b 2 = a 2 + c 2 − 2ac cos B = 64 + 25 − 2(8)(5) cos 40° ≈ 27.7164 ⇒ b ≈ 5.26
(5.26) + 25 − 64 ≈ −0.2154 ⇒ A ≈ 102.44°

2
b2 + c2 − a 2
cos A = ≈
2bc 2(5.26)(5)
C ≈ 180° − 102.44° − 40° = 37.56°
33. Given: A = 24°, a = 4, b = 18

Given two sides and an angle opposite one of them, use the Law of Sines.
h = b sin A = 18 sin 24° ≈ 7.32
Because a < h, no triangle is formed.
35. Given: A = 42°, B = 35°, c = 1.2 37. a = 8, b = 12, c = 17

Given two angles and a side, use the Law of Sines. a +b + c 8 + 12 + 17
s = = = 18.5
C = 180° − 42° − 35° = 103° 2 2
c sin A 1.2 sin 42° Area = s( s − a )( s − b)( s − c )

a = = ≈ 0.82
sin C sin 103°
= 18.5(10.5)(6.5)(1.5) ≈ 43.52
c sin B 1.2 sin 35°
b = = ≈ 0.71
sin C sin 103°
Section 3.2 Law of Cosines 153
39. a = 2.5, b = 10.2, c = 9 17002 + 37002 − 30002

45. cos B = ⇒ B ≈ 52.9°
a +b + c 2(1700)(3700)
s = = 10.85
2
Bearing: 90° − 52.9° = N 37.1° E
Area = s( s − a )( s − b)( s − c ) 17002 + 30002 − 37002
cos C = ⇒ C ≈ 100.2°
= 10.85(8.35)(0.65)(1.85) ≈ 10.4 2(1700)(3000)
Bearing: 90° − 26.9° = S 63.1° E
41. Given: a = 12.32, b = 8.46, c = 15.05
N
a +b + c
s = = 17.915 W E
2 C S
Area = s( s − a )( s − b)( s − c) 300
m
0m
00
17
= 17.915(5.595)(9.455)( 2.865) ≈ 52.11
B A
3700 m
1 3
43. Given: a = 1, b = ,c =
2 4
1 3
1+ +
a +b + c 2 4 = 9
s = =
2 2 8
Area = s( s − a )( s − b)( s − c)
9 ⎛ 1 ⎞⎛ 5 ⎞⎛ 3 ⎞
= ⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟ ≈ 0.18
8 ⎝ 8 ⎠⎝ 8 ⎠⎝ 8 ⎠
47. b 2 = 2202 + 2502 − 2( 220)( 250) cos 105° ⇒ b ≈ 373.3 meters

B
75°
220 m 250 m
105°
C b A
49. C = 180° − 53° − 67° = 60° N
c 2 = a 2 + b 2 − 2ab cos C 36 mi
= 362 + 482 − 2(36)( 48)(0.5) 53°

c 60°
= 1872 W E
67°
c ≈ 43.3 mi 48 mi
51. N a = 165, b = 216, c = 368

W E
1652 + 3682 − 2162
cos B = ≈ 0.9551
S
2(165)(368)
216 miles
C 165 miles B ≈ 17.2°
72.8°
17.2° B 2162 + 3682 − 1652
cos A = ≈ 0.9741
2( 216)(368)
59.7°
368 miles
A 13.1°
A ≈ 13.1°
(a) Bearing of Minneapolis (C) from Phoenix (A) (b) Bearing of Albany (B) from Phoenix (A)
N (90° − 17.2° − 13.1°) E N (90° − 17.2°) E
N 59.7° E N 72.8° E
53. d 2 = 60.52 + 902 − 2(60.5)(90) cos 45° ≈ 4059.8572 ⇒ d ≈ 63.7 ft

S
T d P F
90 60.5
45°
55. C
63. c 2 = a 2 + b 2 − 2ab cos C
= a 2 + b 2 − 2ab cos 90°
650 575
= a 2 + b 2 − 2ab(0)
B A = a 2 + b2
725
When C = 90°, you obtain the Pythagorean Theorem.
The largest angle is across from the largest side. The Pythagorean Theorem is a special case of the Law
of Cosines.
6502 + 5752 − 7252
cos C =
2(650)(575) 65. There is no method that can be used to solve the no-
C ≈ 72.3° solution case of SSA.
The Law of Cosines can be used to solve the single-
57. a = 200 solution case of SSA. You can substitute values into
b = 500 a 2 = b 2 + c 2 − 2bc cos A. The simplified quadratic
200 + 500 + 600 equation in terms of c can be solved, with one positive
c = 600 ⇒ s = = 650
2 solution and one negative solution. The negative solution
can be discarded because length is positive. You can use
Area = 650( 450)(150)(50) ≈ 46,837.5 square feet the positive solution to solve the triangle.
510 + 840 + 1120 1 1 ⎡ b2 + c2 − a2 ⎤

59. s = = 1235 67. bc(1 + cos A) = bc ⎢1 + ⎥
2 2 2 ⎣ 2bc ⎦
Area = 1235(1235 − 510)(1235 − 840)(1235 − 1120) 1 ⎡ 2bc + b 2 + c 2 − a 2 ⎤
= bc ⎢ ⎥
≈ 201,674 square yards 2 ⎣ 2bc ⎦
1⎡
(b + c) − a 2 ⎤⎦
2
⎛ 201,674 ⎞ =
Cost ≈ ⎜ ⎟( 2000) ≈ $83,336.36 4⎣
⎝ 4840 ⎠
1
= ⎡(b + c) + a⎤⎡
⎦⎣(b + c) − a⎤⎦
61. False. The average of the three sides of a triangle is 4⎣
b+c+ a b+c−a
a +b + c a +b + c = ⋅
, not = s. 2 2
3 2
a + b + c −a + b + c
= ⋅
2 2
Section 3.3 Vectors in the Plane

1. directed line segment
( 6 − 2) + ( 5 − 4)
2 2
11. u = = 17
3. magnitude
( 4 − 0) + (1 − 0)
2 2
v = = 17
5. magnitude; direction
5− 4 1
slopeu = =
7. unit vector 6− 2 4
9. resultant 1−0 1
slope v = =
4−0 4
u and v have the same magnitude and direction so they
are equal.
Section 3.3 Vectors in the Plane 155
13. Initial point: (0, 0) 27. u + v

y
Terminal point: (1, 3)
v = 1 − 0, 3 − 0 = 1, 3 u+v
v = 12 + 32 = 10 v
15. Initial point: ( −1, −1)

u
Terminal point: (3, 5) x
v = 3 − ( −1), 5 − ( −1) = 4, 6
29. u − v
v = 42 + 62 = 52 = 2 13 y
17. Initial point: (3, − 2) x

u−v
v = 3 − 3, 3 − ( −2) = 0, 5
−v
v = 0 2 + 52 = 25 = 5
19. Initial point: ( −3, − 5)

31. u = 2, 1 , v = 1, 3
(a) u + v = 3, 4
v = 5 − ( −3), 1 − ( −5) = 8, 6
y
v = 82 + 6 2 = 100 = 10
5
21. Initial point: (1, 3)

4 u+v
3 v
Terminal point: ( −8, − 9) 2
v = −8 − 1, − 9 − 3 = −9, −12 1
u
x
−1
(−9) 2
+ ( −12)
2 1 2 3 4 5
v = = 225 = 15 −1
23. Initial point: ( −1, 5) (b) u − v = 1, − 2

Terminal point: (15, 12) y
v = 15 − ( −1), 12 − 5 = 16, 7
3
2
u
v = 16 + 7
2 2
= 305 1
x
−3 −2 −1 1 2 3
25. −v
y u−v
−v
v (c) 2u − 3v = 4, 2 − 3, 9 = 1, − 7
y
x
2 2u
−v
x
−6 −4 −2 2 4 6
−6
2u − 3v
−3v
− 10
33. u = −5, 3 , v = 0, 0 35. u = i + j, v = 2i − 3 j
(a) u + v = −5, 3 = u (a) u + v = 3i − 2 j

y
y
3
7
6 2
5 1 u
4
x
u=u+v
3 −3 −2 −1 3
−1
2
u+v
1 −2
v v
x
−3
−7 −6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 1
(b) u − v = −i + 4 j
(b) u − v = −5, 3 = u
y
y
5
7 u−v 4
6
5
−v
4
u=u−v
3
2 u
x
1 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3
v
x −1
−7 −6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 1
(c) 2u − 3v = ( 2i + 2 j) − (6i − 9 j)
(c) 2u − 3v = −10, 6 = 2u = −4i + 11j
y y
12 2u − 3v 12
10 10
8 8
2u = 2u − 3v −3v
6
4
2
−3v 2u
x x
− 12 − 10 − 8 − 6 − 4 − 2 2 −8 −6 −4 −2 2 4 6
−2 −2
37. u = 2i, v = j
(a) u + v = 2i + j (b) u − v = 2i − j (c) 2u − 3v = 4i − 3 j
y y y
3 1 1
u 2u
x x
2
−1 3 −1 1 2 3
−v −1
1 u+v −1
u−v
v
−2
u −2
x − 3v
−1 1 2 3 −3
2u − 3v
−1 −3
−4
39. u = 3, 0 ⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎛ 1 ⎞ 9
51. 9⎜ u ⎟ = 9⎜ 2, 5 ⎟ = 2, 5
⎜u ⎟ 2 +5
2 2 29
1 1 1 ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
v = u = 3, 0 = 3, 0 = 1, 0
u 3 + 02 2 3 18 45 18 29 45 29
= , = ,
29 29 29 29
v = 1 + 0
2 2
=1
41. v = −2, 2 53. u = 3 − ( −2), − 2 − 1

= 5, − 3
1 1 1
u = v = −2, 2 = −2, 2 = 5i − 3 j
v (−2)2 + 22 2 2
= −
1
,−
1 55. u = 0 − ( −6), 1 − 4
2 2
u = 6, − 3
2 2 u = 6i − 3 j
= − ,
2 2
3
2 2 57. v = 2
u
⎛− 2⎞ ⎛ 2⎞
v = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ + ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ =1 = 3
( 2i − j)
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠ 2
3
= 3i − 2
j = 3, − 32
43. v = i + j
y
1
u = v
v 1
1 1 2 2
= (i + j) = (i + j) = i + j x
1 +1
2 2 2 2 2 1 2 3
−1 u
2 2
⎛ 2⎞ ⎛ 2⎞ 3u
u = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ + ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ =1 −2
2
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠
45. w = 4 j 59. v = u + 2w
u =
1 1
w = ( 4 j) = j = ( 2i − j) + 2(i + 2 j)
w 4
= 4i + 3 j = 4, 3
u = 0 +1 =1
2 2 y
4 2w
47. w = i − 2 j
3 u + 2w
1 1 1
u = w = (i − 2 j) = (i − 2 j) 2
w 12 + ( −2)
2 5 1
1 2 5 2 5 x
= i − j = i − j 3 4 5
5 5 5 5 −1 u
2 2
⎛ 5⎞ ⎛ 2 5⎞
u = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ + ⎜⎜ − ⎟ =1
⎝ 5 ⎠ ⎝ 5 ⎟⎠
⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎛ ⎞
1
49. v = 10⎜ u ⎟ = 10⎜ −3, 4 ⎟
⎜u ⎟ ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
(−3)
2
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ + 42 ⎠
= 2 −3, 4
= −6, 8
61. v = 1
2
(3u + w) 71. v = 2 3 cos 45°, 2 3 sin 45°
= 1
2 (6i − 3 j + i + 2 j) = 6, 6
7 1j 7
= 2
i − 2
= 2
, − 12 y
y
3
2
1 2
2
w
1
1
x
4 45°
1 (3u + w)
−1 2 x
1 2 3
3u
−2 2
⎛ 1 ⎞
73. v = 3⎜ ⎟(3i + 4 j)
y
63. v = 6i − 6 j ⎝ 3 + 42
2
⎠ 3
3
6 + ( −6 ) = (3i + 4 j)
2
v = 2
= 72 = 6 2 2
5
−6 9 12 9 12
tan θ =
1
= −1 = i + j = ,
6 5 5 5 5 x
Since v lies in Quadrant IV, θ = 315°. −1 1 2 3
−1
65. v = 3(cos 60°i + sin 60° j)

v = 3, θ = 60° 75. u = 5 cos 0°, 5 sin 0° = 5, 0
v = 5 cos 90°, 5 sin 90° = 0, 5
67. v = 3 cos 0°, 3 sin 0°
u + v = 5, 5
= 3, 0
y
77. u = 20 cos 45°, 20 sin 45° = 10 2, 10 2
2
v = 50 cos 180°, 50 sin 180° = −50, 0
u + v = 10 2 − 50, 10 2
1
x
1 2 3
79. v = i + j y
−1
w = 2i − 2 j 1
u = v − w = −i + 3 j v
u
y α x
7 7 −1
v =
1 2
69. v = cos 150°, sin 150° 2
2 2 4
−1 w
3 w = 2 2
7 3 7
= − , −2
4 4 2 v − w = 10
150°
2 2 2
v + w − v − w 2 + 8 − 10
−4 −3 −2 −1
x cos α = = = 0
1
2v w 2 2 ⋅2 2
−1
α = 90°
81. Force One: u = 45i

Force Two: v = 60 cos θ i + 60 sin θ j
Resultant Force: u + v = ( 45 + 60 cos θ )i + 60 sin θ j
u + v = (45 + 60 cos θ ) + (60 sin θ )

2 2
= 90
2025 + 5400 cos θ + 3600 = 8100
5400 cos θ = 2475
cos θ = 2475
5400
≈ 0.4583
θ ≈ 62.7°
83. Horizontal component of velocity: 1200 cos 6° ≈ 1193.4 ft/sec

Vertical component of velocity: 1200 sin 6° ≈ 125.4 ft/sec
85. u = 300i
125 125
v = (125 cos 45°)i + (125 sin 45°) j = i + j
2 2
⎛ 125 ⎞ 125
u + v = ⎜ 300 + ⎟i + j
⎝ 2 ⎠ 2
2 2
⎛ 125 ⎞ ⎛ 125 ⎞
u + v = ⎜ 300 + ⎟ + ⎜ ⎟ ≈ 398.32 newtons
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2⎠
125
tan θ = 2 ⇒ θ ≈ 12.8°
⎛ 125 ⎞
300 + ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 2⎠
87. u = (75 cos 30°)i + (75 sin 30°) j ≈ 64.95i + 37.5 j

v = (100 cos 45°)i + (100 sin 45°) j ≈ 70.71i + 70.71j
w = (125 cos 120°)i + (125 sin 120°) j ≈ −62.5i + 108.3 j
u + v + w ≈ 73.16i + 216.5 j
u + v + w ≈ 228.5 pounds
216.5
tan θ ≈ ≈ 2.9593
73.16
θ ≈ 71.3°
JJJK
89. Left crane: u = u (cos 155.7°i + sin 155.7° j) 91. Cable AC : u = u (cos 50°i − sin 50° j)
Right crane: v = v (cos 44.5°i + sin 44.5° j) JJJK
Cable BC : v = v ( −cos 30°i − sin 30° j)
Resultant: u + v = −20,240 j
Resultant: u + v = −2000 j
System of equations:
u cos 50° − v cos 30° = 0
u cos 155.7° + v cos 44.5° = 0
u sin 155.7° + v sin 44.5° = 20,240 − u sin 50° − v sin 30° = −2000
Solving this system of equations yields the following: Solving this system of equations yields:
Left crane = u ≈ 15,484 pounds TAC = u ≈ 1758.8 pounds
Right crane = v ≈ 19,786 pounds TBC = v ≈ 1305.4 pounds
93. Towline 1: u = u (cos 18°i + sin 18° j) 97. F = 5000, W = 15,000
Towline 2: v = u (cos 18°i − sin 18° j) sin θ =

F
W
Resultant: u + v = 6000i
5000
sin θ =
u cos 18° + u cos18° = 6000 15,000
u ≈ 3154.4 1
θ = sin −1 ≈ 19.5°
3
So, the tension on each towline is u ≈ 3154.4 pounds.
99. W = FD = (100 cos 50°)(30) ≈ 1928.4 foot-pounds
95. W = 100, θ = 12°
F
sin θ =
W
F = W sin θ = 100 sin 12° ≈ 20.8 pounds 100 lb
50°
30 ft
101. Airspeed: u = (875 cos 58°)i − (875 sin 58°) j

y N
140° W E
Groundspeed: v = (800 cos 50°)i − (800 sin 50°) j
148° S
Wind: w = v − u = (800 cos 50° − 875 cos 58°)i + ( −800 sin 50° + 875 sin 58°) j x
32°
≈ 50.5507i + 129.2065 j
40° v
(50.5507) + (129.2065)
2 2 u
Wind speed: w ≈ ≈ 138.7 kilometers per hour
w
129.2065
Wind direction: tan θ ≈
50.5507
θ ≈ 68.6°; 90° − θ = 21.4°
Bearing: N 21.4° E
103. True. Two directed line segments that have the same 107. Let v = (cos θ )i + (sin θ ) j.
magnitude and direction are equivalent.
v = cos 2 θ + sin 2 θ = 1 =1
105. True. If v = a i + bj = 0 is the zero vector, then
So, v is a unit vector for any value of θ .
a + b = 0. So, a = − b.
109. u = 5 − 1, 2 − 6 = 4, − 4
v = 9 − 4, 4 − 5 = 5, −1
u − v = −1, − 3 or v − u = 1, 3
111. F1 = 10, 0 , F2 = 5 cos θ , sin θ
(a) F1 + F2 = 10 + 5 cos θ , 5 sin θ (b) 15
F1 + F2 = (10 + 5 cos θ ) + (5 sin θ )

2 2
= 100 + 100 cos θ + 25 cos 2 θ + 25 sin 2 θ

0 2␲
= 5 4 + 4 cos θ + cos 2 θ + sin 2 θ 0
= 5 4 + 4 cos θ + 1
= 5 5 + 4 cos θ
(c) Range: [5, 15] (d) The magnitude of the resultant is

Maximum is 15 when θ = 0. never 0 because the magnitudes of
F1 and F2 are not the same.
Minimum is 5 when θ = π .
Section 3.4 Vectors and Dot Products 161
113. Sample answer:

(ku1, ku2)
(u1 + v1, u2 + v2)

(u1, u2) ku
u+v ku2
u u2 (u1, u2)
u u2
(v1, v2)
v v2
u1
v1 u1 ku1
Section 3.4 Vectors and Dot Products

1. dot product 21. w = 3, −1
u⋅v w −1 = 32 + ( −1) − 1 =
2
10 − 1
3.
u v
The result is a scalar.
⎛u ⋅ v⎞
5. ⎜ ⎟v 23. u = 3, 3 , v = −4, 2 , w = 3, −1
⎜ v2 ⎟
⎝ ⎠
(u ⋅ v ) − (u ⋅ w ) = ⎡⎣3( −4) + 3( 2)⎤⎦ − ⎡⎣3(3) + 3(−1)⎤⎦
7. u = 7, 1 , v = −3, 2 = −6 − 6
u ⋅ v = 7( −3) + 1( 2) = −19 = −12
9. u = −4, 1 , v = 2, − 3
u ⋅ v = −4( 2) + 1( −3) = −11 25. u = −8, 15
u = u⋅u = (−8)(−8) + 15(15) = 289 = 17
11. u = 4i − 2 j, v = i − j
u ⋅ v = 4(1) + ( −2)( −1) = 6 27. u = 20i + 25 j
13. u = 3i + 2 j, v = −2i − 3j
u = u⋅u = (20)2 + ( 25)
2
= 1025 = 5 41
u ⋅ v = 3( −2) + 2( −3) = −12 29. u = 6 j
( 0) + ( 6)
2 2
15. u = 3, 3 u = u⋅u = = 36 = 6
u ⋅ u = 3(3) + 3(3) = 18
31. u = 1, 0 , v = 0, − 2
u⋅v 0
cos θ = = = 0
17. u = 3, 3 , v = −4, 2 u v (1)( 2)
(u ⋅ v ) v = ⎡⎣3( −4) + 3( 2)⎤⎦ −4, 2 θ = 90°
= −6 −4, 2 33. u = 3i + 4 j, v = −2 j
= 24, − 12
u⋅v 8
cos θ = = −
The result is a vector. u v (5)(2)
19. u = 3, 3 , v = −4, 2 , w = 3, −1 ⎛ 4⎞
θ = arccos⎜ − ⎟
⎝ 5⎠
(3w ⋅ v)u = 3⎡⎣3( −4) + ( −1)( 2)⎤⎦ 3, 3 θ ≈ 143.13°
= 3( −14) 3, 3
35. u = 2i − j, v = 6i + 4 j
= −42 3, 3
u⋅v 8
= −126, −126 cos θ = = = 0.4961
u v 5 52
The result is a vector.
θ = 60.26°
37. u = 5i + 5 j, v = −6i + 6 j 41. u = 3i + 4 j

y
u⋅v v = −7i + 5 j
cos θ = = 0 8
u v u⋅v
cos θ =
6
θ = 90° u v v 4
u
3( −7) + 4(5) 2
⎛ π⎞ ⎛ π⎞ 1 3 = x
39. u = ⎜ cos ⎟i + ⎜ sin ⎟ j = i + j 3 74 −8 −6 −4 −2 2 4
⎝ 3 ⎠ ⎝ 3 ⎠ 2 2 −2
−1
⎛ 3π ⎞ ⎛ 3π ⎞ 2 2 = ≈ −0.0232 −4
v = ⎜ cos ⎟i + ⎜ sin ⎟j = − i + j 5 74
⎝ 4 ⎠ ⎝ 4 ⎠ 2 2
θ ≈ 91.33°
u = v =1
43. u = 5i + 5 j y
u⋅v
cos θ = = u⋅v v = −8i + 8 j 10
u v 8
u⋅v v
⎛ 1 ⎞⎛ 2 ⎞ ⎛ 3 ⎞⎛ 2 ⎞ − 2 + 6 cos θ = 6
= ⎜ ⎟⎜⎜ − ⎟⎟ + ⎜⎜ ⎟⎜
⎟⎜ ⎟⎟ = u v 4 u
⎝ 2 ⎠⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠⎝ 2 ⎠ 4
5( −8) + 5(8)
2
⎛− 2 + 6⎞ 5π = x
θ = arccos⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = 75° = 50 128 −8 −6 −4 −2
−2
2 4 6
⎝ 4 ⎠ 12
= 0 −4
θ = 90°
45. P = (1, 2), Q = (3, 4), R = ( 2, 5)

JJJK JJJK JJJK
PQ = 2, 2 , PR = 1, 3 , QR = −1, 1
JJJK JJJK
PQ ⋅ PR 8 2
cos α = JJJK JJJK = ⇒ α = arccos ≈ 26.57°
PQ PR 2 2 10 ( 5 )( )
JJJK JJJK
PQ ⋅ QR
cos β = JJJK JJJK = 0 ⇒ β = 90°
PQ QR
γ = 180° − 26.57° − 90° = 63.43°
47. P = ( −3, 0), Q = ( 2, 2), R = (0, 6) 3π

JJJK JJJK JJJK JJJK 51. u = 9, v = 36, θ =
4
QP = −5, − 2 , PR = 3, 6 , QR = −2, 4 , PQ = 5, 2
JJJK JJJK u ⋅ v = u v cos θ
PQ ⋅ PR 27
cos α = JJJK JJJK = ⇒ α ≈ 41.63° 3π
PQ PR 29 45 = (9)(36) cos
JJJK JJJK 4
QP ⋅ QR 2 ⎛ 2⎞
cos β = JJJK JJJK = ⇒ β ≈ 85.24° = 324⎜⎜ −
QP PR 29 20 2 ⎟⎟
⎝ ⎠
δ = 180° − 41.63° − 85.24° = 53.13° = −162 2 ≈ −229.1
2π
49. u = 4, v = 10, θ = 1 5
3 53. u = −12, 30 , v = ,−
2 4
u ⋅ v = u v cos θ
u = −24 v ⇒ u and v are parallel.
2π
= ( 4)(10) cos
3 1
55. u = (3i − j), v = 5i + 6 j
⎛ 1⎞ 4
= 40⎜ − ⎟
⎝ 2⎠ u ≠ kv ⇒ Not parallel
= −20 u ⋅ v ≠ 0 ⇒ Not orthogonal
Neither
Section 3.4 Vectors and Dot Products 163
57. u = 2i − 2 j, v = − i − j
u ⋅ v = 0 ⇒ u and v are orthogonal.
59. u = 2, 2 , v = 6, 1
⎛u ⋅ v⎞ 14 1
w1 = projvu = ⎜ ⎟v = 6, 1 = 84, 14
⎜ v2 ⎟ 37 37
⎝ ⎠
14 10 60 10 1
w 2 = u − w1 = 2, 2 − 6, 1 = − , = −1, 6 = −10, 60
37 37 37 37 37
1 1
u = 84, 14 + −10, 60 = 2, 2
37 37
61. u = 0, 3 , v = 2, 15
⎛u ⋅ v⎞ 45
w1 = projvu = ⎜ ⎟v = 2, 15
⎜ v2 ⎟ 229
⎝ ⎠
45 90 12 6
w 2 = u − w1 = 0, 3 − 2, 15 = − , = −15, 2
229 229 229 229
45 6
u = 2, 15 + −15, 2 = 0, 3
229 229
63. projvu = u because u and v are parallel.

u⋅v 3(6) + 2( 4) 1
projvu = v = 6, 4 = 6, 4 = 3, 2 = u
( )
2 2
v 2
62 + 42
65. Because u and v are orthogonal, JJJK JJJK

71. Work = projJJJ
PQ
K v PQ where PQ = 4, 7 and
u ⋅ v = 0 and projvu = 0.
v = 1, 4 .
u⋅v
projvu = v = 0, because u ⋅ v = 0.
v
2
⎛ JJJK ⎞
⎜ v ⋅ PQ ⎟ JJJK ⎛ 32 ⎞
projJJJ
PQ
Kv = ⎜ JJJK 2 ⎟ PQ = ⎜ ⎟ 4, 7
⎜ PQ ⎟ ⎝ 65 ⎠
67. u = 3, 5 ⎝ ⎠
For v to be orthogonal to u, u ⋅ v must equal 0. JJJK ⎛ 32 65 ⎞
Work = projJJJ
PQ
K v PQ = ⎜
⎜ 65 ⎟⎟ ( )
65 = 32
Two possibilities: −5, 3 and 5, − 3 ⎝ ⎠
69. u = 1i − 2j 73. (a) u ⋅ v = 1225(12.20) + 2445(8.50)

2 3
= 35,727.5
For u and v to be orthogonal, u ⋅ v must equal 0.
The total amount paid to the employees is
Two possibilities: v = 2i + 1j and v = − 23 i − 1j
3 2 2 $35,727.50.
(b) To increase wages by 2%, use scalar multiplication
to multiply 1.02 by v.
75. (a) Force due to gravity:

F = −30,000 j
Unit vector along hill:
v = (cos d )i + (sin d ) j
Projection of F onto v:
⎛F ⋅ v⎞
w1 = projv F = ⎜ ⎟ v = (F ⋅ v ) v = −30,000 sin dv
⎜ v2 ⎟
⎝ ⎠
The magnitude of the force is 30,000 sin d .
(b)
d 0° 1° 2° 3° 4° 5° 6° 7° 8° 9° 10°
Force 0 523.6 1047.0 1570.1 2092.7 2614.7 3135.9 3656.1 4175.2 4693.0 5209.4
(c) Force perpendicular to the hill when d = 5°:
Force = (30,000)2 − ( 2614.7)

2
≈ 29,885.8 pounds
77. Work = ( 245)(3) = 735 newton-meters 91. In a rhombus, u = v . The diagonals are u + v and
u − v.
79. Work = (cos 30°)( 45)( 20) ≈ 779.4 foot-pounds
(u + v ) ⋅ (u − v ) = (u + v ) ⋅ u − (u + v ) ⋅ v
81. Work = (cos 35°)(15,691)(800)

= u⋅u+ v⋅u−u⋅v− v⋅v
2 2
≈ 10,282,651.78 newton-meters = u − v = 0
JJJK So, the diagonals are orthogonal.

83. Work = (cos θ ) F PQ
u−v
= (cos 20°)( 25 pounds)(50 feet ) u
u+v
≈ 1174.62 foot-pounds v
85. (a ) –( c) Programs will vary. 93. (a) projvu = u ⇒ u and v are parallel.
87. Programs will vary. (b) projvu = 0 ⇒ u and v are orthogonal.
89. False. Work is represented by a scalar.

1. Given: A = 38°, B = 70°, a = 8 5. Given: A = 16°, B = 98°, c = 8.4
C = 180° − 38° − 70° = 72° C = 180° − 16° − 98° = 66°
a sin B 8 sin 70° c sin A 8.4 sin 16°
b = = ≈ 12.21 a = = ≈ 2.53
sin A sin 38° sin C sin 66°
a sin C 8 sin 72° c sin B 8.4 sin 98°
c = = ≈ 12.36 b = = ≈ 9.11
sin A sin 38° sin C sin 66°
3. Given: B = 72°, C = 82°, b = 54 7. Given: A = 24°, C = 48°, b = 27.5

A = 180° − 72° − 82° = 26° B = 180° − 24° − 48° = 108°
b sin A 54 sin 26° b sin A 27.5 sin 24°
a = = ≈ 24.89 a = = ≈ 11.76
sin B sin 72° sin B sin 108°
b sin C 54 sin 82° b sin C 27.5 sin 48°
c = = ≈ 56.23 c = = ≈ 21.49
sin B sin 72° sin B sin 108°
9. Given: B = 150°, b = 30, c = 10

c sin B 10 sin 150°
sin C = = ≈ 0.1667 ⇒ C ≈ 9.59°
b 30
A ≈ 180° − 150° − 9.59° = 20.41°
b sin A 30 sin 20.41°
a = = ≈ 20.92
sin B sin 150°
11. A = 75°, a = 51.2, b = 33.7

b sin A 33.7 sin 75°
sin B = = ≈ 0.6358 ⇒ B ≈ 39.48°
a 51.2
C ≈ 180° − 75° − 39.48° = 65.52°
a sin C 51.2 sin 65.52°
c = = ≈ 48.24
sin A sin 75°
13. A = 33°, b = 7, c = 10 15. C = 119°, a = 18, b = 6
Area = 1 bc
2
sin A = 1
2
(7)(10) sin 33° ≈ 19.06 Area = 1 ab
2
sin C = 1
2
(18)(6) sin 119° ≈ 47.23
h
17. tan 17° = ⇒ h = ( x + 50) tan 17°
x + 50
h = x tan 17° + 50 tan 17°
h
tan 31° = ⇒ h = x tan 31°
x h
31° 17°
x tan 17° + 50 tan 17° = x tan 31° x 50
50 tan 17° = x( tan 31° − tan 17°)
50 tan 17°
= x
tan 31° − tan 17°
x ≈ 51.7959
h = x tan 31° ≈ 51.7959 tan 31° ≈ 31.1 meters
The height of the building is approximately 31.1 meters.
h 75
19. =
sin 17° sin 45° 45°
h
75 sin 17°
h =
sin 45° 118°
h ≈ 31.01 feet 75
ft 62°
17°
28° 45°
21. Given: a = 8, b = 14, c = 17
a 2 + b2 − c2 64 + 196 − 289
cos C = = ≈ −0.1295 ⇒ C ≈ 97.44°
2ab 2(8)(14)
b sin C 14 sin 97.44
sin B = ≈ ≈ 0.8166 ⇒ B ≈ 54.75°
c 17
A ≈ 180° − 54.75° − 97.44° = 27.81°
23. Given: a = 6, b = 9, c = 14
a 2 + b2 − c2 36 + 81 − 196
cos C = = ≈ −0.7315 ⇒ C ≈ 137.01°
2ab 2(6)(9)
b sin C 9 sin 137.01°
sin B = ≈ ≈ 0.4383 ⇒ B ≈ 26.00°
c 14
A ≈ 180° − 26.00° − 137.01° = 16.99°
25. Given: a = 2.5, b = 5.0, c = 4.5
a2 + c2 − b2
cos B = = 0.0667 ⇒ B ≈ 86.18°
2ac
a 2 + b2 − c2
cos C = = 0.44 ⇒ C ≈ 63.90°
2ab
A = 180° − B − C ≈ 29.92°
27. Given: B = 108°, a = 11, c = 11
b 2 = a 2 + c 2 − 2ac cos B = 112 + 112 − 2(11)(11) cos 108° ⇒ b ≈ 17.80

A = C = 1
2
(180° − 108°) = 36°
29. Given: C = 43°, a = 22.5, b = 31.4
c = a 2 + b 2 − 2ab cos C ≈ 21.42

a2 + c2 − b2
cos B = ≈ −0.02169 ⇒ B ≈ 91.24°
2ac
A = 180° − B − C ≈ 45.76°
31. Given: b = 9, c = 13, C = 64°

Given two sides and an angle opposite one of them, use the Law of Sines.
b sin C 9 sin 64°
sin B = = ≈ 0.6222 ⇒ B ≈ 38.48°
c 13
A ≈ 180° − 38.48° − 64° = 77.52°
c sin A 13 sin 77.52°
a = ≈ ≈ 14.12
sin C sin 64°
33. Given: a = 13, b = 15, c = 24

Given three sides, use the Law of Cosines.
2
a 2 + b2 − c 169 + 225 − 576
cos C = = ≈ −0.4667 ⇒ C ≈ 117.82°
2ab 2(13)(15)
a sin C 13 sin 117.82°
sin A = ≈ ≈ 0.4791 ⇒ A ≈ 28.62°
c 24
B ≈ 180° − 28.62° − 117.82° = 33.56°
35.
(4 − (−2)) + (6 − 1)
2 2
5 ft 8 ft 43. u = = 61
8 ft 28° a
152° 5 ft
(6 − 0) + (3 − (−2))
2 2
b v = = 61
a 2 = 52 + 82 − 2(5)(8) cos 28° ≈ 18.364 6 −1 5
u is directed along a line with a slope of = .
a ≈ 4.3 feet 4 − ( −2) 6
b 2 = 82 + 52 − 2(8)(5) cos 152° ≈ 159.636 3 − ( − 2) 5
v is directed along a line with a slope of = .
b ≈ 12.6 feet 6−0 6
Because u and v have identical magnitudes and
37. Length of AC = 3002 + 4252 − 2(300)( 425) cos 115 ° directions, u = v.
≈ 615.1 meters
45. Initial point: ( −5, 4)
39. a = 3, b = 6, c = 8 Terminal point: ( 2, −1)
a +b + c 3+ 6+8
s = = = 8.5 v = 2 − ( −5), −1 − 4 = 7, − 5
2 2
Area = s( s − a )( s − b)( s − c) 47. Initial point: (0, 10)
= 8.5(5.5)( 2.5)(0.5) Terminal point: (7, 3)
≈ 7.64
v = 7 − 0, 3 − 10 = 7, − 7
41. a = 12.3, b = 15.8, c = 3.7
49. v = 8, θ = 120°
a +b + c 12.3 + 15.8 + 3.7
s = = = 15.9
2 2 8 cos 120°, 8 sin 120° = −4, 4 3
Area = s( s − a )( s − b)( s − c)
= 15.9(3.6)(0.1)(12.2) = 8.36
51. u = −1, − 3 , v = −3, 6
(a) u + v = −1, − 3 + −3, 6 = −4, 3 (b) u − v = −1, − 3 − −3, 6 = 2, − 9

y y
6 x
v −6 −4 −2 2 4 6
4 u
u+v
−v
−6
x
−6 −4 2 4 −8
u−v
−10
u
−4 −12
(c) 4u = 4 −1, − 3 = −4, −12 (d) 3v + 5u = 3 −3, 6 + 5 −1, − 3 = −9, 18 + −5, −15 = −14, 3
y y
x 3v 18
−6 −4 −2 2 4 6
u 12
6
3v + 5u
−6 x
−18 −6 6 12
−8
− 10
4u
− 12 5u
53. u = −5, 2 , v = 4, 4
(a) u + v = −5, 2 + 4, 4 = −1, 6 (b) u − v = −5, 2 − 4, 4 = −9, − 2

y y
6
10
4
8
u+v u 2
x
v −10 −6
u−v −2
u
x −v −4
−6 −4 −2 2 4 6
−2 −6
(c) 4u = 4 −5, 2 = −20, 8 (d) 3v + 5u = 3 4, 4 + 5 −5, 2 = 12, 12 + −25, 10 = −13, 22

y y
40
20
15 30
3v + 5u
10 20
4u
5 10 3v
u 5u
x
−20 −15 −10 −5 x
−20 −10 10
55. u = 2i − j, v = 5i + 3 j
(a) u + v = ( 2i − j) + (5i + 3 j) = 7i + 2 j (b) u − v = ( 2i − j) − (5i + 3j) = −3i − 4 j
y y
4 3
v 2
2 1
u+v
x
x −5 −4 −3 −2 2 3
u
4 6 8
u −v −2
−2
−3
−4 u − v −4
−5
(c) 4u = 4( 2i − j) = 8i − 4 j (d) 3v + 5u = 3(5i + 3j) + 5( 2i − j) = 15i + 9 j + 10i − 5 j = 25i + 4 j

y y
4 15
10 3v
2 3v + 5u
5
x x
4 6 8 −5 10 20 25
u
−5
−2 5u
− 10
−4 4u
− 15
57. u = 4i, v = −i + 6 j
(a) u + v = 4i + ( −i + 6 j) = 3i + 6 j (b) u − v = 4i − ( −i + 6 j) = 5i − 6 j
y y
u+v
2
v
u
x
−2 2 6
2 −2
x −4
−2 2 u4 6
−2 −6 u−v
−v
(c) 4u = 4( 4i) = 16i (d) 3v + 5u = 3( −i + 6 j) + 5( 4i ) = −3i + 18 j + 20i = 17i + 18 j

y y
8
20 3v + 5u
6
4 3v
2
u 4u
x
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
−2
−4 5u
x
−6 −5 5 10 15 20
−8 −5
59. v = 10i + 3 j 63. u = 6i − 5 j, v = 10i + 3 j

3v = 3(10i + 3j) 5u − 4 v = 5(6i − 5 j) − 4(10i + 3j)
= 30i + 9 j = 30i − 25 j − 40i − 12 j
= 30, 9 = −10i − 37 j
y
y = −10, − 37 x
−30 15 30
−4v
20 −10
5u
10 3v
v
x
10 20 30
5u − 4v
−40
− 10
65. P = ( 2, 3), Q = (1, 8)

61. u = 6i − 5 j, v = 10i + 3 j JJJK
PQ = v = 1 − 2, 8 − 3
2u + v = 2(6i − 5 j) + (10i + 3 j)
v = −1, 5
= 22i − 7 j
v = − i + 5j
= 22, − 7
67. P = (3, 4), Q = (9, 8)
y
v
2
JJJK
x PQ = v = 9 − 3, 8 − 4
−5 10 20 25 30
−2
v = 6, 4
−4
−6 v = 6i + 4 j
−8 2u + v
2u
− 10 69. v = 7(cos 60°i + sin 60° j)
− 12
v = 7
θ = 60°
71. v = 5i + 4 j 73. v = −3i − 3j

v = 52 + 4 2 = 41 v = (−3)2 + ( −3)
2
= 3 2
tan θ = 4 ⇒ θ ≈ 38.7° −3
5 tan θ = = 1 ⇒ θ = 225°
−3
75. (a) Force due to gravity:
F = −30,000 j
Unit vector along hill:
v = (cos d )i + (sin d ) j
Projection of F onto v:
⎛F ⋅ v⎞
w1 = projv F = ⎜ ⎟ v = (F ⋅ v ) v = −30,000 sin dv
⎜ v2 ⎟
⎝ ⎠
The magnitude of the force is 30,000 sin d .
(b)
d 0° 1° 2° 3° 4° 5° 6° 7° 8° 9° 10°
Force 0 523.6 1047.0 1570.1 2092.7 2614.7 3135.9 3656.1 4175.2 4693.0 5209.4
(c) Force perpendicular to the hill when d = 5°:
Force = (30,000)2 − ( 2614.7)

2
≈ 29,885.8 pounds
77. Airspeed: u = 430(cos 45°i − sin 45° j) = 215 2 (i − j)

y N
Wind: w = 35(cos 60°i + sin 60° j) =
35
2
i + ( 3j ) 135° W E
S
θ
⎛ 35 ⎞ ⎛ 35 3 ⎞
u + w = ⎜ 215 2 + ⎟i + ⎜⎜ − 215 2 ⎟⎟ j
x
Groundspeed:
⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠ 45° θ′
2 2
⎛ 35 ⎞ ⎛ 35 3 ⎞ u
u+w = ⎜ 215 2 + ⎟ + ⎜⎜ − 215 2 ⎟⎟ ≈ 422.30 miles per hour w
⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠
17.5 3 − 215 2
Bearing: tan θ ′ =
215 2 + 17.5
θ ′ ≈ −40.4°
θ = 90° + θ ′ = 130.4°
79. u = 6, 7 , v = −3, 9 85. u = −4, 2

u ⋅ v = 6( −3) + 7(9) = 45 4− u = 4− (−4)2 + 22 = 4 − 20 = 4 − 2 5
81. u = 3i + 7 j, v = 11i − 5 j The result is a scalar.

u ⋅ v = 3(11) + 7( −5) = −2 87. u = −4, 2 , v = 5, 1
83. u = −4, 2 u(u ⋅ v ) = −4, 2 ⎡−

⎣ 4(5) + 2(1)⎤⎦
2u = −8, 4 = −18 −4, 2
2u ⋅ u = −8( −4) + 4( 2) = 40 = 72, − 36
The result is a scalar. The result is a vector.
89. u = −4, 2 , v = 5, 1 101. u = 2, 7 , v = 1, −1

(u ⋅ u ) − (u ⋅ v ) = ⎡−
⎣ 4( −4) + 2( 2)⎤⎦ − ⎡−
⎣ 4(5) + 2(1)⎤⎦ ⎛u ⋅ v⎞ 5 5
w1 = projvu = ⎜ ⎟ v = − 1, −1 = −1, 1
= 20 − ( −18) ⎜ v 2 ⎟ 2 2
⎝ ⎠
= 38
⎛5⎞ 9
The result is a scalar. w 2 = u − w1 = 2, 7 − ⎜ ⎟ −1, 1 = 1, 1
⎝ 2⎠ 2
7π 7π 1 1 5 9
91. u = cos i + sin j = ,− u = w1 + w 2 = −1, 1 + 1, 1
4 4 2 2 2 2
5π 5π 3 1 JJJK
v = cos i + sin j = − , 103. P = (5, 3), Q = (8, 9) ⇒ PQ = 3, 6
6 6 2 2 JJJK
Work = v ⋅ PQ = 2, 7 ⋅ 3, 6 = 48
u⋅v − 3 −1 11π
cos θ = = ⇒ θ =
u v 2 2 12
105. Work = (18,000) ( 1248 ) = 72,000 foot-pounds
93. u = 2 2, − 4 , v = − 2, 1
107. True. sin 90° is defined in the Law of Sines.
u⋅v −8
cos θ = = ⇒ θ ≈ 160.5°
u v ( 24 )( 3) 109.
a
sin A
=
b
sin B
=
c
sin C
or
sin A
a
=
sin B
b
=
sin C
c
95. u = −3, 8
111. A vector in the plane has both a magnitude and a
v = 8, 3 direction.
u ⋅ v = −3(8) + 8(3) = 0 113. u + v is larger in figure (a) because the angle between
u and v are orthogonal. u and v is acute rather than obtuse.
97. u = −i 115. The sum of u and v lies on the diagonal of the

parallelogram with u and v as its adjacent sides.
v = i + 2j
u ⋅ v ≠ 0 ⇒ Not orthogonal
v ≠ ku ⇒ Not parallel
Neither
99. u = −4, 3 , v = −8, − 2
⎛u ⋅ v⎞
⎟ v = ⎛⎜ ⎞⎟ −8, − 2 = −
26 13
w1 = projvu = ⎜ 4, 1
⎜ v 2 ⎟ ⎝ 68 ⎠ 17
⎝ ⎠
⎛ 13 ⎞ 16
w 2 = u − w1 = −4, 3 − ⎜ − ⎟ 4, 1 = −1, 4
⎝ 17 ⎠ 17
13 16
u = w1 + w 2 = − 4, 1 + −1, 4
17 17

JJJK 2
( )
1. PQ = 4.7 2 + 62 − 2( 4.7)(6) cos 25° A P
θ
JJJK 4.7 ft θ
PQ ≈ 2.6409 feet β
γ α
φ
sin α sin 25° 25°
= ⇒ α ≈ 48.78° O
6 ft
T Q
4.7 2.6409
θ + β = 180° − 25° − 48.78° = 106.22°
(θ + β ) + θ = 180° ⇒ θ = 180° − 106.22° = 73.78°
β = 106.22° − 73.78° = 32.44°
γ = 180° − α − β = 180° − 48.78° − 32.44° = 98.78°
φ = 180° − γ = 180° − 98.78° = 81.22°
JJJK
PT 4.7
=
sin 25° sin 81.22°
JJJK
PT ≈ 2.01 feet
3. (a) A 75 mi B
30° 15°
x 135° y 75°
60° Lost party
x 75 y 75
(b) = and =
sin 15° sin 135° sin 30° sin 135°
x ≈ 27.45 miles y ≈ 53.03 miles
(c) A 10°
20 mi Rescue
80° 20° party
60°
z
27.452 mi
Lost
party
z 2 = ( 27.45) + ( 20) − 2( 27.45)( 20) cos 20°

2 2
z ≈ 11.03 miles
sin θ sin 20°
=
27.45 11.03
sin θ ≈ 0.8511
θ = 180° − sin −1 (0.8511)
θ ≈ 121.7°
To find the bearing, we have θ − 10° − 90° ≈ 21.7°.
Bearing: S 21.7° E
u v u+ v
5. If u ≠ 0, v ≠ 0, and u + v ≠ 0, then = = = 1 because all of these are magnitudes of unit vectors.
u v u+ v
(a) u = 1, −1 , v = −1, 2 , u + v = 0, 1
u v u + v
(i) u = 2 (ii) v = 5 (iii) u + v = 1 (iv) =1 (v) =1 (vi) =1
u v u + v
(b) u = 0, 1 , v = 3, − 3 , u + v = 3, − 2
u v u+v
(i) u = 1 (ii) v = 18 = 3 2 (iii) u + v = 13 (iv) =1 (v) =1 (vi) =1
u v u+v
1 7
(c) u = 1, , v = 2, 3 , u + v = 3,
2 2
5 49 85 u
(i) u = (ii) v = 13 (iii) u + v = 9+ = (iv) =1
2 4 2 u
v u + v
(v) =1 (vi) =1
v u + v
(d) u = 2, − 4 , v = 5, 5 , u + v = 7, 1
u
(i) u = 20 = 2 5 (ii) v = 50 = 5 2 (iii) u + v = 50 = 5 2 (iv) =1
u
v u + v
(v) =1 (vi) =1
v u + v
7. Let u ⋅ v = 0 and u ⋅ w = 0 .
Then, u ⋅ (cv + dw ) = u ⋅ cv + u ⋅ dw
= c (u ⋅ v ) + d (u ⋅ w )
= c(0) + d (0)
= 0.
So for all scalars c and d, u is orthogonal to cv + dw.
9. (a) u = −120j (d) tan θ = 120

⇒ θ = tan −1 3 ⇒ θ ≈ 71.565°
40
v = 40i
(e) Up
(b) s = u + v = 40i − 120j 140
Up 120
100
140 80 u
120 60
100 s
80 u s v
60 W E
40 − 60 − 20 20 40 60 80 100
v
20 Down
W E
− 60 − 20 20 40 60 80 100
s = 30i − 120j
Down
302 + ( −120)
2
s =
40 + ( −120)
2
(c) s = 2
= 16,000 = 40 10
= 15,300
This represents the actual rate of the skydiver’s fall.

For Exercises 1 and 2, use the Law of Sines to find the remaining sides and angles of the triangle.
1. A = 40°, B = 12°, b = 100
2. C = 150°, a = 5, c = 20
3. Find the area of the triangle: a = 3, b = 6, C = 130°.
4. Determine the number of solutions to the triangle: a = 10, b = 35, A = 22.5°.
For Exercises 5 and 6, use the Law of Cosines to find the remaining sides and angles of the triangle.
5. a = 49, b = 53, c = 38
6. C = 29°, a = 100, c = 300
7. Use Heron’s Formula to find the area of the triangle: a = 4.1, b = 6.8, c = 5.5.
8. A ship travels 40 miles due east, then adjusts its course 12° southward. After traveling 70 miles in that direction, how far is the
ship from its point of departure?
9. w = 4u − 7v where u = 3i + j and v = −i + 2j. Find w.
10. Find a unit vector in the direction of v = 5i − 3j.
11. Find the dot product and the angle between u = 6i + 5j and v = 2i − 3j.
12. v is a vector of magnitude 4 making an angle of 30° with the positive x-axis. Find v in component form.
13. Find the projection of u onto v given u = 3, −1 and v = −2, 4 .
14. Give the trigonometric form of z = 5 − 5i.
15. Give the standard form of z = 6(cos 225° + i sin 225°).
16. Multiply ⎡⎣7(cos 23° + i sin 23°)⎤⎡

⎦⎣4(cos 7° + i sin 7°)⎤⎦.
⎛ 5π 5π ⎞
9⎜ cos + i sin ⎟
17. Divide ⎝
4 4 ⎠
.
3(cos π + i sin π )
18. Find ( 2 + 2i ) .
8
⎛ π π⎞
19. Find the cube roots of 8⎜ cos + i sin ⎟.
⎝ 3 3⎠
20. Find all the solutions to x 4 + i = 0.
C H A P T E R 4
Complex Numbers
Section 4.1 Complex Numbers..............................................................................176
Section 4.2 Complex Solutions of Equations .......................................................179
Section 4.3 Trigonometric Form of a Complex Number .....................................186
Section 4.4 DeMoivre’s Theorem .........................................................................191
Problem Solving .........................................................................................................209
Practice Test .............................................................................................................212
C H A P T E R 4
Complex Numbers
Section 4.1 Complex Numbers
1. real 13. 2 − − 27 = 2 − 27i
3. pure imaginary = 2 − 3 3i
5. principal square 15. − 80 = 4 5i

7. a + bi = −12 + 7i
17. 14 = 14 + 0i = 14
a = −12
b = 7 19. −10i + i 2 = −10i − 1 = −1 − 10i
9. ( a − 1) + (b + 3)i = 5 + 8i 21. − 0.09 = 0.09i

a −1 = 5 ⇒ a = 6 = 0.3i
b +3 = 8 ⇒ b = 5
23. (7 + i ) + (3 − 4i ) = 10 − 3i
11. 8 + − 25 = 8 + 5i
25. (9 − i ) − (8 − i ) = 1
27. − 2 +( ) (
−8 + 5 − )
− 50 = − 2 + 2 2i + 5 − 5 2i
= 3 − 3 2i
29. 13i − (14 − 7i ) = 13i − 14 + 7i 43. The complex conjugate of 9 + 2i is 9 − 2i.

= −14 + 20i (9 + 2i )(9 − 2i ) = 81 − 4i 2
= 81 + 4
31. − ( 23 + 52 i) + ( 53 + 113 i) = − 23 − 52 i + 53 + 113 i = 85
= − 96 − 15
6
i + 10
6
+ 22 i
6
45. The complex conjugate of −1 − 5i is −1 + 5i.
= 1 + 76 i
( −1 − )( )
6
5i −1 + 5i = 1 − 5i 2
33. (1 + i )(3 − 2i ) = 3 − 2i + 3i − 2i 2
=1+ 5 = 6
= 3+i + 2 = 5+ i
47. The complex conjugate of − 20 = 2 5i is − 2 5i .
35. 12i(1 − 9i ) = 12i − 108i 2
= 12i + 108
(2 5i)(− 2 5i) = − 20i 2
= 20
= 108 + 12i
49. The complex conjugate of 6 is 6.
37. ( 14 + 10i )( 14 − )
10i = 14 − 10i 2
( 6 )( 6 ) = 6
= 14 + 10 = 24
3 −i − 3i
51. ⋅ = = − 3i
39. (6 + 7i ) = 36 + 84i + 49i 2 i −i − i2
2
= 36 + 84i − 49
2 2 4 + 5i
= −13 + 84i 53. = ⋅
4 − 5i 4 − 5i 4 + 5i
2( 4 + 5i ) 8 + 10i 8 10
41. ( 2 + 3i ) + ( 2 − 3i) = 4 + 12i + 9i 2 + 4 − 12i + 9i 2
2 2
= = = + i
16 + 25 41 41 41
= 4 + 12i − 9 + 4 − 12i − 9
= −10
176
Section 4.1 Complex Numbers 177
5 + i (5 + i ) 25 + 10i + i 2 i 2i i(3 + 8i) + 2i(3 − 2i )

55. ⋅ = 63. + =
5 − i (5 + i ) 25 − i 2 3 − 2i 3 + 8i (3 − 2i)(3 + 8i)
24 + 10i 12 5 3i + 8i 2 + 6i − 4i 2
= = + i =
26 13 13 9 + 24i − 6i − 16i 2
4i 2 + 9i
9 − 4i − i − 9i + 4i 2 =
57. ⋅ = = − 4 − 9i 9 + 18i + 16
i −i − i2
− 4 + 9i 25 − 18i
= ⋅
25 + 18i 25 − 18i
3i 3i 3i − 9 + 40i
59. = = ⋅ −100 + 72i + 225i − 162i 2
(4 − 5i)
2
16 − 40i + 25i 2 − 9 − 40i − 9 + 40i =
625 + 324
− 27i + 120i 2 −120 − 27i 62 + 297i 62 297
= = = = + i
81 + 1600 1681 949 949 949
120 27
= − − i
1681 1681 65. −6 ⋅ −2 = ( 6i)( 2i) = (
12i 2 = 2 3 ( −1) )
2 3 2(1 − i ) − 3(1 + i ) = −2 3
61. − =
1+ i 1−i (1 + i)(1 − i)
( ) ( )
2 2
2 − 2i − 3 − 3i 67. −15 = 15i = 15i 2 = −15
=
1+1
−1 − 5i
=
2
1 5
= − − i
2 2
69. 3 + ( )(
−5 7 − −10 = 3 +) ( )(
5i 7 − 10i )
= 21 − 3 10i + 7 5i − 50i 2
(
= 21 + 50 ) + (7 5 − 3 10 i )
= ( 21 + 5 2 ) + (7 5 −3 10 )i
71. x 2 − 2 x + 2 = 0; a = 1, b = − 2, c = 2 75. 4 x 2 + 16 x + 15 = 0; a = 4, b = 16, c = 15
− ( − 2) ± (− 2) − 4(1)( 2) (16) − 4(4)(15)

2 2
−16 ±
x = x =
2(1) 2( 4)
2± −4 −16 ± 16 −16 ± 4
= = =
2 8 8
2 ± 2i 12 3 20 5
= x = − = − or x = − = −
2 8 2 8 2
=1±i
3 2
73. 4 x 2 + 16 x + 17 = 0; a = 4, b = 16, c = 17 77. x − 6 x + 9 = 0 Multiply both sides by 2.
2
3x 2 − 12 x + 18 = 0; a = 3, b = −12, c = 18
(16) − 4(4)(17)
2
−16 ±
x =
2( 4) − ( −12) ± (−12)2 − 4(3)(18)
x =
−16 ± −16 2(3)
=
8 12 ± − 72
−16 ± 4i =
= 6
8
12 ± 6 2i
1 = = 2± 2i
= −2 ± i 6
2
178 Chapter 4 Complex Numbers
79. 1.4 x 2 − 2 x − 10 = 0 Multiply both sides by 5. 83. −14i 5 = −14i 2i 2i = −14( −1)( −1)(i ) = −14i
7 x 2 − 10 x − 50 = 0; a = 7, b = −10, c = − 50
( ) ( )
3 3
85. − 72 = 6 2i
− ( −10) ± (−10) − 4(7)(− 50)
2
= 6 ( 2) i
x = 3
2(7)
3 3
10 ± 1500 = 216( 2 2 )i i 2
=
14
= 432 2 ( −1)i
10 ± 10 15
=
14 = − 432 2i
5 5 15
= ± 1 1 1 1 i i
7 7 87. = 2 = = ⋅ = = i
i3 ii −i −i i − i2
81. − 6i 3 + i 2 = − 6i 2i + i 2
89. (3i ) = 81i 4 = 81i 2i 2 = 81(−1)( −1) = 81
4
= − 6( −1)i + ( −1)
= 6i − 1
= −1 + 6i
91. (a) z1 = 9 + 16i, z2 = 20 − 10i

1 1 1 1 1 20 − 10i + 9 + 16i 29 + 6i
(b) = + = + = =
z z1 z2 9 + 16i 20 − 10i (9 + 16i)(20 − 10i) 340 + 230i
⎛ 340 + 230i ⎞⎛ 29 − 6i ⎞ 11,240 + 4630i 11,240 4630
z = ⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟ = = + i
⎝ 29 + 6i ⎠⎝ 29 − 6i ⎠ 877 877 877
93. False.
If b = 0 then a + bi = a − bi = a.
That is, if the complex number is real, the number equals its conjugate.
95. False.
i 44 + i150 − i 74 − i109 + i 61 = (i 2 ) + (i 2 ) − (i 2 ) − (i 2 ) i + (i 2 ) i
22 75 37 54 30
= ( − 1) + ( − 1) − ( − 1) − ( − 1) i + ( − 1) i
22 75 37 54 30
= 1−1+1− i + i = 1
Section 4.2 Complex Solutions of Equations 179
97. i = i 99. −6 −6 = 6i 6i = 6i 2 = − 6
i = −1
2
i3 = − i 101. ( a1 + b1i ) + ( a2 + b2i ) = ( a1 + a2 ) + (b1 + b2 )i
i4 = 1 The complex conjugate of this sum is

i 5 = i 4i = i
(a1 + a2 ) − (b1 + b2 )i.
i 6 = i 4i 2 = −1 The sum of the complex conjugates is
(a1 − b1i) + (a2 − b2i) = (a1 + a2 ) − (b1 + b2 )i.
i = i i = −i
7 4 3
So, the complex conjugate of the sum of two complex

i 8 = i 4i 4 = 1
numbers is the sum of their complex conjugates.
i 9 = i 4i 4i = i
i10 = i 4i 4i 2 = −1
i11 = i 4i 4i 3 = − i
i12 = i 4i 4i 4 = 1
The pattern i, −1, − i, 1 repeats. Divide the exponent
by 4.
If the remainder is 1, the result is i.
If the remainder is 2, the result is −1.
If the remainder is 3, the result is − i.
If the remainder is 0, the result is 1.
Section 4.2 Complex Solutions of Equations

1. Fundamental Theorem; Algebra 15. x 2 + 2 x + 10 = 0
3. conjugates a = 1, b = 2, c = 10
b 2 − 4ac = ( 2) − 4(1)(10) = −36 < 0
2
5. 2 x3 + 3x + 1 = 0 has degree 3 so there are three

solutions in the complex number system. Both solutions are complex. There are no real solutions.
7. 50 − 2 x 4 = 0 has degree 4, so there are four solutions 17. x 2 − 5 = 0

in the complex number system. x2 = 5
x = ± 5
9. 2 x 2 − 5 x + 5 = 0
a = 2, b = −5, c = 5
19. (x + 5) − 6 = 0
2
b − 4ac = ( −5) − 4( 2)(5) = −15 < 0

2 2
(x + 5) = 6
2
Both solutions are complex. There are no real solutions.

x +5 = ± 6
1 2 6
11. 5
x + 5
x −8 = 0 x = −5 ± 6
6
a = 15 , b = , c = −8
5 21. x 2 − 8 x + 16 = 0
( 56 ) ( 15 )(−8) = 196
2
b 2 − 4ac = − 4 > 0 (x − 4) = 0
2
25
Both solutions are real. x = 4
13. 2 x 2 − x − 15 = 0
a = 2, b = −1, c = −15
b 2 − 4ac = (−1) − 4( 2)(−15) = 121 > 0
2
Both solutions are real.
23. x 2 + 2 x + 5 = 0 31. (a) 4
22 − 4(1)(5)
−6 10
−2 ±
x =
2(1)
−2 ± −16 − 11
=
2
−2 ± 4i (b) f ( x) = x 3 − 4 x 2 + x − 4
=
2 x3 − 4 x 2 + x − 4 = 0
= −1 ± 2i x ( x − 4) + 1( x − 4) = 0
2
25. 4 x 2 − 4 x + 5 = 0 ( x2 + 1)( x − 4) = 0
x 2 + 1 = 0 ⇒ x = ±i
− ( − 4) ± (−4)2 − 4( 4)(5)
x = x − 4 = 0 ⇒ x = 4
2( 4)
Zeros: x = ±i, 4
4± −64
= (c) The graph has one x-intercept and the function has
8
one real zero. The number of real zeros equals the
4 ± 8i
= number of x-intercepts. Each x-intercept represents a
8
real solution of the equation f ( x) = 0.
1
= ±i
2 33. (a) 12
27. x4 − 6x2 − 7 = 0
( x 2 − 7)( x 2 + 1) = 0 − 10 10
(x + )(
7 x − )
7 ( x + i )( x − i ) = 0 −2
Setting each factor to zero yields the solutions (b) f ( x) = x 4 + 4 x 2 + 4

x = − 7, x = 7, x = i, and x = − i. x4 + 4 x2 + 4 = 0
( x2 + 2) = 0
2
29. x4 − 5x2 − 6 = 0
( x2 − 6)( x2 + 1) = 0 x2 + 2 = 0 ⇒ x = ± 2i
(x + )(
6 x− )
6 ( x + i )( x − i ) = 0
(c) The graph has no x-intercepts and the function has
no real zeros. The number of real zeros equals the
Setting each factor to zero yields the solutions number of x-intercepts. Each x-intercept represents a
x = − 6, x = 6, x = i, and x = − i. real solution of the equation f ( x) = 0.
35. f ( x) = x 2 + 36
= ( x + 6i )( x − 6i )
The zeros of f ( x) are x = ±6i.
37. h( x) = x 2 − 2 x + 17
By the Quadratic Formula, the zeros of h( x) are:
−( −2) ± (−2)2 − 4(1)(17) 2± −64 2 ± 8i

x = = = = 1 ± 4i
2(1) 2 2
h( x) = ⎡⎣ x − (1 + 4i )⎤⎡
⎦⎣ x − (1 − 4i )⎤⎦ = ( x − 1 − 4i )( x − 1 + 4i )
39. f ( x) = x 4 − 81 49. g ( x) = x 4 − 6 x3 + 16 x 2 − 96 x
= ( x 2 − 9)( x 2 + 9) x 4 − 6 x 3 + 16 x 2 − 96 x = 0
= ( x + 3)( x − 3)( x + 3i )( x − 3i ) x 3 ( x − 6) + 16 x( x − 6) = 0
The zeros of f ( x) are x = ±3 and x = ±3i. ( x3 + 16 x)( x − 6) = 0
x( x 2 + 16)( x − 6) = 0
41. f ( z) = z 2 − 2 z + 2
x = 0
z2 − 2z + 2 = 0
x + 16 = 0 ⇒ x = ± −16 = ± 4i
2
z 2 − 2 z = −2 x −6 = 0 ⇒ x = 6
z 2 − 2 z + 1 = −2 + 1 Zeros: 0, 6, ± 4i
(z − 1) = −1
2
g ( x) = x( x − 6)( x + 4i )( x − 4i)
z − 1 = ±i
z =1±i 51. f ( x) = x 4 + 10 x 2 + 9
f ( z ) = ( z − 1 + i )( z − 1 − i ) = ( x 2 + 1)( x 2 + 9)
= ( x + i)( x − i)( x + 3i)( x − 3i )
43. g ( x) = x3 + 3x 2 − 3x − 9
x3 + 3x 2 − 3x − 9 = 0 The zeros of f ( x) are x = ±i and x = ±3i.
x 2 ( x + 3) − 3( x + 3) = 0
53. f ( x) = 2 x3 + 3 x 2 + 50 x + 75
(x 2
− 3)( x + 3) = 0
Because 5i is a zero, so is −5i.
x −3 = 0 ⇒ x = ±
2
3 5i 2 3 50 75
x + 3 = 0 ⇒ x = −3 10i −50 + 15i –75
g ( x) = ( x + 3) x + ( )(
3 x − 3 ) 2 3 + 10i 15i 0
−5i 2 3 + 10i 15i

45. h( x) = x 3 − 4 x 2 + 16 x − 64
−10i −15i
x 3 − 4 x 2 + 16 x − 64 = 0
2 3 0
x 2 ( x − 4) + 16( x − 4) = 0
The zero of 2 x + 3 is x = − 32 .
( x 2 + 16)( x − 4) = 0
The zeros of f ( x) are x = − 32 and x = ±5i.
x 2 + 16 = 0 ⇒ x = ±4i
x − 4 = 0 ⇒ x = 4 Alternate Solution:
Because x = ±5i are zeros of
h( x) = ( x − 4)( x + 4i )( x − 4i )
f ( x), (x + 5i )( x − 5i ) = x 2 + 25 is a factor of f ( x).
47. f ( x) = 2 x3 − x 2 + 36 x − 18 By long division we have:
2 x3 − x 2 + 36 x − 18 = 0 2x + 3
x 2 + 0 x + 25 2 x3 + 3 x 2 + 50 x + 75
x 2 ( 2 x − 1) + 18( 2 x − 1) = 0
2 x3 + 0 x 2 + 50 x
(x 2
+ 18)( 2 x − 1) = 0
3 x 2 + 0 x + 75
x 2 + 18 = 0 ⇒ x = ±3 2i 3 x 2 + 0 x + 75
1
2x − 1 = 0 ⇒ x = 2 0
f ( x) = 2 x − ( )( x + 3 2i)( x − 3 2i)
1 Thus, f ( x) = ( x 2 + 25)( 2 x + 3) and the zeros of
2
= ( 2 x − 1)( x + 3 2i )( x − 3 2i ) f ( x) are x = ±5i and x = − 32 .
55. f ( x) = 2 x 4 − x3 + 7 x 2 − 4 x − 4 57. g ( x) = 4 x 3 + 23 x 2 + 34 x − 10
Because 2i is a zero, so is −2i. Because −3 + i is a zero, so is −3 − i.
2i 2 –1 7 –4 –4 −3 + i 4 23 34 −10
4i −8 − 2i 4 − 2i 4 −12 + 4i −37 − i 10
2 −1 + 4i −1 − 2i −2i 0 4 11 + 4i −3 − i 0
−2i 2 −1 + 4i −1 − 2i −2i −3 − i 4 11 + 4i −3 − i
−4i 2i 2i −12 − 4i 3+i
2 –1 –1 0 4 –1 0
The zero of 4 x − 1 is x = 14 . The zeros of g ( x) are

The zeros of 2 x 2 − x − 1 = ( 2 x + 1)( x − 1) are
x = − 12 and x = 1. x = −3 ± i and x = 14 .
Alternate Solution:
The zeros of f ( x) are x = ±2i, x = − 12 , and x = 1.
Because −3 ± i are zeros of g ( x),
Alternate Solution:
⎡⎣ x − ( −3 + i )⎤⎡
⎦⎣ x − (−3 − i )⎤⎦ = ⎡⎣( x + 3) − i⎤⎡
⎦⎣( x + 3) + i⎤⎦
Because x = ± 2i are zeros of f ( x),
= ( x + 3) − i 2
2
(x + 2i )( x − 2i ) = x 2 + 4 is a factor of f ( x).
By long division we have: = x 2 + 6 x + 10
2x2 − x − 1 is a factor of g ( x). By long division we have:

x + 0x + 4 2x − x + 7 x − 4x − 4
2 4 3 2
4x − 1
2x + 0x + 8x
4 3 2
x + 6 x + 10 4 x + 23 x + 34 x − 10
2 3 2
− x3 − x 2 − 4 x 4 x3 + 24 x 2 + 40 x
−x + 0x − 4x
3 2
− x 2 − 6 x − 10
− x2 + 0x − 4 − x 2 − 6 x − 10
− x2 + 0x − 4 0
0 Thus, g ( x) = ( x 2 + 6 x + 10)( 4 x − 1) and the zeros of
Thus, f ( x) = ( x 2 + 4)( 2 x 2 − x − 1) g ( x) are x = −3 ± i and x = 14 .
= ( x + 2i )( x − 2i )( 2 x + 1)( x − 1)
and the zeros of f ( x) are x = ± 2i, x = − 12 , and 59. f ( x) = x3 − 2 x 2 − 14 x + 40
x = 1. Because 3 − i is a zero, so is 3 + i.
3−i 1 –2 – 14 40
3−i 2 − 4i –40
1 1−i −12 − 4i 0
3+i 1 1−i −12 − 4i

3+i 12 + 4i
1 4 0
The zero of x + 4 is x = −4.
The zeros of f are x = −4, 3 ± i.
61. f ( x) = x 4 + 3 x3 − 5 x 2 − 21x + 22 63. Because 5i is a zero, so is −5i.

f ( x) = ( x − 1)( x − 5i )( x + 5i )
Because −3 + 2i is a zero, so is −3 − 2i, and
= ( x − 1)( x 2 + 25)
⎡ x − −3 +
⎣ ( )
2i ⎤⎡ x − −3 −
⎦⎣ ( )
2i ⎤
⎦ = x 3 − x 2 + 25 x − 25
= ⎡⎣( x + 3) − ⎦⎣( x + 3) +
2i⎤⎡ 2i⎤⎦ Note: f ( x) = a( x3 − x 2 + 25 x − 25), where a is any
( )
2
= ( x + 3) − nonzero real number, has the zeros 1 and ± 5i.
2
2i
= x 2 + 6 x + 11 65. Because 5 + i is a real zero, so is 5 − i.

is a factor of f ( x). By long division, we have: f ( x) = ( x − 2) ⎡⎣ x − (5 + i )⎤⎡
⎦⎣ x − (5 − i )⎤⎦
x − 3x + 2
2
= ( x − 2) ⎡⎣( x − 5) − i⎤⎡
⎦⎣( x − 5) + i⎤⎦
x + 6 x + 11 x + 3 x − 5 x − 21x + 22
2 4 3 2
= ( x − 2)( x 2 − 10 x + 26)
x + 6 x3 + 11x 2
4
= x3 − 12 x 2 + 46 x − 52
−3x3 − 16 x 2 − 21x
Note: f ( x) = a( x3 − 12 x 2 + 46 x − 52), where a is
−3x3 − 18 x 2 − 33 x
any nonzero real number, has the zeros 2 and 5 ± i.
2 x 2 + 12 x + 22
2 x 2 + 12 x + 22
0
Thus, f ( x) = ( x + 6 x + 11)( x − 3 x + 2)
2 2
= ( x 2 + 6 x + 11)( x − 1)( x − 2)
and the zeros of f ( x) are x = −3 ± 2i, x = 1, and

x = 2.
67. If 3 + 2i is a zero, so is 3 − 2i.
f ( x) = (3x − 2)( x + 1) ⎡ x − 3 +
⎣ ( )
2i ⎤⎡ x − 3 −
⎦⎣ ( 2i ⎤
⎦)
= (3x − 2)( x + 1) ⎡⎣( x − 3) − ⎦⎣( x − 3) +
2i⎤⎡ 2i⎤⎦
= (3 x 2 + x − 2) ⎡⎢( x − 3) − ( 2i) ⎤⎥⎦

2 2
⎣
= (3 x 2 + x − 2)( x 2 − 6 x + 9 + 2)
= (3 x 2 + x − 2)( x 2 − 6 x + 11)
= 3x 4 − 17 x3 + 25 x 2 + 23x − 22
Note: f ( x) = a(3 x 4 − 17 x3 + 25 x 2 + 23 x − 22), where a is any nonzero real number, has the zeros 23 , −1, and 3 ± 2i.
69. Zeros: 1, 2i, − 2i (Because 2i is a zero, so is −2i.) 71. Zeros: −1, 2 + i, 2 − i

f ( x) = a( x − 1)( x − 2i )( x + 2i ) (Because 2 + i is a zero, so is 2 − i.)
= a( x − 1)( x 2 + 4) f ( x) = a( x + 1) ⎡⎣ x − ( 2 + i )⎤⎡
⎦⎣ x − ( 2 − i )⎤⎦
= a ( x 3 − x 2 + 4 x − 4) = a( x + 1) ⎡⎣( x − 2) − i⎤⎡
⎦⎣( x − 2) + i⎤⎦
= a( x + 1) ⎡( x − 2) + 1⎤
2
Function value: f ( −1) = 10 ⎣ ⎦
f ( −1) = a( −10) = 10 ⇒ a = −1 = a( x + 1)( x 2 − 4 x + 5)
f ( x) = −1( x3 − x 2 + 4 x − 4) = a( x3 − 3 x 2 + x + 5)
= − x3 + x 2 − 4 x + 4 Function value: f ( 2) = −9
f ( 2) = a(3) = −9 ⇒ a = −3
f ( x) = −3( x3 − 3 x 2 + x + 5)
= −3 x3 + 9 x 2 − 3 x − 15
73. Zeros: 12 , 1 + 3i, 1 − 3i (Because 1 + 3i is a zero, so is 1 − 3i. )

f ( x) = a( 2 x − 1) ⎡ x − 1 +
⎣ ( 3i)⎤⎡ x − (1 − 3i )⎤
⎦⎣ ⎦
= a( 2 x − 1) ⎡⎣( x − 1) − ⎦⎣( x − 1) +
3i⎤⎡ 3i⎤⎦
= a( 2 x − 1) ⎡( x − 1) + 3⎤
2
⎣ ⎦
= a( 2 x − 1)( x 2 − 2 x + 4)
= a( 2 x3 − 5 x 2 + 10 x − 4)
Function value: f (1) = −3
f (1) = a(3) = −3 ⇒ a = −1
f ( x) = −1( 2 x3 − 5 x 2 + 10 x − 4)
= − 2 x3 + 5 x 2 − 10 x + 4
75. x-intercept: ( −2, 0) ⇒ x = −2 is a zero. 77. x-intercept: ( −1, 0) ⇒ x = −1 is a zero.

Zeros: −2, 4 + 2i, 4 − 2i Zeros: −1, 2 + 6i, 2 − 6i
f ( x) = a( x + 2) ⎡⎣ x − ( 4 + 2i )⎤⎡
⎦⎣ x − ( 4 − 2i)⎤⎦ f ( x) = a( x + 1) ⎡ x − 2 +
⎣ ( )
6i ⎤⎡ x − 2 −
⎦⎣ ( 6i ⎤
⎦)
= a( x + 2) ⎡⎣( x − 4) − 2i⎤⎡
⎦⎣( x − 4) + 2i⎤⎦ = a( x + 1) ⎡⎣( x − 2) − ⎦⎣( x − 2) +
6i⎤⎡ 6i⎤⎦
= a( x + 2) ⎡( x − 4) + 4⎤
2
⎣ ⎦ = a( x + 1) ⎡( x − 2) + 6⎤
2
⎣ ⎦
= a( x + 2)( x 2 − 8 x + 20)
= a( x + 1)( x 2 − 4 x + 10)
= a( x3 − 6 x 2 + 4 x + 40), a ≠ 0
= a( x3 − 3 x 2 + 6 x + 10), a ≠ 0
If a = 1, we have f ( x) = x3 − 6 x 2 + 4 x + 40.
If a = 1, we have f ( x) = x3 − 3 x 2 + 6 x + 10.
79. x-intercept: ( 4, 0) ⇒ x = 4 is a zero. 83. h(t ) = −16t 2 + 48t , 0 ≤ t ≤ 3
Zeros: 4, −1 + 3i, −1 − 3i (a)

t 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
f ( x) = a( x − 4) ⎡ x − −1 +
⎣ ( )
3i ⎤⎡ x − −1 −
⎦⎣ ( )
3i ⎤
⎦ h 0 20 32 36 32 20 0
= a( x − 4) ⎡⎣( x + 1) − ⎦⎣( x + 1) +
3i⎤⎡ 3i⎤⎦ (b) No. The projectile reaches a maximum height of
36 feet.
= a( x − 4)( x + 2 x + 4)2
(c) −16t 2 + 48t = 64

= a( x − 2 x − 4 x − 16), a ≠ 0
3 2
−16t 2 + 48t − 64 = 0
If a = 1, we have f ( x) = x3 − 2 x 2 − 4 x − 16. −16(t 2 − 3t + 4) = 0
81. x-intercepts: ( −3, 0) and ( 2, 0) ⇒ x = −3 and x = 2 3± −7

t 2 − 3t + 4 = 0 ⇒ t =
2
are zeros.
3± 7i
Zeros: −3, 2, 2i, − 2i =
2
f ( x) = a( x + 3)( x − 2) x − ( )(
2i x + 2i ) This equation yields imaginary solutions. The
projectile will not reach a height of 64 feet.
= a( x + x − 6)( x + 2)
2 2
(d) 70
= a( x 4 + x3 − 4 x 2 + 2 x − 12) y = 64
y = −16t 2 + 48t
Function value: f ( −2) = −12
f ( −2) = a( −24) = −12 ⇒ a = 1
2
0
0
3
f ( x) = 1
2 ( x4 + x3 − 4 x 2 + 2 x − 12) The graphs do not intersect, so the projectile does
1 x4 1 x3 not reach 64 feet.
= 2
+ 2
− 2x + x − 6
2
(e) All the results (numerical, algebraic, and graphical)
show that it is not possible for the projectile to reach
a height of 64 feet.
85. (a) Profit: P = xp − C

= x(140 − 0.0001x) − (80 x + 150,000)
= 140 x − 0.0001x 2 − 80 x − 150,000
= −0.0001x 2 + 60 x − 150,000
(b) P( 250,000) = −0.0001(250,000) + 60( 250,000) − 150,000 = $8,600,000

2
(c) p( 250,000) = 140 − 0.0001( 250,000) = $115
(d) −0.0001x 2 + 60 x − 150,000 = 10,000,000

0 = 0.0001x 2 − 60 x + 10,150,000
By the Quadratic Formula, we obtain the complex roots 300,000 ± 10,000 115i. It is not possible to have a profit
of 10 million dollars.
87. False. The most nonreal complex zeros it can have is two 93. g ( x) = f ( x − 5). The graph of g ( x) is a horizontal
and the Linear Factorization Theorem guarantees that
shift of the graph of f ( x) five units to the right so the
there are three linear factors, so one zero must be real.
zeros of g ( x) are 5 + r1 , 5 + r2 , and 5 + r3 .
95. g ( x) = 3 + f ( x). Since g ( x) is a vertical shift of the
91. g ( x) = − f ( x). This function would have the same
graph of f ( x), the zeros of g ( x) cannot be determined.
zeros as f ( x) so r1 , r2 , and r3 are also zeros of g ( x).
97. f ( x) = x − ( )(
bi x + )
bi = x 2 + b
Section 4.3 Trigonometric Form of a Complex Number

1. real; imaginary 15. z = 1 + i
3. trigonometric form; modulus; argument r = 12 + 12 = 2

π
tan θ = 1, θ is in Quadrant I ⇒ θ = .
5. −6 + 8i = (−6)2 + 82 4
= 100 = 10 ⎛ π π⎞
z = 2 ⎜ cos + i sin ⎟
⎝ 4 4⎠
Imaginary
axis
Imaginary
axis
− 6 + 8i 8
6
2
4
2
1 1+i
Real
axis
−8 −6 −4 −2 2
−2 Real
axis
1 2
0 2 + ( −7 )
2
7. −7i = Imaginary
axis
17. z = 1 − 3i
= 49 = 7 Real
( )
−4 −2 2 4 axis 2
−2
r = 12 + − 3 = 4 = 2
−4
5π
tan θ = − 3, θ is in Quadrant IV ⇒ θ = .
−6 3
−7i
−8 ⎛ 5π 5π ⎞
z = 2⎜ cos + i sin ⎟
⎝ 3 3 ⎠
Imaginary
4 2 + ( − 6)
2 Imaginary
9. 4 − 6i = axis
axis
Real
= 52 = 2 13
axis
−1 1 2 3 4 5 6 Real
−1
axis
1 2
−2
−3
−4 −1
−5
−6 4 − 6i 1− 3i
−2
−7
11. z = 3i
19. z = −2 1 + ( 3i )
r = 02 + 32 = 9 = 3
( )
2
(−2)
2
3 π r = + −2 3 = 16 = 4
tan θ = , undefined ⇒ θ =
0 2
3 4π
π π⎞ tan θ = = 3, θ is in Quadrant III ⇒ θ = .
⎛ 1 3
⎝ 2 2⎠
⎛ 4π 4π ⎞
13. z = −3 − 3i ⎝ 3 3 ⎠
(−3) + ( −3)
2 2 Imaginary
r = = 18 = 3 2 axis
−3 5π
Real
tan θ = = 1, θ is in Quadrant III ⇒ θ = . −4 −3 −2 −1 axis
−3 4
⎛ 5π 5π ⎞ −2
z = 3 2 ⎜ cos + i sin ⎟
⎝ 4 4 ⎠ −3
−2( 1 + 3i) −4
Section 4.3 Trigonometric Form of a Complex Number 187
21. z = −5i 27. z = 3 + 3i

0 + ( −5)
2
r = = 25 = 5
( 3)
2 2
(3)
2
r = + = 12 = 2 3
−5 3π
tan θ = , undefined ⇒ θ = 3 π
0 2 tan θ = ⇒θ =
3 6
⎛ 3π 3π ⎞
z = 5⎜ cos + i sin ⎟ ⎛ π π⎞
⎝ 2 2 ⎠ z = 2 3 ⎜ cos + i sin ⎟
⎝ 6 6⎠
Imaginary
axis
Imaginary
axis
Real
−4 −2 2 4 axis
5
−2 4
−4 3
−5i 2 3+ 3i
−6
1
Real
−8
axis
−1 1 2 3 4 5
−1
23. z = −7 + 4i
29. z = −3 − i
(−7) + ( 4)
2 2
r = = 65
r = (−3)2 + ( −1)
2
= 10
4
tan θ = , θ is in Quadrant II ⇒ θ ≈ 2.62. −1 1
−7 tan θ = = , θ is in Quadrant III ⇒ θ ≈ 3.46.
−3 3
z ≈ 65 (cos 2.62 + i sin 2.62)
z ≈ 10 (cos 3.46 + i sin 3.46)
Imaginary
axis Imaginary
axis
−7 + 4 i
4
Real
−4 −3 −2 axis
2
−1
Real −3 − i
−8 −6 −4 −2 axis
−2
−2
−3
−4
−4
25. z = 2 31. z = 5 + 2i
r = 2 + 0
2 2
= 4 = 2 r = 52 + 2 2 = 29
tan θ = 0 ⇒ θ = 0
tan θ = 2
5
z = 2(cos 0 + i sin 0) θ ≈ 0.38
Imaginary
axis z ≈ 29 (cos 0.38 + i sin 0.38)
Imaginary
1 axis
5
2 Real 4
axis
1 2
3
5 + 2i
2
−1
1
Real
axis
−1 1 2 3 4 5
−1
33. z = −8 − 5 3i ⎛ 3 1 ⎞
37. 48 ⎡⎣cos( −30°) + i sin ( −30°)⎤⎦ = 4 3 ⎜⎜ − i ⎟⎟
2 2 ⎠
( ) ⎝
2
(−8)
2
r = + −5 3 = 139
= 6 − 2 3i
5 3 Imaginary
tan θ = axis
8
3
θ ≈ 3.97 2
139 (cos 3.97 + i sin 3.97)

1
z ≈ Real
axis
2 3 4 5 6 7
−1
Imaginary
axis −2
−3
Real
axis −4 6 − 2 3i
−10 −8 −6 −4 −2
−5
−2
−4
−6 9⎛ 3π 3π ⎞ 9⎛ 2 2 ⎞
39. ⎜ cos + i sin ⎟ = ⎜⎜ − + i⎟
−8 4⎝ 4 4⎠ 4⎝ 2 2 ⎟⎠
−8 − 5 3i −10
9 2 9 2
= − + i
8 8
Imaginary
⎛1 3 ⎞
35. 2(cos 60° + i sin 60°) = 2⎜⎜ +
axis
i⎟
⎝2 2 ⎟⎠ 3
=1+ 3i 9 2 9 2
− + i 2
8 8
Imaginary
axis
1
2 Real
1+ 3i −3 −2 −1
axis
41. 7(cos 0° + i sin 0°) = 7

Real
axis Imaginary
1 2
axis
2
7 Real
2 4 6 8 axis
−2
−4
43. 5⎣⎡cos(198° 45′) + i sin (198° 45′)⎤⎦ ≈ −4.7347 − 1.6072i

Imaginary
axis
1
Real
axis
−5 −4 −3 1
−1
− 4.7347 − 1.6072i −2
−3
Section 4.3 Trigonometric Form of a Complex Number 189
⎛ π π⎞
45. 5⎜ cos + i sin ⎟ ≈ 4.6985 + 1.7101i
⎝ 9 9⎠
47. 2(cos 155° + i sin 155°) ≈ −1.8126 + 0.8452i
⎡ ⎛ π π ⎞⎤⎡ ⎛ π π ⎞⎤ ⎡ ⎛π π⎞ ⎛π π ⎞⎤ ⎛ π π⎞
49. ⎢2⎜ cos + i sin ⎟⎥⎢6⎜ cos + i sin ⎟⎥ = ( 2)(6) ⎢cos⎜ + ⎟ + i sin ⎜ + ⎟⎥ = 12⎜ cos + i sin ⎟
⎣ ⎝ 4 4 ⎠⎦⎣ ⎝ 12 12 ⎠⎦ ⎣ ⎝ 4 12 ⎠ ⎝ 4 12 ⎠⎦ ⎝ 3 3⎠
51. ⎡⎣ 53 (cos 120° + i sin120°)⎤⎡

⎦⎣ 3 (cos 30° + i sin 30°)⎦ =
2 ⎤ ( )⎡⎣cos(120° + 30°) + i sin(120° + 30°)⎤⎦
5 2
3 3
= 10
9
(cos 150° + i sin 150°)
53. (cos 80° + i sin 80°)(cos 330° + i sin 330°) = cos(80° + 330°) + i sin (80° + 330°)
= cos 410° + i sin 410°
= cos 50° + i sin 50°
3(cos 50° + i sin 50°) 1 1

55. = ⎡cos(50° − 20°) + i sin (50° − 20°)⎤⎦ = (cos 30° + i sin 30°)
9(cos 20° + i sin 20°) 3⎣ 3
cos π + i sin π ⎛ π⎞ ⎛ π⎞ 2π 2π
57. = cos⎜ π − ⎟ + i sin ⎜ π − ⎟ = cos + i sin
cos(π 3) + i sin (π 3) ⎝ 3⎠ ⎝ 3⎠ 3 3
12(cos 92° + i sin 92°)

59. = 6 ⎣⎡cos(92° − 122°) + i sin (92° − 122°)⎤⎦
2(cos 122° + i sin 122°)
= 6 ⎡⎣cos( −30°) + i sin ( −30°)⎤⎦
= 6(cos 330° + i sin 330°)
⎛ π π⎞
61. (a) 2 + 2i = 2 2 ⎜ cos + i sin ⎟
⎝ 4 4⎠
⎡ ⎛ π⎞ ⎛ π ⎞⎤ ⎛ 7π 7π ⎞
1−i = 2 ⎢cos⎜ − ⎟ + i sin ⎜ − ⎟⎥ = 2 ⎜ cos + i sin ⎟
⎣ ⎝ 4 ⎠ ⎝ 4 ⎠⎦ ⎝ 4 4 ⎠
⎡ ⎛ π π ⎞⎤ ⎡ ⎛ ⎛ 7π ⎞ ⎛ 7π ⎞ ⎞⎤
(b) (2 + 2i )(1 − i ) = ⎢2 2 ⎜ cos + i sin ⎟⎥ ⎢ 2 ⎜ cos⎜ ⎟ + i sin⎜ ⎟ ⎟⎥ = 4(cos 2π + i sin 2π )
⎣ ⎝ 4 4 ⎠⎦⎣ ⎝ ⎝ 4 ⎠ ⎝ 4 ⎠ ⎠⎦
= 4(cos 0 + i sin 0) = 4
(c) (2 + 2i )(1 − i ) = 2 − 2i + 2i − 2i 2 = 2 + 2 = 4
⎡ ⎛ π⎞ ⎛ π ⎞⎤ ⎛ 3π 3π ⎞
63. (a) −2i = 2 ⎢cos⎜ − ⎟ + i sin ⎜ − ⎟⎥ = 2⎜ cos + i sin ⎟
⎣ ⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠⎦ ⎝ 2 2 ⎠
⎛ π π⎞
1+i = 2 ⎜ cos + i sin ⎟
⎝ 4 4⎠
⎡ ⎛ 3π ⎞ ⎛ 3π ⎞⎤⎡ ⎛ π π ⎞⎤
(b) −2i(1 + i ) = 2 ⎢cos⎜ ⎟ + i sin ⎜ ⎟⎥⎢ 2 ⎜ cos + i sin ⎟⎥
⎣ ⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠⎦⎣ ⎝ 4 4 ⎠⎦
⎡ ⎛ 7π ⎞ ⎛ 7π ⎞⎤
= 2 2 ⎢cos⎜ ⎟ + i sin ⎜ ⎟⎥
⎣ ⎝ 4 ⎠ ⎝ 4 ⎠⎦
⎡ 1 1 ⎤
= 2 2⎢ − i⎥ = 2 − 2i
⎣ 2 2 ⎦
(c) −2i(1 + i ) = −2i − 2i 2 = −2i + 2 = 2 − 2i
65. (a) 3 + 4i ≈ 5(cos 0.93 + i sin 0.93)

⎛ 5π 5π ⎞
1− 3i = 2⎜ cos + i sin ⎟
⎝ 3 3 ⎠
3 + 4i 5(cos 0.93 + i sin 0.93) 5
(b) ≈ ≈ 2.5⎡⎣cos( −4.31) + i sin (−4.31)⎤⎦ = (cos 1.97 + i sin 1.97) ≈ −0.982 + 2.299i
1 − 3i ⎛ 5π 5π ⎞ 2
⎝ 3 3 ⎠
(c)
3 + 4i
=
3 + 4i 1 +
⋅
3i
=
(
3 + 4 + 3 3 i + 4 3i 2
=
3− 4 3
+
)4+ 3 3
i ≈ −0.982 + 2.299i
1 − 3i 1 − 3i 1 + 3i 1+3 4 4
67. (a) 5 = 5(cos 0 + i sin 0)

2 + 3i ≈ 13 (cos 0.98 + i sin 0.98)
5 5(cos 0 + i sin 0) 5
(b) ≈ = ⎡⎣cos( − 0.98) + i sin ( − 0.98)⎤⎦
2 + 3i 13 (cos 0.98 + i sin 0.98) 13
5
= (cos 5.30 + i sin 5.30) ≈ 0.769 − 1.154i
13
5 5 2 − 3i 10 − 15i 10 15
(c) = ⋅ = = − i ≈ 0.769 − 1.154i
2 + 3i 2 + 3i 2 − 3i 13 13 13
69. Let z = x + iy such that: Imaginary

π Imaginary
axis 71. Let θ = . axis
6
z = 2 ⇒ 2 = x2 + y2 3
Since r ≥ 0, we have
4
⇒ 4 = x + y 2 2
1 the portion of the line 2
Circle with radius of 2 Real

axis θ = π 6 in Quadrant I. Real
axis
−1 1 3 −4 −2 2 4
−1 −2
−4
−3
73. (a) E = I ⋅ Z
(
= ⎡⎣6(cos 41° + i sin 41°)⎤⎦ 4 ⎡⎣cos( −11°) + i sin ( −11°)⎤⎦ )
= 24(cos 30° + i sin 30°) volts
⎛ 3 1 ⎞
(b) E = 24⎜
⎜ 2 + 2 i ⎟⎟ = 12 3 + 12i volts
⎝ ⎠
(12 3)
2
+ (12)
2
(c) E = = 576 = 24 volts
75. z = r ⎡⎣cos( −θ ) + i sin ( −θ )⎤⎦

= r[cos θ + −i sin θ ]
= r cos θ − ir sin θ
which is the complex conjugate of r (cos θ + i sin θ ) = r cos θ + ir sin θ .
z1 r1 (cos θ1 + i sin θ1 ) cos θ 2 − i sin θ 2

77. = ⋅
z2 r2 (cos θ 2 + i sin θ 2 ) cos θ 2 − i sin θ 2
r1
= ⎡⎣cos θ1 cos θ 2 + sin θ1 sin θ 2 + i(sin θ1 cos θ 2 − sin θ 2 cos θ1 )⎤⎦
r2 (cos θ 2 + sin 2 θ 2 )
2
r1
= ⎡cos(θ1 − θ 2 ) + i sin (θ1 − θ 2 )⎤⎦
r2 ⎣
Section 4.4 DeMoivre’s Theorem 191
Section 4.4 DeMoivre’s Theorem

1. DeMoivre’s ⎡ ⎛ π π ⎞⎤
16
( )
10
9. 2 3 +i = 2 ⎢2⎜ cos + i sin ⎟⎥
θ + 2π k θ + 2π k ⎞ ⎣ ⎝ 6 6 ⎠⎦
⎛
3. n
r ⎜ cos + i sin ⎟
⎝ n n ⎠ ⎡ ⎛ 10π 10π ⎞⎤
= 2 ⎢210 ⎜ cos + i sin ⎟
⎣ ⎝ 6 6 ⎠⎥⎦
5
⎡ ⎛ π π ⎞⎤ ⎛ 5π 5π ⎞
5. (1 + i ) = ⎢ 2 ⎜ cos + i sin ⎟⎥
5
= 2048⎜ cos + i sin ⎟
⎣ ⎝ 4 4 ⎠⎦ ⎝ 3 3 ⎠
( 2 ) ⎛⎜⎝ cos 54π 5π ⎞ ⎛1 3 ⎞

5
= + i sin ⎟ = 2048⎜⎜ − i⎟
4 ⎠
⎝2 2 ⎟⎠
⎛ 2 2 ⎞
= 4 2 ⎜⎜ − − i⎟ = 1024 − 1024 3i
⎝ 2 2 ⎟⎠
3
= −4 − 4i 11. ⎣⎡5(cos 20° + i sin 20°)⎤⎦ = 53 (cos 60° + i sin 60°)
6 125 125 3
⎡ ⎛ 3π 3π ⎞⎤ = + i
7. ( −1 + i ) = ⎢ 2 ⎜ cos
6
+ i sin ⎟ 2 2
⎣ ⎝ 4 4 ⎠⎥⎦
12
( 2 ) ⎛⎜⎝ cos 184π 18π ⎞ ⎛ π π⎞ 12π 12π

6
= + i sin ⎟ 13. ⎜ cos + i sin ⎟ = cos + i sin
4 ⎠ ⎝ 4 4⎠ 4 4
⎛ 9π 9π ⎞ = cos 3π + i sin 3π
= 8⎜ cos + i sin ⎟
⎝ 2 2 ⎠ = −1
= 8(0 + i )
15. ⎣⎡5(cos 3.2 + i sin 3.2)⎤⎦ = 54 (cos 12.8 + i sin 12.8)
4
= 8i
≈ 608.0 + 144.7i
5
17. (3 − 2i ) ≈ ⎡⎣3.6056 ⎡⎣cos( −0.588) + i sin ( −0.588)⎤⎦⎤⎦
5
≈ (3.6056) ⎡⎣cos( −2.94) + i sin ( −2.94)⎤⎦

5
≈ −597 − 122i
( )
3
≈ ⎡⎣ 21(cos( −1.06106) + i sin (−1.06106)⎤⎦
3
19. 5 − 4i
( ) (cos⎡⎣(3)(−1.06106)⎤⎦ + i sin ⎡⎣(3)(−1.06106)⎤⎦)

3
≈ 21
≈ −43 5 + 4i
4
21. ⎡⎣3(cos 15° + i sin 15°)⎤⎦ = 81(cos 60° + i sin 60°)
3
⎡ ⎛ 2π 2π ⎞⎤
27. ⎢3⎜ cos + i sin ⎟ = 27(cos π + i sin 2π )
⎣ ⎝ 3 3 ⎠⎥⎦
81 81 3
= + i = 27
2 2
⎛ π π⎞
23. ⎡⎣5(cos 95° + i sin 95°)⎤⎦ = 125(cos 285° + i sin 285°)
3
29. 2i = 2⎜ cos + i sin ⎟
⎝ 2 2⎠
≈ 32.3524 − 120.7407i
Square roots:
⎡ ⎛ π π ⎞⎤ ⎛ π π⎞
5
⎛ π π⎞
25. ⎢2⎜ cos + i sin ⎟⎥ = 25 ⎜ cos + i sin ⎟ 2 ⎜ cos + i sin ⎟ = 1 + i
⎣ ⎝ 10 10 ⎠⎦ ⎝ 2 2⎠ ⎝ 4 4⎠
≈ 32i ⎛ 5π 5π ⎞
2 ⎜ cos + i sin ⎟ = −1 − i
⎝ 4 4 ⎠
⎛ 3π 3π ⎞ ⎛ π π⎞
31. −3i = 3⎜ cos + i sin ⎟ 35. 1 + 3i = 2⎜ cos + i sin ⎟
⎝ 2 2 ⎠ ⎝ 3 3⎠
Square roots: Square roots:
⎛ 3π 3π ⎞ 6 6 ⎛ π π⎞ 6 2
3 ⎜ cos + i sin ⎟ = − + i 2 ⎜ cos + i sin ⎟ = + i
⎝ 4 4 ⎠ 2 2 ⎝ 6 6⎠ 2 2
⎛ 7π 7π ⎞ 6 6 ⎛ 7π 7π ⎞ 6 2
3 ⎜ cos + i sin ⎟ = − i 2 ⎜ cos + i sin ⎟ = − − i
⎝ 4 4 ⎠ 2 2 ⎝ 6 6 ⎠ 2 2
⎛ 7π 7π ⎞
33. 2 − 2i = 2 2 ⎜ cos + i sin ⎟
⎝ 4 4 ⎠
Square roots:
⎛ 7π 7π ⎞
81 4 ⎜ cos + i sin ⎟ ≈ −1.554 + 0.644i
⎝ 8 8 ⎠
⎛ 15π 15π ⎞
81 4 ⎜ cos + i sin ⎟ ≈ 1.554 − 0.644i
⎝ 8 8 ⎠
37. (a) Square roots of 5(cos 120° + i sin 120°):

Imaginary
(b) axis
3
⎡ ⎛ 120° + 360°k ⎞ ⎛ 120° + 360°k ⎞⎤
5 ⎢cos⎜ ⎟ + i sin ⎜ ⎟⎥ , k = 0, 1
⎣ ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠⎦ 1
5 (cos 60° + i sin 60°)

Real
k = 0: −3 −1 1 3 axis
k = 1: 5 (cos 240° + i sin 240°)

−3
5 15 5 15
(c) + i, − − i
2 2 2 2
⎛ 2π 2π ⎞
39. (a) Cube roots of 8⎜ cos + i sin ⎟: (b) Imaginary
⎝ 3 3 ⎠ axis
⎡ ⎛ ( 2π 3) + 2π k ⎞ ⎛ ( 2π 3) + 2π k ⎞⎤
3
⎟ + i sin ⎜ ⎟⎥ , k = 0, 1, 2
3
8 ⎢cos⎜
⎢⎣ ⎝ 3 ⎠ ⎝ 3 ⎠⎥⎦ 1
Real
⎛ 2π 2π ⎞ −3 −1 axis
k = 0: 2⎜ cos + i sin
1 3
⎟ −1
⎝ 9 9 ⎠
⎛ 8π 8π ⎞ −3
k = 1: 2⎜ cos + i sin ⎟
⎝ 9 9 ⎠
⎛ 14π 14π ⎞
k = 2: 2⎜ cos + i sin ⎟
⎝ 9 9 ⎠
(c) 1.5321 + 1.2856i, −1.8794 + 0.6840i, 0.3473 − 1.9696i
⎛ π π⎞
41. (a) Fifth roots of 243⎜ cos + i sin ⎟ :
Imaginary
(b) axis
⎝ 6 6⎠
4
⎡ ⎛π ⎞ ⎛π ⎞⎤
⎢ ⎜ 6 + 2π k ⎟ ⎜ 6 + 2π k ⎟⎥ 2
⎟ + i sin ⎜ ⎟⎥ , k = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4
5
243 ⎢cos⎜ 1
⎢ ⎜⎜ 5 5 Real
⎟⎟ ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟⎥ −4 −2
axis
⎣⎢ ⎝ ⎠⎦⎥
1 2 4
⎠ ⎝
−2
⎛ π π ⎞
k = 0: 3⎜ cos + i sin ⎟ −4
⎝ 30 30 ⎠
⎛ 13π 13π ⎞
k = 1: 3⎜ cos + i sin ⎟
⎝ 30 30 ⎠
⎛ 5π 5π ⎞
k = 2: 3⎜ cos + i sin ⎟
⎝ 6 6 ⎠
⎛ 37π 37π ⎞
k = 3: 3⎜ cos + i sin ⎟
⎝ 30 30 ⎠
⎛ 49π 49π ⎞
k = 4: 3⎜ cos + i sin ⎟
⎝ 30 30 ⎠
(c) 2.9836 + 0.3136i, 0.6237 + 2.9344i, − 2.5981 + 1.5i, − 2.2294 − 2.0074i, 1.2202 − 2.7406i
⎛ π π⎞
43. (a) Fourth roots of 81i = 81⎜ cos + i sin ⎟ : (b) Imaginary
axis
⎝ 2 2⎠
4
⎡ ⎛π ⎞ ⎛π ⎞⎤
⎢ ⎜ 2 + 2π k ⎟ ⎜ 2 + 2π k ⎟⎥
⎟ + i sin⎜ ⎟⎥ , k = 0, 1, 2, 3
4
81 ⎢cos⎜
⎢ ⎜⎜ 4 ⎟⎟ ⎜⎜ 4 ⎟⎟⎥ Real
axis
⎣⎢ ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠⎦⎥ −4 −1
1 2 4
−2
⎛ π π⎞
k = 0: 3⎜ cos + i sin ⎟ −4
⎝ 8 8⎠
⎛ 5π 5π ⎞
k = 1: 3⎜ cos + i sin ⎟
⎝ 8 8 ⎠
⎛ 9π 9π ⎞
k = 2: 3⎜ cos + i sin ⎟
⎝ 8 8 ⎠
⎛ 13π 13π ⎞
k = 3: 3⎜ cos + i sin ⎟
⎝ 8 8 ⎠
(c) 2.7716 + 1.1481i, − 1.1481 + 2.7716i, − 2.7716 − 1.1481i , 1.1481 − 2.7716i
4π 4π ⎞
45. (a) Cube roots of −
125
2
1+ ( ) ⎛
3i = 125⎜ cos
⎝ 3
+ i sin ⎟:
3 ⎠
(b) Imaginary
axis
6
⎡ ⎛ 4π ⎞ ⎛ 4π ⎞⎤
⎢ ⎜ 3 + 2kπ ⎟ ⎜ 3 + 2kπ ⎟⎥
⎟ + i sin⎜ ⎟⎥ , k = 0, 1, 2
3
125 ⎢cos⎜ 2
⎢ ⎜⎜ 3 3
⎟⎟ ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟⎥
Real
⎣⎢ ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠⎦⎥ −6 4 6 axis
−2
⎛ 4π 4π ⎞ −4
k = 0: 5⎜ cos + i sin ⎟
⎝ 9 9 ⎠ −6
⎛ 10π 10π ⎞
k = 1: 5⎜ cos + i sin ⎟
⎝ 9 9 ⎠
⎛ 16π 16π ⎞
k = 2: 5⎜ cos + i sin ⎟
⎝ 9 9 ⎠
(c) 0.8682 + 4.9240i , − 4.6985 − 1.7101i, 3.8302 − 3.2140i
47. (a) Fourth roots of 16 = 16(cos 0 + i sin 0): (b) Imaginary

axis
⎡ 0 + 2π k 0 + 2π k ⎤ 3
4
16 ⎢cos + i sin ⎥ , k = 0, 1, 2, 3
⎣ 4 4 ⎦
k = 0: 2(cos 0 + i sin 0) 1
Real
⎛ π π⎞ −3 −1 1 3 axis
k = 1: 2⎜ cos + i sin ⎟ −1
⎝ 2 2⎠
k = 2: 2(cos π + i sin π ) −3
⎛ 3π 3π ⎞
k = 3: 2⎜ cos + i sin ⎟
⎝ 2 2 ⎠
(c) 2, 2i, − 2, − 2i
49. (a) Fifth roots of 1 = cos 0 + i sin 0:

Imaginary
(b) axis
⎛ 2kπ ⎞ ⎛ 2kπ ⎞ 2
cos⎜ ⎟ + i sin ⎜ ⎟, k = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4
⎝ 5 ⎠ ⎝ 5 ⎠
k = 0: cos 0 + i sin 0 Real
−2 axis
2π 2π
2
k = 1: cos + i sin
5 5
4π 4π −2
k = 2: cos + i sin
5 5
6π 6π
k = 3: cos + i sin
5 5
8π 8π
k = 4: cos + i sin
5 5
(c) 1, 0.3090 + 0.9511i, − 0.8090 + 0.5878i, − 0.8090 − 0.5878i, 0.3090 − 0.9511i
51. (a) Cube roots of −125 = 125(cos π + i sin π ): (b) Imaginary

axis
⎡ ⎛ π + 2π k ⎞ ⎛ π + 2π k ⎞⎤
6
⎟ + i sin ⎜ ⎟⎥ , k = 0, 1, 2
3
125 ⎢cos⎜ 4
⎣ ⎝ 3 ⎠ ⎝ 3 ⎠⎦ 2
⎛ π π⎞ Real
k = 0: 5⎜ cos + i sin ⎟ −6 −2 2 4 6 axis
⎝ 3 3⎠
k = 1: 5(cos π + i sin π ) −4
−6
⎛ 5π 5π ⎞
k = 2: 5⎜ cos + i sin ⎟
⎝ 3 3 ⎠
5 5 3 5 5 3
(c) + i, − 5, − i
2 2 2 2
⎛ 7π 7π ⎞
53. (a) Fifth roots of 4(1 − i ) = 4 2 ⎜ cos + i sin ⎟: (b) Imaginary
axis
⎝ 4 4 ⎠
2
⎡ ⎛ 7π ⎞ ⎛ 7π ⎞⎤
5
⎢ ⎜ 4 + 2π k ⎟ ⎜ 4 + 2π k ⎟⎥ 1
4 2 ⎢cos⎜ ⎟ + i sin ⎜ ⎟⎥ , k = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4
⎢ ⎜⎜ 5 5
⎟⎟ ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟⎥
Real
axis
⎢⎣ ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠⎥⎦ −2 1 2
−1
⎛ 7π 7π ⎞
k = 0: 2 ⎜ cos + i sin ⎟ −2
⎝ 20 20 ⎠
⎛ 3π 3π ⎞
k = 1: 2 ⎜ cos + i sin ⎟
⎝ 4 4 ⎠
⎛ 23π 23π ⎞
k = 2: 2 ⎜ cos + i sin ⎟
⎝ 20 20 ⎠
⎛ 31π 31π ⎞
k = 3: 2 ⎜ cos + i sin ⎟
⎝ 20 20 ⎠
⎛ 39π 39π ⎞
k = 4: 2 ⎜ cos + i sin ⎟
⎝ 20 20 ⎠
(c) 0.6420 + 1.2601i, −1 + 1i, −1.2601 − 0.6420i, 0.2212 − 1.3968i, 1.3968 − 0.2212i
55. x 4 + i = 0
x 4 = −i
3π 3π
The solutions are the fourth roots of i = cos + i sin :
2 2
⎡ ⎛ 3π ⎞ ⎛ 3π ⎞⎤
⎢ ⎜ 2 + 2kπ ⎟ ⎜ 2 + 2kπ ⎟⎥
⎟ + i sin ⎜ ⎟⎥ , k = 0, 1, 2, 3
4
1 ⎢cos⎜ Imaginary
⎣ ⎝ 4 ⎠ ⎝ 4 ⎠⎦ axis
3π 3π
k = 0: cos + i sin ≈ 0.3827 + 0.9239i
8 8 1
2
7π 7π
k = 1: cos + i sin ≈ −0.9239 + 0.3827i Real
8 8 −2
1 axis
11π 11π
k = 2: cos + i sin ≈ −0.3827 − 0.9239i
8 8
15π 15π
k = 3: cos + i sin ≈ 0.9239 − 0.3827i
8 8
57. x 6 + 1 = 0
x 6 = −1
The solutions are the sixth roots of −1 = cos π + i sin π : Imaginary
axis
6 ⎡ ⎛ π + 2π k ⎞ ⎛ π + 2π k ⎞⎤
1 ⎢cos⎜ ⎟ + i sin ⎜ ⎟⎥, k = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
2
⎣ ⎝ 6 ⎠ ⎝ 6 ⎠⎦
π π 3 1 Real
k = 0: cos + i sin = + i −2 2
axis
6 6 2 2
π π
k = 1: cos + i sin = i −2
2 2
5π 5π 3 1
k = 2: cos + i sin = − + i
6 6 2 2
7π 7π 3 1
k = 3: cos + i sin = − − i
6 6 2 2
3π 3π
k = 4: cos + i sin = −i
2 2
11π 11π 3 1
k = 5: cos + i sin = − i
6 6 2 2
59. x5 + 243 = 0
x5 = −243
The solutions are the fifth roots of −243 = 243(cos π + i sin π ): Imaginary
axis
⎡ ⎛ π + 2kπ ⎞ ⎛ π + 2kπ ⎞⎤ 4
⎟ + i sin ⎜ ⎟⎥, k = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4
5
243 ⎢cos⎜
⎣ ⎝ 5 ⎠ ⎝ 5 ⎠⎦
⎛ π π⎞
k = 0: 3⎜ cos + i sin ⎟ ≈ 2.4271 + 1.7634i
Real
−4 −2 axis
⎝ 5 5⎠ 2 4
⎛ 3π 3π ⎞
k = 1: 3⎜ cos + i sin ⎟ ≈ −0.9271 + 2.8532i
⎝ 5 5 ⎠ −4
k = 2: 3(cos π + i sin π ) = −3
⎛ 7π 7π ⎞
k = 3: 3⎜ cos + i sin ⎟ ≈ −0.9271 − 2.8532i
⎝ 5 5 ⎠
⎛ 9π 9π ⎞
k = 4: 3⎜ cos + i sin ⎟ ≈ 2.4271 − 1.7634i
⎝ 5 5 ⎠
61. x 3 − 64 = 0
x3 = 64
The solutions are the cube roots of 64 = 64(cos 0 + i sin 0): Imaginary
axis
⎡ ⎛ 2π k ⎞ ⎛ 2π k ⎞⎤
⎟ + i sin ⎜ ⎟⎥ , k = 0, 1, 2
3
64 ⎢cos⎜ 6
⎣ ⎝ 3 ⎠ ⎝ 3 ⎠⎦
k = 0: 4(cos 0 + i sin 0) = 4 Real
axis
−6 −2
2π 2π ⎞
2 6
⎛
k = 1: 4⎜ cos + i sin ⎟ ≈ −2 + 3.4641i
⎝ 3 3 ⎠
−6
⎛ 4π 4π ⎞
k = 2: 4⎜ cos + i sin ⎟ ≈ −2 − 3.4641i
⎝ 3 3 ⎠
63. x 4 + 16i = 0
x 4 = −16i
⎛ 3π 3π ⎞
The solutions are the fourth roots of −16i = 16⎜ cos + i sin ⎟:
⎝ 2 2 ⎠
⎡ 3π 3π ⎤
⎢ + 2π k + 2π k ⎥
2 + i sin 2
⎥ , k = 0, 1, 2, 3
4
16 ⎢cos
⎣ 4 4 ⎦ Imaginary
axis
⎛ 3π 3π ⎞
k = 0: 2⎜ cos + i sin ⎟ ≈ 0.7654 + 1.8478i 3
⎝ 8 8 ⎠
⎛ 7π 7π ⎞
k = 1: 2⎜ cos + i sin ⎟ ≈ −1.8478 + 0.7654i
1
⎝ 8 8 ⎠ Real
axis
−3 −1 3
⎛ 11π 11π ⎞
k = 2: 2⎜ cos + i sin ⎟ ≈ −0.7654 − 1.8478i
⎝ 8 8 ⎠
⎛ 15π 15π ⎞ −3
k = 3: 2⎜ cos + i sin ⎟ ≈ 1.8478 − 0.7654i
⎝ 8 8 ⎠
65. x 4 − 16i = 0
x 4 = 16i
⎛ π π⎞
The solutions are the fourth roots of 16i = 16⎜ cos + i sin ⎟:
⎝ 2 2⎠
⎡ ⎛π ⎞ ⎛π ⎞⎤
⎢ ⎜ 2 + 2π k ⎟ ⎜ 2 + 2π k ⎟⎥
⎟ + i sin ⎜ ⎟⎥ , k = 0, 1, 2, 3
4
16 ⎢cos⎜
⎣ ⎝ 4 ⎠ ⎝ 4 ⎠⎦
Imaginary
⎛ π π⎞ axis
k = 0: 2⎜ cos + i sin ⎟ ≈ 1.8478 + 0.7654i
⎝ 8 8⎠ 3
⎛ 5π 5π ⎞
k = 1: 2⎜ cos + i sin ⎟ ≈ −0.7654 + 1.8478i
⎝ 8 8 ⎠ Real
axis
−3
9π 9π ⎞
1 3
⎛ −1
k = 2: 2⎜ cos + i sin ⎟ ≈ −1.8478 − 0.7654i
⎝ 8 8 ⎠
−3
⎛ 13π 13π ⎞
k = 3: 2⎜ cos + i sin ⎟ ≈ 0.7654 − 1.8478i
⎝ 8 8 ⎠
67. x3 − (1 − i ) = 0
⎛ 7π 7π ⎞
x3 = 1 − i = 2 ⎜ cos + i sin ⎟
⎝ 4 4 ⎠
The solutions are the cube roots of 1 − i :
⎡ ⎛ (7π 4) + 2π k ⎞ ⎛ (7π 4) + 2π k ⎞⎤
Imaginary
axis
3
2 ⎢cos⎜ ⎟ + i sin ⎜ ⎟⎥ , k = 0, 1, 2
⎣⎢ ⎝ 3 ⎠ ⎝ 3 ⎠⎦⎥ 2
⎛ 7π 7π ⎞
k = 0: 6
2 ⎜ cos + i sin ⎟ ≈ −0.2905 + 1.0842i
⎝ 12 12 ⎠ Real
axis
−2 2
⎛ 5π 5π ⎞
k = 1: 6
2 ⎜ cos + i sin ⎟ ≈ −0.7937 − 0.7937i
⎝ 4 4 ⎠ −2
⎛ 23π 23π ⎞
k = 2: 6
2 ⎜ cos + i sin ⎟ ≈ 1.0842 − 0.2905i
⎝ 12 12 ⎠
69. x 6 + (1 + i) = 0
x 6 = −(1 + i ) = −1 − i
⎛ 5π 5π ⎞
The solutions are the sixth roots of −1 − i = 2 ⎜ cos + i sin ⎟:
⎝ 4 4 ⎠
⎡ ⎛ 5π ⎞ ⎛ 5π ⎞⎤
6
⎢ ⎜ 4 + 2π k ⎟ ⎜ 4 + 2π k ⎟⎥
2 ⎢cos⎜ ⎟ + i sin ⎜ ⎟⎥ , k = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
Imaginary
⎣ ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠⎦
axis
6 6
2
⎛ 5π 5π ⎞
k = 0: 12
2 ⎜ cos + i sin ⎟ ≈ 0.8405 + 0.6450i
⎝ 24 24 ⎠
13π 13π ⎞
Real
⎛
k = 1: + i sin ⎟ ≈ −0.1383 + 1.0504i
12 axis
2 ⎜ cos −2 2
⎝ 24 24 ⎠
⎛ 7π 7π ⎞ −2
k = 2: 12
2 ⎜ cos + i sin ⎟ ≈ −0.9788 + 0.4054i
⎝ 8 8 ⎠
⎛ 29π 29π ⎞
k = 3: 12
2 ⎜ cos + i sin ⎟ ≈ −0.8405 − 0.6450i
⎝ 24 24 ⎠
⎛ 37π 37π ⎞
k = 4: 12
2 ⎜ cos + i sin ⎟ ≈ 0.1383 − 1.0504i
⎝ 24 24 ⎠
⎛ 15π 15π ⎞
k = 5: 12
2 ⎜ cos + i sin ⎟ ≈ 0.9788 − 0.4054i
⎝ 8 8 ⎠
1
71. (a) z0 = (cos 0° + i sin 0°)
2
z1 = f ( z0 )
2
⎡1 ⎤
= ⎢ (cos 0° + i sin 0°)⎥ − 1
⎣ 2 ⎦
2
⎛1⎞
= ⎜ ⎟ ⎡⎣cos( 2 ⋅ 0°) + i sin ( 2 ⋅ 0°)⎤⎦ − 1
⎝ 2⎠
1
= (cos 0° + i sin 0°) − 1
4
1
= −1
4
3
= −
4
2
⎛ 3⎞ 9 7
z2 = f ( z1 ) = ⎜ − ⎟ − 1 = −1 = −
⎝ 4⎠ 16 16
2
⎛ 7⎞ 49 207
z3 = f ( z2 ) = ⎜ − ⎟ − 1 = −1 = −
⎝ 16 ⎠ 256 256
2
⎛ 207 ⎞
z 4 = f ( z3 ) = ⎜ − ⎟ − 1 ≈ − 0.35
⎝ 256 ⎠
The absolute values of the terms of the sequence are all less than 1. So, the sequence is bounded and
1
z0 = (cos 0° + i sin 0°) is in the prisoner set of f ( z ) = z 2 − 1.
2
(b) z0 = 2 (cos 30° + i sin 30°)
z1 = f ( z0 )
2
= ⎡⎣ 2 (cos 30° + i sin 30°)⎤⎦ − 1
( 2 ) ⎡⎣cos(2 ⋅ 30°) + i sin(2 ⋅ 30°)⎤⎦ − 1

2
=
= 2(cos 60° + i sin 60°) − 1

⎛1 3 ⎞
= 2⎜⎜ + i ⎟⎟ − 1
⎝ 2 2 ⎠
3
=1+ i −1
2
3
= i
2
2
⎛ 3 ⎞ 3 7
z2 = f ( z1 ) = ⎜⎜ i ⎟⎟ − 1 = − − 1 = −
⎝ 2 ⎠ 4 4
2
⎛ 7⎞ 49 33
z3 = f ( z2 ) = ⎜ − ⎟ − 1 = −1 =
⎝ 4⎠ 16 16
2
⎛ 33 ⎞
z4 = f ( z3 ) = ⎜ ⎟ − 1 ≈ 3.25
⎝ 16 ⎠
The absolute values of the terms are increasing. So, the sequence is unbounded and z0 = 2 (cos 30° + i sin 30°)
is in the escape set of f ( z ) = z − 1. 2
⎛ π π⎞
(c) z0 = 4
2 ⎜ cos + i sin ⎟
⎝ 8 8⎠
z1 = f ( z0 )
2
⎡ ⎛ π π ⎞⎤
= ⎢ 4 2 ⎜ cos + i sin ⎟⎥ − 1
⎣ ⎝ 8 8 ⎠⎦
( 2 ) ⎡⎢⎣cos⎛⎜⎝ 2 ⋅ π8 ⎞⎟⎠ + i sin⎛⎜⎝ 2 ⋅ π8 ⎞⎟⎠⎤⎥⎦ − 1

2
= 4
⎛ π π⎞
= 2 ⎜ cos + i sin ⎟ − 1
⎝ 4 4⎠
⎛ 2 2 ⎞
= 2 ⎜⎜ + i ⎟⎟ − 1
⎝ 2 2 ⎠
= 1+ i −1
= i
z2 = f ( z1 ) = (i ) − 1 = −1 − 1 = − 2
2
z3 = f ( z2 ) = ( − 2) − 1 = 4 − 1 = 3
2
z4 = f ( z3 ) = (3) − 1 = 9 − 1 = 8
2
⎛ π π⎞
The absolute values of the terms are increasing. So, the sequence is unbounded and z0 = 4
⎝ 8 8⎠
is in the escape set of f ( z ) = z 2 − 1.
(d) z0 = 2 (cos π + i sin π )
z1 = f ( z0 )
2
= ⎡⎣ 2 (cos π + i sin π )⎤⎦ − 1
( 2 ) ⎡⎣cos(2 ⋅ π ) + i sin(2 ⋅ π )⎤⎦ − 1

2
=
= 2(cos 2π + i sin 2π ) − 1
= 2 −1
=1
z2 = f ( z1 ) = (1) − 1 = 0
2
z3 = f ( z2 ) = (0) − 1 = −1
2
z4 = f ( z3 ) = ( −1) − 1 = 0
2
The absolute values of the terms alternate between 0 and 1. So, the sequence is bounded and z0 = 2 (cos π + i sin π )
is in the prisoner set of f ( z ) = z − 1. 2
73. False. The complex number must be converted to trigonometric form before applying DeMoivre’s Theorem.
(4 + )
8 8
6i ≈ ⎡⎣ 22 (cos 0.55 + i sin 0.55)⎤⎦
75. The solution of x 4 + 16 = 0 is x = 4

−16. By writing –16 as 16(cos π + i sin π ), you can find the fourth roots of –16
by using Demoivre’s Theorem and the formula
n ⎛ θ + 2π k θ + 2π k ⎞
r ⎜ cos + i sin ⎟, k = 0, 1, … n − 1,
⎝ n n ⎠
where n = 4.
⎡ ⎛ 7π 7π ⎞⎤ 1 4⎛ 7π 7π ⎞
77. 2−1 4 (1 − i ) = 2−1 4 ⎢ 2 ⎜ cos + i sin ⎟⎥ = 2 ⎜ cos + i sin ⎟
⎣ ⎝ 4 4 ⎠⎦ ⎝ 4 4 ⎠
4
⎡ 1 4⎛ 7π 7π ⎞⎤
⎢2 ⎜ cos 4 + i sin 4 ⎟⎥ = ( 2 ) (cos 7π + i sin 7π ) = 2(cos π + i sin π ) = −2
4
14
⎣ ⎝ ⎠⎦
79. (a) x 2 + ix + 2 = 0 (c) x 2 + 2ix + 3i = 0
−i ± i 2 − 4(1)( 2)
−2i ± (2i)2 − 4(1)( 3i )
x = x =
2(1) 2(1)
−i ± −9 −2i ± −4 − 4 3i
= =
2 2
=
−i ± 3i
=
−2i ± ( 2 − 6i )
2
2
= −2i, i
2 ⎛ 6⎞ 2 ⎛ 6⎞
= − + ⎜⎜ −1 + ⎟i, − ⎜⎜1 + ⎟i
(b) x 2 + 2ix + 1 = 0 2 ⎝ 2 ⎟⎠ 2 ⎝ 2 ⎟⎠
−2i ± (2i)2 − 4(1)(1) Note: The square roots of −4 − 4 3i are

x =
2(1) 2 − 6i and − 2 + 6i, by the formula on
−2i ± −8 page 362. Both of these roots yield the same two
= solutions to the equation.
2
−2i ± 2 2i
=
2
= −i ± 2i
(
= −1 ± 2i )
⎛ 2π 2π ⎞
81. (a) x 2 + 2 x + 4 = 0; x = 2⎜ cos + i sin ⎟ (b) −1 + 3i 1 2 4
⎝ 3 3 ⎠
⎛ 1 −1 + 3i −4
3 ⎞
= 2⎜⎜ − + i⎟ 1 1+ 3i 0
⎝ 2 2 ⎟⎠
= −1 + 3i x +1+ 3i = 0
(−1 + ) ( )
2 ?
3i + 2 −1 + 3i + 4 = 0 x = −1 − 3i
(1 − 2 )
3i − 3 − 2 + 2 3i + 4 = 0
?
The other solution is x = −1 −
⎛
3i = 2⎜ cos
4π
3
+ i sin
4π ⎞
⎟.
3 ⎠
⎝
0 = 09
(c) Used synthetic division with the given solution (d) x = −1 − 3i
to find the other solution.
(−1 − ) ( )
2 ?
3i + 2 −1 − 3i + 4 = 0
(1 + 2 )
3i − 3 − 2 − 2 3i + 4 = 0
?
0 = 09
4 ⎛ 3 1 ⎞
83. ⎡⎣ 2 (cos 7.5° + i sin 7.5°)⎤⎦ = 4(cos 30° + i sin 30°) = 4⎜⎜ + i ⎟⎟ = 2 3 + 2i
⎝ 2 2 ⎠
Fourth roots of 2 3 + 2i = 4(cos 30° + i sin 30°):
⎡ ⎛ 30° + 360°k ⎞ ⎛ 30° + 360°k ⎞⎤

⎟ + i sin ⎜ ⎟⎥ , k = 0, 1, 2, 3
4
4 ⎢cos⎜
⎣ ⎝ 4 ⎠ ⎝ 4 ⎠⎦
k = 0: 2 (cos 7.5° + i sin 7.5°)

k = 1: 2 (cos 97.5° + i sin 97.5°)
k = 2: 2 (cos 187.5° + i sin 187.5°)
k = 3: 2 (cos 277.5° + i sin 277.5°)

1. 6 + −4 = 6 + 2i 25. x 2 − 2 x + 10 = 0
x 2 − 2 x + 1 = −10 + 1
3. −48 = 4 3i
(x − 1) = −9
2
5. i 2 + 3i = −1 + 3i x − 1 = ± −9
7. (7 + 5i ) + ( −4 + 2i) = (7 − 4) + (5i + 2i ) = 3 + 7i x = 1 ± 3i
27. 10i 2 − i 3 = 10i 2 − i 2i = 10( −1) − ( −1)i = −10 + i

9. 14 + ( −3 + 11i) + 33i = (14 − 3) + (11i + 33i )
= 11 + 44i 1 1 1 1 i −i −i
29. = 222 = = − ⋅ = 2 = = i
i7 iiii ( )( )( )
−1 −1 −1 i i i i − i
11. 5i(13 − 8i ) = 65i − 40i 2 = 40 + 65i
31. x 5 − 2 x 4 + 3x 2 − 5 = 0 is a fifth degree polynomial

13. (10 − 8i )( 2 − 3i) = 20 − 30i − 16i + 24i 2
equation, so it has five zeros in the complex number
= 20 − 46i − 24 system.
= −4 − 46i
1 x4 2 x3 3
33. 2
+ 3
− x2 + 10
= 0 is a fourth degree
15. ( 2 + 7i ) = 4 + 28i + 49i = −45 + 28i
2 2
polynomial equation, so it has four zeros in the complex
number system.
10 10 i 10i 10
17. − = − ⋅ = − 2 = i 35. 6 x 2 + x − 2 = 0
3i 3i i 3i 3
b 2 − 4ac = 12 − 4(6)( −2) = 49 > 0
6+i 6+i 4+ i
19. = ⋅ Two real solutions
4 −i 4−i 4+ i
24 + 10i + i 2
37. 0.13 x 2 − 0.45 x + 0.65 = 0
=
16 + 1
b 2 − 4ac = ( −0.45) − 4(0.13)(0.65) = −0.1355 < 0
2
23 + 10i
=
17 No real solutions
23 10
= + i
17 17 39. x2 − 2x = 0
x( x − 2) = 0
4 2 4 2 + 3i 2 1−i
21. + = ⋅ + ⋅ x = 0, x = 2
2 − 3i 1 + i 2 − 3i 2 + 3i 1 + i 1 − i
8 + 12i 2 − 2i
= + 41. x 2 − 3 x + 5 = 0
4+9 1+1
8 12 −( −3) ± (−3)2 − 4(1)(5)
= + i +1−i x =
13 13 2(1)
⎛8 ⎞ ⎛ 12 ⎞
= ⎜ + 1⎟ + ⎜ i − i ⎟ 3± −11
⎝ 13 ⎠ ⎝ 13 ⎠ =
2
21 1
= − i 3 11
13 13 = ± i
2 2
23. 3x 2 + 1 = 0
43. x 2 + 8 x + 10 = 0
3 x 2 = −1
x 2 + 8 x = −10
1
x = −
2
x + 8 x + 16 = −10 + 16
2
3
1 (x + 4) = 6
2
x = ± −
3 x + 4 = ± 6
1 x = −4 ± 6
= ± i
3
45. 2 x 2 + 3 x + 6 = 0 53. 4 x 4 + 3x 2 − 10 = 0
−3 ± (3) − 4(2)(6)
2 (4 x 2 − 5)( x 2 + 2) = 0
x =
2( 2) 5
4 x2 − 5 = 0 ⇒ x = ±
−3 ± −39 3 39 2
= = − ± i
4 4 4 x2 + 2 = 0 ⇒ x = ± 2i
5
47. 150 = 0.45 x 2 − 1.65 x + 50.75 Zeros: ± ,± 2i
2
0 = 0.45 x 2 − 1.65 x − 99.25
1.65 ± (−1.65)2 − 4(0.45)(− 99.25)

f ( x) = 2 x − ( )(
5 2x + )(
5 x − )(
2i x + 2i )
x =
2(0.45)
55. f ( x) = x3 + 3 x 2 − 24 x + 28
≈ −13.1, 16.8
Zeros: 2 ⇒ x − 2 is a factor of f ( x).
Because 10 ≤ x ≤ 25, choose 16.8°C.
x 2 + 5 x − 14
x = 10: 0.45(10) − 1.65(10) + 50.75 = 79.25
2
x − 2 x + 3x 2 − 24 x + 28
3
49. 2 x 2 + 2 x + 3 = 0 x3 − 2 x 2
5 x 2 − 24 x
−2 ± 22 − 4( 2)(3)
x = 5 x 2 − 10 x
2( 2)
−14 x + 28
−2 ± −20
= −14 x + 28
4
2 2 5 0
= − ± i
4 4 Thus, f ( x) = ( x − 2)( x 2 + 5 x − 14)
1 5
= − ± i = ( x − 2)( x − 2)( x + 7)
2 2
= ( x − 2) ( x + 7).
2
1 5
Zeros: − ± i
2 2 The zeros of f ( x) are x = 2 and x = −7.
⎡ ⎛ 1 5 ⎞⎤⎡ ⎛ 1 5 ⎞⎤
r ( x) = 2 ⎢ x − ⎜⎜ − + i ⎟⎥⎢ x − ⎜⎜ − − i ⎟⎟⎥ 57. f ( x) = x3 + 3 x 2 − 5 x + 25
⎣⎢ ⎝ 2 2 ⎟⎠⎦⎣
⎥⎢ ⎝ 2 2 ⎠⎥⎦
⎛ Zero: −5 ⇒ x + 5 is a factor of f ( x).
1 5 ⎞⎛ 1 5 ⎞
= 2⎜⎜ x + − ⎟⎜ x + 2 +
i ⎟⎜ i⎟
⎝ 2 2 ⎠⎝ 2 ⎟⎠ x2 − 2 x + 5
x + 5 x + 3x 2 − 5 x + 25
3
51. 2 x − 3x + 50 x − 75 = 0
3 2
x3 + 5 x 2
x ( 2 x − 3) + 25( 2 x − 3) = 0
2
−2 x 2 − 5 x
(x 2
+ 25)( 2 x − 3) = 0 −2 x 2 − 10 x
x 2 + 25 = 0 ⇒ x = ±5i 5 x + 25
2x − 3 = 0 ⇒ x = 3 5 x + 25
2
3 0
Zeros: ±5i, 2
Thus, f ( x) = ( x + 5)( x − 2 x + 5) and by the
2
f ( x) = ( 2 x − 3)( x − 5i )( x + 5i )
Quadratic Formula, the zeros of x 2 − 2 x + 5 are
1 ± 2i.
The zeros of f ( x) are x = −5 and x = 1 ± 2i.
f ( x) = ( x + 5) ⎡⎣ x − (1 + 2i )⎤⎡
⎦⎣ x − (1 − 2i )⎤⎦
= ( x + 5)( x − 1 − 2i )( x − 1 + 2i )
59. h( x) = 2 x 3 − 19 x 2 + 58 x + 34
Zero: 5 + 3i ⇒ 5 − 3i is also a zero and ( x − 5 − 3i )( x − 5 + 3i ) = x 2 − 10 x + 34 is a factor of h( x).
2x + 1
x 2 − 10 x + 34 2 x3 − 19 x 2 + 58 x + 34
2 x3 − 20 x 2 + 68 x
x 2 − 10 x + 34
x 2 − 10 x + 34
0
Thus, h( x) = ( 2 x + 1)( x 2 − 10 x + 34)

= ( 2 x + 1)( x − 5 − 3i )( x − 5 + 3i ).
The zeros of h( x) are x = − 12 and x = 5 ± 3i.
61. f ( x) = x 4 + 5 x3 + 2 x 2 − 50 x − 84
Zero: −3 + 5i ⇒ −3 − 5i is also a zero and x + 3 − ( )(
5i x + 3 + )
5i = x 2 + 6 x + 14 is a factor of f ( x).
x − 2
x − 6
x 2 + 6 x + 14 x 4 + 5 x3 + 2 x 2 − 50 x − 84
x 4 + 6 x3 + 14 x 2
− x3 − 12 x 2 − 50 x
− x3 − 6 x 2 − 14 x
−6 x 2 − 36 x − 84
−6 x 2 − 36 x − 84
0
Thus, f ( x ) = ( x 2 − x − 6)( x 2 + 6 x + 14) = ( x + 2)( x − 3) x + 3 − ( )(
5i x + 3 + )
5i .
The zeros of f ( x) are x = −2, x = 3, and x = −3 ± 5i.
63. Zeros: 1, 1, 14 , − 23 67. Zeros: 23 , 4, 3i, − 3i
f ( x ) = ( x − 1)( x − 1)( 4 x − 1)(3x + 2)

= ( x 2 − 2 x + 1)(12 x 2 + 5 x − 2)
f ( x) = (3x − 2)( x − 4) x − ( )(
3i x + 3i )
= (3 x 2 − 14 x + 8)( x 2 + 3)
= 12 x 4 − 19 x 3 + 9 x − 2
= 3x 4 − 14 x3 + 17 x 2 − 42 x + 24
Note: Any nonzero multiple of f ( x) has the given zeros.
Note: Any nonzero multiple of f ( x) has the given zeros.
65. Zeros: 3, 2 − 3, 2 + 3
69. Zeros: − 2i, 2i, − 5i, 5i
f ( x) = ( x − 3) x − 2 + ( )(
3 x − 2− 3 )
= ( x − 3)( x 2 − 4 x + 1) f ( x) = x + ( )(
2i x − )
2i ( x + 5i )( x − 5i )
= x − 7 x + 13 x − 3
3 2 = ( x + 2)( x + 25) = x 4 + 27 x 2 + 50
2 2
Note: Any nonzero multiple of f ( x) has the given zeros. Note: Any nonzero multiple of f ( x) has the given zeros.
71. Zeros: 5, 1 − i, 1 + i 79. z = 8
f ( x) = a( x − 5) ⎡⎣ x − (1 − i)⎤⎡
⎦⎣ x − (1 + i )⎤⎦ r = 82 + 0 2 = 8
= a( x − 5) ⎡⎣( x − 1) + i⎤⎡ tan θ = 0

= 0 ⇒ θ = 0
⎦⎣( x − 1) − i⎤⎦ 8
z = 8(cos 0 + i sin 0)
= a( x − 5) ⎡( x − 1) + 1⎤
2
⎣ ⎦
= a( x − 5)( x 2 − 2 x + 2) 81. z = −3i
= a( x3 − 7 x 2 + 12 x − 10) 02 + ( −3)
2
r = = 3
−3 3π
f (1) = −8 ⇒ − 4a = −8 ⇒ a = 2 tan θ = = undefined ⇒ θ =
0 2
f ( x ) = 2( x3 − 7 x 2 + 12 x − 10) ⎛ 3π 3π ⎞
= 2 x3 − 14 x 2 + 24 x − 20 ⎝ 2 2 ⎠
73. 8i = 0 2 + 82 = 64 = 8 83. z = 5 − 5i
52 + ( −5)
2
Imaginary r = = 5 2
axis
−5 7π
10 tan θ = = −1 ⇒ θ =
5 4
8 8i
⎛ 7π 7π ⎞
6 z = 5 2 ⎜ cos + i sin ⎟
4 ⎝ 4 4 ⎠
2
Real 85. z = −3 3 + 3i
axis
−6 −4 −2 2 4 6
(−3 3)
−2 2
r = + 32 = 6
75. −5 = (−5)2 + 02 = 25 = 5 3 3 5π
tan θ = = − ⇒ θ =
−3 3 3 6
Imaginary
axis ⎛ 5π 5π ⎞
4
⎝ 6 6 ⎠
3
2
−5 1 87. 2(cos 30° + i sin 30°) = 3 +i

Real
axis
−6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 Imaginary
axis
−2
−3
−4 2
77. z = 5 + 3i 1 3+i
z = 5 +3 =
2 2
34
Real
axis
1 2
Imaginary
axis
5 89. 2 ⎣⎡cos( − 45°) + i sin ( − 45°)⎤⎦ = 1 − i

4
5 + 3i Imaginary
3 axis
2
Real
1 axis
1 2
Real
axis
−1 1 2 3 4 5
−1
−1 1−i
−2
⎛ π π⎞ ⎛ 5π 5π ⎞
91. 6⎜ cos + i sin ⎟ = 3 + 3 3i 93. 2 ⎜ cos + i sin ⎟ = −1 − i
⎝ 3 3⎠ ⎝ 4 4 ⎠
Imaginary Imaginary
axis axis
6 3 + 3 3i 1
5
4 Real
−2 −1 1 axis
3
2
−1
1 −1 − i
Real
axis −2
−1 1 2 3 4
−1
⎡ ⎛ π π ⎞⎤⎡ ⎛ π π ⎞⎤ ⎡ ⎛π π⎞ ⎛π π ⎞⎤ ⎛ 7π 7π ⎞
95. ⎢7⎜ cos + i sin ⎟⎥⎢4⎜ cos + i sin ⎟⎥ = 7( 4) ⎢cos⎜ + ⎟ + i sin ⎜ + ⎟⎥ = 28⎜ cos + i sin ⎟
⎣ ⎝ 3 3 ⎠⎦⎣ ⎝ 4 4 ⎠⎦ ⎣ ⎝ 3 4 ⎠ ⎝ 3 4 ⎠⎦ ⎝ 12 12 ⎠
⎛ 2π 2π ⎞
⎝ 3 3 ⎠ 1 ⎡ ⎛ 2π π⎞ ⎛ 2π π ⎞⎤ 1⎛ π π⎞
97. = ⎢cos⎜ − ⎟ + i sin ⎜ − ⎟⎥ = ⎜ cos + i sin ⎟
⎛ π π ⎞ 2⎣ ⎝ 3 6⎠ ⎝ 3 6 ⎠⎦ 2⎝ 2 2⎠
⎝ 6 6⎠
99. z1 = 1 + i, z2 = 1 − i
(a) r1 = 12 + 12 = 2
1 π
tan θ1 = = 1 ⇒ θ1 =
1 4
⎛ π π⎞
z1 = 2 ⎜ cos + i sin ⎟
⎝ 4 4⎠
12 + ( −1)
2
r2 = = 2
−1 7π
tan θ 2 = = −1 ⇒ θ 2 =
1 4
⎛ 7π 7π ⎞
z2 = 2 ⎜ cos + i sin ⎟
⎝ 4 4 ⎠
⎡ ⎛ π π ⎞⎤⎡ ⎛ 7π 7π ⎞⎤
(b) z1z2 = ⎢ 2 ⎜ cos + i sin ⎟⎥⎢ 2 ⎜ cos + i sin ⎟
⎣ ⎝ 4 4 ⎠⎦⎣ ⎝ 4 4 ⎠⎥⎦
= 2 ( 2 )⎡⎢⎣cos⎛⎜⎝ π4 +
7π ⎞ ⎛π
⎟ + i sin ⎜ +
4 ⎠ ⎝4
7π ⎞⎤
⎟
4 ⎠⎥⎦
= 2(cos 2π + i sin 2π )
= 2(cos 0 + i sin 0)
⎛ π π⎞
z1 ⎝ 4 4⎠
=
z2 ⎛ 7π 7π ⎞
⎝ 4 4 ⎠
⎛π 7π ⎞ ⎛π 7π ⎞
= cos⎜ − ⎟ + i sin ⎜ − ⎟
⎝ 4 4 ⎠ ⎝ 4 4 ⎠
⎛ 3π ⎞ ⎛ 3π ⎞
= cos⎜ − ⎟ + i sin ⎜ − ⎟
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠
π π
= cos + i sin
2 2
101. z1 = 2 3 − 2i, z2 = −10i
⎛ ⎛ 11π 3π ⎞ ⎛ 11π 3π ⎞ ⎞
(2 3 )
2
+ ( −2)
2
(a) r1 = = 4 (b) z1z2 = 4 ⋅ 10⎜ cos⎜ + ⎟ + i sin ⎜ + ⎟⎟
⎝ ⎝ 6 2 ⎠ ⎝ 6 2 ⎠⎠
−2 3 11π ⎛ 10π 10π ⎞
tan θ1 = = − ⇒ θ1 = = 40⎜ cos + i sin
2 3 3 6 ⎟
⎝ 3 3 ⎠
⎛ 11π 11π ⎞ ⎛ 4π 4π ⎞
z1 = 4⎜ cos + i sin ⎟ = 40⎜ cos + i sin ⎟
⎝ 6 6 ⎠ ⎝ 3 3 ⎠
r2 = 02 + ( −10)
2
= 10 z1 4⎛ ⎛ 11π 3π ⎞ ⎛ 11π 3π ⎞ ⎞
= ⎜ cos ⎜ − ⎟ + sin ⎜ − ⎟⎟
z2 10 ⎝ ⎝ 6 2 ⎠ ⎝ 6 2 ⎠⎠
3π
θ2 = 2⎛ π π⎞
2 = ⎜ cos + i sin ⎟
3π 3π ⎞ 5⎝ 3 3⎠
⎛
z2 = 10⎜ cos + i sin ⎟
⎝ 2 2 ⎠
4 7
⎡ ⎛ π π ⎞⎤ ⎛ 4π 4π ⎞ ⎡ ⎛ 3π 3π ⎞⎤
107. ( −1 + i ) = ⎢ 2 ⎜ cos
7
103. ⎢5⎜ cos + i sin ⎟⎥ = 54 ⎜ cos + i sin ⎟ + i sin ⎟
⎣ ⎝ 12 12 ⎠⎦ ⎝ 12 12 ⎠ ⎣ ⎝ 4 4 ⎠⎥⎦
π π⎞
⎛
( 2 ) ⎛⎜⎝ cos 214π 21π ⎞
7
= 625⎜ cos + i sin ⎟ = + i sin ⎟
⎝ 3 3⎠ 4 ⎠
⎛1 3 ⎞ ⎡ ⎛ 5π ⎞ ⎛ 5π ⎞⎤
= 625⎜⎜ + i ⎟⎟ = 8 2 ⎢cos⎜ + 4π ⎟ + i sin ⎜ + 4π ⎟⎥
⎝ 2 2 ⎠ ⎣ ⎝ 4 ⎠ ⎝ 4 ⎠⎦
625 625 3 ⎛ 5π 5π ⎞
= + i = 8 2 ⎜ cos + i sin ⎟
2 2 ⎝ 4 4 ⎠
⎛ 2 2 ⎞
6 = 8 2 ⎜⎜ − − i⎟
105. ( 2 + 3i) ≈ ⎡⎣ 13 (cos 56.3° + i sin 56.3°)⎤⎦ 2 ⎟⎠
6
⎝ 2
= 133 (cos 337.9° + i sin 337.9°) = −8 − 8i
≈ 133 (0.9263 − 0.3769i )

≈ 2035 − 828i
109. (a) and (c)

⎛ 3π 3π ⎞
Sixth roots of −729i = 729⎜ cos + i sin ⎟:
⎝ 2 2 ⎠
⎡ ⎛ 3π ⎞ ⎛ 3π ⎞⎤
⎢ ⎜ 2 + 2kπ ⎟ ⎜ 2 + 2kπ ⎟⎥
⎟ + i sin ⎜ ⎟⎥ , k = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
6
729 ⎢cos⎜ (b) Imaginary
⎣ ⎝ 6 ⎠ ⎝ 6 ⎠⎦ axis
4
⎛ π π⎞ 3 2 3 2
k = 0: 3⎜ cos + i sin ⎟ = + i
⎝ 4 4⎠ 2 2
1
⎛ 7π 7π ⎞ Real
k = 1: 3⎜ cos + i sin ⎟ = −0.776 + 2.898i −4 −2 −1
axis
⎝ 12 12 ⎠ 1 4
−2
⎛ 11π 11π ⎞
k = 2: 3⎜ cos + i sin ⎟ = −2.898 + 0.776i
⎝ 12 12 ⎠ −4
⎛ 5π 5π ⎞ −3 2 3 2
k = 3: 3⎜ cos + i sin ⎟ = − i
⎝ 4 4 ⎠ 2 2
⎛ 19π 19π ⎞
k = 4: 3⎜ cos + i sin ⎟ = 0.776 − 2.898i
⎝ 12 12 ⎠
⎛ 23π 23π ⎞
k = 5: 3⎜ cos + i sin ⎟ = 2.898 − 0.776i
⎝ 12 12 ⎠
111. (a) and (c)

Fourth roots of −16 = 16(cos π + i sin π ): (b) Imaginary
axis
⎡ ⎛ π + 2π k ⎞ ⎛ π + 2π k ⎞⎤ 3
⎟ + i sin ⎜ ⎟⎥ , k = 0, 1, 2, 3
4
16 ⎢cos⎜
⎣ ⎝ 4 ⎠ ⎝ 4 ⎠⎦
1
⎛ π π⎞ Real
k = 0: 2⎜ cos + i sin ⎟ = 2 + 2i −3 −1 1 3
axis
⎝ 4 4⎠ −1
⎛ 3π 3π ⎞
k = 1: 2⎜ cos + i sin ⎟ = − 2 + 2i −3
⎝ 4 4 ⎠
⎛ 5π 5π ⎞
k = 2: 2⎜ cos + i sin ⎟ = − 2 − 2i
⎝ 4 4 ⎠
⎛ 7π 7π ⎞
k = 3: 2⎜ cos + i sin ⎟ = 2 − 2i
⎝ 4 4 ⎠
113. x 4 + 81 = 0 Imaginary
axis
x 4 = −81 Solve by finding the fourth roots of − 81. 4
−81 = 81(cos π + i sin π ) 2
⎡ ⎛ π + 2π k ⎞ ⎛ π + 2π k ⎞⎤ Real
4
−81 = 4
81 ⎢cos⎜ ⎟ + i sin ⎜ ⎟⎥ , k = 0, 1, 2, 3 −4 −2 2 4 axis
⎣ ⎝ 4 ⎠ ⎝ 4 ⎠⎦
−2
⎛ π π⎞ 3 2 3 2
k = 0: 3⎜ cos + i sin ⎟ = + i −4
⎝ 4 4⎠ 2 2
⎛ 3π 3π ⎞ 3 2 3 2
k = 1: 3⎜ cos + i sin ⎟ = − + i
⎝ 4 4 ⎠ 2 2
⎛ 5π 5π ⎞ 3 2 3 2
k = 2: 3⎜ cos + i sin ⎟ = − − i
⎝ 4 4 ⎠ 2 2
⎛ 7π 7π ⎞ 3 2 3 2
k = 3: 3⎜ cos + i sin ⎟ = − i
⎝ 4 4 ⎠ 2 2
Imaginary
115. x3 + 8i = 0 axis
x3 = −8i Solve by finding the cube roots of − 8i. 3
⎛ 3π 3π ⎞
−8i = 8⎜ cos + i sin ⎟ 1
⎝ 2 2 ⎠ Real
−3 3 axis
⎡ ⎛ 3π ⎞ ⎛ 3π ⎞⎤ −1
⎢ ⎜ 2 + 2π k ⎟ ⎜ 2 + 2π k ⎟⎥
3
−8i = 3
8 ⎢cos⎜ ⎟ + i sin ⎜ ⎟⎥ , k = 0, 1, 2
⎣ ⎝ 3 ⎠ ⎝ 3 ⎠⎦ −3
⎛ π π⎞
k = 0: 2⎜ cos + i sin ⎟ = 2i
⎝ 2 2⎠
⎛ 7π 7π ⎞
k = 1: 2⎜ cos + i sin ⎟ = − 3 −i
⎝ 6 6 ⎠
⎛ 11π 11π ⎞
k = 2: 2⎜ cos + i sin ⎟ = 3 −i
⎝ 6 6 ⎠
117. False.
−18 −2 = 3 2i ( )( )
2i = 6i 2 = −6, whereas (−18)(−2) = 36 = 6.
119. False. A fourth degree polynomial can have at most four zeros, and complex zeros occur in conjugate pairs.
121. (a) From the graph, the three roots are:

4(cos 60° + i sin 60°)
4(cos 180° + i sin 180°)
4(cos 300° + i sin 300°)
(b) Since there are three evenly spaced roots on the circle of a radius 4, they are cube roots of a complex number of modulus
43 = 64. Cubing them yields –64.
3
⎡⎣4(cos 60° + i sin 60°)⎤⎦ = −64
3
⎡⎣4(cos 180° + i sin 180°)⎤⎦ = −64
3
⎡⎣4(cos 300° + i sin 300°)⎤⎦ = −64
By using a calculator, show that each of the roots raised to the fourth power yields –64.
123. From the graph,

z1 = 2(cos θ + i sin θ ) and z2 = 2(cos(π − θ ) + i sin (π − θ )).
z1z2 = 2 ⋅ 2(cos(θ + π − θ ) + i sin (θ + π − θ ))

= 4(cos π + i sin π ) = −4
z1 2
z2
(
= cos(θ − (π − θ )) + i sin (θ − (π − θ ))
2
)
= cos( 2θ − π ) + i sin ( 2θ − π )
= cos 2θ cos π + sin 2θ sin π + i(sin 2θ cos π − cos 2θ sin π )
= −cos 2θ − i sin 2θ

3 3
⎛ −2 + 2 3i ⎞ ⎛ −3 + 3 3i ⎞
1. (a) ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = 8 (b) ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = 27 (c) The cube roots of a positive real number “a” are:
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠ 3
3 3
(i) a
⎛ −2 − 2 3i ⎞ ⎛ −3 − 3 3i ⎞
⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = 8 ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = 27 −3 a + 3
a 3i
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠ (ii)
2
( 2) (3)
3 3
= 8 = 27
−3 a − 3
a 3i
(iii)
2
3. ( a + bi )( a − bi) = a 2 − abi + abi − b 2i 2 = a 2 + b 2
Since a and b are real numbers, a 2 + b 2 is also a real number.
5. x 2 − 2kx + k = 0 7. (a) g ( x) = f ( x − 2)
x − 2kx = − k
2
No. This function is a horizontal shift of f ( x). Note
x − 2kx + k 2 = k 2 − k
2
that x is a zero of g if and only if x − 2 is a zero of
( x − k ) = k (k − 1)
2 f ; the number of real and complex zeros is not
affected by a horizontal shift.
x = k ± k ( k − 1)
(b) g ( x) = f ( 2 x)
(a) If the equation has two real solutions, then
No. Since x is a zero of g if and only if 2x is a zero
k ( k − 1) > 0. This means that k < 0 or k > 1. of f, the number of real and complex zeros of g is the
(b) If the equation has two complex solutions, then same as the number of real and complex zeros of f.
k ( k − 1) < 0. This means that 0 < k < 1.
9. (a) No. The graph is not of f ( x) = x 2 ( x + 2)( x − 3.5) because this function has (0, 0) as an intercept and the given graph
does not go through (0, 0).
(b) No. The graph is not of g ( x) = ( x + 2)( x − 3.5) because this function’s graph is a parabola and the graph given is not.
The function shown in the graph must be at least a fourth-degree polynomial.
(c) Yes. The function shown in the graph is h( x) = ( x + 2)( x − 3.5)( x 2 + 1).
(d) The graph is not of k ( x) = ( x + 1)( x + 2)( x − 3.5) because this function has ( −1, 0) as an intercept and the given graph
does not.
11. (a) c = i
The terms are: i, −1 + i, − i, −1 + i, − i, −1 + i, − i, −1 + i, − i, …
The sequence is bounded so c = i is in the Mandelbrot Set.
(b) c = 1 + i
The terms are: 1 + i, 1 + 3i, − 7 + 7i, 1 − 97i, − 9407 − 193i, …
The sequence is unbounded so c = 1 + i is not in the Mandelbrot Set.
(c) c = −2
The terms are: −2, 2, 2, 2, 2, …
The sequence is bounded so c = −2 is in the Mandelbrot Set.
13. (a) x 2 − ( 4 + 2i ) x + 2 + 4i = 0
4 + 2i ± (−4 − 2i)2 − 4( 2 + 4i )
x =
2
4 + 2i ± 12 + 16i − 8 − 16i
=
2
4 + 2i ± 2
=
2
= 2+i ±1
x = 3 + i or x = 1 + i
(b) x 2 − (3 + 2i ) x + 5 + i = 0
3 + 2i ± (−3 − 2i)2 − 4(5 + i )

x =
2
3 + 2i ± 5 + 12i − 20 − 4i
=
2
3 + 2i ± −15 + 8i
=
2
3 + 2i ± (1 + 4i )
=
2
x = 2 + 3i or x = 1 − i
Note: The square roots of −15 + 8i are 1 + 4i and −1 − 4i, by DeMoivre’s Theorem.
Both of these roots yield the same two solutions to the equation.
(c) 2 x 2 + (5 − 8i ) x − 13 − i = 0
−(5 − 8i ) ± (5 − 8i)2 + 8(13 + i)

x =
4
−5 + 8i ± −39 − 80i + 104 + 8i
=
4
−5 + 8i ± 65 − 72i
=
4
−5 + 8i ± (9 − 4i)
=
4
7
x = 1 + i or x = − + 3i
2
Note: The square roots of 65 − 72i are 9 − 4i and −9 + 4i, by DeMoivre’s Theorem.
(d) 3x 2 − (11 + 14i) x + 1 − 9i = 0
(−11 − 14i) − 12(1 − 9i )

2
11 + 14i ±
x =
6
11 + 14i ± −75 + 308i − 12 + 108i
=
6
11 + 14i ± −87 + 416i
=
6
11 + 14i ± (13 + 16i )
=
6
1 1
x = 4 + 5i or x = − − i
3 3
Note: The square roots of −87 + 416i are 13 + 16i and −13 − 16i, by DeMoivre’s Theorem.
15. Let z = a + bi and z = a − bi.

z2 − z 2 = 0
(a + bi ) − ( a − bi ) = 0
2 2
4abi = 0 ⇒ b = 0
z = a, a pure real number
z2 + z 2 = 0
(a + bi ) + ( a − bi ) = 0
2 2
2a 2 − 2b 2 = 0 ⇒ b = ± a
z = a + ai or z = a − ai, both are complex solutions.

1. Write 4 + −81 − 3i 2 in standard form.
3+i
2. Write the result in standard form:
5 − 4i
3. Use the Quadratic Formula to solve x 2 − 4 x + 7 = 0.
4. True or false: −6 −6 = 36 = 6
5. Use the discriminant to determine the type of solutions of 3x 2 − 8 x + 7 = 0.
6. Find all the zeros of f ( x) = x 4 + 13 x 2 + 36.
7. Find a polynomial function that has the following zeros: 3, −1 ± 4i
8. Use the zero x = 4 + i to find all the zeros of f ( x) = x3 − 10 x 2 + 33x − 34.
9. Give the trigonometric form of z = 5 − 5i.
10. Give the standard form of z = 6(cos 225° + i sin 225°).
11. Multiply ⎡⎣7(cos 23° + i sin 23°)⎤⎡

⎦⎣4(cos 7° + i sin 7°)⎤⎦.
⎛ 5π 5π ⎞
12. Divide ⎝
4 4 ⎠
.
3(cos π + i sin π )
13. Find ( 2 + 2i ) .
8
⎛ π π⎞
14. Find the cube roots of 8⎜ cos + i sin ⎟.
⎝ 3 3⎠
15. Find all the solutions to x 4 + i = 0.
C H A P T E R 5
Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
Section 5.1 Exponential Functions and Their Graphs..........................................214
Section 5.2 Logarithmic Functions and Their Graphs .........................................218
Section 5.3 Properties of Logarithms....................................................................222
Section 5.4 Exponential and Logarithmic Equations ...........................................227
Section 5.5 Exponential and Logarithmic Models ...............................................233
Problem Solving .........................................................................................................244
Practice Test .............................................................................................................246
C H A P T E R 5
Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
Section 5.1 Exponential Functions and Their Graphs
1. algebraic
( 12 )
x
17. f ( x) =
3. One-to-One
x −2 −1 0 1 2
nt
⎛ r⎞ f ( x) 4 2 1 0.5 0.25
5. A = P⎜1 + ⎟
⎝ n⎠
Asymptote: y = 0
7. f (1.4) = (0.9)
1.4
≈ 0.863
9. f ( −π ) = 5−π ≈ 0.006
11. g ( x) = 5000( 2 x ) = 5000( 2−1.5 )

≈ 1767.767
13. f ( x) = 2 x
Increasing
19. f ( x ) = 6− x
Asymptote: y = 0
Intercept: (0, 1) x −2 −1 0 1 2
Matches graph (d). f ( x) 36 6 1 0.167 0.028

Asymptote: y = 0
14. f ( x ) = 2 x + 1
Increasing
Asymptote: y = 1
Intercept: (0, 2)
Matches graph (c).
15. f ( x ) = 2− x
Decreasing
Asymptote: y = 0 21. f ( x ) = 2 x −1
Intercept: (0, 1)
x −2 −1 0 1 2
Matches graph (a).
f ( x) 0.125 0.25 0.5 1 2
16. f ( x ) = 2 x − 2
Asymptote: y = 0
Increasing
Asymptote: y = 0
Intercept: 0, ( 14 )
Matches graph (b).
214
Section 5.1 Exponential Functions and Their Graphs 215
23. 3x + 1 = 27 41. f ( x ) = 3e x + 4
3x + 1 = 33
x −8 −7 −6 −5 −4
x +1 = 3
x = 2 f ( x) 0.055 0.149 0.406 1.104 3
Asymptote: y = 0
( 12 )
x
25. = 32
( 12 ) ( 12 )
x −5
=
x = −5
27. f ( x ) = 3x , g ( x) = 3x + 1
Because g ( x) = f ( x) + 1, the graph of g can be

obtained by shifting the graph of f one unit upward.
( 72 ) , g ( x) = −( 72 )
x −x
29. f ( x) = 43. f ( x ) = 2e x − 2 + 4
Because g ( x) = − f ( − x), the graph of g can be x −2 −1 0 1 2

obtained by reflecting the graph of f in the x-axis and
y-axis. f ( x) 4.037 4.100 4.271 4.736 6
2
Asymptote: y = 4
31. y = 2− x
33. f ( x ) = 3x − 2 + 1
45. y = 1.08e − 5 x
35. f ( x ) = e x = e3.2 ≈ 24.533
37. f (6) = 5000e0.06(6) ≈ 7166.647 47. s(t ) = 2e0.12t
39. f ( x ) = e x
x −2 −1 0 1 2
f ( x) 0.135 0.368 1 2.718 7.389
Asymptote: y = 0
49. g ( x) = 1 + e − x
216 Chapter 5 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
51. e 3 x + 2 = e3 53. ex
2 −3
= e2 x
3x + 2 = 3 x2 − 3 = 2x
3x = 1 x2 − 2 x − 3 = 0
x = 1
3 (x − 3)( x + 1) = 0
x = 3 or x = −1
55. P = $1500, r = 2%, t = 10 years

nt 10 n
⎛ r⎞ ⎛ 0.02 ⎞
Compounded n times per year: A = P⎜1 + ⎟ = 1500⎜1 + ⎟
⎝ n⎠ ⎝ n ⎠
Compounded continuously: A = Pe rt = 1500e0.02(10)
n 1 2 4 12 365 Continuous
A $1828.49 $1830.29 $1831.19 $1831.80 $1832.09 $1832.10
57. P = $2500, r = 4%, t = 20 years

nt 20 n
⎛ r⎞ ⎛ 0.04 ⎞
⎝ n ⎠ ⎝ n ⎠
Compounded continuously: A = Pe rt = 2500e 0.04(20)
A $5477.81 $5520.10 $5541.79 $5556.46 $5563.61 $5563.85
59. A = Pe rt = 12,000e0.04t
t 10 20 30 40 50
A $17,901.90 $26,706.49 $39,841.40 $59,436.39 $88,668.67
61. A = Pe rt = 12,000e0.065t
t 10 20 30 40 50
A $22,986.49 $44,031.56 $84,344.25 $161,564.86 $309,484.08
63. A = 30,000e(0.05)(25) ≈ $104,710.29
65. C (10) = 23.95(1.04)

10
≈ $35.45
Section 5.1 Exponential Functions and Their Graphs 217
67. (a)
(b)
t 20 21 22 23
P (in millions) 342.748 345.604 348.485 351.389
t 24 25 26 27
P (in millions) 354.318 357.271 360.249 363.251
t 28 29 30 31
P (in millions) 366.279 369.331 372.410 375.513
t 32 33 34 35
P (in millions) 378.643 381.799 384.981 388.190
t 36 37 38 39
P (in millions) 391.425 394.687 397.977 401.294
t 40 41 42 43
P (in millions) 404.639 408.011 411.412 414.840
t 44 45 46 47
P (in millions) 418.298 421.784 425.300 428.844
t 48 49 50
P (in millions) 432.419 436.023 439.657
(c) Using the table of values created by the model, the population will exceed 400 million in 2038.
( 12 ) 73. True. The line y = −2 is a horizontal asymptote for the

t 24,100
69. Q = 16
graph of f ( x ) = 10 x − 2.
(a) Q(0) = 16 grams
(b) Q(75,000) ≈ 1.85 grams 75. f ( x) = 3x − 2
(c) = 3x3−2
⎛1⎞
= 3x ⎜ 2 ⎟
⎝3 ⎠
1
= (3x )
9
= h( x )
( 78 )
t
71. (a) V (t ) = 49,810 where t is the number of years
So, f ( x) ≠ g ( x), but f ( x) = h( x).
since it was purchased.
( 78 )
4
(b) V ( 4) = 49,810 ≈ 29, 197.71
After 4 years, the value of the van is about $29,198.
77. f ( x) = 16( 4− x ) and f ( x) = 16( 4− x ) 81.
= 4 2 ( 4− x ) = 16( 22 )
−x
= 42 − x = 16( 2−2 x )
−( 2 − x)
= ( 14 ) = h( x )
As x increases, the graph of y1 approaches e, which
= ( 14 )
x−2
is y2 .
= g ( x) 83. (a)
So, f ( x) = g ( x) = h( x).
79. y = 3x and y = 4 x
At x = 2, both functions have a value of 4. The

function y1 increases for all values of x. The
function y2 is symmetric with respect to the y-axis.
(b)
x –2 −1 0 1 2
1 1
3x 9 3 1 3 9
1 1 Both functions are increasing for all values of x. For
4x 16 4 1 4 16
x > 0, both functions have a similar shape. The
(a) 4 x < 3x when x < 0. function y2 is symmetric with respect to the origin.
(b) 4 x > 3x when x > 0. 85. The functions (c) 3x and (d) 2− x are exponential.
Section 5.2 Logarithmic Functions and Their Graphs

1. logarithmic 19. g ( x) = log a x
3. natural; e g ( a 2 ) = log a a 2
5. x = y = 2 by the Inverse Property
21. f ( x) = log x
7. log 4 16 = 2 ⇒ 42 = 16
2
f ( 78 ) = log( 78 ) ≈ −0.058
9. log 32 4 = 5
⇒ 322 5 = 4
23. f ( x) = log x
11. 53 = 125 ⇒ log 5 125 = 3 f (12.5) = log 12.5 ≈ 1.097
13. 4−3 = 1
64
⇒ log 4 1
64
= −3 25. log11 117 = 7 because 117 = 117
15. f ( x) = log 2 x 27. logπ π = 1 because π 1 = π .

f (64) = log 2 64 = 6 because 26 = 64
29. log 5 ( x + 1) = log 5 6
17. f ( x) = log8 x x +1 = 6
x = 5
f (1) = log8 1 = 0 because 80 = 1
Section 5.2 Logarithmic Functions and Their Graphs 219
31. log( 2 x + 1) = log 15 39. f ( x) = log 3 (1 − x) = log 3 ⎡−

⎣ ( x − 1)⎤⎦
2 x + 1 = 15 Asymptote: x = 1
x = 7
Point on graph: (0, 0)
33. Matches graph (b).
x −2 −1 0 1 2
The graph of f ( x) is obtained by reflecting the graph
f ( x) = 7 x 1
49
1
7 1 7 49
of g ( x) in the y-axis and shifting the graph one unit to
x 1 1 the right.
49 7 1 7 49
g ( x) = log 7 x −2 −1 0 1 2 40. f ( x) = −log 3 ( − x)
Asymptote: x = 0
Point on graph: ( −1, 0)
Matches graph (a).
f ( x) reflects g ( x) in the x-axis the reflects that graph
in the y-axis.
41. f ( x) = log 4 x
Domain: (0, ∞)
35.
x −2 −1 0 1 2 x-intercept: (1, 0)
f ( x) = 5 x 1
25
1
5 1 5 25 Vertical asymptote: x = 0
y = log 4 x ⇒ 4 y = x
1 1
x 36 6 1 6 36
1
x 1 4 2
g ( x) = log 6 x −2 −1 0 1 2 4
f ( x) −1 0 1 1
2
43. y = −log 3 x + 2
Domain: (0, ∞)
x-intercept:
−log 3 x + 2 = 0
2 = log 3 x
32 = x
37. f ( x) = −log 3 ( x + 2) 9 = x
Asymptote: x = −2 The x-intercept is (9, 0).
Point on graph: ( −1, 0) Vertical asymptote: x = 0
Matches graph (c). y = −log 3 x + 2
The graph of f ( x) is obtained by reflecting the graph log 3 x = 2 − y ⇒ 32 − y = x
of g ( x) in the x-axis and shifting the graph two units
1
to the left. x 27 9 3 1 3
y −1 0 1 2 3
38. f ( x) = log 3 ( x − 1)
Asymptote: x = 1
Point on graph: ( 2, 0)
Matches graph (d).
f ( x) shifts g ( x) one unit to the right.
45. f ( x) = −log 6 ( x + 2) 49. ln 1 = −0.693… ⇒ e−0.693… = 1

2 2
Domain: x + 2 > 0 ⇒ x > −2
51. ln 250 = 5.521… ⇒ e5.521… = 250
The domain is ( −2, ∞).
x-intercept: 53. e 2 = 7.3890… ⇒ ln 7.3890… = 2
0 = −log 6 ( x + 2)
55. e −0.9 = 0.406… ⇒ ln 0.406… = −0.9
0 = log 6 ( x + 2)
60 = x + 2 57. f ( x ) = ln x
1 = x + 2 f (18.42) = ln 18.42 ≈ 2.913
−1 = x
The x-intercept is (−1, 0). 59. g ( x) = 8 ln x
Vertical asymptote: x + 2 = 0 ⇒ x = −2 g (0.05) = 8 ln 0.05 ≈ −23.966
y = −log 6 ( x + 2)
61. g ( x) = ln x
− y = log 6 ( x + 2)
g (e5 ) = ln e5 = 5 by the Inverse Property
6− y − 2 = x
x 4 −1 −156 −135
36 63. g ( x) = ln x
f ( x) −1 0 1 2 g (e −5 6 ) = ln e −5 6 = − 56 by the Inverse Property
⎛ x⎞ 65. f ( x) = ln ( x − 4)
47. y = log⎜ ⎟
⎝7⎠ Domain: x − 4 > 0 ⇒ x > 4
x The domain is ( 4, ∞).
Domain: > 0 ⇒ x > 0 y
7
6
x-intercept: 0 = ln ( x − 4)
The domain is (0, ∞). 4
e0 = x − 4
⎛ x⎞
2
x-intercept: log⎜ ⎟ = 0 x 5 = x
⎝7⎠ −2
The x-intercept is (5, 0).
4 6 8 10
−2
x
= 100 −4
7 Vertical asymptote: x − 4 = 0 ⇒ x = 4
−6
x
=1 x 4.5 5 6 7
7
x = 7 f ( x) −0.69 0 0.69 1.10
The x-intercept is (7, 0).
x
Vertical asymptote: = 0 ⇒ x = 0
7
The vertical asymptote is the y-axis.
x 1 2 3 4 5
y −0.85 −0.54 −0.37 −0.24 −0.15
x 6 7 8
y −0.069 0 0.06
Section 5.2 Logarithmic Functions and Their Graphs 221
67. g ( x) = ln ( − x) 69. f ( x) = ln ( x − 1)
Domain: − x > 0 ⇒ x < 0

The domain is ( −∞, 0).
x-intercept:
0 = ln ( − x)
e0 = − x
−1 = x 71. f ( x) = ln x + 8
The x-intercept is ( −1, 0).
Vertical asymptote: − x = 0 ⇒ x = 0
x −0.5 −1 −2 −3
g ( x) −0.69 0 0.69 1.10
73. ln ( x + 4) = ln 12
x + 4 = 12
x = 8
75. ln ( x 2 − 2) = ln 23
x 2 − 2 = 23
x 2 = 25
x = ±5
⎛ x ⎞
77. t = 16.625 ln ⎜ ⎟ , x > 750
⎝ x − 750 ⎠
⎛ 897.72 ⎞
(a) When x = $897.72: t = 16.625 ln ⎜ ⎟ ≈ 30 years
⎝ 897.72 − 750 ⎠
⎛ 1659.24 ⎞
When x = $1659.24: t = 16.625 ln ⎜ ⎟ ≈ 10 years
⎝ 1659.24 − 750 ⎠
(b) Total amounts: (897.72)(12)(30) = $323,179.20 ≈ $323,179
(1659.24)(12)(10) = $199,108.80 ≈ $199,109
(c) Interest charges: 323,179.20 − 150,000 = $173,179.20 ≈ $173,179

199,108.80 − 150,000 = $49,108.80 ≈ $49,109
(d) The vertical asymptote is x = 750. The closer the payment is to $750 per month, the longer the length of the mortgage
will be. Also, the monthly payment must be greater than $750.
ln 2 81. f (t ) = 80 − 17 log(t + 1), 0 ≤ t ≤ 12

79. t =
r
(a)
(a)
r 0.005 0.010 0.015 0.020 0.025 0.030
t 138.6 69.3 46.2 34.7 27.7 23.1
(b)
(b) f (0) = 80 − 17 log 1 = 80.0
(c) f ( 4) = 80 − 17 log 5 ≈ 68.1
(d) f (10) = 80 − 17 log 11 ≈ 62.3
83. False. Reflecting g ( x) about the line y = x will 87. (a) False. If y were an exponential function of x, then
determine the graph of f ( x). y = a x , but a1 = a, not 0. Because one point is
(1, 0), y is not an exponential function of x.
85. (a) f ( x ) = ln x, g ( x) = x (b) True. y = log a x
The natural log function grows at a slower rate than For a = 2, y = log 2 x.
the square root function.
x = 1, log 2 1 = 0
x = 2, log 2 2 = 1
x = 8, log 2 8 = 3
(c) True. x = a y
For a = 2, x = 2 y.
(b) f ( x ) = ln x, g ( x) = 4
x
y = 0, 20 = 1
The natural log function grows at a slower rate than
y = 1, 21 = 2
the fourth root function.
y = 3, 23 = 8
(d) False. If y were a linear function of x, the slope
between (1, 0) and ( 2, 1) and the slope between
(2, 1) and (8, 3) would be the same. However,
1−0 3−1 2 1
m1 = = 1 and m2 = = = .
2 −1 8− 2 6 3
So, y is not a linear function of x.
89. y = log a x ⇒ a y = x, so, for example, if a = −2,

there is no value of y for which ( −2) = −4. If a = 1,
y
then every power of a is equal to 1, so x could only be 1.

So, log a x is defined only for 0 < a < 1 and a > 1.
Section 5.3 Properties of Logarithms

1. change-of-base 3 log(3 10)
9. (a) log x =
10 log x
1
3.
log b a 3 ln (3 10)
(b) log x =
10 ln x
4. log a (uv) = log a u + log a v
log 7 ln 7
This is the Product Property. Matches (c). 11. log 3 7 = = ≈ 1.771
log 3 ln 3
5. ln u n = n ln u log 0.1 ln 0.1
13. log 9 0.1 = = ≈ −1.048
This is the Power Property. Matches (a). log 9 ln 9
log 2 8 log 2 23 3
u 15. log 4 8 = = =
6. log a = log a u − log a v log 2 4 log 2 22 2
v
This is the Quotient Property. Matches (b).
17. log 5 1
250
= log 5 (1251 ⋅ 12 )
log 16 1 1
7. (a) log 5 16 = = log 5 125
+ log 5 2
log 5
= log 5 5−3 + log 5 2−1
ln 16
(b) log 5 16 = = −3 − log 5 2
ln 5
Section 5.3 Properties of Logarithms 223
19. ln (5e6 ) = ln 5 + ln e6 a −1
49. log 2 = log 2 a − 1 − log 2 9
= ln 5 + 6 9
1
= 6 + ln 5 = log 2 ( a − 1) − log 2 32
2
1
21. log 3 9 = 2 log 3 3 = 2 = log 2 ( a − 1) − 2 log 2 3, a > 1
2
23. log 2 4
8 = 1
4
log 2 23 = 3
4
log 2 2 = 3
4 (1) = 3
4
x 1 x
51. ln 3 = ln
y 3 y
25. log 4 162 = 2 log 4 16 = 2 log 4 42 = 2( 2) = 4
1
= [ln x − ln y]
27. log 2 ( −2) is undefined. −2 is not in the domain of 3
1 1
log 2 x. = ln x − ln y
3 3
29. ln e4.5 = 4.5
y y
53. ln x 2 = ln x 2 + ln
z z
1
31. ln = ln 1 − ln e 1 y
e = ln x + ln
2
2 z
1
= 0 − ln e 1
2 = ln x 2 + [ln y − ln z]
2
1
= 0 − (1) 1 1
2 = 2 ln x + ln y − ln z
2 2
1
= −
2
⎛ x2 ⎞
55. log 5 ⎜ 2 3 ⎟ = log 5 x 2 − log 5 y 2 z 3
33. ln e2 + ln e5 = 2 + 5 = 7 ⎝y z ⎠
= log 5 x 2 − (log 5 y 2 + log 5 z 3 )
35. log 5 75 − log 5 3 = log 5 75
3 = 2 log 5 x − 2 log 5 y − 3 log 5 z
= log 5 25
= log 5 52 57. ln 4 x3 ( x 2 + 3) = 1
4
ln x3 ( x 2 + 3)
= 2 log 5 5 = 1 ⎡ln
4⎣
x3 + ln ( x 2 + 3)⎤⎦
= 2
= 1 ⎡3 ln
4⎣
x + ln ( x 2 + 3)⎤⎦
37. ln 4 x = ln 4 + ln x
= 3
4
ln x + 1
4
ln ( x 2 + 3)
39. log8 x 4 = 4 log8 x
59. log b 10 = log b 2.5
5 = log b 2 + log b 5
41. log 5 = log 5 5 − log 5 x
x ≈ 0.3562 + 0.8271
= 1 − log 5 x = 1.1833
z = ln z1 2 = 1
43. ln 2
ln z 61. log b 8 = log b 23
= 3 log b 2
45. ln xyz 2 = ln x + ln y + ln z 2
≈ 3(0.3562)
= ln x + ln y + 2 ln z
= 1.0686
47. ln z ( z − 1) = ln z + ln ( z − 1)
2 2
= ln z + 2 ln( z − 1), z > 1
63. log b 45 = log b 9.5 69. 2 log 2 x + 4 log 2 y = log 2 x 2 + log 2 y 4 = log 2 x 2 y 4
= log b 9 + log b 5
log 3 5 x = log 3 (5 x)
1 14
= log b 32 + log b 5 71. 4
= log 3 4
5x
= 2log b 3 + log b 5
73. log x − 2 log( x + 1) = log x − log( x + 1)
2
≈ 2(0.5646) + 0.8271
= 1.9563 x
= log
(x + 1)
2
65. log b 3b = log b 3 + log b b

2 2
= log b 3 + 2 log b b 75. log x − 2 log y + 3 log z = log x − log y 2 + log z 3

= log b 3 + 2(1) x
= log + log z 3
≈ 0.5646 + 2 y2
= 2.5646 xz 3
= log
y2
67. ln 2 + ln x = ln 2 x
x
77. ln x − ⎡⎣ln ( x + 1) + ln ( x − 1)⎤⎦ = ln x − ln ( x + 1)( x − 1) = ln
( x + 1)( x − 1)
1⎡ 1
2 ln ( x + 3) + ln x − ln ( x 2 − 1)⎤⎦ = ⎡ln ( x + 3) + ln x − ln ( x 2 − 1)⎤
2
79.
3⎣ 3⎣ ⎦
1⎡
= ln x( x + 3) − ln ( x 2 − 1)⎤
2
3⎣ ⎦
x( x + 3)
2
1
= ln
3 x2 − 1
x( x + 3)
2
= ln 3
x −1
2
1 1
⎡log8 y + 2 log8 ( y + 4)⎤⎦ − log8 ( y − 1) = ⎡log8 y + log8 ( y + 4) ⎤ − log8 ( y − 1)
2
81.
3⎣ 3⎣ ⎦
1
= log8 y( y + 4) − log8 ( y − 1)
2
3
y ( y + 4) − log8 ( y − 1)
2
= log8 3
⎛ 3
y( y + 4) ⎞⎟
2
= log8 ⎜
⎜⎜ y −1 ⎟⎟
⎝ ⎠
32 log 2 32
83. log 2 = log 2 32 − log 2 4 ≠
4 log 2 4
The second and third expressions are equal by Property 2.
⎛ I ⎞
85. β = 10 log⎜ −12 ⎟ = 10 ⎡⎣log I − log 10−12 ⎤⎦ = 10[log I + 12] = 120 + 10 log I
⎝ 10 ⎠
When I = 10−6 :
β = 120 + 10 log 10−6 = 120 + 10( −6) = 60 decibels
Section 5.3 Properties of Logarithms 225
⎛ I ⎞
87. β = 10 log⎜ −12 ⎟
⎝ 10 ⎠
⎛ 10−4 ⎞ ⎛ 10−11 ⎞
Difference = 10 log⎜ −12 ⎟ − 10 log⎜ −12 ⎟
⎝ 10 ⎠ ⎝ 10 ⎠
= 10 ⎡⎣log 108 − log 10⎤⎦
= 10(8 − 1)
= 10(7)
= 70 dB
89.
x 1 2 3 4 5 6
y 1.000 1.189 1.316 1.414 1.495 1.565
ln x 0 0.693 1.099 1.386 1.609 1.792
ln y 0 0.173 0.275 0.346 0.402 0.448
The slope of the line is 14 . So, ln y = 1

4
ln x.
91.
x 1 2 3 4 5 6
y 2.500 2.102 1.900 1.768 1.672 1.597
ln x 0 0.693 1.099 1.386 1.609 1.792
ln y 0.916 0.743 0.642 0.570 0.514 0.468
The slope of the line is − 14 . So, ln y = − 14 ln x + ln 52 .
93.
Weight, x 25 35 50 75 500 1000
Galloping Speed, y 191.5 182.7 173.8 164.2 125.9 114.2
ln x 3.219 3.555 3.912 4.317 6.215 6.908
ln y 5.255 5.208 5.158 5.101 4.835 4.738
y = 256.24 − 20.8 ln x
(b) T − 21 = 54.4(0.964)
t
95. (a)
T = 54.4(0.964) + 21
t
See graph in (a).
(c)
t (in minutes) T (°C) T − 21 (°C) ln (T − 21) 1 (T − 21)
0 78 57 4.043 0.0175
5 66 45 3.807 0.0222
10 57.5 36.5 3.597 0.0274
ln (T − 21) = −0.037t + 4
15 51.2 30.2 3.408 0.0331
T = e −0.037t + 3.997 + 21
20 46.3 25.3 3.231 0.0395
This graph is identical to T in (b).
25 42.5 21.5 3.068 0.0465
30 39.6 18.6 2.923 0.0538
1
(d) = 0.0012t + 0.016
T − 21
1
T = + 21
0.001t + 0.016
(e) Taking logs of temperatures led to a linear scatter plot because the log function increases very slowly as the x-values
increase. Taking the reciprocals of the temperatures led to a linear scatter plot because of the asymptotic nature of the
reciprocal function.
97. f ( x) = ln x 99. False.

x
False, f (0) ≠ 0 because 0 is not in the domain of f ( x) − f ( 2) = ln x − ln 2 = ln ≠ ln ( x − 2)
2
f ( x).
f (1) = ln 1 = 0
101. False.
f (u ) = 2 f (v) ⇒ ln u = 2 ln v ⇒ ln u = ln v 2 ⇒ u = v 2
Section 5.4 Exponential and Logarithmic Equations 227
log x ln x 107. Sample answers:

103. f ( x) = log 2 x = =
log 2 ln 2 ?
(a) ln (1 + 3) = ln 1 + ln 3
1.39 ≠ 0 + 1.10
ln (u + v) = ln (uv), but ln (u + v) ≠ ln u + ln v.
?
(b) ln (3 − 1) = ln 3 − ln 1
0.69 ≠ 1.10 − 0
105. f ( x) = log1 4 x u
ln u − ln v = ln , but ln (u − v) ≠ ln u − ln v.
log x ln x v
= =
log(1 4) ln (1 4) ?
(c) (ln 2)3 = 3(ln 2)
0.33 ≠ 2.08
n(ln u ) = ln u n , but (ln u ) ≠ n(ln u ).
n
109. ln 2 ≈ 0.6931, ln 3 ≈ 1.0986, ln 5 ≈ 1.6094

ln 1 = 0
ln 2 ≈ 0.6931
ln 3 ≈ 1.0986
ln 4 = ln ( 2 ⋅ 2) = ln 2 + ln 2 ≈ 0.6931 + 0.6931 = 1.3862
ln 5 ≈ 1.6094
ln 6 = ln ( 2 ⋅ 3) = ln 2 + ln 3 ≈ 0.6931 + 1.0986 = 1.7917
ln 8 = ln 23 = 3 ln 2 ≈ 3(0.6931) = 2.0793
ln 9 = ln 32 = 2 ln 3 ≈ 2(1.0986) = 2.1972
ln 10 = ln (5 ⋅ 2) = ln 5 + ln 2 ≈ 1.6094 + 0.6931 = 2.3025
ln 12 = ln ( 22 ⋅ 3) = ln 22 + ln 3 = 2 ln 2 + ln 3 ≈ 2(0.6931) + 1.0986 = 2.4848
ln 15 = ln (5 ⋅ 3) = ln 5 + ln 3 ≈ 1.6094 + 1.0986 = 2.7080
ln 16 = ln 24 = 4 ln 2 ≈ 4(0.6931) = 2.7724
ln 18 = ln (32 ⋅ 2) = ln 32 + ln 2 = 2 ln 3 + ln 2 ≈ 2(1.0986) + 0.6931 = 2.8903
ln 20 = ln (5 ⋅ 22 ) = ln 5 + ln 22 = ln 5 + 2 ln 2 ≈ 1.6094 + 2(0.6931) = 2.9956
Section 5.4 Exponential and Logarithmic Equations

1. (a) x = y 5. log 2 ( x + 3) = 10
(b) x = y (a) x = 1021
(c) x log 2 (1021 + 3) = log 2 (1024)
(d) x
Because 210 = 1024, x = 1021 is a solution.
2x − 7
3. 4 = 64 (b) x = 17
(a) x = 5 log 2 (17 + 3) = log 2 ( 20)
42(5) − 7 = 43 = 64
Because 210 ≠ 20, x = 17 is not a solution.
Yes, x = 5 is a solution.
(b) x = 2 (c) x = 102 − 3 = 97
log 2 (97 + 3) = log 2 (100)
42(2) − 7 = 4−3 = 1
64
≠ 64
No, x = 2 is not a solution. Because 210 ≠ 100, 10 2 − 3 is not a solution.
7. 4 x = 16 23. 32 x = 80
4 x = 42 ln 32 x = ln 80
x = 2 2 x ln 3 = ln 80
ln 80
9. ln x − ln 2 = 0 x = ≈ 1.994
2 ln 3
ln x = ln 2
x = 2 25. 23 − x = 565
11. ln x = −1 ln 23 − x = ln 565
eln x = e −1 (3 − x) ln 2 = ln 565
x = e −1 3 ln 2 − x ln 2 = ln 565
x ≈ 0.368 − x ln 2 = ln 565 − 3 ln 2
x ln 2 = 3 ln 2 − ln 565
13. log 4 x = 3
3 ln 2 − ln 565
x =
4 log 4 x
= 43 ln 2
x = 43 ln 565
x = 3− ≈ −6.142
x = 64 ln 2
15. f ( x) = g ( x) 27. 8(103 x ) = 12

2 = 8
x
103 x = 12
8
2 = 2
x 3
x = 3
log 103 x = log ( 32 )
Point of intersection: 3 x = log( 32 )
(3, 8) x = 13 log( 32 )
2 −2 x ≈ 0.059
17. e x = e x
x = x2 − 2 29. e3 x = 12
0 = x2 − x − 2 3 x = ln 12
0 = ( x + 1)( x − 2) x =
ln 12
≈ 0.828
x = −1, x = 2 3
31. 7 − 2e x = 5
19. 4(3x ) = 20
− 2e x = −2
3x = 5
ex = 1
log 3 3x = log 3 5
x = ln 1 = 0
log 5 ln 5
x = log3 5 = or
log 3 ln 3 33. 6( 23 x −1 ) − 7 = 9
x ≈ 1.465
6( 23 x −1 ) = 16
21. e x − 9 = 19 8
23 x − 1 =
e = 28
x 3
ln e x = ln 28 ⎛8⎞
log 2 23 x −1 = log 2 ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 3⎠
x = ln 28 ≈ 3.332
⎛8⎞ log(8 3) ln (8 3)
3x − 1 = log 2 ⎜ ⎟ = or
⎝ 3⎠ log 2 ln 2
1 ⎡ log(8 3) ⎤
x = ⎢ + 1⎥ ≈ 0.805
3 ⎣ log 2 ⎦
35. 2 x = 3x + 1 45. ln x = −3
ln 2 x = ln 3x + 1 x = e −3 ≈ 0.050
x ln 2 = ( x + 1) ln 3 47. 2.1 = ln 6 x
x ln 2 = x ln 3 + ln 3 e 2.1 = 6 x
x ln 2 − x ln 3 = ln 3
e2.1
x(ln 2 − ln 3) = ln 3 = x
6
ln 3 1.361 ≈ x
x = ≈ − 2.710
ln 2 − ln 3
49. 3 ln 5 x = 10
37. 4 x = 5x
2 10
ln 5 x =
2
3
ln 4 x = ln 5 x 5 x = e10 3
x ln 4 = x 2 ln 5 e10 3
x = ≈ 5.606
x 2 ln 5 − x ln 4 = 0 5
x ( x ln 5 − ln 4) = 0
51. 2 − 6 ln x = 10
x = 0 −6 ln x = 8
ln 4
x ln 5 − ln 4 = 0 ⇒ x = ≈ 0.861 ln x = − 43
ln 5
e ln x = e −4 3
39. e 2 x − 4e x − 5 = 0 x = e −4 3
(e x + 1)(e x − 5) = 0 x ≈ 0.264
e x = −1 or ex = 5 53. 6 log 3 (0.5 x) = 11

(No solution) x = ln 5 ≈ 1.609 log 3 (0.5 x) = 11
6
500 3log3 (0.5 x) = 311 6

41. = 20
100 − e x 2 0.5 x = 311 6
500 = 20(100 − e x 2 ) x = 2(311 6 ) ≈ 14.988
25 = 100 − e x 2
55. ln x − ln ( x + 1) = 2
e x 2 = 75
⎛ x ⎞
x
= ln 75
ln ⎜ ⎟ = 2
2 ⎝ x + 1⎠
x = 2 ln 75 ≈ 8.635 x
= e2
x +1
⎛ 0.065 ⎞
365t x = e 2 ( x + 1)
43. ⎜1 + ⎟ = 4
⎝ 365 ⎠ x = e2 x + e2
365t
⎛ 0.065 ⎞ x − e2 x = e2
ln ⎜1 + ⎟ = ln 4
⎝ 365 ⎠ x(1 − e 2 ) = e 2
⎛ 0.065 ⎞
365t ln ⎜1 + ⎟ = ln 4 e2
⎝ 365 ⎠ x = ≈ −1.157
1 − e2
ln 4
t = ≈ 21.330 This negative value is extraneous. The equation has no
⎛ 0.065 ⎞
365 ln ⎜1 + ⎟ solution.
⎝ 365 ⎠
57. ln ( x + 5) = ln ( x − 1) − ln ( x + 1) 65. g ( x) = 8e−2 x 3 − 11

⎛ x − 1⎞
ln ( x + 5) = ln ⎜ ⎟
Algebraically:
⎝ x + 1⎠
8e −2 x 3 = 11
x −1
x +5 = e −2 x 3 = 1.375
x +1
( x + 5)( x + 1) = x − 1 2x
− = ln 1.375
3
x2 + 6x + 5 = x − 1
x = −1.5 ln 1.375
x2 + 5x + 6 = 0 x ≈ −0.478
(x + 2)( x + 3) = 0 The zero is x ≈ −0.478.
x = −2 or x = −3
67. y1 = 3
Both of these solutions are extraneous, so the equation y2 = ln x
has no solution.
From the graph,
59. log(3 x + 4) = log( x − 10) x ≈ 20.086 when y = 3.
3 x + 4 = x − 10 Algebraically:
2 x = −14 3 − ln x = 0
x = −7 ln x = 3
The negative value is extraneous. x = e3 ≈ 20.086
The equation has no solution.
69. y1 = 2 ln ( x + 3)
1 y2 = 3
61. log 4 x − log 4 ( x − 1) =
2
From the graph, x ≈ 1.482 when y = 3.
⎛ x ⎞ 1
log 4 ⎜ ⎟ = Algebraically:
⎝ x − 1⎠ 2
4
log 4 ⎡⎣ x ( x − 1)⎤⎦
= 41 2 2 ln ( x + 3) = 3
x ln ( x + 3) = 3
2
= 41 2
x −1 x + 3 = e3 2
x = 2( x − 1)
x = e3 2 − 3 ≈ 1.482
x = 2x − 2
− x = −2 71. (a) r = 0.025
x = 2 A = Pe rt
5000 = 2500e0.025t
63. f ( x) = 5 x − 212
2 = e0.025t
Algebraically: ln 2 = 0.025t
5 = 212
x
ln 2
= t
ln 5 x = ln 212 0.025
x ln 5 = ln 212 t ≈ 27.73 years
ln 212 (b) r = 0.025
x =
ln 5 A = Pe rt
x ≈ 3.328 7500 = 2500e0.025t
The zero is x ≈ 3.328. 3 = e0.025t
ln 3 = 0.025t
ln 3
= t
0.025
t ≈ 43.94 years
73. 2 x 2e 2 x + 2 xe2 x = 0 77. 2 x ln x + x = 0

x( 2 ln x + 1) = 0
(2 x 2 + 2 x )e 2 x = 0
2 ln x + 1 = 0 (because x > 0)
2x2 + 2 x = 0 (because e2 x ≠ 0)
ln x = − 12
2 x( x + 1) = 0
x = e −1 2 ≈ 0.607
x = 0, −1
1 + ln x
79. = 0
75. − xe − x + e − x = 0 2
(− x + 1)e − x = 0 1 + ln x = 0
−x + 1 = 0 (because e− x ≠ 0) ln x = −1
1
x =1 x = e −1 = ≈ 0.368
e
81. (a)
From the graph you see horizontal asymptotes at y = 0 and y = 100.

These represent the lower and upper percent bounds; the range falls between 0% and 100%.
100
(b) Males: 50 =
1 + e− 0.5536( x − 69.51)
1 + e − 0.5536( x − 69.51) = 2
e −0.5536( x − 69.51) = 1
− 0.5536( x − 69.51) = ln 1
− 0.5536( x − 69.51) = 0
x = 69.51
The average height of an American male is
69.51 inches.
100
Females: 50 =
1 + e −0.5834( x − 64.49)
1 + e−0.5834( x − 64.49) = 2
e−0.5834( x − 64.49) = 1
−0.5834( x − 64.49) = ln 1
−0.5834( x − 64.49) = 0
x = 64.49
The average height of an American female is
64.49 inches.
83. N = 68(10−0.04 x ) 87. log a (uv) = log a u + log a v

True by Property 1 in Section 3.3.
When N = 21:
21 = 68(10− 0.04 x ) 89. log a (u − v) = log a u − log a v

False.
21
= 10− 0.04 x
68 1.95 = log(100 − 10)
21 ≠ log 100 − log 10 = 1
log10 = − 0.04 x
68
log10 ( 21 68) 91. Yes, a logarithmic equation can have more than one
x = − ≈ 12.76 inches extraneous solution. See Exercise 103.
0.04
36.94 93. A = Pe rt
85. y = −3.00 + 11.88 ln x +
x
(a) A = ( 2 P)e rt = 2( Pe rt ) This doubles your money.
(a)
x 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
(b) A = Pe(2 r )t = Pe rt e rt = e rt ( Pe rt )
y 162.6 78.5 52.5 40.5 33.9
(c) A = Pe r(2t ) = Pe rt e rt = e rt ( Pe rt )
(b) Doubling the interest rate yields the same result as
doubling the number of years.
If 2 > e rt (i.e., rt < ln 2), then doubling your
investment would yield the most money. If rt > ln 2,
then doubling either the interest rate or the number of
The model seems to fit the data well. years would yield more money.
(c) When y = 30:
36.94
30 = −3.00 + 11.88 ln x +
x
Add the graph of y = 30 to the graph in part (a)
and estimate the point of intersection of the two
graphs.
You find that x ≈ 1.20 meters.
(d) No, it is probably not practical to lower the number
of gs experienced during impact to less than 23
because the required distance traveled at y = 23 is
x ≈ 2.27 meters. It is probably not practical to
design a car allowing a passenger to move forward
2.27 meters (or 7.45 feet) during an impact.
Section 5.5 Exponential and Logarithmic Models 233
95. (a) P = 1000, r = 0.07, compounded annually, n = 1

nt 1
⎛ r⎞ ⎛ 0.07 ⎞
Effective yield: A = P⎜1 + ⎟ = 1000⎜1 + ⎟ = $1070
⎝ n⎠ ⎝ 1 ⎠
1070 − 1000
= 7%
1000
The effective yield is 7%.
nt 1(5)
⎛ r⎞ ⎛ 0.07 ⎞
Balance after 5 years: A = P⎜1 + ⎟ = 1000⎜1 + ⎟ ≈ $1402.55
⎝ n⎠ ⎝ 1 ⎠
(b) P = 1000, r = 0.07, compounded continuously
Effective yield: A = Pe rt = 1000e0.07(1) ≈ $1072.51
1072.51 − 1000
= 7.25%
1000
The effective yield is about 7.25%.
Balance after 5 years: A = Pert = 1000e0.07(5) ≈ $1419.07
(c) P = 1000, r = 0.07, compounded quarterly, n = 4
nt 4(1)
⎛ r⎞ ⎛ 0.07 ⎞
Effective yield: A = P⎜1 + ⎟ = 1000⎜1 + ⎟ ≈ $1071.86
⎝ n⎠ ⎝ 4 ⎠
1071.86 − 1000
= 7.19%
1000
nt 4(5)
⎛ r⎞ ⎛ 0.07 ⎞
⎝ n⎠ ⎝ 4 ⎠
(d) P = 1000, r = 0.0725, compounded quarterly, n = 4
nt 4(1)
⎛ r⎞ ⎛ 0.0725 ⎞
Effective yield: A = P⎜1 + ⎟ = 1000⎜1 + ⎟ ≈ $1074.50
⎝ n⎠ ⎝ 4 ⎠
1074.50 − 1000
≈ 7.45%
1000
nt 4(5)
⎛ r⎞ ⎛ 0.0725 ⎞
⎝ n⎠ ⎝ 4 ⎠
Savings plan (d) has the greatest effective yield and the highest balance after 5 years.
Section 5.5 Exponential and Logarithmic Models

1. y = aebx ; y = ae− bx 5. (a) A = Pe rt
A
3. normally distributed = P
ert
(b) A = Pe rt
A
= e rt
P
A
ln = ln e rt
P
A
ln = rt
P
ln ( A P)
= t
r
7. Because A = 1000e0.035t , the time to double is given by 15. P = 1000, r = 0.1, A = 2000
2000 = 1000e 0.035t
and you have ⎛ r⎞
nt
A = P⎜1 + ⎟
2 = e0.035t ⎝ n⎠
nt
ln 2 = ln e0.035t ⎛ 0.1 ⎞
2000 = 1000⎜1 + ⎟
ln 2 = 0.035t ⎝ n ⎠
nt
ln 2 ⎛ 0.1 ⎞
t = ≈ 19.8 years. 2 = ⎜1 + ⎟
0.035 ⎝ n ⎠
Amount after 10 years: A = 1000e0.35 ≈ $1419.07 (a) n = 1
(1 + 0.1) = 2
t
9. Because A = 750e rt and A = 1500 when t = 7.75,

you have (1.1)t = 2
ln (1.1) = ln 2
t
1500 = 750e 7.75 r
2 = e 7.75 r
t ln 1.1 = ln 2
ln 2 = ln e 7.75 r ln 2
t = ≈ 7.27 years
ln 2 = 7.75r ln 1.1
ln 2 (b) n = 12
r = ≈ 0.089438 = 8.9438%.
7.75 ⎛ 0.1 ⎞
12 t
0.089438(10) ⎜1 + ⎟ = 2
Amount after 10 years: A = 750e ≈ $1834.37 ⎝ 12 ⎠
12 t
⎛ 12.1 ⎞
11. Because A = Pe0.045t and A = 10,000.00 when ln ⎜ ⎟ = ln 2
⎝ 12 ⎠
t = 10, you have
⎛ 12.1 ⎞
10,000.00 = Pe0.045(10) 12t ln ⎜ ⎟ = ln 2
⎝ 12 ⎠
10,000.00 ln 2
= P = $6376.28. 12t =
e0.045(10) ln (12.1 12)
The time to double is given by ln 2
ln 2 t = ≈ 6.96 years
t = ≈ 15.40 years. 12 ln (12.1 12)
0.045
(c) n = 365
13. A = 500,000, r = 0.05, n = 12, t = 10 ⎛ 0.1 ⎞
365t
⎜1 + ⎟ = 2
⎛ r⎞
nt ⎝ 365 ⎠
A = P⎜1 + ⎟ 365t
⎝ n⎠ ⎛ 365.1 ⎞
ln ⎜ ⎟ = ln 2
12(10) ⎝ 365 ⎠
⎛ 0.05 ⎞
500,000 = P⎜1 + ⎟
⎝ 12 ⎠ ⎛ 365.1 ⎞
365t ln ⎜ ⎟ = ln 2
500,000 ⎝ 365 ⎠
P = 12(10) ln 2
⎛ 0.05 ⎞ 365t =
⎜1 + ⎟ ln (365.1 365)
⎝ 12 ⎠
≈ $303,580.52 ln 2
t = ≈ 6.93 years
365 ln (365.1 365)
(d) Compounded continuously
A = Pert
2000 = 1000e0.1t
2 = e0.1t
ln 2 = ln e0.1t
0.1t = ln 2
ln 2
t = ≈ 6.93 years
0.1
17. (a) 3P = Pe rt
3 = e rt
ln 3 = rt
ln 3
= t
r
r 2% 4% 6% 8% 10% 12%
ln 3
t = ( years) 54.93 27.47 18.31 13.73 10.99 9.16
r
3P = P(1 + r )
t
(b)
3 = (1 + r )
t
ln 3 = ln (1 + r )
t
ln 3
= t
ln (1 + r )
r 2% 4% 6% 8% 10% 12%
ln 3
t = ( years) 55.48 28.01 18.85 14.27 11.53 9.69
ln (1 + r )
19. Continuous compounding results in faster growth. 23. y = 2, a = 2( 2) = 4, t = 5715

A = 1 + 0.075 t and A = e0.07t
y = ae − bt
2 = 4e − b(5715)
0.5 = e −5715b
ln 0.5 = ln e −5715b
ln 0.5 = −5715b
ln 0.5
b = −
5715
Given 2 grams after 1000 years, the initial amount is
−⎣⎡−(ln 0.5) 5715⎦⎤(1000)
1 2 = ae
21. a = 10, y = (10) = 5, t = 1599
2 a ≈ 2.26 grams.
y = ae − bt
5 = 10e −b(1599) 25. y = aebx
0.5 = e −1599b 1 = aeb(0) ⇒ 1 = a
−1599 b
ln 0.5 = ln e 10 = eb(3)
ln 0.5 = −1599b ln 10 = 3b
ln 0.5
b = − ln 10
1599 = b ⇒ b ≈ 0.7675
3
Given an initial quantity of 10 grams, after 1000 years,
you have So, y = e0.7675 x .
− ⎡⎣− (ln 0.5) 1599⎤⎦(1000)
y = 10e ≈ 6.48 grams.
27. y = aebx 31. y = 4080ekt

5 = aeb(0) ⇒ 5 = a When t = 3, y = 10,000:
b( 4)
1 = 5e 10,000 = 4080e k (3)
1 10,000
= e 4b = e3 k
5 4080
⎛1⎞ ⎛ 10,000 ⎞
ln ⎜ ⎟ = 4b ln ⎜ ⎟ = 3k
⎝5⎠ ⎝ 4080 ⎠
ln (1 5) ln (10,000 4080)
= b ⇒ b ≈ −0.4024 k = ≈ 0.2988
4 3
So, y = 5e−0.4024 x . When t = 24: y = 4080e0.2988(24) ≈ 5,309,734 hits
29. (a)
Year 1980 1990 2000 2010 33. y = aebt
When t = 3, y = 100: When t = 5, y = 400:
Population 106.1 143.15 196.25 272.37
100 = ae 3b
400 = ae5b
(b) Let P = 350, and solve for t. 100
= a
e3b
350 = 20.6 + 85.5e0.0360t
100
329.4 = 85.5e0.0360t Substitute 3b for a in the equation on the right.
e
329.4 100 5b
= e0.0360t 400 = 3b e
85.5 e
⎛ 329.4 ⎞ 400 = 100e 2b
ln ⎜ ⎟ = 0.0360t
⎝ 85.5 ⎠ 4 = e 2b
1 ⎛ 329.4 ⎞ ln 4 = 2b
ln ⎜ ⎟ = t
0.0360 ⎝ 85.5 ⎠ ln 22 = 2b
37.4 ≈ t 2 ln 2 = 2b
(c) No; The population will not continue to grow at such ln 2 = b
a quick rate. 100 100 100 100 100
The population will reach 350,000 people in the year a = = 3 ln 2 = = 3 = = 12.5
e 3b e ln 23 2 8
e
2017.
y = 12.5e(ln 2)t
After 6 hours, there are y = 12.5e(ln 2)(6) = 800 bacteria.
35. (0, 1150), ( 2, 550)

550 − 1150
(a) m = = −300 (d)
2−0 t 1 3
V = −300t + 1150
V = −300t + 1100 $850 $250
(b) 550 = 1150e k (2)
V = 1150e −0.369t $795 $380
⎛ 550 ⎞
ln ⎜ ⎟ = 2k ⇒ k ≈ −0.369
⎝ 1150 ⎠
V = 1150e −0.368799t
(c) (e) The slope of the linear model means that the computer depreciates
$300 per year, then loses all value in the third year. The exponential
model depreciates faster in the first two years but maintains value longer.
The exponential model depreciates

faster in the first two years.
1 − t 8223 269,573
37. R = e 41. (a) 1998: t = 18, y =
1012 1 + 985e − 0.308(18)
1 ≈ 55,557 sites
(a) R =
814 269,573
2003: t = 23, y =
1 −t 8223 1 1 + 985e − 0.308(23)
e = 14
1012 8 ≈ 147,644 sites
1012 269,573
e −t 8223 = 2006: t = 26, y =
814 1 + 985e − 0.308(26)
t ⎛ 10 ⎞ 12
≈ 203,023 sites
− = ln ⎜ 14 ⎟
8223 ⎝8 ⎠ (b) and (c)
⎛ 1012 ⎞
t = −8223 ln ⎜ 14 ⎟ ≈ 12,180 years old
⎝8 ⎠
1 −t 8223 1
(b) e = 11
1012 13
1012 Because the lines intersect at (30.6, 250, 000), the
e −t 8223 =
1311 number of cell sites will reach 250,000 in the year
t ⎛ 1012 ⎞ 2010.
− = ln ⎜ 11 ⎟
8223 ⎝ 13 ⎠ (d) Let y = 250, 000 and solve for t.
⎛ 10 ⎞ 12
269, 573
t = −8223 ln⎜ 11 ⎟ ≈ 4797 years old 250,000 =
⎝ 13 ⎠ 1 + 985e− 0.308t
2 450 269, 573
39. y = 0.0266e −( x −100) , 70 ≤ x ≤ 116 1 + 985e − 0.308t =
250,000
(a) 985e − 0.308t = 0.078292
e − 0.308t ≈ 0.000079484
− 0.308t ≈ ln (0.00007948)
t ≈ 30.6
The number of cell sites will reach 250,000 during
(b) The average IQ score of an adult student is 100. the year 2010.
1000
43. p(t ) =
1 + 9e −0.1656t
1000
(a) p(5) = ≈ 203 animals (c)
1 + 9e −0.1656(5)
1000
(b) 500 =
1 + 9e −0.1656t
1 + 9e −0.1656t = 2
9e −0.1656t = 1
The horizontal asymptotes are p = 0 and p = 1000.
1
e −0.1656t = The asymptote with the larger p-value, p = 1000, indicates
9
ln (1 9) that the population size will approach 1000 as time increases.
t = − ≈ 13 months
0.1656
I
45. R = log = log I because I 0 = 1.
I0
(a) R = 6.6 (b) R = 5.6 (c) R = 7.1
6.6 = log I 5.6 = log I 7.1 = log I
106.6 = 10log I 105.6 = 10log I 107.1 = 10log I
3,981,072 ≈ I 105.6 = I 107.1 = I
398,107 ≈ I 12,589,254 ≈ I
I 53. 5.8 = −log ⎡⎣H + ⎤⎦

47. β = 10 log where I 0 = 10−12 watt m 2 .
I0
−5.8 = log ⎡⎣H + ⎤⎦
10−10
(a) β = 10 log −12 = 10 log 102 = 20 decibels log ⎡⎢H + ⎤⎥
10 10−5.8 = 10 ⎣ ⎦
10−5 10−5.8 = ⎡⎣H + ⎤⎦

(b) β = 10 log = 10 log 107 = 70 decibels
10−12
10−8 ⎡⎣H + ⎤⎦ ≈ 1.58 × 10−6 moles per liter
(c) β = 10 log = 10 log 104 = 40 decibels
10−12
1 55. 2.9 = −log ⎡⎣H + ⎤⎦
(d) β = 10 log −12 = 10 log 1012 = 120 decibels
10 −2.9 = log ⎡⎣H + ⎤⎦
I
49. β = 10 log ⎡⎣H + ⎤⎦ = 10−2.9 for the apple juice
I0
β I 8.0 = −log ⎡⎣H + ⎤⎦
= log
10 I0
−8.0 = log ⎡⎣H + ⎤⎦
10 β 10 = 10log I I0
I ⎡⎣H + ⎤⎦ = 10−8 for the drinking water

10 β 10 =
I0
10−2.9
I = I 010 β 10 = 105.1 times the hydrogen ion concentration of
10−8
I 0109.3 − I 0108.0 drinking water
% decrease = × 100 ≈ 95%
I 0109.3
T − 70
51. pH = −log ⎡⎣H + ⎤⎦ 57. t = −10 ln
98.6 − 70
−log( 2.3 × 10−5 ) ≈ 4.64 At 9:00 A.M. you have:
85.7 − 70
t = −10 ln ≈ 6 hours
98.6 − 70
From this you can conclude that the person died at
3:00 A.M.
⎡ 0.075t ⎤
59. u = 120,000 ⎢ 12 t
− 1⎥
⎢1 − ⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎥
⎢ ⎜ ⎟ ⎥
⎣ ⎝ 1 + 0.075 12 ⎠ ⎦
(a) (b) From the graph, u = $120,000 when t ≈ 21 years.
It would take approximately 37.6 years to pay $240,000
in interest. Yes, it is possible to pay twice as much in
interest charges as the size of the mortgage. It is
especially likely when the interest rates are higher.
61. False. The domain can be the set of real numbers for a 63. False. The graph of f ( x) is the graph of g ( x) shifted
logistic growth function.
upward five units.

1. f ( x) = 0.3x 13. f ( x) = 5 x − 2 + 4
f (1.5) = 0.31.5 ≈ 0.164 Horizontal asymptote: y = 4
3. f ( x) = 2−0.5 x x −1 0 1 2 3
f (π ) = 2−0.5(π ) ≈ 0.337 f ( x) 4.008 4.04 4.2 5 9
5. f ( x) = 7(0.2 x )
(
f − 11 = 7 0.2−) ( 11
)
≈ 1456.529
7. f ( x) = 5 x , g ( x) = 5 x + 1
Because g ( x) = f ( x) + 1, the graph of g can be

obtained by shifting the graph of f one unit upward.
9. f ( x) = 3x , g ( x) = 1 − 3x
( 12 )
−x
15. f ( x) = + 3 = 2x + 3
Because g ( x) = 1 − f ( x), the graph of g can be
Horizontal asymptote: y = 3
obtained by reflecting the graph of f in the x-axis and
shifting the graph one unit upward. (Note: This is x −2 −1 0 1 2
equivalent to shifting the graph of f one unit upward and
then reflecting the graph in the x-axis.) f ( x) 3.25 3.5 4 5 7
11. f ( x) = 4− x + 4
Horizontal asymptote: y = 4
x −1 0 1 2 3
f ( x) 8 5 4.25 4.063 4.016
( 13 )
x−3
17. = 9
( 13 )
x−3
= 32
( 13 ) ( 13 )
x−3 −2
=
x − 3 = −2
x =1
19. e3 x − 5 = e 7
3x − 5 = 7
3 x = 12
x = 4
21. e8 ≈ 2980.958
23. e −1.7 ≈ 0.183
25. h( x) = e − x 2 27. f ( x) = e x + 2
x −2 −1 0 1 2 x −3 −2 −1 0 1
h( x ) 2.72 1.65 1 0.61 0.37 f ( x) 0.37 1 2.72 7.39 20.09
29. F (t ) = 1 − e − t 3
(a) F ( 12 ) ≈ 0.154
(b) F ( 2) ≈ 0.487
(c) F (5) ≈ 0.811
31. P = $5000, r = 3%, t = 10 years

nt 10 n
⎛ r⎞ ⎛ 0.03 ⎞
⎝ n⎠ ⎝ n ⎠
Compounded continuously: A = Pe rt = 5000e0.03(10)
A $6719.58 $6734.28 $6741.74 $6746.77 $6749.21 $6749.29
33. 33 = 27 45. g ( x) = log 7 x ⇒ x = 7 y

log 3 27 = 3 Domain: (0, ∞)
x-intercept: (1, 0)
35. e0.8 = 2.2255…
ln 2.2255… = 0.8 Vertical asymptote: x = 0
1
x 1 7 49
f ( x) = log x
7
37.
g ( x) −1 0 1 2
f (1000) = log 1000
= log 103 = 3
39. g ( x) = log 2 x
g ( 14 ) = log 2 4
1
= log 2 2−2 = −2
41. log 4 ( x + 7) = log 4 14

x + 7 = 14
x = 7
43. ln ( x + 9) = ln 4
x +9 = 4
x = −5
47. f ( x) = 4 − log( x + 5) 55. h( x) = ln ( x 2 ) = 2 ln x

Domain: ( −5, ∞) Domain: ( −∞, 0) ∪ (0, ∞)
Because x-intercepts: ( ±1, 0)
4 − log( x + 5) = 0 ⇒ log( x + 5) = 4
Vertical asymptote: x = 0
x + 5 = 104
x = 104 − 5 x ±0.5 ±1 ±2 ±3 ±4
= 9995. h( x ) −1.39 0 1.39 2.20 2.77
x-intercept: (9995, 0)
Vertical asymptote: x = −5
x −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1
f ( x) 4 3.70 3.52 3.40 3.30 3.22
57. h = 116 log( a + 40) − 176

h(55) = 116 log(55 + 40) − 176
≈ 53.4 inches
log 6
59. (a) log 2 6 = ≈ 2.585
49. f ( 22.6) = ln 22.6 ≈ 3.118 log 2
ln 6
(b) log 2 6 = ≈ 2.585
51. f ( ) e = 1
2
ln e = 0.25 ln 2
53. f ( x) = ln x + 3 61. (a) log1 2 5 =

log 5
≈ −2.322
log(1 2)
Domain: (0, ∞)
ln 5
ln x + 3 = 0 (b) log1 2 5 = ≈ −2.322
ln (1 2)
ln x = −3
x = e −3 63. log 18 = log( 2 ⋅ 32 )
x-intercept: (e −3 , 0) = log 2 + 2 log 3
≈ 1.255
x 1 2 3 1 1 65. ln 20 = ln ( 22 ⋅ 5)
2 4
= 2 ln 2 + ln 5 ≈ 2.996
f ( x) 3 3.69 4.10 2.31 1.61
67. log 5 5 x 2 = log 5 5 + log 5 x 2

= 1 + 2 log 5 x
9
69. log 3 = log 3 9 − log 3 x
x
= log 3 32 − log 3 x1 2
1
= 2− log 3 x
2
71. ln x 2 y 2 z = ln x 2 + ln y 2 + ln z 89. 2 x − 3 = 29
= 2 ln x + 2 ln y + ln z 2 x = 32
2 x = 25
73. log 2 5 + log 2 x = log 2 5 x
x = 5
1 x
75. ln x − ln y = ln x − ln 4 y = ln 91. 25e −0.3 x = 12
4 4 y
Graph y1 = 25e −0.3 x and y2 = 12.
1
log 3 x − 2 log 3 ( y + 8) = log 3 x1 2 − log 3 ( y + 8)
2
77.
2
x − log 3 ( y + 8)
2
= log 3
x
= log 3
(y + 8)
2
The graphs intersect at x ≈ 2.447.

18,000
79. t = 50 log
18,000 − h 93. ln 3 x = 8.2
(a) Domain: 0 ≤ h < 18,000 eln 3 x = e8.2
(b) 3 x = e8.2
e8.2
x = ≈ 1213.650
3
95. ln x − ln 3 = 2
x
Vertical asymptote: h = 18,000 ln = 2
3
(c) As the plane approaches its absolute ceiling, it eln( x 3) = e 2
climbs at a slower rate, so the time required x
increases. = e2
3
18,000 x = 3e 2 ≈ 22.167
(d) 50 log ≈ 5.46 minutes
18,000 − 4000
97. log8 ( x − 1) = log8 ( x − 2) − log8 ( x + 2)
81. 5 x = 125
⎛ x − 2⎞
log8 ( x − 1) = log8 ⎜ ⎟
5 x = 53 ⎝ x + 2⎠
x = 3 x − 2
x −1 =
x + 2
83. e x = 3
( x − 1)( x + 2) = x − 2
x = ln 3 ≈ 1.099
x2 + x − 2 = x − 2
85. ln x = 4 x2 = 0
x = e 4 ≈ 54.598 x = 0
2 +3
Because x = 0 is not in the domain of log8 ( x − 1) or
87. e 4 x = e x
of log8 ( x − 2), it is an extraneous solution. The
4x = x2 + 3
equation has no solution.
0 = x2 − 4x + 3
0 = ( x − 1)( x − 3) 99. log(1 − x) = −1
x = 1, x = 3 1 − x = 10−1
1− 1 = x
10
x = 0.900
101. 2 ln ( x + 3) − 3 = 0 110. y = 7 − log( x + 3)

Graph y1 = 2 ln ( x + 3) − 3. Logarithmic model
Matches graph (d).
2 3
111. y = 2e −( x + 4)
Gaussian model
The x-intercept is at x ≈ 1.482. Matches graph (a).
103. 6 log( x 2 + 1) − x = 0 112. y =

6
1 + 2e−2 x
Graph y1 = 6 log( x 2 + 1) − x.
Logistics growth model
Matches graph (c).
113. y = aebx
Using the point (0, 2), you have
2 = aeb(0)
The x-intercepts are at x = 0, x ≈ 0.416, and
2 = ae0
x ≈ 13.627.
2 = a(1)
105. P = 8500, A = 3(8500) = 25,500, r = 3.5% 2 = a
A = Pe rt Then, using the point ( 4, 3), you have
25,500 = 8500e 0.035t

3 = 2eb(4)
3 = e 0.035t
3 = 2e 4b
ln 3 = 0.035t 3
= e 4b
2
ln 3
t = ≈ 31.4 years ln 3
= 4b
0.035 2
1
4
ln ( 32 ) = b
107. y = 3e−2 x 3
Exponential decay model So, y = 2e 4
()
1 ln 3 x
2
Matches graph (e). or

y = 2e0.1014 x
108. y = 4e 2 x 3
Exponential growth model 2 128
115. y = 0.0499e−( x − 71) , 40 ≤ x ≤ 100
Matches graph (b).
2 128
Graph y1 = 0.0499e −( x − 71) .
109. y = ln ( x + 3)
Logarithmic model
Graph includes ( −2, 0)
Matches graph (f ).
The average test score is 71.
⎛ I ⎞
117. β = 10 log⎜ −12 ⎟
(a) β = 60 (b) β = 135 (c) β = 1
⎝ 10 ⎠
I = 10 60 10 −12
I = 10 135 10 − 12
I = 101 10 −12
β ⎛ I ⎞
= log⎜ −12 ⎟ = 10−6 watt m 2 = 101.5 1
10 ⎝ 10 ⎠ = 1010 × 10−12
I = 10 10 watts m 2
10β 10 = −12 ≈ 1.259 × 10−2 watt m 2
10
I = 10 β 10 −12
119. True. By the inverse properties, log b b 2 x = 2 x.

1. y = ax 9. f ( x) = e x − e− x
y1 = 0.5 x y = e x − e− x
y2 = 1.2 x
x = e y − e− y
y3 = 2.0 x
e2 y − 1
x =
y4 = x ey
xe y = e 2 y − 1
e 2 y − xe y − 1 = 0
The curves y = 0.5 and y = 1.2 cross the line
x x
x ± x2 + 4
y = x. From checking the graphs it appears that y = x ey = Quadratic Formula
2
will cross y = a x for 0 ≤ a ≤ 1.44.
Choosing the positive quantity for e y you have
3. The exponential function, y = e , increases at a faster x
⎛x + x2 + 4 ⎞
rate than the polynomial y = x n . y = ln ⎜ ⎟. So,
⎜ 2 ⎟
⎝ ⎠
5. (a) f (u + v) = a u + v = a u ⋅ a v = f (u ) ⋅ f (v) ⎛x + x2 + 4 ⎞
f −1 ( x) = ln ⎜ ⎟.
⎜ 2 ⎟
(b) f ( 2 x) = a 2 x = ( a x ) = ⎡⎣ f ( x)⎤⎦
2 2
⎝ ⎠
7. (a) 11. Answer (c). y = 6 1 − e − x ( 2 2

)
The graph passes through (0, 0) and neither (a) nor (b)
pass through the origin. Also, the graph has y-axis
symmetry and a horizontal asymptote at y = 6.
t k1 t k2
⎛1⎞ ⎛1⎞
(b) 13. y1 = c1 ⎜ ⎟ and y2 = c2 ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ 2⎠
t k1 t k2
⎛1⎞ ⎛1⎞
c1 ⎜ ⎟ = c2 ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ 2⎠
(t k2 − t k1 )
c1 ⎛1⎞
= ⎜ ⎟
(c) c2 ⎝ 2⎠
⎛c ⎞ ⎛ t t ⎞ ⎛1⎞
ln ⎜ 1 ⎟ = ⎜ − ⎟ ln ⎜ ⎟
⎝ c2 ⎠ ⎝ k2 k1 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠
⎛1 1 ⎞ ⎛1⎞
ln c1 − ln c2 = t ⎜ − ⎟ ln ⎜ ⎟
⎝ k2 k1 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠
ln c1 − ln c2
t =
⎡⎣(1 k2 ) − (1 k1 )⎤⎦ ln (1 2)
15. (a) y1 ≈ 252.606(1.0310)

t
17. (ln x)2 = ln x 2
(ln x)
2
(b) y2 ≈ 400.88t 2 − 1464.6t + 291,782 − 2 ln x = 0
(c) ln x(ln x − 2) = 0
ln x = 0 or ln x = 2
x = 1 or x = e2
(d) The exponential model is a better fit for the data, but
neither would be reliable to predict the population of
the United States in 2015. The exponential model
approaches infinity rapidly.
19. y4 = ( x − 1) − (x − 1) + (x − 1) − (x − 1)
1 2 1 3 1 4
2 3 4
The pattern implies that

ln x = ( x − 1) − (x − 1) + (x − 1) − (x − 1) + ….
1 2 1 3 1 4
2 3 4
4
y = ln x
−3 9
y4
−4
21. y = 80.4 − 11 ln x 25. (a)
(b) The data could best be modeled by a linear model.

(c) The shape of the curve looks much more linear than
y (300) = 80.4 − 11 ln 300 ≈ 17.7 ft 3 min exponential or logarithmic.
(d) y ≈ − 0.7884 x + 8.2566
23. (a)
(b) The data could best be modeled by a logarithmic

model. (e) The model is a good fit to the actual data.
(c) The shape of the curve looks much more logarithmic
than linear or exponential.
(d) y ≈ 2.1518 + 2.7044 ln x
(e) The model is a good fit to the actual data.

1. Solve for x : x3 5 = 8.
2. Solve for x : 3x −1 = 1.
81
3. Graph f ( x) = 2− x.
4. Graph g ( x) = e x + 1.
5. If $5000 is invested at 9% interest, find the amount after three years if the interest is compounded
(a) monthly.
(b) quarterly.
(c) continuously.
6. Write the equation in logarithmic form: 7 −2 = 1.

49
7. Solve for x : x − 4 = log 2 1.

64
8. Given log b 2 = 0.3562 and log b 5 = 0.8271, evaluate log b 4 8 25.
9. Write 5 ln x − 1 ln y + 6 ln z as a single logarithm.

2
10. Using your calculator and the change of base formula, evaluate log 9 28.
11. Use your calculator to solve for N : log10 N = 0.6646
12. Graph y = log 4 x.
13. Determine the domain of f ( x) = log 3 ( x 2 − 9).
14. Graph y = ln ( x − 2).
ln x
15. True or false: = ln ( x − y )
ln y
16. Solve for x : 5 x = 41
17. Solve for x : x − x 2 = log 5 1

25
18. Solve for x: log 2 x + log 2 ( x − 3) = 2
e x + e− x
19. Solve for x : = 4
3
20. Six thousand dollars is deposited into a fund at an annual interest rate of 13%. Find the time required for the investment to
double if the interest is compounded continuously.
C H A P T E R 6
Topics in Analytic Geometry
Section 6.1 Lines....................................................................................................248
Section 6.2 Introduction to Conics: Parabolas......................................................253
Section 6.3 Ellipses ................................................................................................258
Section 6.4 Hyperbolas ..........................................................................................264
Section 6.5 Rotation of Conics..............................................................................272
Section 6.6 Parametric Equations..........................................................................281
Section 6.7 Polar Coordinates ...............................................................................291
Section 6.8 Graphs of Polar Equations .................................................................297
Section 6.9 Polar Equations of Conics..................................................................302
Problem Solving .........................................................................................................316
Practice Test................................................................................................................321
C H A P T E R 6
Topics in Analytic Geometry
Section 6.1 Lines
1. inclination 25. ( )
3, 2 , (0, 1)
m2 − m1 1− 2 −1 1
3. m = = =
1 + m1m2 0− 3 − 3 3
1
= tan θ
π 3 3
5. m = tan =
6 3 1 π
θ = arctan = radian = 30°
3 6
3π
7. m = tan = −1
4
27. − ( )
3, −1 , (0, − 2)
π
9. m = tan = 3 −2 − ( −1) −1
3 m = =
0− − ( 3 ) 3
11. m = tan 0.26 ≈ 0.2660
1
− = tan θ
13. m = tan 1.27 ≈ 3.2236
3
⎛ 1 ⎞ 5π
θ = arctan ⎜ − ⎟ = radians = 150°
15. m = tan 1.81 ≈ − 4.100 ⎝ 3⎠ 6
17. m = −1 29. (6, 1), (10, 8)

−1 = tan θ 8−1 7
m = =
θ = 180° + arctan (−1) 10 − 6 4
3π 7
= radians = 135° = tan θ
4 4
7
19. m = 1 θ = arctan ≈ 1.0517 radians ≈ 60.3°
4
1 = tan θ
π 31. ( −2, 20), (10, 0)
θ = radian = 45°
4 0 − 20 20 5
m = = − = −
3 10 − ( −2) 12 3
21. m = 4
5
3
= tan θ − = tan θ
4 3
θ = arctan ( 34 ) ≈ 0.6435 radian ≈ 36.9° ⎛ 5⎞
θ = π + arctan ⎜ − ⎟ ≈ 2.1112 radians ≈ 121.0°
3 ⎝ ⎠
23. m = − 52
⎛1 3⎞ ⎛1 1⎞
− 52 = tan θ 33. ⎜ , ⎟, ⎜ , ⎟
⎝4 2⎠ ⎝3 2⎠
( )
θ = tan −1 − 52 + π ≈ 1.9513 radians ≈ 111.8° 1
2
− 3
2 1
m = 1 1
= − 1
= −12
3
− 4 12
−12 = tan θ
θ = arctan ( −12) + π ≈ 1.6539 radians
≈ 94.8°
248
Section 6.1 Lines 249
35. 2 x + 2 y − 5 = 0 45. 3x + y = 3 ⇒ y = −3 x + 3 ⇒ m1 = −3
5 x − y = 2 ⇒ y = x − 2 ⇒ m2 = 1
y = −x + ⇒ m = −1
2
1 − ( −3)
−1 = tan θ tan θ = = 2
1 + ( −3)(1)
3π
θ = arctan( −1) = radians = 135° θ = arctan 2 ≈ 1.1071 radians ≈ 63.4°
4
37. 3x − 3 y + 1 = 0 47. x − y = 0 ⇒ y = x ⇒ m1 = 1
1 3 1 3
y = x + ⇒ m =1 3x − 2 y = −1 ⇒ y = x + ⇒ m2 =
3 2 2 2
1 = tan θ 3
−1
π 2 1
θ = arctan 1 = radian = 45° tan θ = =
4 ⎛ 3⎞ 5
1 + ⎜ ⎟(1)
⎝ ⎠
2
39. x + 3y + 2 = 0 1
θ = arctan ≈ 0.1974 radian ≈ 11.3°
1 2 1 5
y = − x − ⇒ m = −
3 3 3
1 7 1
1 49. x − 2y = 7 ⇒ y = x − ⇒ m1 =
− = tan θ 2 2 2
3
5
⎛ 1 ⎞ 5π 6x + 2 y = 5 ⇒ y = −3 x + ⇒ m2 = −3
θ = arctan ⎜ − ⎟ = radians = 150° 2
⎝ 3⎠ 6
1
−3 −
41. 6 x − 2 y + 8 = 0 tan θ = = 7 2
⎛1⎞
y = 3x + 4 ⇒ m = 3 1 + ⎜ ⎟( −3)
3 = tan θ ⎝ 2⎠
θ = arctan 7 ≈ 1.4289 radians ≈ 81.9°
θ = arctan 3 ≈ 1.2490 radians ≈ 71.6°
1 1
51. x + 2 y = 8 ⇒ y = − x + 4 ⇒ m1 = −
43. 5 x + 3 y = 0 2 2
y = − 53 x ⇒ m = − 53 1 1
x − 2y = 2 ⇒ y = x −1 ⇒ m2 =
2 2
− 53 = tan θ
1 ⎛ 1⎞
− ⎜− ⎟
( )
θ = π + arctan − 53 ≈ 2.1112 radians ≈ 121.0°
tan θ =
2 ⎝ 2⎠
=
4
⎛ 1 ⎞⎛ 1 ⎞ 3
1 + ⎜ − ⎟⎜ ⎟
⎝ 2 ⎠⎝ 2 ⎠
⎛ 4⎞
θ = arctan ⎜ ⎟ ≈ 0.9273 radian ≈ 53.1°
3 ⎝ ⎠
5 5
53. 0.05 x − 0.03 y = 0.21 ⇒ y = x −7 ⇒ m1 =
3 3
7 7
0.07 x + 0.02 y = 0.16 ⇒ y = − x + 8 ⇒ m2 = −
2 2
⎛ 7 ⎞ ⎛5⎞
⎜− ⎟ − ⎜ ⎟ 31
tan θ = ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ =
2 3
⎛ 5 ⎞⎛ 7 ⎞ 29
1 + ⎜ ⎟⎜ − ⎟
⎝ 3 ⎠⎝ 2 ⎠
⎛ 31 ⎞
θ = arctan ⎜ ⎟ ≈ 0.8187 radian ≈ 46.9°
⎝ 29 ⎠
250 Chapter 6 Topics in Analytic Geometry
55. Let A = (1, 5), B = (3, 8), and C = ( 4, 5).
8−5 3
Slope of AB: m1 = =
3−1 2
5−8 −3
Slope of BC: m2 = = = −3
4−3 1
5−5 0
Slope of AC: m3 = = = 0
4 −1 3
3 3 3 9
0− − (−3)
2 2 3 2 9 −3 − 0 3
tan A = = = tan B = = 2 = tan C = = = 3
⎛ 3⎞ 1 2 ⎛ 3⎞ 7 7 1 + (0)( −3) 1
1 + ⎜ ⎟( 0 ) 1 + ( −3)⎜ ⎟
⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ 2⎠ 2
C = arctan 3 ≈ 71.6°
⎛ 3⎞ 9
A = arctan ⎜ ⎟ ≈ 56.3° B = arctan ≈ 52.1°
⎝ 2⎠ 7
57. Let A = ( −4, −1), B = (3, 2), and C = (1, 0). 59. ( x1, y1 ) = (1, 1)
−1 − 2 3 y = x +1⇒ x − y +1 = 0
Slope of AB: m1 = =
−4 − 3 7 (1)(1) + ( −1)(1) + 1 1 2
d = = = ≈ 0.7071
2 −0 1 + ( −1)
2 2 2 2
Slope of BC: m2 = =1
3−1
Slope of AC: m3 =
−1 − 0
=
1 61. ( x1, y1 ) = (3, 2)
−4 − 1 5 y = 2x − 1 ⇒ 2x − y − 1 = 0
1 3 8 2(3) + ( −1)( 2) + (−1) 3 3 5
− d = = = ≈ 1.3416
5 7 35 4 5
tan A = = = 2 + ( −1) 5
2 2
⎛ ⎞⎛ ⎞
3 1 38 9
1 + ⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟
⎝ 7 ⎠⎝ 5 ⎠ 35
63. ( x1, y1 ) = ( − 2, 6)
⎛4⎞
A = arctan ⎜ ⎟ ≈ 11.9° y = −x + 5 ⇒ x + y − 5 = 0
⎝ 19 ⎠
3 4
(1)(− 2) + (1)(6) + ( − 5) 1 2
1− d = = = ≈ 0.7071
7 7 2 12 + 12 2 2
tan B = = =
⎛ ⎞
3 10 5
1 + ⎜ ⎟(1)
⎝7⎠ 7
⎛ 2⎞
B = arctan ⎜ ⎟ ≈ 21.8°
⎝5⎠
C = 180° − A − B
≈ 180° − 11.9° − 21.8° = 146.3°
65. ( x1, y1 ) = (1, − 3)

y = 2x − 5 ⇒ 2x − y − 5 = 0
2(1) + ( −1)( − 3) + ( − 5)
d = = 0; the point is on the line.
22 + ( −1)
2
67. ( x1, y1 ) = ( 2, 3)
3x + y = 1 ⇒ 3x + y − 1 = 0
3( 2) + (1)(3) + ( −1) 8 8 10 4 10
d = = = = ≈ 2.5298
3 +1
2 2 10 10 5
Section 6.1 Lines 251
69. ( x1 , y1 ) = (6, 2)
− 3x + 4 y = − 5 ⇒ − 3x + 4 y + 5 = 0
(− 3)(6) + (4)(2) + (5) 5
d = = =1
(− 3)2 + (4)2 25
71. ( x1, y1 ) = ( −1, 2)

5x + 3 y = − 4 ⇒ 5x + 3 y + 4 = 0
(5)(−1) + (3)( 2) + ( 4) 5 5 34
d = = = ≈ 0.8575
5 +3
2 2 34 34
73. ( x1, y1 ) = ( −1, − 5)

6x + 3 y = 3 ⇒ 6x + 3y − 3 = 0
6( −1) + (3)( − 5) + (− 3) 24 8 5
d = = = ≈ 3.5777
62 + 32 45 5
75. (a) y
4
B
3
1 C
A
x
−1 1 2 3 4 5
−1
1−0 1
(b) Slope of the line AC: m = =
3 − ( −1) 4
1
Equation of the line AC: y − 0 = ( x + 1)
4
x − 4y + 1 = 0
(1)(0) + (− 4)(3) + (1) 11 11 17

Altitude from B = (0, 3): h = = =
1 + ( − 4)
2 2 17 17
(c) Length of the base AC: b = (3 + 1)2 + (1 − 0)

2
= 17
1
Area of the triangle: A = bh
2
=
1
2
( ⎛ 11 ⎞
17 ⎜ )
⎟ =
⎝ 17 ⎠
11
2
units 2
77. (a) y
3 C
1
A
x
−3 −1 1 2 3
−1
−2
B
−3
3−0 3
(b) Slope of the line AC: m = =
2+3 5
3
Equation of the line AC: y − 0 = ( x + 3)
5
3x − 5 y + 9 = 0
3(0) + ( − 5)( − 2) + (9) 19 19 34

Altitude from B = (0, − 2): h = = =
3 + ( − 5)
2 2 34 34
(c) Length of the base AC: b = (2 + 3) + (3 − 0)

2 2
= 34
1
2
=
1
2
( ⎛ 19 ⎞
34 ⎜ )
⎟ =
⎝ 34 ⎠
19
2
units 2
79. (a) y
5 C
4 B
1 A
x
−1 1 2 3 4 5
−1
5−1 4
(b) Slope of the line AC: m = = = 2
3−1 2
Equation of the line AC: y − 1 = 2 ( x − 1)
2x − y − 1 = 0
( 2)( 2) + ( −1)( 4) + ( −1) 1 5

Altitude from B = ( 2, 4): h = = =
2 + ( −1)
2 2 5 5
(c) Length of the base AC: b = (3 − 1)2 + (5 − 1)

2
= 20 = 2 5
1
2
⎛ 5⎞
=
1
2
(
2 5 ⎜⎜ )
⎟⎟ = 1 unit
2
⎝ 5 ⎠
Section 6.2 Introduction to Conics: Parabolas 253
81. x + y = 1 ⇒ (0, 1) is a point on the line ⇒ x1 = 0 93. (a) (0, 0) ⇒ x1 = 0 and y1 = 0

and y1 = 1 y = mx + 4 ⇒ 0 = mx − y + 4
x + y = 5 ⇒ A = 1, B = 1, and C = −5 m(0) + ( −1)(0) + 4 4
d = =
1(0) + 1(1) + ( −5) 4 m + ( −1)
2 2
m2 + 1
d = = = 2 2
12 + 12 2
(b) d
83. Slope: m = tan 0.1 ≈ 0.1003

6
5
x
Change in elevation: sin 0.1 =
2(5280)
2
x ≈ 1054 feet 1
m
es −4 −3 − 2 − 1 1 2 3 4
2 mil
x −2
0.1 radian
Not drawn to scale (c) The maximum distance of 4 occurs when the slope m
is 0 and the line through (0, 4) is horizontal.
3
85. Slope = 5 (d) The graph has a horizontal asymptote at d = 0.
Inclination = tan −1 3
≈ 31.0° As the slope becomes larger, the distance between
5
the origin and the line, y = mx + 4, becomes
smaller and approaches 0.
87. tan γ = 6
9
γ = arctan ( 23 ) ≈ 33.69° 95. Slope m and y-intercept (0, 4)
β = 90 − γ ≈ 56.31° (a) ( x1, y1 ) = (3, 1) and line: y = mx + 4
Also, because the right triangles containing α and β are A = − m, B = 1, C = −4

equal, α = γ ≈ 33.69° (−m)(3) + (1)(1) + (−4) 3m +1
d = =
( − m) m2 + 1
2
α 6 ft + 12
6 ft
(b) d
β γ
8
9 ft
36 ft 6
89. True. The inclination of a line is related to its slope by

m = tan θ . If the angle is greater than π 2 but less −6 −4 −2 2 4 6
m
−2
than π, then the angle is in the second quadrant where
the tangent function is negative. −4
91. False. The inclination is the positive angle measured (c) From the graph it appears that the maximum distance
counterclockwise from the x-axis. is obtained when m = 1.
(d) Yes. From the graph it appears that the distance is 0
when m = −1.
(e) The asymptote of the graph in part (b) is d = 3.
As the line approaches the vertical, the distance
approaches 3.
Section 6.2 Introduction to Conics: Parabolas

1. conic 9. y 2 = −4 x
3. locus Vertex: (0, 0)
5. axis Opens to the left because p

is negative; matches graph (e).
7. focal chord
10. x 2 = 2 y 19. Focus: ( −2, 0) ⇒ p = −2
Vertex: (0, 0) y 2 = 4 px
p = 1 > 0 y 2 = 4( −2) x
2
y 2 = −8 x
Opens upward; matches graph (b).
11. x 2 = −8 y 21. Vertex: (0, 0) ⇒ h = 0, k = 0
Vertex: (0, 0) Directrix: y = 1 ⇒ p = −1
Opens downward because p is negative; matches x 2 = 4 py

graph (d). x 2 = 4( −1) y
12. y 2 = −12 x x 2 = −4 y
Vertex: (0, 0) 23. Vertex: (0, 0) ⇒ h = 0, k = 0

p = −3 < 0 Directrix: x = −1 ⇒ p = 1
Opens to the left; matches graph (f). y 2 = 4 px
13. (y − 1) = 4( x − 3)
2 y 2 = 4(1) x
y2 = 4x
Vertex: (3, 1)
Opens to the right because p is positive; matches 25. Vertex: (0, 0) ⇒ h = 0, k = 0
graph (a).
Vertical axis
14. (x + 3) = −2( y − 1)
2
Passes through: ( 4, 6)
Vertex: ( −3, 1) x 2 = 4 py
42 = 4 p(6)
p = − 12 < 0
16 = 24 p
Opens downward; matches graph (c). 2
p = 3
15. Vertex: (0, 0) ⇒ h = 0, k = 0
x2 = 4 ( 23 ) y
Graph opens upward. 8
x2 = 3
y
x = 4 py
2
Point on graph: (3, 6) 27. Vertex: (0, 0) ⇒ h = 0, k = 0
32 = 4 p(6) Horizontal axis
9 = 24 p Passes through: ( −2, 5)

3 y 2 = 4 px
8
= p
52 = 4 p( −2)
So, x 2 = 4 ( 83 ) y ⇒ x2 = 3
2
y.
25 = −8 p
17. Vertex: (0, 0) ⇒ h = 0, k = 0 p = − 25
8
Focus: 0, ( 12 ) ⇒ p = 1
2
y 2 = 4 − 25
8
x ( )
y = − 25
2
x
x 2 = 4 py 2
x2 = 4 ( 12 ) y
x2 = 2 y
29. y = 1 x2
2 37. (x + 3) = 4 y −
2
( 3
2 ) y
x = 2y
( )
2
(x + 3) = 4(1) y −
2 3
2
8
x = 4
2
( ) y ⇒ h = 0, k
1
2
= 0, p = 1
2
h = −3, k = 3
, p =1
6
2 4
Vertex: (0, 0)
y ( 32 )
Vertex: −3, 2
Focus: 0, ( ) 1 x
Focus: ( −3, 52 )
2 5 −8 −6 −4 −2 2
−2
Directrix: y = − 12 4
3 1
3 Directrix: y = 2
−1 = 2
2
1
x
39. y = 1
4 ( x2 − 2 x + 5)
4 y = x2 − 2x + 5
1 2 3
−1
4 y − 5 + 1 = x2 − 2x + 1
31. y 2 = −6 x
4 y − 4 = ( x − 1)
2 y
y = 4
2
( ) x ⇒ h = 0, k
− 32 = 0, p = − 32
(x − 1) = 4(1)( y − 1)
2 6
Vertex: (0, 0)
y
4
h = 1, k = 1, p = 1 4
Focus: ( − 32 , 0) 3
Vertex: (1, 1) 2
Directrix: x = 3
2 x Focus: (1, 2) x
−6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 −2 2 4
Directrix: y = 0
−3
−4 41. y 2 + 6 y + 8 x + 25 = 0
y 2 + 6 y + 9 = −8 x − 25 + 9
33. x + 6 y = 0
2
(y + 3) = 4( −2)( x + 2)
2
( ) y ⇒ h = 0, k
y
x = −6 y = 4
2
− 32 = 0, p = − 32
h = −2, k = −3, p = −2 2
Vertex: (0, 0)
y
2
Vertex: ( −2, − 3) − 10 −8 −6 −4
x
Focus: 0, − 32( ) 1
x
Focus: ( −4, − 3)
−2
−4
−4 −3 1 3 4
−1
Directrix: y = 3 Directrix: x = 0 −6
2 −2
−3
−8
−4
−5
−6
43. x 2 + 4 x + 6 y − 2 = 0
35. (x − 1) + 8( y + 2) = 0
2 x 2 + 4 x = −6 y + 2
x + 4 x + 4 = −6 y + 2 + 4
2
(x − 1) = 4( −2)( y + 2)
2
h = 1, k = −2, p = −2
y (x + 2) = −6( y − 1)
2
Vertex: (1, − 2)
4
3
(x + 2) = 4 − 32 ( y − 1)
2
( )
2
h = −2, k = 1, p = − 32
4
Focus: (1, − 4) 1
x − 14 10
Directrix: y = 0
−3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4 5
Vertex: ( −2, 1)
−3
−4
(
Focus: −2, − 12 ) − 12
5
Directrix: y = 2
On a graphing calculator, enter: y1 = − 16 ( x 2 + 4 x − 2)
45. y 2 + x + y = 0 55. Focus: ( 2, 2)

1 1
y2 + y + 4
= −x + 4 Directrix: x = −2
( y + 12 ) ( )( ) Horizontal axis
2
= 4 − 14 x − 1
4
Vertex: (0, 2)
h = 1, k = − 12 , p = − 14 4
4 p = 2 −0 = 2
Vertex: ( ) 1
4
, − 12 − 10 2 (y − 2) = 4( 2)( x − 0)
2
Focus: (0, − 12 ) (y − 2) = 8 x
2
−4
Directrix: x = 1
1
2 57. x 2 = 2 y ⇒ p =
2
To use a graphing calculator, enter:
Point: ( 4, 8)
y1 = − 12 + 1
4
− x
⎛ 1⎞
y2 = − 12 − 1 − x Focus: ⎜ 0, ⎟
4 ⎝ 2⎠
1
47. Vertex: (3, 1) and opens downward. d1 = −b
2
Passes through ( 2, 0) and ( 4, 0). 2
⎛ 1⎞
(4 − 0) + ⎜ 8 − ⎟
2
d2 =
y = −( x − 2)( x − 4) ⎝ 2⎠
= − x2 + 6 x − 8 17
=
2
= −( x − 3) + 1
2
d1 = d 2 ⇒ b = −8
(x − 3) = −( y − 1)
2
8 − ( −8)
Slope: m = = 4
4−0
49. Vertex: ( −4, 0) and opens to the right.
y = 4x − 8 ⇒ 0 = 4x − y − 8
Passes through (0, 4). x-intercept: ( 2, 0)
(y − 0 ) = 4 p ( x + 4)
2
1 1
4 2 = 4 p ( 0 + 4) 59. y = −2 x 2 ⇒ x 2 = − y ⇒ p = −
2 8
16 = 16 p Point: ( −1, − 2)
1 = p
⎛ 1⎞
y 2 = 4( x + 4) Focus: ⎜ 0, − ⎟
⎝ 8⎠
51. Vertex: ( 4, 3) ⎛ 1⎞ 1
d1 = b − ⎜ − ⎟ = b +
⎝ ⎠8 8
Focus: (6, 3)
2
⎛ ⎛ 1 ⎞⎞
Horizontal axis d2 = (−1 − 0)2 + ⎜ −2 − ⎜ − ⎟ ⎟
⎝ ⎝ 8 ⎠⎠
p = 6− 4 = 2
17
(y − 3) = 4(−2)( x − 4)
2 =
8
(y − 3) = −8( x − 4)
2
d1 = d 2 ⇒ b = 2
−2 − 2
53. Vertex: (0, 2) Slope: m = = 4
−1 − 0
Directrix: y = 4 y = 4x + 2 ⇒ 0 = 4x − y + 2
Vertical axis ⎛ 1 ⎞
x-intercept: ⎜ − , 0 ⎟
p = 2 − 4 = −2 ⎝ 2 ⎠
(x − 0) = 4( −2)( y − 2)
2
x 2 = −8( y − 2)
61. y 2 = 4 px, p = 1.5 65. (a) x 2 = 4 py

y 2 = 4(1.5) x ⎛1⎞
322 = 4 p⎜ ⎟
y2 = 6x ⎝ 12 ⎠
1
1024 = p
63. (a) Vertex: (0, 0) ⇒ h = 0, k = 0 3
3072 = p
Points on the parabola: ( ±16, − 0.4)
x 2 = 4(3072) y
x = 4 py
2
x2
y =
(±16) = 4 p(−0.4)
2
12,288
256 = −1.6 p 1 x2
(b) =
−160 = p 24 12,288
x 2 = 4( −160 y ) 12,288
= x2
x = −640 y
2 24
1 x2 512 = x 2
y = − 640
x ≈ 22.6 feet
(b) When y = −0.1 we have
1 2 67. Vertex: (0, 48) ⇒ h = 0, k = 48
−0.1 = − 640 x
64 = x 2 Passes through 10 3, 0 ( )
±8 = x. Vertical axis
So, 8 feet away from the center of the road, the road
surface is 0.1 foot lower than in the middle.
(x − 0) = 4 p( y − 48)
2
(10 )
2
3 −0 = 4 p(0 − 48)
300 = −192 p
25
− 16 = p
25
x 2 = 4 − 16 ( )
( y − 48)
4(
x = − 25
2
y − 48)
69. x 2 = 4 p( y − 12)
(4, 10) on curve:
16 = 4 p(10 − 12) = − 8 p ⇒ p = − 2
x 2 = 4( − 2)( y − 12) = − 8 y + 96
− x 2 + 96
y =
8
y = 0 if x 2 = 96 ⇒ x = 4 6 ⇒ width is 8 6 meters.
71. (a) x 2 = 4 py
602 = 4 p( 20) ⇒ p = 45
Focus: (0, 45)
x2
(b) x 2 = 4( 45) y or y =
180
73. (a) V = 17,500 2 mi h 81. (a) p=3 p=2 21

p=1
≈ 24,750 mi h
(b) p = −4100, ( h, k ) = (0, 4100)
p=4
(x − 0) = 4( −4100)( y − 4100)
2 − 18 18
−3
x 2 = −16,400( y − 4100) As p increases, the graph becomes wider.
v2
(b) (0, 1), (0, 2), (0, 3), (0, 4)
75. (a) x 2 = − ( y − s)
16 (c) 4, 8, 12, 16. The latus rectum passing through the
( 28)
2
focus and parallel to the directrix has length 4 p .
x2 = − (y − 100)
16 (d) This provides an easy way to determine two
x 2 = −49( y − 100) additional points on the graph, each of which is
(b) The ball bits the ground when y = 0. 2 p units away from the focus on the latus rectum.
x 2 = −49(0 − 100) 83. (a) The standard form of the equation of a parabola with
x 2 = 4900 a vertical axis.
x = 70 (b) The standard form of the equation of a parabola with

a vertical axis.
The ball travels 70 feet.
(c) The standard form of the equation of a parabola with
77. False. It is not possible for a parabola to intersect its a horizontal axis.
directrix. If the graph crossed the directrix there would Solve equation (b) for y.
exist points closer to the directrix than the focus.
(x − h) = 4 p( y − k )
2
x1
79. y − y1 = ( x − x1 ) (x − h)
2
= y − k
2p
4p
x1
Slope: m = (x − h)
2
+ k = y
2p
4p
1
Now, let a = .
4p
a( x − h) + k = y , a ≠ 0
2
So, equations (a) and (b) are equivalent.
Section 6.3 Ellipses

1. ellipse; foci x2 y2
6. + =1
9 4
3. minor axis
Center: (0, 0)
x2 y2
5. + =1 a = 3, b = 2
4 9
Horizontal major axis
Center: (0, 0)
Matches graph (c).
a = 3, b = 2
Vertical major axis 7.
(x − 2)
2
+ ( y + 1) = 1
2
Matches graph (b). 16

Center: ( 2, −1)
a = 4, b = 1
Matches graph (a).
Section 6.3 Ellipses 259
(x + 2)
2
(y + 2)
2 17. Vertices: ( ±6, 0) ⇒ a = 6
8. + =1
9 4 Major axis horizontal
Center: ( −2, − 2) Passes through: ( 4, 1)
a = 3, b = 2 x2 y2
+ 2 =1
Horizontal major axis 36 b
Matches graph (d). 42 12
+ 2 =1
36 b
9. Center: (0, 0) 16b 2 + 36 = 36b 2
a = 4, b = 2 36 = 20b 2
Vertical major axis 9
= b2
5
(x − h) (y − k)
2 2
+ =1 x2 y2
b 2
a 2
+ 9 =1
36
x2 y2 5
+ =1
4 16
19. Center: ( 2, 3)
11. Center: (0, 0) a = 3, b = 1
Vertices: ( ±7, 0) ⇒ a = 7 Vertical major axis
Foci: ( ±2, 0) ⇒ c = 2 (x − h)
2
+
(y − k)
2
=1
b2 a2
b = a − c = 49 − 4 = 45
2 2 2
2 2
(x − 2)
2
+
(y − 3)
2
=1
x y
+ 2 =1 1 9
a2 b
x2 y2 21. Vertices: (0, 2), (8, 2) ⇒ a = 4
+ =1
49 45
Length of minor axis: 2 ⇒ b = 1
13. Center: (0, 0) Center: ( 4, 2) = ( h, k )
Foci: ( ±5, 0) ⇒ c = 5 (x − h)
2
(y − k)
2
+ =1
Length of major axis: 14 ⇒ a = 7 a2 b2
b 2 = a 2 − c 2 = 49 − 25 = 24 (x − 4)
2
+
(y − 2)
2
=1
2 2 16 1
x y
+ 2 =1
a2 b 23. Foci: (0, 0), ( 4, 0) ⇒ c = 2
x2 y2
+ =1 Length of major axis: 6 ⇒ a = 3
49 24
Center: ( 2, 0) = ( h, k )
15. Major axis vertical
b2 = a 2 − c2 = 9 − 4 = 5
Passes through: (0, 4) and ( 2, 0)
(x − h) (y − k)
2 2
a = 4, b = 2 + =1
a2 b2
2 2
x y
(x − 2)
2
+ 2 =1 y5
b 2
a + =1
9 5
x2 y2
+ =1
4 16
25. Center: (1, 3) x2 y2

33. + =1
25 16
Vertex: ( − 2, 3) ⇒ a = 3 y
Ellipse 6
Major axis horizontal
Center: (0, 0)
Length of minor axis: 4 ⇒ b = 2 2
a = 5, b = 4, c = 3
(x − h) (y − k)
2 2 x
−6 −2
2
+ 2
=1 Vertices: ( ±5, 0)
2 4 6
a b
(x − 1) (y − 3) Foci: ( ±3, 0)
2 2
+ =1 −6
9 4 3
e =
5
27. Center: (0, 2)
Vertices: (0, − 6) and (0, 10) ⇒ a = 8 35.

x2
+
y2
=1
5 9
Major axis vertical
Ellipse y
a = 4c ⇒ 2 = c
4
a = 3, b = 5, c = 2
c2 = a 2 − b2
Center: (0, 0) 2
b = a2 − c2 1
Vertices: (0, ± 3)
x
= 8 − 2
2 2 −4 −3 −1 1 3 4
= 60 = 2 15 Foci: (0, ± 2) −2
(x − h)
2
+
(y − k)
2
=1 e =
2 −4
2 2
b a 3
x2
+
( y − 2) 2
=1 (x − 4) (y + 1)
2 2
60 64 37. + =1
16 25
29. Center: (3, 2) ⇒ h = 3, k = 2 Ellipse
a = 3c Center: ( 4, −1)
Foci: (1, 2), (5, 2) ⇒ c = 2, a = 6 a = 5, b = 4
b 2 = a 2 − c 2 = 36 − 4 = 32 c 2 = a 2 − b 2 = 25 − 16 = 9 ⇒ c = 3
Vertices: ( 4, 4), ( 4, − 6)
(x − h)
2
+
(y − k)
2
=1
a2 b2 Foci: ( 4, 2), ( 4, − 4)
(x − 3)
2
+
(y − 2)
2
=1
3
Eccentricity: e =
36 32 5
y
31. Vertices: (0, 2), ( 4, 2) ⇒ a = 2
6
Center: ( 2, 2) 4
Endpoints of the minor axis: ( 2, 3), ( 2, 1) ⇒ b = 1

2
x
−2 2 6 10
Horizontal major axis: −2
(x − h) (y − k)
2 2 −4
+ =1 −6
a2 b2
(x − 2)
2
+
(y − 2)
2
=1
4 1
39.
(x + 5)
2
+ ( y − 1) = 1
2 45. 6 x 2 + 2 y 2 + 18 x − 10 y + 2 = 0
94 ⎛ 9⎞ ⎛ 25 ⎞ 27 25
y 6⎜ x 2 + 3x + ⎟ + 2⎜ y 2 − 5 y + ⎟ = −2 + +
Ellipse ⎝ 4⎠ ⎝ 4⎠ 2 2
4
2 2
3 5
3
⎛ 3⎞ ⎛ 5⎞
a = , b = 1, c = 2 6⎜ x + ⎟ + 2⎜ y − ⎟ = 24
2 2 1 ⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ 2⎠
2 2
Center: ( −5, 1) ⎛ 3⎞ ⎛ 5⎞
x
⎜x + ⎟ ⎜y − ⎟
−7 −6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 1
−2 ⎝ 2 ⎠ + ⎝ 2⎠
=1
⎛ 7 ⎞ ⎛ 13 ⎞ 4 12
Vertices: ⎜ − , 1⎟, ⎜ − , 1⎟ −3
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠ −4
a = 12 = 2 3, b = 2, c = 8 = 2 2
⎛ 5 ⎞ ⎛ 5 ⎞
Foci: ⎜⎜ −5 + , 1⎟⎟, ⎜⎜ −5 − , 1⎟ Ellipse
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎟⎠
⎛ 3 5⎞
Center: ⎜ − , ⎟ y
5 ⎝ 2 2⎠
e = 7
3
⎛ 3 5 ⎞
Foci: ⎜ − , ± 2 2 ⎟ 5
⎝ 2 2 ⎠ 4
41. 9 x 2 + 4 y 2 + 36 x − 24 y + 36 = 0 3
9( x 2 + 4 x + 4) + 4( y 2 − 6 y + 9) = −36 + 36 + 36 ⎛ 3 5 ⎞ 2
Vertices: ⎜ − , ± 2 3 ⎟ 1
⎝ 2 2 ⎠ x
9( x + 2) + 4( y − 3) = 36
2 2 −5 −4 −3 1 2 3 4
2 2 6 −2
e = =
( x + 2) ( y − 3)
2 2 −3
2 3 3
+ =1
4 9
Ellipse 47. 16 x 2 + 25 y 2 − 32 x + 50 y + 16 = 0
a = 3, b = 2, c = 5
y
16( x 2 − 2 x + 1) + 25( y 2 + 2 y + 1) = −16 + 16 + 25
16( x − 1) + 25( y + 1) = 25
6 2 2
Center: ( −2, 3)
(x − 1)
4 2
Vertices: ( −2, 6), ( −2, 0) + ( y + 1) = 1
2
2 25 16
(
Foci: −2, 3 ± 5 ) x 25 2 9
−6 −4 −2 2 a2 = , b = 1, c 2 =
−2 16 16
5
e = Ellipse
3
Center: (1, −1)
43. x 2 + 5 y 2 − 8 x − 30 y − 39 = 0
⎛7 ⎞ ⎛1 ⎞
( x2 − 8 x + 16) + 5( y 2 − 6 y + 9) = 39 + 16 + 45 Foci: ⎜ , −1⎟, ⎜ , −1⎟
⎝4 ⎠ ⎝4 ⎠
(x − 4) + 5( y − 3) = 100
2 2 y
⎛9 ⎞ ⎛ 1 ⎞
Vertices: ⎜ , −1⎟, ⎜ − , −1⎟ 2
(x − 4) (y − 3) ⎝4 ⎠ ⎝ 4 ⎠
2 2
+ =1 1
100 20 3
e = x
Ellipse 5 −2 −1 1 3
Center: ( 4, 3)
−2
a = 10, b = 20 = 2 5, y
−3
14
c = 80 = 4 5 12
10
( )
8
Foci: 4 ± 4 5, 3
4
2
Vertices: (14, 3), ( −6, 3) −6 −4 10 14
x
−4
4 5 2 5 −6
e = = −8
10 5 −10
49. 5 x 2 + 3 y 2 = 15 53. Vertices: ( ±5, 0) ⇒ a = 5

x2 y2 3 3
+ =1 e = ⇒ c = a = 3
3 5 5 5
Center: (0, 0) b 2 = a 2 − c 2 = 25 − 9 = 16
Center: (0, 0) = ( h, k )
a = 5, b = 3, c = 2
( ) (x − h) (y − k)
2 2
Foci: 0, ± 2 + =1
a2 b2
Vertices: 0, ± ( 5 ) x2
+
y2
=1
25 16
10
e =
5 55. y
4
To graph, solve for y: 40
15 − 5 x 2
y =
2
−6 6
3
x
−20
15 − 5 x 2 20 40
y1 = −4
3
−40
15 − 5 x 2
y2 = −
3
x2 y2 ⎛ x2 y2 ⎞
+ = 1⎜ or + =1⎟
12 x + 20 y − 12 x + 40 y − 37 = 0
( 972 )
2 2
51. 2
232 ⎝ 529 2352.25 ⎠
⎛ 1⎞
12⎜ x 2 − x + ⎟ + 20( y 2 + 2 y + 1) = 37 + 3 + 20 2
⎝ 4⎠ 97 ⎛ 97 ⎞
⎜ ⎟ − ( 23) ≈ 4.7
2
a = , b = 23, c =
2 2 ⎝ 2⎠
⎛ 1⎞
12⎜ x − ⎟ + 20( y + 1) = 60
2
⎝ 2⎠ Distance between foci: 2( 4.7) ≈ 85.4 feet

2
⎛ 1⎞
⎜x − ⎟ ( y + 1)2 = 1 57. The length of the major axis and minor axis are
⎝ 2⎠
+ 280 millimeters and 160 millimeters, respectively.
5 3
Therefore,
a = 5, b = 3, c = 2 2a = 280 ⇒ a = 140 and 2b = 160 ⇒ b = 80.
⎛1 ⎞ a2 = b2 + c2
Center: ⎜ , −1⎟
⎝2 ⎠ 1402 = 802 + c 2
⎛1 ⎞ 13,200 = c 2
Foci: ⎜ ± 2, −1⎟ 2
⎝2 ⎠ 13,200 = c
⎛1 ⎞ −4 5
20 33 = c
Vertices: ⎜ ± 5, −1⎟
⎝2 ⎠ The kidney stone and spark plug are each located at a
focus, therefore they are 2c millimeters apart, or
10
( )
−4
e = 2 20 33 = 40 33 ≈ 229.8 millimeters apart.
5
To graph, solve for y.
59. a + c = 6378 + 947 = 7325
⎡ ( x − 0.5)2 ⎤⎥
(y + 1)
2
= 3⎢1 − a − c = 6378 + 228 = 6606
⎢⎣ 5 ⎥⎦ Solving this system for a and c yields a = 6965.5 and
⎡ c = 359.5.
y1 = −1 + 3⎢1 −
( x − 0.5)2 ⎤⎥
c 359.5
5
⎣⎢ ⎦⎥ e =
a
=
6965.5
≈ 0.052
y2 = −1 −
⎡
3⎢1 −
( x − 0.5)2 ⎤⎥
⎢⎣ 5 ⎥⎦
x2 y2
61. + =1
9 16
a = 4, b = 3, c = 7 y
Points on the ellipse: ( ±3, 0), (0, ± 4) (− 94 , 7 ) ( 94 , 7 )

2
2(3)
2
2b 2 9
Length of latus recta: = = x
a 4 2 −4 −2 2 4
−2
⎛ 9 ⎞ ⎛ 9 ⎞ (− 49 , − 7 ) ( 49 , − 7 )
Additional points: ⎜ ± , − 7 ⎟, ⎜ ± , 7⎟
⎝ 4 ⎠ ⎝ 4 ⎠
63. 5 x 2 + 3 y 2 = 15
x2 y2
+ =1
3 5
a = 5, b = 3, c = 2 y
( )( )
4
Points on the ellipse: ± 3, 0 , 0, ± 5
(− 3 5 5 , 2 ) (3 5 5 , 2)
2b 2
2⋅3 6 5
Length of latus recta: = = x
a 5 5 −4 −2 2 4
(− 3 5 5 , − 2 ) (3 5 5 , − 2 )
⎛ 3 5 ⎞
Additional points: ⎜⎜ ± ,± 2 ⎟⎟ −4
⎝ 5 ⎠
y
x2 71.
65. False. The graph of + y 4 = 1 is not an ellipse.
4 x2 y2
+ =1 (0, b)
a2 b2
The degree of y is 4, not 2.
c b
2 2 x
x y (− a, 0) (− c, 0) (a, 0)
67. + 2 =1 (c, 0)
a2 b
(a) a + b = 20 ⇒ b = 20 − a a
A = π ab = π a( 20 − a )
The length of half the major axis is a and the length of
(b) 264 = π a( 20 − a ) half the minor axis is b.
0 = −π a 2 + 20π a − 264 Find the distance between (0, b) and (c, 0) and (0, b)
0 = π a 2 − 20π a + 264 and ( −c, 0).

By the Quadratic Formula: a ≈ 14 or a ≈ 6.
d1 = (0 − c) + (b − 0)
2 2
= c2 + b2
Choosing the larger value of a, you have a ≈ 14
and b ≈ 6. (0 − (−c)) + (b − 0)
2 2
d2 = = c2 + b2
The equation of an ellipse with an area of 264 is
The sum of the distances from any point on the ellipse to
x2 y2
+ = 1. the two foci is constant. Using the vertex ( a, 0),
196 36
the constant sum is ( a + c) + ( a − c) = 2a.
69. Foci: ( 2, 2), (10, 2) So, the sum of the distances from (0, b) to the two foci is
c2 + b2 + c 2 + b 2 = 2a
2 c 2 + b 2 = 2a
c2 + b2 = a
c2 + b2 = a 2
x2 y2
So, a 2 = b 2 + c 2 for the ellipse 2
+ 2 = 1,
a b
where a > 0, b > 0.
Section 6.4 Hyperbolas

1. hyperbola; foci 11. Vertices: ( 2, 0), (6, 0) ⇒ a = 2
3. transverse axis; center Foci: (0, 0), (8, 0) ⇒ c = 4
y2 x2 b 2 = c 2 − a 2 = 16 − 4 = 12
5. − =1
9 25 Center: ( 4, 0) = ( h, k )
Center: (0, 0)
(x − h) (y − k)
2 2
a = 3, b = 5 − =1
a2 b2
(x − 4)
2
Vertical transverse axis y2
− =1
Matches graph (b). 4 12
6.
y2
−
x2
=1 13. Vertices: ( 4, 1), ( 4, 9) ⇒ a = 4
25 9
Foci: ( 4, 0), ( 4, 10) ⇒ c = 5
Center: (0, 0)
b 2 = c 2 − a 2 = 25 − 16 = 9
a = 5, b = 3
Center: ( 4, 5) = ( h, k )
Vertical transverse axis
(y − k) (x − h)
2 2
Matches graph (c).
− =1
a2 b2
7.
(x − 1)
2
−
y2
=1 (y − 5)
2
(x − 4)
2
16 4 − =1
16 9
Center: (1, 0)
a = 4, b = 2 15. Vertices: ( 2, 3), ( 2, − 3) ⇒ a = 3
Horizontal transverse axis Passes through the point: (0, 5)

Matches graph (a).
Center: ( 2, 0) = ( h, k )
8.
(x + 1)
2
−
(y − 2)
2
=1 (y − k)
2
(x − h)
2
16 9 − =1
a2 b2
Center: ( −1, 2) y2 ( x − 2) 2
− =1
a = 4, b = 2 9 b2
Horizontal transverse axis (x − 2)
2
=
y2
−1 =
y2 − 9
2
Matches graph (d). b 9 9
9( x − 2) 9( −2)
2 2
9. Vertices: (0, ± 2) ⇒ a = 2 b2 = =
y2 − 9 25 − 9
Foci: (0, ± 4) ⇒ c = 4 36 9
= =
b = c − a = 16 − 4 = 12
2 2 2 16 4
Center: (0, 0) = ( h, k ) y2
−
( x − 2) 2
=1
9 94
4( x − 2)
2
(y − k) (x − h)
2 2
y2
− =1 − =1
a2 b2 9 9
y2 x2
− =1
4 12
Section 6.4 Hyperbolas 265
17. Vertices: (0, 4), (0, 0) ⇒ a = 2
Passes through the point: ( 5, −1 )

Center: (0, 2) = ( h, k )
(y − k)
2
−
(x − h)
2
=1
a2 b2
( 5)
2
(y − 2) (y − 2) (y − 2) − 4
2 2 2
x2 x2 4x2 4 20
− 2 =1⇒ 2 = −1 = ⇒ b = 2
= = = 4
(y − 2) − 4 (−1 − 2)
2 2
4 b b 4 4 − 4 5
(y − 2)
2
−
x2
=1
4 4
19. x 2 − y 2 = 1 (x − 1) (y + 2)
y 2 2 y
25. − =1 3
a = 1, b = 1, c = 2 2 4 1 2
Center: (0, 0) a = 2, b = 1, c =
1
1 5 x
1 2 3
Vertices: ( ±1, 0) −2 2
x Center: (1, − 2)
Foci: ± 2, 0( ) −1
Vertices: ( −1, − 2), (3, − 2)
−4
( )
−2 −5
Asymptotes: y = ± x Foci: 1 ± 5, − 2
1
21.
y2
−
x2
=1 Asymptotes: y = −2 ± ( x − 1)
25 81 2
y
a = 5, b = 9, c = 106 10 (y + 6)
2
(x + 2)
2
y
8 27. − =1
Center: (0, 0) 6 19 14 2
4 x
Vertices: (0, ± 5) 1 1 −2 2 4 6
a = ,b = ,
2
x
−8 −6 6 8 10 3 2
( )
−2
Foci: 0, ± 106 −4
13 −6
−6 c =
6 − 10
5
Asymptotes: y = ± x −10
Center: ( 2, − 6) − 12
9 − 14
⎛ 17 ⎞ ⎛ 19 ⎞
y2 x2 Vertices: ⎜ 2, − ⎟, ⎜ 2, − ⎟
23. − =1 ⎝ 3⎠ ⎝ 3⎠
1 4
⎛ 13 ⎞
a = 1, b = 2, c 2 = a 2 + b 2 = 1 + 4 = 5 ⇒ c = 5 Foci: ⎜⎜ 2, − 6 ± ⎟
⎝ 6 ⎟⎠
Center: (0, 0)
y
2
4
Asymptotes: y = −6 ± ( x − 2)
Vertices: (0, ±1) 3 3
2
Foci: 0, ± ( 5 ) x
−4 −3 − 2 2 3 4
1
Asymptotes: y = ± x −2
2 −3
−4
29. 9 x 2 − y 2 − 36 x − 6 y + 18 = 0 33. 2 x 2 − 3 y 2 = 6
9( x 2 − 4 x + 4) − ( y 2 + 6 y + 9) = −18 + 36 − 9 x2 y2
− =1
3 2
9( x − 2) − ( y + 3) = 9
2 2
a = 3, b = 2, c = 5
(x − 2) (y + 3)
2 2
− =1 Center: (0, 0)
1 9
a = 1, b = 3, c = 10 y Vertices: ± ( 3, 0 )
Center: ( 2, − 3)
2 Foci: ± ( 5, 0 )
Vertices: (1, − 3), (3, − 3)
x
−6 −4 −2 2 4 6 8
2 6
Asymptotes: y = ± x = ± x
Foci: 2 ± ( 10, − 3 ) −4
−6
3 3
Asymptotes: −8
To use a graphing utility, solve for y first.
y = −3 ± 3( x − 2)
2x2 − 6
y2 =
3
31. x 2 − 9 y 2 + 2 x − 54 y − 80 = 0 2x2 − 6 ⎫
y1 = ⎪
(x 2
+ 2 x + 1) − 9( y + 6 y + 9) = 80 + 1 − 81
2
3 ⎪
⎬ Hyperbola
(x + 1) − 9( y + 3) = 0
2 2
2x − 6 ⎪
2
y2 = − ⎪
3 ⎭
y + 3 = ± 13 ( x + 1)
6 ⎫
Degenerate hyperbola is two lines intersecting at y3 = x ⎪
3 ⎪
(−1, − 3). ⎬ Asymptotes
6 ⎪
y4 = − x ⎪⎭
y
3
4 8
x − 12 12
−4 −2 2
−2
−4 −8
−6
35. 4 x 2 − 9 y 2 = 36 To use a graphing utility, solve for y first.

2 2
x y 4 x 2 − 36
− =1 y2 =
9 4 9
a = 3, b = 2, 4 x 2 − 36 ⎫
y1 = ⎪ 4
c 2 = a 2 + b 2 = 9 + 4 = 13 ⇒ c = 13 9 ⎪
⎬ Hyperbola
Center: (0, 0) 4 x − 36 ⎪
2
−6 6
y2 = − ⎪
9 ⎭
Vertices: ( ± 3, 0)
2 ⎫ −4
y3 = x
Foci: ± 13, 0 ( ) 3 ⎪⎪
⎬ Asymptotes
2 ⎪
2 y4 = − x
Asymptotes: y = ± x 3 ⎪⎭
3
37. 9 y 2 − x 2 + 2 x + 54 y + 62 = 0 41. Foci: (0, ± 8) ⇒ c = 8

9( y 2 + 6 y + 9) − ( x 2 − 2 x + 1) = −62 − 1 + 81 a
Asymptotes: y = ±4 x ⇒ = 4 ⇒ a = 4b
b
9( y + 3) − ( x − 1) = 18
2 2
Center: (0, 0) = ( h, k )
(y + 3) (x − 1)
2 2
− =1
2 18 c 2 = a 2 + b 2 ⇒ 64 = 16b 2 + b 2
a = 2, b = 3 2, c = 2 5 64 1024
= b2 ⇒ a2 =
17 17
Center: (1, − 3)
(y − k)
2
−
(x − h)
2
=1
Vertices: 1, − 3 ± ( 2 ) a2 b2
y2 x2
(
Foci: 1, − 3 ± 2 5 ) 1024 17
−
64 17
=1
1 17 y 2 17 x 2
Asymptotes: y = −3 ± ( x − 1) − =1
3 1024 64
To use a graphing utility, solve for y first. 43. Vertices: (1, 2), (3, 2) ⇒ a = 1
9( y + 3) = 18 + ( x − 1)
2 2
Asymptotes: y = x, y = 4 − x
18 + ( x − 1)
2
b b
y = −3 ± =1⇒ =1⇒ b =1
9 a 1
1 2 ⎫ Center: ( 2, 2) = ( h, k )
y1 = −3 + 18 + ( x − 1) ⎪
3 ⎪
⎬ Hyperbola (x − h)
2
(y − k)
2
1 − =1
18 + ( x − 1) ⎪
2
y2 = − 3 − a2 b2
3 ⎪⎭
1 ⎫ (x − 2)
2
(y − 2)
2
y3 = −3 + ( x − 1) ⎪⎪
− =1
3 1 1
⎬ Asymptotes
1 ⎪
y4 = −3 − ( x − 1) 45. Vertices: (0, 2), (6, 2) ⇒ a = 3
3 ⎪⎭
2 2
2
Asymptotes: y = x, y = 4 − x
−8 10 3 3
b 2
= ⇒ b = 2
a 3
− 10 Center: (3, 2) = ( h, k )
39. Vertices: ( ±1, 0) ⇒ a = 1 (x − h)

2
−
(y − k)
2
=1
a2 b2
b
Asymptotes: y = ±5 x ⇒ = 5, b = 5 (x − 3) (y − 2)
2 2
a − =1
9 4
Center: (0, 0) = ( h, k )
(x − h) (y − k)
2 2
− =1
a2 b2
x2 y2
− =1
1 25
47. (a) Vertices: ( ±1, 0) ⇒ a = 1 52

(b) When y = 5: x 2 = 1 +
56.33
Horizontal transverse axis
25
Center: (0, 0) x = 1+ ≈ 1.2016
56.33
x2 y2 Width: 2 x ≈ 2.403 feet
2
− 2 =1
a b
Point on the graph: ( 2, 13)
22 132
2
− 2 =1
1 b
169
4− 2 =1
b
3b 2 = 169
169
b2 = ≈ 56.33
3
x2 y2
So − = 1.
1 56.33
49. 2c = 4 mi = 21,120 ft
c = 10,560 ft y
(1100 ft/s)(18 s) = 19,800 ft

The lightening occurred 19,800 feet further from B than from A: 5,000
d 2 − d1 = 2a = 19,800 ft
a = 9900 ft
d2
(−10,560, 0)
b 2 = c 2 − a 2 = (10,560) − (9900)
2 2 d1
x
−15,000 −10,000 −5,000 5,000 15,000
b = 13,503,600
2
(10,560, 0)
2 2
x y
− =1
(9900)
2
13,503,600
x2 y2
− =1
98,010,000 13,503,600
51. (a) Foci: ( ±150, 0) ⇒ c = 150
Center: (0, 0) = ( h, k )
d2 d1
− = 0.001 ⇒ 2a = 186, a = 93 y
186,000 186,000
b 2 = c 2 − a 2 = 1502 − 932 = 13,851
150
x2 y2
− =1
932 13,851 (x , 75)
75
⎛ 752 ⎞ d2
x 2 = 932 ⎜1 + ⎟ ≈ 12,161 d1
⎝ 13,851 ⎠
(−150, 0) (150, 0)
x ≈ 110.3 miles x
−150 −75 75 150
(b) c − a = 150 − 93 = 57 miles
270 30
(c) − ≈ 0.00129 second
186,000 186,000
d2 d1
(d) − = 0.00129
186,000 186,000
2a ≈ 239.94
a ≈ 119.97
b 2 = c 2 − a 2 = 1502 − 119.97 2 = 8107.1991
x2 y2
2
− =1
119.97 8107.1991
⎛ 602 ⎞
x 2 = 119.97 2 ⎜1 + ⎟
⎝ 8107.1991 ⎠
x ≈ 144.2 miles
Position: (144.2, 60)
53. 9 x 2 + 4 y 2 − 18 x + 16 y − 119 = 0 63. 25 x 2 − 10 x − 200 y − 119 = 0

A = 9, C = 4 A = 25, C = 0
AC = (9)( 4) = 36 > 0 ⇒ Ellipse AC = 25(0) = 0 ⇒ Parabola
55. 4 x 2 − y 2 − 4 x − 3 = 0 65. x 2 − 6 x − 2 y + 7 = 0
A = 4, C = −1 A = 1, C = 0
AC = ( 4)( −1) = −4 < 0 ⇒ Hyperbola AC = (1)(0) = 0 ⇒ Parabola
57. y 2 − 4 x 2 + 4 x − 2 y − 4 = 0 67. 100 x 2 + 100 y 2 − 100 x + 400 y + 409 = 0

A = −4, C = 1 A = 100, C = 100
AC = ( −4)(1) = −4 < 0 ⇒ Hyperbola A = C ⇒ Circle
59. y 2 + 12 x + 4 y + 28 = 0 69. True. For a hyperbola, c 2 = a 2 + b 2 or

A = 0, C = 1 c2 b2
e2 = = 1 + 2.
AC = (0)(1) = 0 ⇒ Parabola
2
a a
The larger the ratio of b to a, the larger the eccentricity
61. 4 x 2 + 3 y 2 + 8 x − 24 y + 51 = 0 e = c a of the hyperbola.
A = 4, C = 3
71. False. When D = − E , the graph is two intersecting
AC = 4(3) = 12 > 0 and A ≠ C ⇒ Ellipse
lines.
73. Let ( x, y ) be such that the difference of the distances from (c, 0) and ( −c, 0) is 2a (again only deriving one of the forms).
2a = (x + c) + y 2 −
2
(x − c) + y 2
2
2a + (x − c) + y 2 =
2
(x + c) + y 2
2
4 a 2 + 4a (x − c) + y 2 + ( x − c) + y 2 = ( x + c) + y 2
2 2 2
4a (x − c) + y 2 = 4cx − 4a 2
2
a (x − c) + y 2 = cx − a 2
2
a 2 ( x 2 − 2cx + c 2 + y 2 ) = c 2 x 2 − 2a 2cx + a 4
a 2 (c 2 − a 2 ) = (c 2 − a 2 ) x 2 − a 2 y 2
x2 y2
Let b 2 = c 2 − a 2 . Then a 2b 2 = b 2 x 2 − a 2 y 2 ⇒ 1 = 2
− 2.
a b
75. 9 x 2 − 54 x − 4 y 2 + 8 y + 41 = 0 The bottom half of the hyperbola is:

9( x − 6 x + 9) − 4( y − 2 y + 1) = −41 + 81 − 4
2 2
⎡ ( x − 3) 2 ⎤
y −1 = − 9⎢ − 1⎥
9( x − 3) − 4( y − 1) = 36
2 2
⎢⎣ 4 ⎥⎦
(x − 3) (y − 1)
2 2
(x − 3)
2
− =1
4 9 y =1−3 −1
4
(y − 1) (x − 3)
2 2
= −1
9 4
⎡ ( x − 3)2 ⎤
(y − 1) = 9 ⎢
2
− 1⎥
⎢⎣ 4 ⎥⎦
77. y
x
−3 −1 1 3
−1
−3
Value of C Possible number of points of intersection

C > 2 5
−6 6
−3
C = 2 5
−6 6
−3
−2 < C < 2
4
−6 6
−4
4
C = −2
−6 6
−4
4 4 4
C < −2 or or
−6 6 −6 6 −6 6
−4 −4 −4
For C ≤ −2, analyze the two curves to determine the number of points of intersection.
C = −2: x 2 + y 2 = 4 and y = x 2 − 2
x2 = y + 2
Substitute: (y + 2) + y 2 = 4
y2 + y − 2 = 0
(y + 2)( y − 1) = 0
y = −2, 1
x2 = y + 2 x2 = y + 2
x = −2 + 2
2
x2 = 1 + 2
x2 = 0 x2 = 3
x = 0 x = ± 3
(0, − 2) (− 3, 1 , )( 3, 1 )
There are three points of intersection when C = −2.
C < −2: x 2 + y 2 = 4 and y = x 2 + C
x2 = y − C
Substitute: (y − C) + y2 = 4
y2 + y − 4 − C = 0
−1 ± (1)2 − ( 4)(1)( −C − 4)
y =
2
−1 ± 1 + 4(C + 4)
y =
2
If 1 + 4(C + 4) < 0, there are no real solutions (no points of intersection):
1 + 4C + 16 < 0
4C < −17
−17
C < , no points of intersection
4
If 1 + 4(C + 4) = 0, there is one real solution (two points of intersection):
1 + 4C + 16 = 0
4C = −17
−17
C = , two points of intersection
4
If 1 + 4(C + 4) > 0, there are two real solutions (four points of intersection):
1 + 4C + 16 > 0
4C > −17
−17
C > , ( but C < −2), four points of intersection
4
Summary:
−17
a. no points of intersection: C > 2 or C <
4
b. one point of intersection: C = 2
−17
c. two points of intersection: −2 < C < 2 or C =
4
d. three points of intersection: C = −2
−17
e. four points of intersection: < C < −2
4
Section 6.5 Rotation of Conics

1. rotation of axes 3. invariant under rotation
5. θ = 90°; Point: (0, 3)
x = x′ cos θ − y′ sin θ y = x′ sin θ + y′ cos θ

0 = x′ cos 90° − y′ sin 90° 3 = x′ sin 90° + y′ cos 90°
0 = y′ 3 = x′
So, ( x′, y′) = (3, 0).
7. θ = 30°; Point: (1, 3)
x = x′ cos θ − y′ sin θ ⎧1 = x′ cos 30° − y′ sin 30°

⇒ ⎨
y = x′ sin θ + y′ cos θ ⎩3 = x′ sin 30° + y′ cos 30°
⎛3 + 3 3 3 − 1⎞
Solving the system yields ( x′, y′) = ⎜⎜ , ⎟⎟.
⎝ 2 2 ⎠
9. θ = 45°; Point: ( 2, 1)
x = x′ cos θ − y′ sin θ ⎧2 = x′ cos 45° − y′ sin 45°

⇒ ⎨
y = x′ sin θ + y′ cos θ ⎩ 1 = x′ sin 45° + y′ cos 45°
⎛3 2 2⎞
Solving the system yields ( x′, y′) = ⎜⎜ ,− ⎟⎟.
⎝ 2 2 ⎠
11. θ = 60°; Point: (1, 2)
x = x′ cos θ − y′ sin θ ⎧ 1 = x′ cos 60° − y′ sin 60°

⇒ ⎨
y = x′ sin θ + y′ cos θ ⎩2 = x′ sin 60° + y′ cos 60°
⎛1 3 ⎞ ⎛1 + 2 3 2 − 3 ⎞
Solving the system yields ( x′, y′) = ⎜⎜ + 3, 1 − ⎟ = ⎜ , ⎟⎟
⎝2 2 ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ 2 2 ⎠
13. xy + 1 = 0, A = 0, B = 1, C = 0
A−C π π
cot 2θ = = 0 ⇒ 2θ = ⇒ θ =
B 2 4 y
π π π π y′ 4 x′
x = x′ cos − y′ sin y = x′ sin + y′ cos xy + 1 = 0
4 4 4 4
⎛ x′ − y′ ⎞⎛ x′ + y′ ⎞
⎛ 2⎞ ⎛ 2⎞ ⎛ 2⎞ ⎛ 2⎞ ⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟ +1 = 0
= x′⎜⎜ ′
⎟⎟ − y ⎜⎜ 2 ⎟⎟ = x′⎜⎜ ′
⎟⎟ + y ⎜⎜ 2 ⎟⎟ ⎝ 2 ⎠⎝ 2 ⎠ x
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ −4 −3 −2
( y′) ( x′)
2 2
x′ − y′ x′ + y′ − =1 −2
= = 2 2 −3
2 2 −4
Section 6.5 Rotation of Conics 273
15. xy + 2 x − y + 4 = 0
A = 0, B = 1, C = 0
A−C π π
cot 2θ = = 0 ⇒ 2θ = ⇒ θ = y
B 2 4 8 x′
y′
π π π π
x = x′ cos − y′ sin y = x′ sin + y′ cos
4 4 4 4
′
x − y ′ x + y′
′
= =
x
−8 4 6
2 2
−4
xy + 2 x − y + 4 = 0 −6
⎛ x′ − y′ ⎞⎛ x′ + y′ ⎞ ⎛ x′ − y′ ⎞ ⎛ x′ + y′ ⎞
⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟ + 2⎜ ⎟ −⎜ ⎟ + 4 = 0
⎝ 2 ⎠⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠
( x′) ( y′)
2 2
2 x′ 2 y′ x′ y′
− + − − − + 4 = 0
2 2 2 2 2 2
⎡ ⎛ 2⎞ ⎤ ⎡ 2
2
⎛3 2 ⎞ ⎤
2
⎛ 2⎞
2
⎛3 2 ⎞
2
⎢( x′) 2 + ′
2 x + ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ − ( y ) + 3 2 y + ⎜⎜
⎥ ⎢ ′ ′ ⎥
⎟⎟ = −8 + ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ − ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎢ ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎦⎥ ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠
⎣
2 2
⎛ 2⎞ ⎛ 3 2⎞
⎜⎜ x′ + ⎟⎟ − ⎜⎜ y′ + ⎟ = −12
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎟⎠
2 2
⎛ 3 2⎞ ⎛ 2⎞
⎜⎜ y′ + ⎟ ⎜⎜ x′ + ⎟
⎝ 2 ⎟⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎟⎠
− =1
12 12
17. 5 x 2 − 6 xy + 5 y 2 − 12 = 0
A = 5, B = −6, C = 5
A−C π π
cot 2θ = = 0 ⇒ 2θ = ⇒ θ =
B 2 4
π π π π
4 4 4 4
⎛ 2⎞ ⎛ 2⎞ ⎛ 2⎞ ⎛ 2⎞ y
= x′⎜⎜ ′
⎟⎟ − y ⎜⎜ 2 ⎟⎟ = x′⎜⎜ ′
⎟⎟ + y ⎜⎜ 2 ⎟⎟
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ y' 3 x'
x′ − y′ x′ + y′ 2
= =
2 2
x
5 x 2 − 6 xy + 5 y 2 − 12 = 0 −3 2 3
2 2
⎛ x′ − y′ ⎞ ⎛ x′ − y′ ⎞⎛ x′ + y′ ⎞ ⎛ x′ + y′ ⎞
5⎜ ⎟ − 6⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟ + 5⎜ ⎟ − 12 = 0
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠ −3
5( x′) 5( y′) 5( x′) 5( y′)

2 2 2 2
− 3( x′) + 3( y′) +
2 2
− 5 x′y′ + + 5 x′y′ + − 12 = 0
2 2 2 2
2( x′) + 8( y′) = 12
2 2
( x′) ( y′)
2 2
+ =1
6 32
19. 13x 2 + 6 3 xy + 7 y 2 − 16 = 0
A = 13, B = 6 3, C = 7 y
A−C 1 π π y′
cot 2θ = = ⇒ 2θ = ⇒ θ = 3
B 3 3 6 x′
π π π π
6 6 6 6 −3 −2 2 3
x
⎛ 3⎞ ⎛1⎞ ⎛1⎞ ⎛ 3⎞
= x′⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ − y′⎜ ⎟ = x′⎜ ⎟ + y′⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ −2
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠ −3
3 x′ − y′ x′ + 3 y′
= =
2 2
13 x 2 + 6 3 xy + 7 y 2 − 16 = 0
2 2
⎛ 3x′ − y′ ⎞ ⎛ 3 x′ − y′ ⎞⎛ x′ + 3 y′ ⎞ ⎛ x′ + 3 y′ ⎞
13⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ + 6 3 ⎜⎜ ⎟⎜
⎟⎜ ⎟⎟ + 7⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ − 16 = 0
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠
39( x′) 13 3 x′y′ 13( y′) 18( x′)
2 2 2
18 3 x′y′ 6 3 x′y′
− + + + −
4 2 4 4 4 4
18( y′) 7( x′) 21( y′)
2 2 2
7 3 x′y′
− + + + − 16 = 0
4 4 2 4
16( x′) + 4( y′) = 16
2 2
( x′) ( y′)
2 2
+ = 1
1 4
21. x 2 + 2 xy + y 2 + 2x − 2 y = 0, A = 1, B = 2, C = 1
A−C 1−1 π π
cot 2θ = = = 0 ⇒ 2θ = ⇒ θ =
B 2 2 4 y
π π π π 5
x = x′ cos − y′ sin y = x′ sin + y′ cos y′
4
x′
4 4 4 4
x′ − y′ x′ + y′ 2
= =
2 2 x
−5 −4 − 3 −2 2 3 4 5
x 2 + 2 xy + y 2 + 2x − 2y = 0 −2
−3
2 2
⎛ x′ − y′ ⎞ ⎛ x′ − y′ ⎞⎛ x′ + y′ ⎞ ⎛ x′ + y′ ⎞ ⎛ x′ − y′ ⎞ ⎛ x′ + y′ ⎞ −4
⎟ + 2⎜ ⎟ +⎜ ⎟ + 2⎜ ⎟ − 2⎜ ⎟ = 0
−5
⎜ ⎟⎜
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠
( x′)2 − x′y′ +
( y′)2 + ( x′) − ( y′) +
2 2 ( x′)2 + x′y′ +
( y′)2 + x′ − y′ − x′ − y′ = 0
2 2 2 2
2( x′) − 2 y′ = 0
2
2( x′) = 2 y′
2
( x′)
2
= y′
23. 9 x 2 + 24 xy + 16 y 2 + 19 x − 130 y = 0
A = 9, B = 24, C = 16
y
A−C 7
cot 2θ = = − ⇒ θ ≈ 53.13° 6
B 24
7 x′
cos 2θ = − 4
25 y′
2
⎛ 7⎞
1 − ⎜− ⎟
1 − cos 2θ ⎝ 25 ⎠ = 4
sin θ = = −4 2 4
x
2 2 5
−2
⎛ 7⎞
1 + ⎜− ⎟
1 + cos 2θ ⎝ 25 ⎠ = 3
cos θ = =
2 2 5
⎛ 3⎞ ⎛ 4⎞ 3 x′ − 4 y′ ⎛ 4⎞ ⎛ 3⎞ 4 x′ + 3 y′
x = x′ cos θ − y′ sin θ = x′⎜ ⎟ − y′⎜ ⎟ = y = x′ sin θ + y′ cos θ = x′⎜ ⎟ + y′⎜ ⎟ =
⎝5⎠ ⎝5⎠ 5 ⎝5⎠ ⎝ 5⎠ 5
9 x 2 + 24 xy + 16 y 2 + 90 x − 130 y = 0
2 2
⎛ 3 x′ − 4 y′ ⎞ ⎛ 3 x′ − 4 y′ ⎞⎛ 4 x′ + 3 y′ ⎞ ⎛ 4 x′ + 3 y′ ⎞ ⎛ 3 x′ − 4 y′ ⎞ ⎛ 4 x′ + 3 y′ ⎞
9⎜ ⎟ + 24⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟ + 16⎜ ⎟ + 90⎜ ⎟ − 130⎜ ⎟ = 0
⎝ 5 ⎠ ⎝ 5 ⎠⎝ 5 ⎠ ⎝ 5 ⎠ ⎝ 5 ⎠ ⎝ 5 ⎠
81( x′) 216 x′y′ 144( y′) 288( x′) 288( y′) 256( x′) 384 x′y′ 144( y′)
2 2 2 2 2 2
168 x′y′
− + + − − + + +
25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25
+ 54 x′ − 72 y′ − 104 x′ − 78 y′ = 0
25( x′) − 50 x′ − 150 y′ = 0
2
( x′)
2
− 2 x′ = 6 y′
( x′)
2
− 2 x′ + 1 = 6 y ′ + 1
⎛ 1⎞
( x′ − 1)
2
= 6⎜ y′ + ⎟
⎝ 6⎠
25. x 2 − 4 xy + 2 y 2 = 6
A = 1, B = −4, C = 2
A−C 1− 2 1
cot 2θ = = =
B −4 4
1 1
=
tan 2θ 4
tan 2θ = 4
2θ ≈ 75.96
θ ≈ 37.98°
To graph conic with a graphing calculator, solve for y in terms of x.
x 2 − 4 xy + 2 y 2 = 6
x2
y 2 − 2 xy + x 2 = 3 − + x2
2
x2
(y − x)
2
= 3+ 6
2
x2 −9
y − x = ± 3+ 9
2
x2 −6
y = x ± 3+
2
x2 x2
Enter y1 = x + 3+ and y2 = x − 3+ .
2 2
27. 40 x 2 + 36 xy + 25 y 2 = 52
A = 40, B = 36, C = 25
A−C 40 − 25 5
cot 2θ = = =
B 36 12
1 5
=
tan 2θ 12 2
12
tan 2θ = −3 3
5
2θ ≈ 67.38°
θ ≈ 33.69° −2
Solve for y in terms of x by completing the square:

25 y 2 + 36 xy = 52 − 40 x 2
36 52 40 2
y2 +
xy = − x
25 25 25
36 324 2 52 40 2 324 2
y2 + xy + x = − x + x
25 625 25 25 625
2
⎛ 18 ⎞ 1300 − 676 x 2
⎜y + x⎟ =
⎝ 25 ⎠ 625
18 1300 − 676 x 2
y + x = ±
25 625
−18 x ± 1300 − 676 x 2
y =
25
−18 x ± 1300 − 676 x 2 −18 x − 1300 − 676 x 2
Enter y1 = and y2 = .
25 25
29. 2 x 2 + 4 xy + 2 y 2 + 26 x + 3 y = −15 10
A = 2, B = 4, C = 2
A−C π π
cot 2θ = = 0 ⇒ 2θ = ⇒ θ = or 45°
B 2 4
− 13 2
Solve for y in terms of x using the Quadratic Formula. 0
2 y 2 + ( 4 x + 3) y + 2 x 2 + ( 26 x + 15 = 0 )
y =
−( 4 x + 3) ± (4 x + 3) − 4( 2) 2 x 2 +
2
( 26 x + 15 )
2( 2)
=
−( 4 x + 3) ± (4 x + 3) − 8 2 x 2 +
2
( 26 x + 15 )
4
Enter y1 =
−( 4 x + 3) + (4 x + 3) − 8 2 x 2 +
2
( 26 x + 15 ) and
4
y2 =
−( 4 x + 3) − (4 x + 3) − 8 2 x 2 +
2
( 26 x + 15 ).
4
31. xy + 2 = 0 35. 3x 2 + 2 xy + y 2 − 10 = 0
B − 4 AC = 1 ⇒ The graph is a hyperbola.
2
B 2 − 4 AC = ( 2) − 4(3)(1) = −8 ⇒
2
A−C
cot 2θ = = 0 ⇒ θ = 45° The graph is an ellipse or circle.
B
A−C
Matches graph (e). cot 2θ = = 1 ⇒ θ = 22.5°
B
32. x 2 + 2 xy + y 2 = 0 Matches graph (d).
(x + y) = 0
2
36. x 2 − 4 xy + 4 y 2 + 10 x − 30 = 0
x + y = 0 A = 1, B = −4, C = 4
y = −x
B 2 − 4 AC = ( −4) − 4(1)( 4) = 0
2
The graph is a line. Matches graph (f ).

The graph is a parabola.
33. −2 x 2 + 3 xy + 2 y 2 + 3 = 0 A−C 1− 4 3
cot 2θ = = = ⇒ θ ≈ 26.57°
B 2 − 4 AC = (3) − 4(−2)( 2) = 25 ⇒
2 B −4 4
Matches graph (c).
The graph is a hyperbola.
A−C 4
cot 2θ = = − ⇒ θ ≈ −18.43°
B 3
Matches graph (b).
34. x 2 − xy + 3 y 2 − 5 = 0
A = 1, B = −1, C = 3
B 2 − 4 AC = ( −1) − 4(1)(3) = −11
2
The graph is an ellipse.

A−C 1−3
cot 2θ = = = 2 ⇒ θ ≈ 13.28°
B −1
Matches graph (a).
37. (a) 16 x 2 − 8 xy + y 2 − 10 x + 5 y = 0
B 2 − 4 AC = ( −8) − 4(16)(1) = 0
2

(b) y 2 + ( −8 x + 5) y + (16 x 2 − 10 x) = 0
−( −8 x + 5) ± ( −8 x + 5) − 4(1)(16 x 2 − 10 x)
2
y =
2(1)
(8 x − 5) ± (8 x − 5) − 4(16 x 2 − 10 x)
2
=
2
(c) 1
−4 2
−3
39. (a) 12 x 2 − 6 xy + 7 y 2 − 45 = 0 43. (a) x 2 + 4 xy + 4 y 2 − 5 x − y − 3 = 0

B 2 − 4 AC = ( −6) − 4(12)(7) = −300 < 0 B 2 − 4 AC = ( 4) − 4(1)( 4) = 0
2 2
The graph is an ellipse. The graph is a parabola.

(b) 7 y 2 + ( −6 x) y + (12 x 2 − 45) = 0 (b) 4 y 2 + ( 4 x − 1) y + ( x 2 − 5 x − 3) = 0
−( −6 x) ± ( −6 x )
2
− 4(7)(12 x 2 − 45) −( 4 x − 1) ± (4 x − 1)2 − 4(4)( x 2 − 5 x − 3)
y = y =
2(7) 2( 4)
6x ± 36 x 2 − 28(12 x 2 − 45) −( 4 x − 1) ± (4 x − 1)2 − 16( x 2 − 5 x − 3)

= =
14 8
(c) 3
(c) 2
−2 7
−4 5
−3 −4
41. (a) x 2 − 6 xy − 5 y 2 + 4 x − 22 = 0 45. y 2 − 16 x 2 = 0 y
B − 4 AC = ( −6) − 4(1)( −5) = 56 > 0

2
2
y = 16 x
2 2 4
3
The graph is a hyperbola. y = ±4 x
(b) −5 y 2 + ( −6 x) y + ( x 2 + 4 x − 22) = 0 Two intersecting lines

x
−4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4
−( −6 x) ± ( −6 x ) − 4(−5)( x 2 + 4 x − 22)
2
y =
2( −5)
6x ± 36 x 2 + 20( x 2 + 4 x − 22)
= 47. 15 x 2 − 2 xy − y 2 = 0
−10
36 x 2 + 20( x 2 + 4 x − 22)
(5 x − y )(3x + y ) = 0
−6 x ±
= 5x − y = 0 3x + y = 0
10
y = 5x y = − 3x
(c) 6
Two intersecting lines

y
−9 9
5
−6
1
x
−4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4 5
−5
y
49. x 2 − 2 xy + y 2 = 0
4
y 2 − 2 xy + x 2 = x 2 − x 2 3
( y − x) = 0
2 2
1
y − x = 0 −4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4
x
y = x −2
−3
Line
−4
51. x 2 + 2 xy + y 2 − 1 = 0 53. x2 + y2 + 2x − 4 y + 5 = 0
(x + y) − 1 = 0 x2 + 2 x + 1 + y 2 − 4 y + 4 = − 5 + 1 + 4
2
(x + 1) + ( y − 2) = 0
2 2
(x + y) = 1
2
x + y = ±1 Point ( −1, 2)
y = −x ± 1 y
Two parallel lines 5

4
y 3
(−1, 2)
4 1
3 x
−4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4 5
1 −2
−3
x
− 4 −3 −2 −1 1 3 4 −4
−5
−2
−3
−4
55. x2 − 4 y2 − 20 x − 64 y − 172 = 0 ⇒ (x − 10)

2
− 4( y + 8) = 16
2
−5
0
25
16 x + 4 y − 320 x + 64 y + 1600 = 0
2 2
⇒ 16( x − 10) + 4( y + 8) = 256
2 2
17 x 2 − 340 x 1428 = 0
(17 x − 238)( x − 6) = 0 −20
x = 6 or x = 14
When x = 6: 62 − 4 y 2 − 20(6) − 64 y − 172 = 0 When x = 14: 142 − 4 y 2 − 20(14) − 64 y − 172 = 0

−4 y 2 − 64 y − 256 = 0 −4 y 2 − 64 y − 256 = 0
y 2 + 16 y + 64 = 0 y 2 + 16 y + 64 = 0
(y + 8) = 0 (y + 8) = 0
2 2
y = −8 y = −8
Points of intersection: (6, − 8), (14, − 8)
x 2 + 4 y 2 − 2 x − 8 y + 1 = 0 ⇒ ( x − 1) + 4( y − 1) = 4
2 2
57.
− x2 + 2 x − 4 y − 1 = 0 ⇒ y = − 1 ( x − 1)2
4
4
4 y2 − 12 y = 0 −5 7
4 y ( y − 3) = 0
y = 0 or y = 3 −4
When y = 0: x + 4(0) − 2 x − 8(0) + 1 = 0

2 2
x2 − 2 x + 1 = 0
(x − 1) = 0
2
x =1
When y = 3: − x + 2 x − 4(3) − 1 = 0 2
x 2 − 2 x + 13 = 0
No real solution
Point of intersection: (1, 0)
59. x 2 + y2 − 4 = 0
3x − y 2 = 0
x + 3x
2
− 4 = 0
(x + 4)( x − 1) = 0
x = −4 or x = 1
When x = −4: 3( −4) − y 2 = 0

y 2 = −12
No real solution
When x = 1: 3(1) − y 2 = 0
y2 = 3
y = ± 3
( ) ( )
4
The points of intersection are 1, 3 and 1, − 3.
The standard forms of the equations are: −6 6
x2 + y2 = 4
−4
y 2 = 3x
− x 2 + y 2 + 4 x − 6 y + 4 = 0 ⇒ ( y − 3) − ( x − 2) = 1
2 2
61.
x 2 + y 2 − 4 x − 6 y + 12 = 0 ⇒ ( y − 2) 2 + ( y − 3)2 = 1
2 y 2 − 12 y + 16 = 0
2( y − 2)( y − 4) = 0
y = 2 or y = 4
When y = 2: x + 2 − 4 x − 6( 2) + 12 = 0
2 2
x2 − 4 x + 4 = 0
(x − 2) = 0
2
7
x = 2
When y = 4: x 2 + 42 − 4 x − 6( 4) + 12 = 0
x2 − 4 x + 4 = 0 −4 8
(x − 2) = 0
2 −1
x = 2
The points of intersection are ( 2, 2) and ( 2, 4).
Section 6.6 Parametric Equations 281
A−C 1−1 π π
63. (a) Because A = 1, B = − 2 and c = 1 you have cot 2θ = = = 0 ⇒ 2θ = ⇒ θ =
B −2 2 4
π π
which implies that x = x′cos − y′sin
4 4
⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎛ 1 ⎞
= x′⎜ ⎟ − y′⎜ ⎟
⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ 2⎠
x′ − y ′
=
2
π π
and y = x′sin + y′cos
4 4
⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎛ 1 ⎞
= x′⎜ ⎟ + y′⎜ ⎟
⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ 2⎠
x′ + y′
= .
2
The equation in the x′y′-system is obtained by x 2 − 2 xy − 27 2 x + y 2 + 9 2 y + 378 = 0.
2 2
⎛ x′ − y′ ⎞ ⎛ x′ − y′ ⎞⎛ x′ + y′ ⎞ ⎛ x′ − y′ ⎞ ⎛ x′ + y′ ⎞ ⎛ x′ + y′ ⎞
⎜ ⎟ − 2⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟ − 27 2 ⎜ ⎟ +⎜ ⎟ + 9 2⎜ ⎟ + 378 = 0
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠
( x′)2 −
2 x′y′ ( y′)
+
2
− ( x′) + ( y′) − 27 x′ + 27 y′ +
2 2 ( x′) + 2 x′y′ + ( y′) + 9 x′ + 9 y′ + 378 = 0 2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2
2( y′) + 36 y′ − 18 x′ + 378 = 0
2
( y′)2 + 18 y′ + 81 = 9 x′ − 189 + 81
( y′ + 9) = 9( x′ − 12)
2
( y′ + 9)2 = 4(9 4)( x′ − 12)

(b) Since p = 9 4 = 2.25, the distance from the vertex to the receiver is 2.25 feet.
65. x 2 + xy + ky 2 + 6 x + 10 = 0
B 2 − 4 AC = 12 − 4(1)( k ) = 1 − 4k > 0 ⇒ −4k > −1 ⇒ k < 1
4
True. For the graph to be a hyperbola, the discriminant must be greater than zero.
67. In Exercise 14, the equation of the rotated ellipse is:
( x′)2 +
( y′)2 =1
1 4
a2 = 4 ⇒ a = 2
b2 = 1 ⇒ b = 1
Length of major axis is 2a = 2( 2) = 4.
Length of minor axis is 2b = 2(1) = 2.
Section 6.6 Parametric Equations

1. plane curve 3. eliminating; parameter
5. (a) x = t, y = 3 − t 9. (a) x = t − 1, y = 3t + 1
t 0 1 2 3 4 t –2 –1 0 1 2
x 0 1 2 3 2 x –3 –2 –1 0 1
y 3 2 1 0 –1 y –5 –2 1 4 7
(b) y y
6
4
5
3
4
2
1
1
x
−2 −1 1 3 4 x
−1 −4 −3 −2 1 2 3 4
−1
−2 −2
(c) (b) x = t − 1 ⇒ x + 1
x = t ⇒ x2 = t
y = 3t + 1 ⇒ y = 3( x + 1) + 1 = 3 x + 4
y = 3 − t ⇒ y = 3 − x2
The graph of the parametric equations only shows 11. (a) x = 1 t, y = t2
4
the right half of the parabola, whereas the
rectangular equation yields the entire parabola. t –2 −1 0 1 2
y
x − 12 − 14 0 1
4
1
2
4
y 4 1 0 1 4
2
1
x y
−4 −3 −1 1 3 4
−2
−3
−4
7. (a) x = t , y = − 4t
x
−2 −1 1 2
t –2 –1 0 1 2 −1
x –2 –1 0 1 2
(b) x = 1t ⇒ t = 4x
y 8 4 0 –4 –8 4
y = t 2 ⇒ y = 16 x 2
y
5
4
1
x
−4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4 5
−2
−3
−4
−5
(b) x = t ⇒ t = x
y = −4t ⇒ y = − 4 x
13. (a) x = t + 2, y = t 2 17. (a) x = t 3 , y = t 2
t –2 −1 0 1 2 t –2 –1 0 1 2
x 0 1 2 3 4 x –8 –1 0 1 8
y 4 1 0 1 4 y 4 1 0 1 4
y
y
4
4
3
3
2 2
1
x x
−2 −1 1 2 3 4 5 6 −8 −6 −4 −2 2 4 6 8
−1
−2
(b) x = t + 2 ⇒ t = x − 2 (b) x = t 3 ⇒ t = 3
x
( x)
2
⇒ y = ( x − 2) = x 2 − 4 x + 4
2
y = t2 y = t2 ⇒ y = 3
= x2 3
15. (a) x = t, y = 1 − t t
19. (a) x = t + 1, y =
t +1
t 0 1 2 3
x 0 1 t –3 –2 0 1 2
2 3
y 1 0 –1 –2 x –2 –1 1 2 3
3 1 2
y 2 0
y 2 2 3
1 y
x
−1 2 3
−1
2
−2 1
x
−3 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3
−1
−2
(b) x = t ⇒ x2 = t, t ≥ 0
y = 1 − t = 1 − x2 , x ≥ 0 (b) x = t + 1 ⇒ t = x − 1
t x −1
y = ⇒ y =
t +1 x
21. (a) x = 2(t + 1), y = t − 2 23. (a) x = 4 cos θ , y = 2 sin θ
π 3π
t 0 2 4 6 8 10 θ 0 π 2π
2 2
x 2 6 10 14 18 22 x 4 0 –4 0 4
y 2 0 2 4 6 8 y 0 2 0 –2 0
y y
14 4
12 3
10
8 1
6 x
−3 −2 −1 1 2 3
2
x −3
−2 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
−4
x x − 2 2
(b) x = 2(t + 1) ⇒ −1 = t or t = ⎛ x⎞
(b) x = 4 cos θ ⇒ ⎜ ⎟ = cos 2 θ
2 2
⎝4⎠
x x
y = t − 2 ⇒ y = −1− 2 = −3 ⎛ y⎞
2
2 2 y = 2 sin θ ⇒ ⎜ ⎟ = sin 2 θ
⎝2⎠
2 2
⎛ x⎞ ⎛ y⎞
⎜ ⎟ +⎜ ⎟ =1
⎝4⎠ ⎝ 2⎠
x2 y2
+ =1
16 4
2
⎛ x⎞
25. (a) x = 6 sin 2θ , y = 6 cos 2θ (b) x = 6 sin 2θ ⇒ ⎜ ⎟ = sin 2 2θ
⎝6⎠
π π 3π 2
θ 0 π ⎛ y⎞
4 2 4 y = 6 cos 2θ ⇒ ⎜ ⎟ = cos 2 2θ
⎝6⎠
x 0 6 0 –6 0 2 2
⎛ x⎞ ⎛ y⎞
y 6 0 –6 0 6 ⎜ ⎟ +⎜ ⎟ =1
⎝6⎠ ⎝6⎠
x2 y2
+ =1
y
36 36
8
4
2
x
−8 − 4 −2 2 4 8
−2
−4
−8
27. (a) x = 1 + cos θ , y = 1 + 2 sin θ 31. (a) x = e −t , y = e3t
π 3π t –2 –1 0 1 2
θ 0 π 2π
2 2
x 7.3891 2.7183 1 0.3679 0.1353
x 2 1 0 1 2
y 0.0025 0.0498 1 20.0855 403.4288
y 1 3 1 –1 1
y
y
4
4
3
3
2
2
1 1
x x
−3 −2 −1 1 2 3 −1 1 2 3 4
−1
−1
−2
1
(b) x = 1 + cos θ ⇒ ( x − 1) = cos 2 θ
2 (b) x = e −t ⇒ = et
x
2
⎛ y − 1⎞ y = e 3t ⇒ y = ( e t )
3
y = 1 + 2 sin θ ⇒ ⎜ ⎟ = sin θ
2
⎝ 2 ⎠ 3
⎛1⎞
(x − 1)
2
+
(y − 1)
2
=1
y = ⎜ ⎟
⎝ x⎠
1 4
1
y = 3, x > 0
29. (a) x = e t , y = e zt x
t –3 –2 –1 0 1 33. (a) x = t 3 , y = 3 ln t
x 0.0498 0.1353 0.3679 1 2.718 1

t 2 1 2 3 4
y 0.0025 0.0183 0.1353 1 7.389 1
x 8 1 8 27 64
y y –2.0794 0 2.0794 3.2958 4.1589

8
7 y
6
5 4
4 3
3 2
2 1
1 x
x −2 −1 1 2 3 4 5 6
−1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
−1
−2
−3
(b) x = e t
−4
⇒ y = (e )
2
y = e 2t t
= x ,x > 0 2
(b) x = t 3 ⇒ x1 3 = t
y = 3 ln t ⇒ y = ln t 3
y = ln ( x1 3 )
3
y = ln x
35. x = t , y = t 47. By eliminating the parameter, each curve becomes

7 y = 2 x + 1. y
(a) x = t
3
y = 2t + 1
−6 6 2
There are no restrictions
−1
on x and y. 1
37. x = t , y = t Domain: ( −∞, ∞) x

–2 –1 1 2
5 Orientation: –1
Left to right
−1 8
(b) x = cos θ ⇒ −1 ≤ x ≤ 1
−1 y = 2 cos θ + 1 ⇒ −1 ≤ y ≤ 3
The graph oscillates. y
39. x = 2t , y = t + 1
Domain: [−1, 1] 3
7
Orientation: 2
Depends on θ
1
−8 4 x
–2 –1 1 2
−1
–1
41. x = 4 + 3 cos θ , y = − 2 + sin θ (c) x = e −t ⇒ x > 0

1
y = 2e −t + 1 ⇒ y > 1
−1 8
Domain: (0, ∞)
Orientation: Downward or right to left
−5 y
43. x = 4 sec θ , y = 2 tan θ 4
8 3
2
− 12 12
1
x
−8 –2 –1 1 2
t
45. x = , y = ln (t 2 + 1) (d) x = et ⇒ x > 0
2
y = 2e + 1 ⇒ y > 1
t
8
Domain: (0, ∞)
− 12 12
Orientation: Upward or left to right
y
−8
4
x
–2 –1 1 2
49. x = x1 + t ( x2 − x1 ), y = y1 + t ( y2 − y1 ) 59. Hyperbola

x − x1 Vertices: ( ±4, 0) ⇒ ( h, k ) = (0, 0) and a = 4
= t
x2 − x1
Foci: ( ±5, 0) ⇒ c = 5
⎛ x − x1 ⎞
y = y1 + ⎜ ⎟( y2 − y1 ) c 2 = a 2 + b 2 ⇒ 25 = 16 + b 2 ⇒ b = 3
⎝ x2 − x1 ⎠
From Exercise 32:
y − y1
y − y1 = 2 ( x − x1 ) = m( x − x1 ) x = 4 sec θ
x2 − x1
y = 3 tan θ
51. x = h + a cos θ , y = k + b sin θ
61. y = 3 x − 2
x − h y − k
= cos θ , = sin θ
a b (a) t = x ⇒ x = t and y = 3t − 2
(x − h) (y − k)
2 2
(b) t = 2 − x ⇒ x = −t + 2 and
+ =1
y = 3( −t + 2) − 2 = −3t + 4
2 2
a b
53. Line through (0, 0) and (3, 6) 63. y = 2 − x

From Exercise 29: (a) t = x, x = t , y = 2 − t
x = x1 + t ( x2 − x1 ) y = y1 + t ( y2 − y1 )
(b) t = 2 − x, x = 2 − t , y = 2 − ( 2 − t ) = t
= 0 + t ( 3 − 0) = 0 + t ( 6 − 0)
= 3t = 6t 65. x = 2 y + 1
1 1
55. Circle with center (3, 2); radius 4 (a) t = x ⇒ x = t and t = 2 y + 1 ⇒ y = t −
2 2
From Exercise 30: (b) t = 2 − x ⇒ x = − t + 2 and
x = 3 + 4 cos θ 1 1
−t + 2 = 2y + 1 ⇒ y = − t +
y = 2 + 4 sin θ 2 2
57. Ellipse 67. y = x 2 + 1

Vertices: ( ±5, 0) ⇒ ( h, k ) = (0, 0) and a = 5
(a) t = x ⇒ x = t and y = t 2 + 1
Foci: ( ±4, 0) ⇒ c = 4 (b) t = 2 − x ⇒ x = −t + 2 and
y = ( −t + 2) + 1 = t 2 − 4t + 5
2
b = a − c ⇒ 25 − 16 = 9 ⇒ b = 3
2 2 2
From Exercise 31:

x = h + a cos θ = 5 cos θ 69. y = 3 x 2 + 1
y = k + b sin θ = 3 sin θ (a) t = x ⇒ x = t and y = 3t 2 + 1

(b) t = 2 − x ⇒ x = − t + 2
and y = 3( − t + 2) + 1 = 3t 2 − 12t + 13
2
71. y = 1 − 2 x 2
(a) t = x ⇒ x = t
⇒ y = 1 − 2t 2
(b) t = 2 − x ⇒ x = −t + 2
⇒ y = 1 − 2(−t + 2) = −2t 2 + 8t − 7
2
1
73. y =
x
1
(a) t = x ⇒ x = t and y =
t
1 −1
(b) t = 2 − x ⇒ x = −t + 2 and y = =
−t + 2 t − 2
75. y = e x 85. x = 2 cot θ
(a) t = x ⇒ x = t and y = et y = 2 sin 2 θ

4
(b) t = 2 − x ⇒ x = − t + 2 and y = e −t + 2
77. x = 4(θ − sin θ )

−6 6
y = 4(1 − cos θ )
−4
34
87. x = 2 cos θ ⇒ −2 ≤ x ≤ 2
y = sin 2θ ⇒ −1 ≤ y ≤ 1
0 51
Matches graph (b).
0
Domain: [−2, 2]
79. x = θ − 3
sin θ Range: [−1, 1]
2
y =1− 3
cos θ
2 88. x = 4 cos3 θ ⇒ −4 ≤ x ≤ 4
6
y = 6 sin 3 θ ⇒ −6 ≤ y ≤ 6
0 18 Matches graph (c).

Domain: [−4, 4]
−6
Range: [−6, 6]
81. x = 8 cos θ − 2 cos 4θ 89. x = 1

(cos θ + θ sin θ )
2
y = 8 sin θ − 2 sin 4θ
y = 1
2
(sin θ − θ cos θ )
10
Matches graph (d).
− 15 15
Domain: ( −∞, ∞)
Range: ( −∞, ∞)
− 10
90. x = 1
2
cot θ ⇒ −∞ < x < ∞
83. x = 3 cos3 θ
y = 4 sin θ cos θ ⇒ −2 ≤ y ≤ 2
y = 3 sin 3 θ
Matches graph (a).
4
Domain: ( −∞, ∞)
−6 6 Range: [−2, 2]
−4
91. x = 4 cos θ + 2 cos 2θ
y = 4 sin θ − 2 sin 2θ
Matches graph (f ).
Domain: [− 3, 6]
Range: ⎡⎣− 3 3, 3 3 ⎤⎦
92. x = 2 cos θ cot θ

y = 2 cos θ
Matches graph (e ).
Domain: ( − ∞, ∞)
Range: [− 2, 2]
93. x = (v0 cos θ )t and y = h + (v0 sin θ )t − 16t 2
(a) θ = 60°, v0 = 88 ft/sec (c) θ = 45°, v0 = 88 ft/sec

x = (88 cos 60°)t and y = (88 sin 60°)t − 16t 2
x = (88 cos 45°)t and y = (88 sin 45°)t − 16t 2
100
100
0 250
0 300
0
0
Maximum height: 90.7 feet Maximum height: 60.5 ft

Range: 209.6 feet Range: 242.0 ft
(b) θ = 60°, v0 = 132 ft/sec (d) θ = 45°, v0 = 132 ft/sec
x = (132 cos 60°)t and y = (132 sin 60°)t − 16t 2 x = (132 cos 45°)t and y = (132 sin 45°)t − 16t 2
220
200
0 500
0 0 600
0
Maximum height: 204.2 feet Maximum height: 136.1 ft

Range: 471.6 feet Range: 544.5 ft
95. (a) 100 miles per hour = 100 ( 5280

3600 )
ft sec = 440
3
ft sec
x = ( 4403 cos θ )t ≈ (146.67 cos θ )t

y = 3 + ( 4403
sin θ )t − 16t ≈ 3 + (146.67 sin θ )t − 16t
2 2 50
(b) For θ = 15°:
x = ( 4403 cos 15°)t ≈ 141.7t 0 450
= 3 + ( 440 sin 15°)t − 16t

0
y 3
2
≈ 3 + 38.0t − 16t 2
The ball hits the ground inside the ballpark, so it is not a home run. 60
(c) For θ = 23°:
x = ( 4403 cos 23°)t ≈ 135.0t

y = 3 + ( 4403
sin 23°)t − 16t 2
≈ 3 + 57.3t − 16t 2 0
0
500
The ball easily clears the 7-foot fence at 408 feet so it is a home run.
(d) Find θ so that y = 7 when x = 408 by graphing the parametric equations for θ values between 15° and 23°.
This occurs when θ ≈ 19.3°.
97. (a) x = (cos 35°)v0t 101. When the circle has rolled θ radians, the center is at
(aθ , a).
y = 7 + (sin 35°)v0t − 16t 2
sin θ = sin (180° − θ )
(b) If the ball is caught at time t1 , then:
AC BD
90 = (cos 35°)v0t1 = ⇒ BD = b sin θ
=
b b
4 = 7 + (sin 35°)v0t1 − 16t12 cos θ = −cos(180° − θ )
90 90 AP
v0t1 = ⇒ − 3 = (sin 35°) − 16t12 = ⇒ AP = −b cos θ
cos 35° cos 35° −b
⇒ 16t12 = 90 tan 35° + 3 So, x = aθ − b sin θ and y = a − b cos θ .
⇒ t1 ≈ 2.03 seconds y
90
⇒ v0 = ≈ 54.09 ft/sec
t1 cos 35°
(c) 24
P
b
A C
θ
a
x
0 90 B D
0
Maximum height ≈ 22 feet 103. True

(d) From part (b), t1 ≈ 2.03 seconds. x = t
y = t 2 + 1 ⇒ y = x2 + 1
99. y = 7 + x − 0.02 x 2
x = 3t
(a) Exercise 98 result: y = 9t 2 + 1 ⇒ y = x 2 + 1
16 sec θ 2 2
y = − x + ( tan θ ) x + h
v0 2 105. False. It is possible for both x and y to be functions of t,
but y cannot be a function of x. For example, consider
h = 7 the parametric equations x = 3 cos t and y = 3 sin t.
tan θ = 1 ⇒ θ = 45° Both x and y are functions of t. However, after
16 sec 2 45° eliminating the parameter and finding the rectangular
= 0.02 ⇒ v0 = 40
v0 2 x2 y2
equation + = 1, you can see that y is not a
9 9
x = (v0 cos θ )t = ( 40 cos 45°)t
function of x.
y = h + (v0 sin θ )t − 16t 2
107. The use of parametric equations is useful when graphing
≈ 7 + ( 40 sin 45°)t − 16t 2 two functions simultaneously on the same coordinate
(b) 25 system. For example, this is useful when tracking the
path of an object so the position and the time associated
with that position can be determined.
109. The graph is the same, but the orientation is reversed.

0 60
0
111. −1 < t < ∞
(c) Maximum height: 19.5 feet
Range: 56.2 feet
Section 6.7 Polar Coordinates 291
Section 6.7 Polar Coordinates

1. pole 15. Polar coordinates: ( 2, 2.36 )
3. polar Additional representations:
⎛ 5π ⎞
5. Polar coordinates: ⎜ 2, ⎟
π
2
( 2, 2.36 − 2π ) ≈ ( 2, − 3.92)
⎝ 6 ⎠
(− 2, 2.36 − π ) ≈ (− 2, − 0.78)
Additional representations: π
5π π⎞
2
⎛ ⎞ ⎛ π
⎜ −2, − π ⎟ = ⎜ −2, − ⎟
0
1 2 3 4
⎝ 6 ⎠ ⎝ 6⎠
⎛ 5π ⎞ ⎛ 7π ⎞
⎜ 2, − 2π ⎟ = ⎜ 2, − ⎟ π 0
⎝ 6 ⎠ ⎝ 6 ⎠ 3π 1 2 3 4
2
⎛ π⎞ π
7. Polar coordinates: ⎜ 4, − ⎟ 2
⎝ 3⎠ 3π
2
Additional representations:
⎛ π ⎞ ⎛ 5π ⎞ π 0 17. Polar coordinates: ( −3, −1.57) π
⎜ 4, − + 2π ⎟ = ⎜ 4,
1 2 3 4 2
⎟
⎝ 3 ⎠ ⎝ 3 ⎠
Additional representations:
⎛ π ⎞ ⎛ 4π ⎞
⎜ −4, − − π ⎟ = ⎜ −4, − ⎟ (3, 1.57)
⎝ 3 ⎠ ⎝ 3 ⎠ 3π
π
(−3, 4.71)
2 0
1 2 3 4
π
9. Polar coordinates: ( 2, 3π ) 2
3π
Additional representations: 2
(2, 3π − 2π ) = (2, π ) π 0 19. Polar coordinates: (0, π ) = ( r , θ )

(−2, 3π − 3π ) = (−2, 0)
1 2 3
x = 0 cos π = (0)( −1) = 0
3π
y = 0 sin π = (0)(0) = 0
2
Rectangular coordinates: (0, 0)
⎛ 2π ⎞ π
11. Polar coordinates: ⎜ −2, ⎟ 2
⎝ 3 ⎠
⎛ π⎞
Additional representations: 21. Polar coordinates: ⎜ 3, ⎟
⎝ 2⎠
⎛ 2π ⎞ ⎛ 4π ⎞ π
π
− 2π ⎟ = ⎜ −2, − ⎟
0
⎜ −2, 1 2 3
x = 3 cos = 0
⎝ 3 ⎠ ⎝ 3 ⎠ 2
⎛ 2π ⎞ ⎛ 5π ⎞ π
⎜ 2, + π ⎟ = ⎜ 2, ⎟ y = 3 sin = 3
⎝ 3 ⎠ ⎝ 3 ⎠ 3π
2
2
Rectangular coordinates: (0, 3)
⎛ 7π ⎞
13. Polar coordinates: ⎜ 0, − ⎟ π
⎝ 6 ⎠ 2
⎛ 3π ⎞
Additional representations: ⎝ 4 ⎠
⎛ 7π ⎞ ⎛ 5π ⎞ 3π
⎜ 0, − + 2π ⎟ = ⎜ 0, ⎟ π 0 x = 2 cos = − 2
⎝ 6 ⎠ ⎝ 6 ⎠ 1 2 3 4
4
⎛ 7π ⎞ ⎛ π⎞ 3π
⎜ 0, − + π ⎟ = ⎜ 0, − ⎟ y = 2 sin = 2
⎝ 6 ⎠ ⎝ 6⎠ 4
3π
or (0, θ ) for any θ , 2
Rectangular coordinates: − ( 2, 2 )
− 2π < θ < 2π
⎛ 5π ⎞ 37. Polar coordinates: ( −4.5, 1.3) = ( r , θ )

25. Polar coordinates: ⎜ −1, ⎟ = (r , θ )
⎝ 4 ⎠
P 䉴 Rx( −4.5, 1.3) ≈ −1.20 = x
5π ⎛ 2⎞ 2
x = ( −1)cos = ( −1)⎜⎜ − ⎟⎟ = P 䉴 Ry( −4.5, 1.3) ≈ −4.34 = y
4 ⎝ 2 ⎠ 2
Rectangular coordinates: ( −1.20, − 4.34)
5π ⎛ 2⎞ 2
y = ( −1) sin = ( −1)⎜⎜ − ⎟⎟ =
4 ⎝ 2 ⎠ 2 39. Polar coordinates: ( 2.5, 1.58) = ( r , θ )
⎛ 2 2⎞ P 䉴 Rx( 2.5, 1.58) ≈ −0.02 = x
Rectangular coordinates: ⎜⎜ , ⎟
⎝ 2 2 ⎟⎠ P 䉴 Ry( 2.5, 1.58) ≈ 2.50 = y
⎛ 7π ⎞ Rectangular coordinates: ( −0.02, 2.50)

27. Polar coordinates: ⎜ −2, ⎟ = (r, θ )
⎝ 6 ⎠
41. Polar coordinates: ( −4.1, − 0.5) = ( r , θ )
7π
x = r cos θ = −2 cos = 3
6 P 䉴 Rx( −4.1, − 0.5) ≈ −3.60 = x
7π P 䉴 Ry( −4.1, − 0.5) ≈ 1.97 = y
y = r sin θ = −2 sin =1
6
Rectangular coordinates: ( −3.60, 1.97)
Rectangular coordinates: ( 3, 1 )
43. Rectangular coordinates: (1, 1)
⎛ π⎞
29. Polar coordinates: ⎜ −3, − ⎟ π
⎝ 3⎠ r = ± 2, tan θ = 1, θ =
4
⎛ π⎞ ⎛1⎞ 3
x = r cos θ = ( − 3) cos ⎜ − ⎟ = ( − 3)⎜ ⎟ = − ⎛ π⎞
⎝ 3⎠ ⎝ 2⎠ 2 Polar coordinates: ⎜ 2, ⎟
⎝ 4⎠
⎛ π⎞ ⎛ 3⎞ 3 3
y = r sin θ = ( − 3) sin ⎜ − ⎟ = (− 3)⎜⎜ − ⎟⎟ =
⎝ 3 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠ 2 45. Rectangular coordinates: ( −3, − 3)
⎛ 3 3 3⎞ 5π
r = 3 2, tan θ = 1, θ =
Rectangular coordinates: ⎜⎜ − , ⎟⎟ 4
⎝ 2 2 ⎠
⎛ 5π ⎞
Polar coordinates: ⎜ 3 2, ⎟
31. Polar coordinates: ( 2, 2.74) = ( r , θ ) ⎝ 4 ⎠
x = r cos θ = 2 cos 2.74 ≈ ( 2)( − 0.920) ≈ −1.84 47. Rectangular coordinates: ( −6, 0)
y = r sin θ = 2 sin 2.74 ≈ ( 2)(0.391) ≈ 0.78 r = ±6, tan θ = 0, θ = 0
Rectangular coordinates: ( −1.84, 0.78) Polar coordinates: (6, π )
33. Polar coordinates: ( −2.5, 1.1) 49. Rectangular coordinates: (0, − 5)

x = −2.5 cos 1.1 ≈ −1.1 π
r = 5, tan θ undefined, θ =
y = −2.5 sin 1.1 ≈ −2.2 2
⎛ 3π ⎞
Rectangular coordinates: ( −1.1, − 2.2) Polar coordinates: ⎜ 5, ⎟
⎝ 2 ⎠
⎛ 2π ⎞ 51. Rectangular coordinates: ( −3, 4)
35. Polar coordinates: ⎜ 2, ⎟ = (r , θ )
⎝ 9 ⎠
4
⎛ 2π ⎞ r = ± 9 + 16 = ±5, tan θ = − , θ ≈ 2.2143
3
P 䉴 Rx⎜ 2, ⎟ ≈ 1.53 = x
⎝ 9 ⎠ Polar coordinates: (5, 2.2143)
⎛ 2π ⎞
P 䉴 Ry⎜ 2, ⎟ ≈ 1.29 = y
⎝ 9 ⎠
Rectangular coordinates: (1.53, 1.29)
53. Rectangular coordinates: − ( 3, − 3 ) 69. Rectangular coordinates: ( 74 , 32 )

r = ± 3+ 3 = ± 6, tan θ = 1, θ =
5π
4
( 32 ) ≈ 2.305 = r
R 䉴 Pr 74 ,
⎛ 5π ⎞ R 䉴 Pθ ( 74 , 32 ) ≈ 0.71 = θ
Polar coordinates: ⎜ 6, ⎟
⎝ 4 ⎠ Polar coordinates: ( 2.305, 0.71)
55. Rectangular coordinates: ( 3, −1 ) 71. x 2 + y 2 = 9

1 11π r = 3
r = 3 + 1 = 2, tan θ = − ,θ =
3 6
73. y = x
⎛ 11π ⎞
Polar coordinates: ⎜ 2, ⎟ r cos θ = r sin θ
⎝ 6 ⎠
1 = tan θ
57. Rectangular coordinates: (6, 9) θ =
π
4
r = ± 62 + 92 = ± 117 = ±3 13
75. x = 10
tan θ = 9
6
,θ ≈ 0.9828
r cos θ = 10
Polar coordinates: 3 13, 0.98 ( ) r = 10 sec θ
59. Rectangular coordinates: (5, 12) 77. y =1

r sin θ = 1
r = 25 + 144 = 13, tan θ = 12 , θ
5
≈ 1.18
r = csc θ
Polar coordinates: (13, 1.18)
79. 3x − y + 2 = 0
61. Rectangular coordinates: (3, − 2) 3r cos θ − r sin θ + 2 = 0
R 䉴 Pr (3, − 2) ≈ 13 = r r (3 cos θ − sin θ ) = −2
R 䉴 Pθ (3, − 2) ≈ −0.588 = θ −2
r =
3 cos θ − sin θ
Polar coordinates: ( 13, − 0.588 )
81. xy = 16
63. Rectangular coordinates: ( −5, 2) (r cos θ )(r sin θ ) = 16
R 䉴 Pr ( −5, − 2) ≈ 5.385 = r r = 16 sec θ csc θ = 32 csc 2θ

2
R 䉴 Pθ ( −5, − 2) ≈ 2.76 = θ
83. x 2 + y 2 = a 2
Polar coordinates: (5.385, 2.76) r 2 = a2
r = a
65. Rectangular coordinates: ( 3, 2 )
85. x 2 + y 2 − 2ax = 0
R 䉴 Pr( ) 7 ≈ 2.646 = r
3, 2 =
r 2 − 2a r cos θ = 0
R 䉴 Pθ ( 3, 2) ≈ 0.857 = θ r ( r − 2a cos θ ) = 0
r − 2a cos θ = 0
Polar coordinates: ( 7, 0.86)
r = 2a cos θ
67. Rectangular coordinates: ( 52 , 34 )

( 34 ) = 176 = r
R 䉴 Pr 52 ,
R 䉴 Pθ ( 52 , 43 ) ≈ 0.49 = θ
Polar coordinates: ( 17 6
, 0.49)
87. y 2 − 8 x − 16 = 0 11π
97. θ =
r 2 sin 2 θ − 8r cos θ − 16 = 0 6
1 3
By the Quadratic Formula, we have: tan θ = − = −
3 3
−( −8 cos θ ) ± (−8 cos θ ) − 4(sin 2 θ )( −16)
2
y 3
r = = −
2 sin 2 θ x 3
8 cos θ ± 64 cos 2 θ + 64 sin 2 θ 3
= y = − x
2 sin 2 θ 3
3
8 cos θ ± 64(cos 2 θ + sin 2 θ ) x + y = 0
= 3
2 sin 2 θ
8 cos θ ± 8 99. r = 4
=
2 sin 2 θ r 2 = 16
4(cos θ ± 1) x 2 + y 2 = 16
=
1 − cos 2 θ
101. r = 4 csc θ
4(cos θ + 1) 4
r = = r sin θ = 4
(1 + cos θ )(1 − cos θ ) 1 − cos θ
y = 4
or
4(cos θ − 1) −4 103. r = −3 sec θ
r = =
(1 + cos θ )(1 − cos θ ) 1 + cos θ r
= −3
sec θ
89. y3 = x2 r cos θ = −3
(r sin θ ) = (r cos θ )
3 2
x = −3
r 3 sin 3 θ = r 2 cos 2 θ
105. r 2 = cos θ
r sin 3 θ
=1 r 3 = r cos θ
cos 2 θ
(± )
3
r sin θ tan 2 θ = 1 x2 + y 2 = x
r = csc θ cot 2 θ
±( x 2 + y 2 )
32
= x
r = 4 sin θ ( x2 + y 2 ) = x2
3
91.
r = 4r sin θ
2
x2 + y2 = x2 3
x + y2 = 4 y
2
x + y2 − x2 3 = 0
2
x + y − 4y = 0
2 2
107. r 2 = sin 2θ = 2 sin θ cos θ

93. r = −2 cos θ
⎛ y ⎞⎛ x ⎞ 2 xy
r 2 = −2r cos θ r 2 = 2⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟ = 2
⎝ r ⎠⎝ r ⎠ r
x 2 + y 2 = −2 x r = 2 xy
4
x2 + y2 + 2x = 0 ( x2 + y 2 ) = 2 xy
2
2π
95. θ =
3
2π
tan θ = tan
3
y
= − 3
x
y = − 3x
3x + y = 0
109. r = 2 sin 3θ
r = 2 sin (θ + 2θ )
r = 2[sin θ cos 2θ + cos θ sin 2θ ]
r = 2 ⎡⎣sin θ (1 − 2 sin 2 θ ) + cos θ ( 2 sin θ cos θ )⎤⎦
r = 2 ⎡⎣sin θ − 2 sin 3 θ + 2 sin θ cos 2 θ ⎤⎦
r = 2 ⎡⎣sin θ − 2 sin 3 θ + 2 sin θ (1 − sin 2 θ )⎤⎦
r = 2(3 sin θ − 4 sin 3 θ )

r 4 = 6r 3 sin θ − 8r 3 sin 3 θ
( x2 + y 2 ) = 6( x 2 + y 2 ) y − 8 y 3
2
( x2 + y 2 ) = 6 x2 y − 2 y3
2
y
2 117. The graph of the polar
111. r =
1 + sin θ equation consists of all 8
points that are six units

r (1 + sin θ ) = 2 4
from the pole.
r + r sin θ = 2 2
r = 6 x
r = 2 − r sin θ −8 − 4 −2 2 4 8
r = 36
2
± x2 + y2 = 2 − y −4
x + y 2 = 36
2
x2 + y 2 = (2 − y)
2
−8
x + y = 4 − 4y + y
2 2 2
119. The graph of the polar equation consists of all points that
x2 + 4 y − 4 = 0
make an angle of π 6 with the polar axis.
6 π
113. r = θ = y
2 − 3 sin θ 6
r ( 2 − 3 sin θ ) = 6 π
4
tan θ = tan 3
2r = 6 + 3r sin θ 6 2
( ) y 3 1
2± x2 + y 2 = 6 + 3 y = x
x 3 −4 −3 −2
−1
1 2 3 4
4( x 2 + y 2 ) = (6 + 3 y )
2
3 −2
y = x −3
4 x + 4 y = 36 + 36 y + 9 y
2 2 2 3 −4
4 x 2 − 5 y 2 − 36 y − 36 = 0 3y = 3x
− 3x + 3 y = 0
6
115. r =
2 cos θ − 3 sin θ
6
r =
2( x r ) − 3( x r )
6r
r =
2x − 3y
6
1 =
2x − 3y
2x − 3y = 6
π
121. The graph of the polar equation consists of all points on 127. (a) 2
the circle with radius 1 and center (0, 1).

y
r = 2 sin θ
r 2 = 2r sin θ 3 0
x2 + y2 = 2 y
(30, − π2 (
x + y2 − 2 y = 0
2
1
x2 + y2 − 2 y + 1 = 1 x Since the passengers enter a car at the point

−2 −1 1 2
x 2 + ( y − 1) = 1
2
π
−1
(r , θ ) = ⎛⎜ 30, − ⎞⎟, r = 30 is the polar equation for
⎝ 2⎠
the model.
123. The graph of the polar equation consists of all points on
(b) Since it takes 45 seconds for the Ferris wheel to
the circle with radius 3 and center ( −3, 0). complete one revolution clockwise, after 15 seconds
r = −6 cos θ a passenger car makes one-third of one revolution or
2π
r 2 = −6r cos θ an angle of radians.
y 3
x 2 + y 2 = −6 x
2π π
7π
Because θ = −
4
−
= − , the passenger car
x2 + y 2 + 6 x = 0 3
3 26
x2 + y2 + 6 x + 9 = 9 ⎛ 7π ⎞ ⎛ 5π ⎞
1 is at ⎜ 30, − ⎟ = ⎜ 30, ⎟.
⎝ 6 ⎠ ⎝ 6 ⎠
(x + 3) + y = 9
2 2 x
−7 −5 − 4 − 3 −2 − 1 1
⎛ 5π ⎞
(c) Polar coordinates: ⎜ 30, ⎟
−3 ⎝ 6 ⎠
−4
5π
x = r cos θ = 30 cos = 15 3 ≈ 25.98
y
6
125. The graph of the polar 5π
equation is not evident 4 y = r sin θ = 30 sin = 15
6
by simple inspection. 3
Convert to rectangular
2
Rectangular coordinates: (25.98, 15)
1
form first. x The car is about 25.98 feet to the left of the center
−4 −3 −2 −1
r = 3 sec θ
1 2 4
and 15 feet above the center.
−2
r cos θ = 3 −3 129. True. Because r is a directed distance, then the point
x = 3 −4
(r , θ ) can be represented as (r , θ ± 2nπ ).
x −3 = 0
131. False. ( r1 , θ ) and ( r2 , θ ) represent the same point only
if r1 = r2 .
133. r = 2( h cos θ + k sin θ )

⎛ ⎛ x⎞ ⎛ y ⎞⎞
r = 2⎜ h⎜ ⎟ + k ⎜ ⎟ ⎟
⎝ ⎝r⎠ ⎝ r ⎠⎠
2hx + 2ky
r =
r
r 2 = 2hx + 2ky
x 2 + y 2 = 2hx + 2ky
x 2 − 2hx + y 2 − 2ky = 0
(x 2
− 2hx + h 2
) + ( y2 − 2ky + k 2 ) = h 2 + k 2
(x − h) + ( y − k ) = h 2 + k 2
2 2
Center: ( h, k )
Radius: h2 + k 2
Section 6.8 Graphs of Polar Equations 297
135. (a) (r1, θ1 ) = ( x1 , y1 ) where x1 = r1 cos θ1 and y1 = r1 sin θ1.

(r2 , θ 2 ) = ( x2 , y2 ) where x2 = r2 cos θ 2 and y2 = r2 sin θ 2 .
( x1 − x2 ) + ( y1 − y2 )
2 2
d =
= x12 − 2 x1 x2 + x2 2 + y12 − 2 y1 y2 + y2 2
= ( x12 + y12 ) + ( x2 2 + y2 2 ) − 2( x1 x2 + y1 y2 )
= r12 + r2 2 − 2( r1r2 cos θ1 cos θ 2 + r1r2 sin θ1 sin θ 2 )
= r12 + r2 2 − 2r1r2 cos(θ1 − θ 2 )

(b) If θ1 = θ 2 , then
d = r12 + r2 2 − 2r1r2 = (r1 − r2 )

2
= r1 − r2 .
This represents the distance between two points on the line θ = θ1 = θ 2 .
Section 6.8 Graphs of Polar Equations

π 2
1. θ = 15. r =
2 1 + sin θ
π 2
3. convex limaçon θ = : r =
2 1 + sin (π − θ )
5. lemniscate 2
r =
7. r = 5 cos 2θ 1 + sin π cos θ − cos π sin θ
2
Rose curve with 4 petals r =
1 + sin θ
9. r = 3(1 − 2 cos θ ) Equivalent equation
2
Limaçon with inner loop Polar axis: r =
1 + sin ( −θ )
11. r = 4 sin 3θ 2
r =
Rose curve with 3 petals 1 − sin θ
Not an equivalent equation
13. r = 5 + 4 cos θ
2
Pole: −r =
π 1 + sin θ
θ = : − r = 5 + 4 cos ( −θ )
2
− r = 5 + 4 cos θ Answer: Symmetric with respect to θ = π 2
Not an equivalent equation 17. r 2 = 36 cos 2θ

Polar axis: r = 5 + 4 cos( −θ ) π
r = 5 + 4 cos θ
θ = : (−r )2 = 36 cos 2( −θ )
2
r 2 = 36 cos 2θ
Equivalent equation
Equivalent equation
Pole: − r = 5 + 4 cos θ
Not an equivalent equation Polar axis: r 2 = 36 cos 2( −θ )
Answer: Symmetric with respect to polar axis r 2 = 36 cos 2θ

Equivalent equation
Pole: (−r )2 = 36 cos 2θ
r = 36 cos 2θ
2
Equivalent equation
π
Answer: Symmetric with respect to θ = ,
2
the polar axis, and the pole
19. r = 10 − 10 sin θ = 10 1 − sin θ ≤ 10( 2) = 20 π

25. r =
3
1 − sin θ = 2
π
1 − sin θ = 2 or 1 − sin θ = −2 Symmetric with respect to θ = , polar axis, pole
2
sin θ = −1 sin θ = 3
π
3π Circle with radius
θ = Not possible 3
2
π
3π 2
Maximum: r = 20 when θ =
2
0 = 10(1 − sin θ )
π 0
sin θ = 1 2
π
θ =
2
3π
π 2
Zero: r = 0 when θ =
2
27. r = sin θ
21. r = 4 cos 3θ = 4 cos 3θ ≤ 4 π
Symmetric with respect to θ =
cos 3θ = 1 2
cos 3θ = ±1 1
Circle with radius
π 2π 2
θ = 0, , π
3 3 2
π 2π
Maximum: r = 4 when θ = 0, ,
3 3
0 = 4 cos 3θ π
1 2
0
cos 3θ = 0
π π 5π
θ = , , 3π
6 2 6 2
π π 5π
Zero: r = 0 when θ = , ,
6 2 6 29. r = 3(1 − cos θ )
π
2
23. r = 4 Symmetric with respect
π to the polar axis
Symmetric with respect to θ = , polar axis, pole
2 a 3
= = 1 ⇒ Cardioid π
Circle with radius 4 b 3 2
0
π r = 6 when θ = π
2
r = 0 when θ = 0 3π
2
31. r = 4(1 + sin θ )

π 0
2 6
Symmetric with respect π
π 2
to θ =
2
3π
2
a 4
= = 1 ⇒ Cardioid
b 4
π π
r = 8 when θ = 4 6
0
2
3π
3π 2
r = 0 when θ =
2
33. r = 4 + 3 cos θ 39. r = 5 sin 2θ

Symmetric with respect to the polar axis Symmetric with respect to θ = π 2, the polar axis, and
a 4 the pole
= > 1 ⇒ Dimpled limaçon
b 3 Rose curve ( n = 2) with 4 petals
r = 7 when θ = 0 π 3π 5π 7π
r = 5 when θ = , , ,
π 4 4 4 4
2
π
r = 0 when θ = 0, ,π
2
π
π 0 2
2 4 6 8
3π π 0
2 4
35. r = 1 − 2 sin θ
3π
π 2
Symmetric with respect to θ =
2
a 1 41. r = 6 cos 3θ
= < 1 ⇒ Limaçon with inner loop
b 2 Symmetric with respect to polar axis
3π Rose curve ( n = 3) with three petals
r = 3 when θ =
2
π 2π
π 5π r = 6 when θ = 0, , ,π
r = 0 when θ = , 3 3
6 6
π π 5π
π r = 0 when θ = , ,
2
6 2 6
π
π 0 2
1 2 3
π 0
6 8
3π
2
3π
2
37. r = 3 − 4 cos θ
Symmetric with respect to the polar axis 43. r = 2 sec θ
a 3 2
= < 1 ⇒ Limaçon with inner loop r =
b 4 cos θ
r = 7 when θ = π r cos θ = 2
3 x = 2 ⇒ Line
r = 0 when cos θ = or θ ≈ 0.723, 5.560 π
4 2
π
2
π 0
1 3
π 0
2 4
3π
2
3π
2
3 53. r = 8 cos θ θ min = 0

45. r =
sin θ − 2 cos θ 6
θ max = 2π
r (sin θ − 2 cos θ ) = 3 θ step = π 24
−4
y − 2x = 3 14
Xmin = −4
y = 2 x + 3 ⇒ Line Xmax = 14
π −6
2 Xscl = 2
0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π Ymin = −6
Ymax = 6
Yscl = 2
π 0
1 2 3
55. r = 3( 2 − sin θ ) θ min = 0

3π
2 4
θ max = 2π
−11 10 θ step = π 24
47. r 2 = 9 cos 2θ π
2 Xmin = −11
Symmetric with respect Xmax = 10
to the polar axis, θ = π 2, −10
Xscl = 1
and the pole π
0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π Ymin = −10
0
4
Lemniscate
Ymax = 4
Yscl = 1
3π
2
9 57. r = 8 sin θ cos 2 θ θ min = 0

49. r = θ min = 0
4 3
θ max = 2π
4 θ max = 2π
θ step = π 24
θ step = π 24 −4 5
Xmin = −4
−6 6 Xmin = −6
Xmax = 5
Xmax = 6 −3
Xscl = 1
−4 Xscl = 1
0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π Ymin = −3
Ymin = −4
0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π Ymax = 3
Ymax = 4
Yscl = 1
Yscl = 1
5π 59. r = 3 − 8 cos θ
51. r = θ min = 0
8 0 ≤ θ < 2π
4 θ max = 2π
7
θ step = π 24
−6 6 Xmin = −6
− 16 5
Xmax = 6
−4
Xscl = 1
−7
Ymin = −4
0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π
Ymax = 4 ⎛ 3θ ⎞ 2
61. r = 2 cos⎜ ⎟
Yscl = 1 ⎝ 2⎠
−3
0 ≤ θ < 4π
3
−2
63. r 2 = 9 sin 2θ 4
0 ≤θ < π
−6 6
−4
1
65. r = 2 − sec θ = 2 −
cos θ
r cos θ = 2 cos θ − 1
r ( r cos θ ) = 2r cos θ − r
4
(± x2 + y2 x = 2x − ±) ( x2 + y2 ) −6 6
(± x + y
2
)( x + 1) = 2x
2
−4
(± x + y ) = x 2+x 1
2 2
4x2
x2 + y 2 =
(x + 1)
2
4x2 4 x 2 − x 2 ( x + 1)
2
4 x 2 − x 2 ( x 2 + 2 x + 1)
y2 = − x2 = =
(x + 1) (x + 1) (x + 1)
2 2 2
− x 4 − 2 x3 + 3x 2 − x 2 ( x 2 + 2 x − 3)
= =
(x + 1) (x + 1)
2 2
x 2 (3 − 2 x − x 2 ) x
y = ± = ± 3 − 2x − x2
(x + 1) x +1
2
The graph has an asymptote at x = −1.
3 69. (a) y
67. r = 4
θ 8
6
3 3 sin θ 3 sin θ
θ = = =
r r sin θ y −3 5
3 sin θ
x
−8 −6 −4 −2
y =
2 4 6 8 12
−2
θ
As θ → 0, y → 3 −6
−8
The graph is a cardioid.

(b) Since r is at a maximum when r = 10 at θ = 0
radians, the microphone is most sensitive to sound
when θ = 0.
71. True. It has five petals.
73. r = 6 cos θ
π π π π π 3π
(a) 0 ≤ θ ≤ (b) ≤θ ≤ π (c) − ≤ θ ≤ (d) ≤θ ≤
2 2 2 2 4 4
Upper half of circle Lower half of circle Entire circle Left half of circle
π π π
2 π
2 2 2
π 0 π 0 π
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 4 5 7
0 π 0
1 2 3 4 5 7 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
3π 3π 3π
2 3π
2 2 2
75. Let the curve r = f (θ ) be rotated by φ to form the curve r = g (θ ). π

2
( r, θ + φ )
If ( r1 , θ1 ) is a point on r = f (θ ), then ( r1 , θ1 + φ ) is on r = g (θ ).
( r, θ)
That is, g (θ1 + φ ) = r1 = f (θ1 ). Letting θ = θ1 + φ , or θ1 = θ − φ ,
you see that g (θ ) = g (θ1 + φ ) = f (θ1 ) = f (θ − φ ).

φ
θ
0
⎛ π⎞ 79. r = 3 sin kθ
77. (a) r = 2 − sin ⎜θ − ⎟
⎝ 4⎠ (a) r = 3 sin 1.5θ
⎡ π π⎤ 0 ≤ θ < 4π
= 2 − ⎢sin θ cos − cos θ sin ⎥
⎣ 4 4⎦ 4
2
= 2− (sin θ − cos θ )
2 −6 6
⎛ π⎞
(b) r = 2 − sin ⎜θ − ⎟
⎝ 2⎠ −4
⎡ π π⎤
= 2 − ⎢sin θ cos − cos θ sin ⎥ (b) r = 3 sin 2.5θ
⎣ 2 2⎦
= 2 + cos θ 0 ≤ θ < 4π
(c) r = 2 − sin (θ − π )
4
= 2 − [sin θ cos π − cos θ sin π ] −6 6
= 2 + sin θ
⎛ 3π ⎞ −4
(d) r = 2 − sin ⎜θ − ⎟
⎝ 2 ⎠
(c) Yes. r = 3 sin ( kθ ).
⎡ 3π 3π ⎤
= 2 − ⎢sin θ cos − cos θ sin
⎣ 2 2 ⎥⎦ Find the minimum value of θ , (θ > 0), that is a
= 2 − cos θ multiple of 2π that makes kθ a multiple of 2π .
Section 6.9 Polar Equations of Conics

1. conic 3. vertical; right
Section 6.9 Polar Equations of Conics 303
2e 3
5. r = 12. r =
1 + e cos θ 2 + cos θ
2 1
e = 1: r = ⇒ parabola e = ⇒ Ellipse
1 + cos θ 2
1 Vertical directrix to the right of the pole
e = 0.5: r = ⇒ ellipse
1 + 0.5 cos θ Matches graph (f ).
3
e = 1.5: r = ⇒ hyperbola 4
1 + 1.5 cos θ 13. r =
1 + sin θ
4
e = 1 ⇒ Parabola
e=1 e = 1.5
Horizontal directrix above the pole
−4 8
Matches graph (a).
e = 0.5
−4 4
14. r =
1 − 3 sin θ
2e e = 3 ⇒ Hyperbola
7. r =
1 − e sin θ
Horizontal directrix below pole
2
e = 1: r = ⇒ parabola Matches graph (b).
1 − sin θ
1 3
e = 0.5: r = ⇒ ellipse 15. r = π
1 − 0.5 sin θ 1 − cos θ 2
3 e = 1 ⇒ Parabola
e = 1.5: r = ⇒ hyperbola
1 − 1.5 sin θ
⎛3 ⎞ π
Vertex: ⎜ , π ⎟
0
8 2 4 6 8
⎝2 ⎠
e = 1.5
−9 9 3π
2
e=1 −4 e = 0.5
4 5 π
9. r = 17. r = 2
1 − cos θ 1 + sin θ
e = 1 ⇒ Parabola e = 1, the graph is a parabola.
Vertical directrix to the left of the pole ⎛5 π ⎞
Vertex: ⎜ , ⎟
Matches graph (e). ⎝2 2⎠ π 0
2 4
3
10. r = 3π
2 − cos θ 2
1
e = ⇒ Ellipse
2 2 1
19. r = =
Vertical directrix to the left of the pole 2 − cos θ 1 − (1 2) cos θ
Matches graph (c). 1
e = < 1, the graph is an ellipse.
2
3
11. r = π
1 + 2 sin θ ⎛2 ⎞
Vertices: ( 2, 0), ⎜ , π ⎟ 2
e = 2 ⇒ Hyperbola ⎝3 ⎠
Matches graph (d).

π 0
1 3
3π
2
6 3 14 1
21. r = = 33. r = =
2 + sin θ 1 + (1 2) sin θ π 14 + 17 sin θ 1 + (17 14)sin θ
2
1 17 7
e = < 1, the graph is an ellipse. e = > 1 ⇒ Hyperbola
2 14
π 0
⎛ π ⎞ ⎛ 3π ⎞
2 4 6
Vertices: ⎜ 2, ⎟, ⎜ 6, ⎟ −8 7
⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠
−3
3π
2 3
35. r = 12
1 − cos(θ − π 4)
3 32
23. r = =
2 + 4 sin θ 1 + 2 sin θ Rotate the graph in
π Exercise 15 through −6 18
e = 2 > 1, the graph is a hyperbola. 2
the angle π 4.
−4
⎛ 1 π ⎞ ⎛ 3 3π ⎞
Vertices: ⎜ , ⎟, ⎜ − , ⎟
⎝2 2⎠ ⎝ 2 2 ⎠ 6
37. r =
⎛ π⎞
2 + sin ⎜θ + ⎟
3
π
1
0
⎝ 6⎠
−9 6
Rotate the graph in
3π
2 Exercise 17 through
the angle −π 6.
3 32 −7
25. r = = π
2 − 6 cos θ 1 − 3 cos θ 2
39. Parabola: e = 1
e = 3 > 1, the graph is a hyperbola. Directrix: x = −1
⎛ 3 ⎞ ⎛3 ⎞ Vertical directrix to the left of the pole
Vertices: ⎜ − , 0 ⎟, ⎜ , π ⎟ π 0
⎝ 4 ⎠ ⎝8 ⎠ 1(1)
1
1
r = =
1 − 1 cos θ 1 − cos θ
3π
2
1
41. Ellipse: e =
−1 2
27. r = 1
1 − sin θ Directrix: y = 1
−3 3
e = 1 ⇒ Parabola p =1
Horizontal directrix above the pole
−3
r =
(1 2)(1) =
1
1 + (1 2) sin θ 2 + sin θ
3
29. r = 2
−4 + 2 cos θ
43. Hyperbola: e = 2
1 −4 2
Directrix: x = 1
e = ⇒ Ellipse
2
p =1
−2
Vertical directrix to the right of the pole
31. 3 2(1) 2
r = =
1 + 2 cos θ 1 + 2 cos θ
−4 5
45. Parabola
−3 ⎛ π⎞
Vertex: ⎜1, − ⎟ ⇒ e = 1, p = 2
⎝ 2⎠
Ellipse
Horizontal directrix below the pole
1( 2) 2
r = =
1 − 1 sin θ 1 − sin θ
Section 6.9 Polar Equations of Conics 305
47. Parabola ⎛ 3π ⎞ ⎛ 3π ⎞
53. Hyperbola: Vertices ⎜1, ⎟, ⎜ 9, ⎟
Vertex: (5, π ) ⇒ e = 1, p = 10 ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠
Vertical directrix to the left of the pole ⎛ 3π ⎞ 5
Center: ⎜ 5, ⎟; c = 5, a = 4, e =
1(10) 10 ⎝ 2 ⎠ 4
r = =
1 − 1 cos θ 1 − cos θ Horizontal directrix below the pole
r =
(5 4) p =
5p
49. Ellipse: Vertices ( 2, 0), (10, π ) 1 − (5 4) sin θ 4 − 5 sin θ
2 5p
Center: ( 4, π ); c = 4, a = 6, e = 1=
3 4 − 5 sin (3π 2)
Vertical directrix to the right of the pole 9
p =
r =
(2 3) p =
2p 5
1 + ( 2 3) cos θ 3 + 2 cos θ 5(9 5) 9
r = =
2p 4 − 5 sin θ 4 − 5 sin θ
2 =
3 + 2 cos 0
55. When θ = 0, r = c + a = ea + a = a(1 + e).
p = 5
2(5) Therefore,
10
r = = ep
3 + 2 cos θ 3 + 2 cos θ a(1 + e) =
1 − e cos 0
51. Ellipse: Vertices ( 20, 0), ( 4, π ) a(1 + e)(1 − e) = ep
2 a(1 − e 2 ) = ep.
Center: (8, 0); c = 8, a = 12, e =
3
Vertical directrix to the left of the pole So, r =
ep
=
(1 − e2 )a
1 − e cos θ 1 − e cos θ
r =
( 2 3) p =
2p
1 − ( 2 3) cos θ 3 − 2 cos θ
2p
20 =
3 − 2 cos 0
p = 10
2(10) 20
r = =
3 − 2 cos θ 3 − 2 cos θ
⎡1 − (0.0167)2 (9.2956 × 107 )⎤

⎦ ≈ 9.2930 × 10
7
57. (a) r = ⎣
1 − 0.0167 cos θ 1 − 0.0167 cos θ
(b) Perihelion distance: r = 9.2956 × 107 (1 − 0.0167) ≈ 9.1404 × 107 miles
Aphelion distance: r = 9.2956 × 107 (1 + 0.0167) ≈ 9.4508 × 107 miles
⎡1 − (0.0068) 2 (1.0821 × 108 )⎤

⎦ ≈ 1.0820 × 10
8
59. (a) r = ⎣
1 − 0.0068 cos θ 1 − 0.0068 cos θ
(b) Perihelion distance: r = 1.0821 × 108 (1 − 0.0068) ≈ 1.0747 × 108 kilometers
Aphelion distance: r = 1.0821 × 108 (1 + 0.0068) ≈ 1.0895 × 108 kilometers
⎡1 − (0.0934) (1.4163 × 108 )⎤ 2

⎦ ≈ 1.4039 × 10
8
61. (a) r = ⎣
1 − 0.0934 cos θ 1 − 0.0934 cos θ
(b) Perihelion distance: r = 1.4163 × 108 (1 − 0.0934) ≈ 1.2840 × 108 miles
Aphelion distance: r = 1.4163 × 108 (1 + 0.0934) ≈ 1.5486 × 108 miles
500 x2 y2
63. e ≈ 0.995, a ≈ = 250 71. + =1
2 a2 b2
0.995 p 0.995 p r 2 cos 2 θ r 2 sin 2 θ
2a = + ≈ 199.50 p ≈ 500 2
+ =1
1 + 0.995 1 − 0.995 a b2
p ≈ 2.506, ep ≈ 2.494 r 2 cos 2 θ r 2 (1 − cos 2 θ )
+ =1
2.494 a2 b2
r =
1 + 0.995 sin θ r 2b 2 cos 2 θ + r 2 a 2 − r 2 a 2 cos 2 θ = a 2b 2
To find the closest point to the sun, let θ =

π
. r 2 (b 2 − a 2 )cos 2 θ + r 2 a 2 = a 2b 2
2
2.494 Since b 2 − a 2 = −c 2 , we have:
r = ≈ 1.250 astronomical units
1 + 0.995 sin (π 2) − r 2c 2 cos 2 θ + r 2 a 2 = a 2b 2
2
65. True. The graphs represent the same hyperbola, although ⎛c⎞ c
− r 2 ⎜ ⎟ cos 2 θ + r 2 = b 2 , e =
the graphs are not traced out in the same order as θ goes ⎝a⎠ a
from 0 to 2π .
−r 2e 2 cos 2 θ + r 2 = b 2
67. True. The conic is an ellipse because the eccentricity is r 2 (1 − e 2 cos 2 θ ) = b 2
less than 1.
b2
e = 2
<1 r2 =
3 1 − e cos 2 θ
2
5
69. The graph of r = is a parabola with a x2 y2
1 + sin θ 73. + =1
169 144
horizontal directrix above the pole.
5
5 a = 13, b = 12, c = 5, e =
(a) The graph of r = is a parabola with a 13
1 − cos θ 144 24,336
vertical directrix to the left of the pole. r2 = =
1 − ( 25 169) cos 2 θ 169 − 25 cos 2 θ
5
(b) The graph of r = is a parabola with a
1 − sin θ x2 y2
75. − =1
horizontal directrix below the pole. 9 16
5 5
(c) The graph of r = is a parabola with a a = 3, b = 4, c = 5, e =
1 + cos θ 3
vertical directrix to the right of the pole. −16 144
r2 = =
5 1 − ( 25 9) cos 2 θ 25 cos 2 θ − 9
(d) The graph of r = is the graph
1 − sin ⎡⎣θ − (π 4)⎤⎦
77. One focus: (5, 0)
5
of r = rotated through the angle π 4.
1 − sin θ Vertices: ( 4, 0), ( 4, π )
5
a = 4, c = 5 ⇒ b = 3 and e =
4
x2 y2
− =1
16 9
−9 −144
r2 = =
1 − ( 25 16) cos 2 θ 16 − 25 cos 2 θ
4
79. r =
1 − 0.4 cos θ
(a) Because e < 1, the conic is an ellipse.
4
(b) r = has a vertical directrix to the
1 + 0.4 cos θ
4
right of the pole and r = has a horizontal directrix below the pole. The given polar equation,
1 − 0.4 sin θ
4
r = , has a vertical directrix to the left of the pole.
1 − 0.4 cos θ
(c) r2 =
4
1 − 0.4 sin θ
10
− 12 12
−6
4 4
r1 = r=
1 + 0.4 cos θ 1 − 0.4 cos θ

1. Points: (−1, 2) and (2, 5) 9. (5, 3) ⇒ x1 = 5, y1 = 3
5− 2 3 x − y − 10 = 0 ⇒ A = 1, B = −1, C = −10
m = = =1
2 − ( −1) 3 1(5) + ( −1)(3) + (−10) 8
d = = = 4 2
π 1 + ( −1) 2
2 2
tan θ = 1 ⇒ θ = radian = 45°
4
11. Hyperbola
3. y = 2 x + 4 ⇒ m = 2
tan θ = 2 ⇒ θ = arctan 2 ≈ 1.1071 radians ≈ 63.43° 13. Vertex: (0, 0) = ( h, k ) y
5
Focus: ( 4, 0) ⇒ p = 4 4
5. 4x + y = 2 ⇒ y = − 4 x + 2 ⇒ m1 = − 4 3
(y − k ) = 4 p( x − h)
2 2
− 5 x + y = −1 ⇒ y = 5 x − 1 ⇒ m2 = 5 1
x
(y − 0) = 4( 4)( x − 0)
2
5 − ( − 4)
−4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4 5
9
tan θ = = −2
1 + ( − 4)(5) 19 y 2 = 16 x −3
−4
9 −5
θ = arctan ≈ 0.4424 radian ≈ 25.35°
19
15. Vertex: (0, 2) = ( h, k ) y
2 8 2
7. 2 x − 7 y = 8 ⇒ y = x − ⇒ m1 = Focus: x = − 3 ⇒ p = 3 7
7 7 7 6
(y − k ) = 4 p ( x − h)
2 5
0.4 x + y = 0 ⇒ y = − 0.4 x ⇒ m2 = − 0.4 4
3
(y − 2) = 12 x
2
− 0.4 − ( 2 7) 24 2
tan θ = = 1
1 + ( 2 7)( − 0.4) 31 x
−4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4 5
−2
⎛ 24 ⎞
θ = arctan ⎜ ⎟ ≈ 0.6588 radian ≈ 37.75°
−3
⎝ 31 ⎠
1 1 21. Vertices: ( − 2, 0), (8, 0) ⇒ a = 5

17. y = 2 x 2 ⇒ x 2 = y ⇒ p =
2 8
Center: (3, 0) = ( h, k )
⎛ 1⎞
Focus: ⎜ 0, ⎟
⎝ 8⎠ Foci: (0, 0), (6, 0) ⇒ c = 3
1 b 2 = a 2 − c 2 = 25 − 9 = 16
d1 = b +
8
(x − h) (y − k)
2 2
⎛ 1⎞
2
+ =1
(−1 − 0)
2
d2 = + ⎜2 − ⎟ y a2 h2
⎝ 8⎠
(x − 3)
2
y2
+ =1
4
225 17 25 16
= 1+ = (−1, 2 )
d2
64 8 (0, 18 )
d1 = d 2 x 23. Vertices: (0, 1), ( 4, 1) ⇒ a = 2, ( h, k ) = ( 2, 1)
−4 −2 2 4
d1
1 17 −2 (0, −b ) Endpoints of minor axis: ( 2, 0), ( 2, 2) ⇒ b = 1
b + =
8 8
(x − h) (y − k)
−4 2 2
b = 2 + =1
−2 − 2 a2 b2
slope m = = − 4.
0+1 (x − 2)
2
+ ( y − 1) = 1
2
Point-slope: y − 2 = − 4( x + 1) 4
Tangent line: y = − 4 x − 2 25. 2a = 10 ⇒ a = 5

b = 4
19. Parabola
c 2 = a 2 − b 2 = 25 − 16 = 9 ⇒ c = 3
Opens downward
The foci occur 3 feet from the center of the arch on a line
Vertex: (0, 10) connecting the tops of the pillars.
(x − h) = 4 p ( y − k )
2
(x + 1) (y − 2)
2 2
x = 4 p( y − 10)
2 27. + =1
25 49
Solution points: ( ± 3, 8) a = 7, b = 5
9 = 4 p(8 − 10) c 2 = a 2 − b 2 = 49 − 25 = 24 ⇒ c = 2 6
9 = −8 p Center: ( −1, 2)
− 98 = p Vertices: ( −1, 9), ( −1, − 5)
( )
x 2 = 4 − 98 ( y − 10) (
Foci: −1, 2 ± 2 6 )
x 2 = − 92 ( y − 10)
2 6
Eccentricity: e =
To find the x-intercepts, let y = 0. 7
x 2 = 45
x = ± 45 = ± 3 5
At the base, the archway is
( )
2 3 5 = 6 5 ≈ 13.4 meters wide.
16 x 2 + 9 y 2 − 32 x + 72 y + 16 = 0 (x − 5) (y + 3)
2 2
29.
35. − =1
16( x 2 − 2 x + 1) + 9( y 2 + 8 y + 16) = −16 + 16 + 144 36 16
a = 6, b = 4
16( x − 1) + 9( y + 4) = 144
2 2
c 2 = a 2 + b 2 = 36 + 16 = 52 ⇒ c = 2 13
( x − 1) (y + 4)
2 2
+ =1 Center: (5, − 3)
9 16
a = 4, b = 3, c = 7 Vertices: (11, − 3), ( −1, − 3)
Center: (1, − 4) (
Foci: 5 ± 2 13, − 3 )
Vertices: (1, 0), and (1, − 8) 2
Asymptotes: y = − 3 ± ( x − 5)
3
(
Foci: 1, − 4 ± 7 ) y
12
7
Eccentricity: e = 8
4
4
31. Vertices: (0, ±1) ⇒ a = 1, ( h, k ) = (0, 0) −8 −4 16

x
Foci: (0, ± 2) ⇒ c = 2
−12
b2 = c2 − a 2 = 4 − 1 = 3
(y − k)
2
−
(x − h)
2
= 1
a2 b2 37. 9 x 2 − 16 y 2 − 18 x − 32 y − 151 = 0
x2 9( x 2 − 2 x + 1) − 16( y 2 + 2 y + 1) = 151 + 9 − 16
y2 − = 1
3
9( x − 1) − 16( y + 1) = 144
2 2
33. Foci: ( ± 5, 0) ⇒ c = 5, ( h, k ) = (0, 0) (x − 1)

2
(y + 1)
2
− =1
Asymptotes: 16 9
3 b a = 4, b = 3, c = 5
y = ± x ⇒ y = ± x ⇒ b = 3, a = 4
4 a
Center: (1, −1)
(x − h)
2
(y − k)
2
− =1 Vertices: (5, −1) and ( − 3, −1)
a2 b2
x2 y2 x2 y2 Foci: (6, −1) and ( − 4, −1)
2
− 2 =1⇒ − =1
4 3 16 9
3
Asymptotes: y = −1 ± ( x − 1)
4
y
6
4
2
x
−6 − 4 4 6 8
−4
−6
−8
39. Foci: ( ±100, 0) ⇒ c = 100
Center: (0, 0)
y
100
d2 d1
− = 0.0005 ⇒ d 2 − d1 = 93 = 2a ⇒ a = 46.5 (60, y)
186,000 186,000 d2
d1
b = c − a = 100 − 46.5 = 7837.75

2 2 2 2 2 B A x
−100 100
2 2
x y −50
− =1
2162.25 7837.75
−100
⎛ 602 ⎞
y = 7837.75⎜
2
− 1⎟ ≈ 5211.5736
⎝ 2162.25 ⎠
y ≈ 72 miles
41. 5 x 2 − 2 y 2 + 10 x − 4 y + 17 = 0 43. 3x 2 + 2 y 2 − 12 x + 12 y + 29 = 0
AC = 5( − 2) = −10 < 0 A = 3, C = 2
Hyperbola AC = 3( 2) = 6 > 0
Ellipse
45. xy + 3 = 0
A = C = 0, B = 1
B 2 − 4 AC = 12 − 4(0)(0) = 1 > 0 ⇒ Hyperbola y
A−C 0−0 π π 8 x′
cot 2θ = = = 0 ⇒ 2θ = ⇒ θ =
y′
B 1 2 4
π π x′ − y′
x = x′ cos − y′ sin = x
4 4 2 −8 − 6 −4 8
π π x′ + y′ −4
y = x′ sin + y′ cos =
4 4 2 −6
−8
⎛ x′ − y′ ⎞⎛ x′ + y′ ⎞
⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟ +3 = 0
⎝ 2 ⎠⎝ 2 ⎠
( x′) − ( y′)
2 2
= −3
2
( y′) ( x′)
2 2
− =1
6 6
47. 5 x 2 − 2 xy + 5 y 2 − 12 = 0
A = C = 5, B = − 2
B 2 − 4 AC = ( −2) − 4(5)(5) = − 96 < 0
2 y
y′ x′
The graph is an ellipse. 2
π π
cot 2θ = 0 ⇒ 2θ = ⇒θ =
1
2 4 x
−2 −1
π x′ − y′ π 1 2
x = x′ cos − y′ sin = −1
4 4 2
π π x + y′
′ −2
y = x′ sin + y′ cos =
4 4 2
2 2
⎛ x′ − y′ ⎞ ⎛ x′ − y′ ⎞⎛ x′ + y′ ⎞ ⎛ x′ + y′ ⎞
5⎜ ⎟ − 2⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟ + 5⎜ ⎟ − 12 = 0
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠
5⎡ 2 5
( x′) − 2( x′y′) + ( y′) ⎤ − ⎡( x′) − ( y′) ⎤ + ⎡( x′) + 2( x′y′) + ( y′) ⎤ = 12
2 2 2 2 2
2⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ 2⎣ ⎦
4( x′) + 6( y′) = 12
2 2
( x′)2 +
( y′)2 =1
3 2
49. (a) 16 x 2 − 24 xy + 9 y 2 − 30 x − 40 y = 0
B 2 − 4 AC = ( − 24) − 4(16)(9) = 0
2

(b) To use a graphing utility, we need to solve for y in terms of x.
9 y 2 + ( − 24 x − 40) y + (16 x 2 − 30 x) = 0
− ( −24 x − 40) ± (− 24 x − 40) − 4(9)(16 x 2 − 30 x)

2
y =
2(9)
( 24 x + 40) ± (24 x + 40) − 36(16 x 2 − 30 x)

2
=
18
(c) 7
−3 9
−1
51. (a) x 2 + y 2 + 2 xy + 2 2 x − 2 2 y + 2 = 0
B 2 − 4 AC = 22 − 4(1)(1) = 0
(b) To use a graphing utility, we need to solve for y in terms of x.
( )
y2 + 2x − 2 2 y + x2 + 2 2 x + 2 = 0 ( )
( ) (2 x − 2 2 ) ( )
2
− 2x − 2 2 ± − 4 x2 + 2 2 x + 2
y =
2
7
(c)
− 11 1
−1
53. x = 3t − 2, y = 7 − 4t
(a) (b) y
t −2 –1 0 1 2
16
x –8 –5 –2 1 4
12
y 15 11 7 3 –1 8
x
−12 −8 −4 8
−4
55. (a) y
61. y = 2 x + 3
4
(a) t = x ⇒ x = t
3
2 y = 2 x + 3 = 2t + 3
1
x (b) t = x + 1 ⇒ x = t − 1
−4 −3 −2 −1
y = 2 x + 3 = 2(t − 1) + 3 = 2t + 1
1 2 3 4
−3 (c) t = 3 − x ⇒ x = 3 − t
−4
y = 2 x + 3 = 2(3 − t ) + 3 = 9 − 2t
x
(b) x = 2t ⇒ = t
2 63. y = x 2 + 3
⎛ x⎞ (a) t = x ⇒ x = t
y = 4t ⇒ y = 4⎜ ⎟ = 2 x
⎝ 2⎠ y = x2 + 3 = t 2 + 3
57. (a) y (b) t = x + 1 ⇒ x = t − 1
y = x 2 + 3 = (t − 1) + 3 = t 2 − 2t + 4
2
4
3 (c) t = 3 − x ⇒ x = 3 − t
y = x 2 + 3 = (3 − t ) + 3 = t 2 − 6t + 12
2
2
1
65. y = 2 x 2 + 2
x
1 2 3 4 (a) t = x ⇒ x = t
y = 2 x 2 + 2 = 2t 2 + 2
(b) x = t 2 , x ≥ 0
(b) t = x + 1 ⇒ x = t − 1
y = t ⇒ y2 = t
y = 2 x 2 + 2 = 2(t − 1) + 2 ⇒ y = 2t 2 − 4t + 4
2
x = (y )
2
2
⇒ x
(c) t = 3 − x ⇒ x = 3 − t
= y ⇒ y = 4 4
x
y = 2 x 2 + 2 = 2(3 − t ) + 2 ⇒ y = 2t 2 − 12t + 20
2
59. (a) y
4 ⎛ π⎞
⎝ 4⎠
2
1 ⎛ 7π ⎞ ⎛ 5π ⎞
x Additional polar representations: ⎜ 2, − ⎟, ⎜ − 2, ⎟
−4 −2 −1 1 2 4 ⎝ 4 ⎠ ⎝ 4 ⎠
−1
−2 π
2
−4
(b) x = 3 cos θ , y = 3 sin θ

π 0
2 2
⎛ x⎞ ⎛ y⎞
1 2 3 4
⎜ ⎟ = cos θ , ⎜ ⎟ = sin θ
2 2
⎝3⎠ ⎝ 3⎠
x2 + y2 = 9 3π
2
69. Polar coordinates: ( −7, 4.19) 81. x 2 + y 2 − 6 y = 0
Additional polar representations: (7, 1.05), ( −7, − 2.09) r 2 − 6r sin θ = 0

π r ( r − 6 sin θ ) = 0
2
r = 0 or r = 6 sin θ
Because r = 6 sin θ contains r = 0,
π 0
we have r = 6 sin θ .
2 4 6 8
83. xy = 5
3π
2 (r cos θ )(r sin θ ) = 5
5
⎛ π⎞ r2 =
71. Polar coordinates: ⎜ −1, ⎟ sin θ cos θ
⎝ 3⎠
10
π 1 = = 10 csc 2θ
x = −1 cos = − sin 2θ
3 2
π 3 85. r = 5
y = −1 sin = −
3 2 r 2 = 25
⎛ 1 3⎞ x 2 + y 2 = 25
Rectangular coordinates: ⎜⎜ − , − ⎟
⎝ 2 2 ⎟⎠
87. r = 3 cos θ
⎛ 3π ⎞ r 2 = 3r cos θ
⎝ 4 ⎠ x 2 + y 2 = 3x
3π 3 2
x = 3 cos = −
4 2 89. r 2 = sin θ
3π 3 2 r 3 = r sin θ
y = 3 sin =
(± )
4 2 3
x2 + y 2 = y
⎛ 3 2 3 2⎞
Rectangular coordinates: ⎜⎜ − , ⎟
( x2 + y2 ) = y2
3
⎝ 2 2 ⎟⎠
x2 + y2 = y2 3
75. Rectangular coordinates: (0, 1)
π 91. r = 6
r = 0 + 1 = 1, tan θ is undefined ⇒ θ =
2 Circle of radius 6 centered at the pole
⎛ π⎞ Symmetric with respect to θ = π /2, the polar axis and

Polar coordinates: ⎜1, ⎟ the pole
⎝ 2⎠
Maximum value of r = 6, for all values of θ
77. Rectangular coordinates: ( 4, 6)
Zeros: None
r = ± 4 + 6
2 2
= ± 52 = ± 2 13 π
2
6
tan θ = ⇒ θ ≈ 0.9828
4
Polar coordinates: 2 13, 0.9828 ( ) π
2 4 8
0
79. x 2 + y 2 = 81
r 2 = 81 3π
2
r = 9
93. r = 4 sin 2θ 95. r = −2(1 + cos θ )

Rose curve ( n = 2) with 4 petals Symmetric with respect to the polar axis
Symmetric with respect to θ = π 2, the polar axis, and Maximum value of r = 4 when θ = 0
the pole Zeros: r = 0 when θ = π
π 3π 5π 7π a 2
Maximum value of r = 4 when θ = , , , = = 1 ⇒ Cardioid
4 4 4 4 b 2
π 3π π
Zeros: r = 0 when θ = 0, , π, 2
2 2
π
2
π 0
2
π 0
4
3π
2
3π
2
97. r = 2 + 6 sin θ π
2
Limaçon with inner loop

π
r = f (sin θ ) ⇒ θ = symmetry
2
π
Maximum value: r = 8 when θ = π 0
2 2 4 6
1 3π
Zeros: 2 + 6 sin θ = 0 ⇒ sin θ = − ⇒ θ ≈ 3.4814, 5.9433 2
3
99. r = −3 cos 2θ
Rose curve with 4 petals
r = f (cos θ ) ⇒ polar axis symmetry
π
θ = : r = −3 cos 2(π − θ ) = −3 cos( 2π − 2θ ) = −3 cos 2θ
2
π π
Equivalent equation ⇒ θ = symmetry 2
2
Pole: r = −3 cos 2(π + θ ) = −3 cos( 2π + 2θ ) = −3 cos 2θ
Equivalent equation ⇒ pole symmetry π
4
0
π 3π
Maximum value: r = 3 when θ = 0, , π,
2 2
3π
π 3π 5π 7π 2
Zeros: −3 cos 2θ = 0 when cos 2θ = 0 ⇒ θ = , , ,
4 4 4 4
101. r = 3( 2 − cos θ )
8
ep
109. Parabola: r = ,e = 1
= 6 − 3 cos θ 1 − e cos θ
− 16 8
a 6 Vertex: ( 2, π )
= = 2
b 3 Focus: (0, 0) ⇒ p = 4
−8
The graph is a convex limaçon.
4
r =
103. r = 8 cos 3θ 1 − cos θ
Rose curve ( n = 3) with three petals
ep
111. Ellipse: r =
1 − e cos θ
8
Vertices: (5, 0), (1, π ) ⇒ a = 3

− 12 12
One focus: (0, 0) ⇒ c = 2

−8
c 2 5
e = = ,p =
1 a 3 2
105. r = ,e = 2 ( 2 3)(5 2) 53 5
1 + 2 sin θ r = = =
1 − ( 2 3) cos θ 1 − ( 2 3) cos θ 3 − 2 cos θ
π
Hyperbola symmetric with respect to θ = and
2 113. a + c = 122,800 + 4000 ⇒ a + c = 126,800
⎛1 π ⎞ ⎛ 3π ⎞ a − c = 119 + 4000 ⇒ a − c = 4,119
having vertices at ⎜ , ⎟ and ⎜ −1, ⎟
⎝3 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠
2a = 130,919
π
2 a = 65,459.5
c = 61,340.5
c 61,340.5
e = = ≈ 0.937
a 65,459.5
π 0 ep 0.937 p
1 r = ≈
1 − e cos θ 1 − 0.937cos θ
3π
2 r = 126,800 when θ = 0
4 ep
107. r = 126,800 =
5 − 3 cos θ 1 − e cos 0
45 3 ⎛ 61,340.5 ⎞
r = ,e = ep = 126,800⎜1 − ⎟ ≈ 7978.81
1 − (3 5) cos θ 5 ⎝ 65,459.5 ⎠
7978.81
Ellipse symmetric with respect to the polar axis and So, r ≈ .
1 − 0.937cos θ
having vertices at (2, 0) and (1 2, π ).
When
π
2 π 7978.81
θ = ,r ≈ ≈ 15,011.87 miles.
3 1 − 0.937 cos(π /3)
The distance from the surface of Earth and the satellite is
π 0 15,011.87 − 4000 ≈ 11,011.87 miles.
1 3 4
115. False.
x2
3π
2 − y 4 = 1 is a fourth-degree equation.
4
The equation of a hyperbola is a second degree equation.
117. False.
(r , θ ), (r , θ + 2π ), ( − r , θ + π ), etc.
All represent the same point.
119. (a) x 2 + y 2 = 25
r = 5
The graphs are the same. They are both circles centered at (0, 0) with a radius of 5.
(b) x − y = 0 ⇒ y = x
π
θ =
4
The graphs are the same. They are both lines with slope 1 and intercept (0, 0).

1. (a) θ = π − 1.10 − 0.84 ≈ 1.2016 radians
6700 ft
x y
(b) sin 0.84 = ⇒ x = 3250 sin 0.84 ≈ 2420 feet 3250 ft
3250
θ x
y
sin 1.10 = ⇒ y = 6700 sin 1.10 ≈ 5971 feet 1.10 radians 0.84 radians
6700
3. Let ( x, x) be the corner of the square in Quadrant I.
A = 4x2
y
x2 x2 a 2b 2
+ 2 = 1 ⇒ x2 = 2
a 2
b a + b2
(x, x)
4 a 2b 2
So, A = .
a 2 + b2 x
5. (a) boat
(b) y
12
d1 d2
9
6
Island 1 12 m Island 2 3
Island 1 Island 2
x
− 12 −6 −3 3 6 9 12
−3
Because d1 + d 2 ≤ 20, by definition, the
−6
outer bound that the boat can travel is an −9
ellipse. The islands are the foci. − 12
Island 1 is located at ( −6, 0) and Island 2 is located at (6, 0).
(c) d1 + d 2 = 2a = 20 ⇒ a = 10 (d) c = 6, a = 10 ⇒ b 2 = a 2 − c 2 = 64
The boat traveled 20 miles. x2 y2
The vertex is (10, 0). + =1
100 64
7. Ax 2 + Cy 2 + Dx + Ey + F = 0
Assume that the conic is not degenerate.
(a) A = C , A ≠ 0
Ax 2 + Ay 2 + Dx + Ey + F = 0
D E F
x2 + y2 + x + y + = 0
A A A
⎛ 2 D D2 ⎞ ⎛ 2 E E2 ⎞ F D2 E2
⎜x + x + 2⎟
+ ⎜y + y + 2⎟
= − + 2
+
⎝ A 4A ⎠ ⎝ A 4A ⎠ A 4A 4 A2
2 2
⎛ D⎞ ⎛ E ⎞ D 2 + E 2 − 4 AF
⎜x + ⎟ + ⎜y + ⎟ =
⎝ 2A⎠ ⎝ 2A⎠ 4 A2
⎛ D E ⎞ D 2 + E 2 − 4 AF
This is a circle with center ⎜ − , − ⎟ and radius .
⎝ 2A 2A⎠ 2 A
(b) A = 0 or C = 0 (but not both). Let C = 0.
Ax 2 + Dx + Ey + F = 0
D E F
x2 +
x = − y −
A A A
2
D D E F D2
x2 + x + 2
= − y − +
A 4A A A 4 A2
2
⎛ D⎞ E⎛ F D2 ⎞
⎜x + ⎟ = − ⎜y + − ⎟
⎝ 2A⎠ A⎝ E 4 AE ⎠
⎛ D D 2 − 4 AF ⎞
This is a parabola with vertex ⎜ − , ⎟.
⎝ 2A 4 AE ⎠
A = 0 yields a similar result.
(c) AC > 0 ⇒ A and C are either both positive or are both negative (if that is the case,
move the terms to the other side of the equation so that they are both positive).
Ax 2 + Cy 2 + Dx + Ey + F = 0
⎛ D D2 ⎞ ⎛ E E2 ⎞ D2 E2
A⎜ x 2 + x + 2⎟
+ C⎜ y2 + y + 2⎟
= −F + +
⎝ A 4A ⎠ ⎝ C 4C ⎠ 4A 4C
2 2
⎛ D⎞ ⎛ E ⎞ CD 2 + AE 2 − 4 ACF
A⎜ x + ⎟ + C⎜ y + ⎟ =
⎝ 2A⎠ ⎝ 2C ⎠ 4 AC
2 2
⎛ D⎞ ⎛ E ⎞
⎜x + ⎟ ⎜y + ⎟
⎝ 2A⎠
+ ⎝ 2C ⎠
=1
CD + AE − 4 ACF
2 2
CD 2 + AE − 4 ACF
2
2
4A C 4 AC 2
Because A and C are both positive, 4A2C and 4AC 2 are both positive. CD 2 + AE 2 − 4 ACF
⎛ D E ⎞
must be positive or the conic is degenerate. So, we have an ellipse with center ⎜ − , − ⎟.
⎝ 2 A 2E ⎠
(d) AC < 0 ⇒ A and C have opposite signs. Let’s assume that A is positive and C is negative.
(If A is negative and C is positive, move the terms to the other side of the equation.) From part (c)
2 2
⎛ D⎞ ⎛ E ⎞
⎜x + ⎟ ⎜y + ⎟
⎝ 2A⎠
+ ⎝ 2C ⎠
= 1.
CD + AE − 4 ACF
2 2
CD 2 + AE − 4 ACF
2
2
4A C 4 AC 2
Because A > 0 and C < 0, the first denominator is positive if CD 2 + AE 2 − 4 ACF < 0 and
is negative if CD 2 + AE 2 − 4 ACF > 0, since 4A2C is negative. The second denominator would
have the opposite sign because 4 AC 2 > 0. So, we have a hyperbola with center
⎛ D E ⎞
⎜− , − ⎟.
⎝ 2 A 2C ⎠
9. (a) The first model describes linear motion, whereas the second model describes parabolic motion.
x
(b) x = (v0 cos θ )t ⇒ t =
v0 cos θ
y
y = (v0 sin θ )t ⇒ t =
v0 sin θ
x y
=
v0 cos θ v0 sin θ
(v0 cos θ ) y = (v0 sin θ ) x
y = ( tan θ ) x
x
x = (v0 cos θ )t ⇒ t =
v0 cos θ
y = h + (v0 sin θ )t − 16t 2
2
⎛ x ⎞ ⎛ x ⎞
y = h + (v0 sin θ )⎜ ⎟ − 16⎜ ⎟
v
⎝ 0 cos θ ⎠ ⎝ v0 cos θ ⎠
16 x 2
y = h + ( tan θ ) x −
v0 cos 2 θ
2
(c) In the case x = (v0 cos θ )t , y = (v0 sin θ )t , the path of the projectile is not affected by changing the velocity v.
When the parameter is eliminated, y = ( tan θ ) x. The path is only affected by the angle θ .
11. Sample answer:

⎛ 5θ ⎞ ⎛ 4θ ⎞
⎛1 ⎞
r = 2 cos⎜ θ ⎟
⎝2 ⎠
r = 3 sin ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 2⎠
r = −cos ( )
2θ , − 2π ≤ θ ≤ 2π r = −2 sin ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 7 ⎠
2 3 2 2
−3 3 −4 4 −3 3 −3 3
−2 −3 −2 −2
If n is a rational number, then the curve has a finite number of petals. If n is an irrational number, then the curve has an infinite
number of petals.
⎛a − b ⎞
13. x = ( a − b) cos t + b cos⎜ t⎟
⎝ b ⎠
⎛a − b ⎞
y = ( a − b) sin t − b sin ⎜ t⎟
⎝ b ⎠
(a) a = 2, b = 1 (b) a = 3, b = 1
x = cos t + cos t = 2 cos t x = 2cos t + cos 2t
y = sin t − sin t = 0 y = 2sin t − sin 2t
6 6
−6 6 −6 6
−6 −6
The graph oscillates between −2 and 2 on the x-axis. The graph is a three-sided figure with
counterclockwise orientation.
(c) a = 4, b = 1 (d) a = 10, b = 1

x = 3cos t + cos 3t x = 9cos t + cos 9t
y = 3sin t − sin 3t y = 9sin t − sin 9t
6 10
−6 6 − 10 10
−6 − 10
The graph is a four-sided figure with The graph is a ten-sided figure with
counterclockwise orientation. counterclockwise orientation.
(e) a = 3, b = 2 (f ) a = 4, b = 3
t t
x = cos t + 2cos x = cos t + 3cos
2 3
t t
y = sin t − 2sin y = sin t − 3sin
2 3
6 6
−6 6 −6 6
−6 −6
The graph looks the same as the graph in part (b), The graph is the same as the graph in part (c), but is
but is oriented clockwise instead of oriented clockwise instead of counterclockwise.
counterclockwise.
15. 4 4
−6 6 −6 6
−4 −4
For n ≥ 1, a bell is produced.

For n ≤ −1, a heart is produced.
For n = 0, a rose curve is produced.
Practice Test for Chapter 6 321

1. Find the angle, θ , between the lines 3x + 4 y = 12 and 4 x − 3 y = 12.
2. Find the distance between the point (5, − 9) and the line 3x − 7 y = 21.
3. Find the vertex, focus and directrix of the parabola x 2 − 6 x − 4 y + 1 = 0.
4. Find an equation of the parabola with its vertex at ( 2, − 5) and focus at ( 2, − 6).
5. Find the center, foci, vertices, and eccentricity of the ellipse x 2 + 4 y 2 − 2 x + 32 y + 61 = 0.
6. Find an equation of the ellipse with vertices (0, ± 6) and eccentricity e = 12 .
7. Find the center, vertices, foci, and asymptotes of the hyperbola 16 y 2 − x 2 − 6 x − 128 y + 231 = 0.
8. Find an equation of the hyperbola with vertices at ( ±3, 2) and foci at ( ±5, 2).
9. Rotate the axes to eliminate the xy-term. Sketch the graph of the resulting equation, showing both sets of axes.
5 x 2 + 2 xy + 5 y 2 − 10 = 0
10. Use the discriminant to determine whether the graph of the equation is a parabola, ellipse, or hyperbola.
(a) 6 x 2 − 2 xy + y 2 = 0
(b) x 2 + 4 xy + 4 y 2 − x − y + 17 = 0
⎛ 3π ⎞
11. Convert the polar point ⎜ 2, ⎟ to rectangular coordinates.
⎝ 4 ⎠
12. Convert the rectangular point ( )

3, −1 to polar coordinates.
13. Convert the rectangular equation 4 x − 3 y = 12 to polar form.
14. Convert the polar equation r = 5 cos θ to rectangular form.
15. Sketch the graph of r = 1 − cos θ .
16. Sketch the graph of r = 5 sin 2θ .
3
17. Sketch the graph of r = .
6 − cos θ
⎛ π⎞
18. Find a polar equation of the parabola with its vertex at ⎜ 6, ⎟ and focus at (0, 0).
⎝ 2⎠
For Exercises 19 and 20, eliminate the parameter and write the corresponding rectangular equation.
19. x = 3 − 2 sin θ , y = 1 + 5 cos θ
20. x = e2t , y = e4t
C H E C K P O I N T S
Chapter P .............................................................................................................323
Chapter 1 .............................................................................................................347
Chapter 2 .............................................................................................................363
Chapter 3 .............................................................................................................377
Chapter 4 .............................................................................................................385
Chapter 5 .............................................................................................................391
Chapter 6 .............................................................................................................404
C H E C K P O I N T S
Chapter P
Checkpoints for Section P.1
1. (a) Natural numbers: {63 , 8} 4. (a) The inequality x > − 3 denotes all real numbers
greater than − 3. x
(b) Whole numbers: {63 , 8} −5 −4 −3 −2 −1
(b) The inequality 0 < x ≤ 4 means that x > 0 and

(c) Integers: {− 22, −1, 63 , 8}
x ≤ 4. This double inequality denotes all real
(d) Rational numbers: {− 22, − 7.5, −1 − 14 , 63 , 8} numbers between 0 and 4, including 4 but not
including 0.
{ }
x
(e) Irrational numbers: − π , 1
2
2 0 1 2 3 4
5. The interval consists of real numbers greater than or

2. 3
−1.6 − 4 0.7 5 equal to − 2 and less than 5.
2
x
−2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 6. The inequality − 2 < x ≤ 4 can represent the statement
5 = 2.5 lies
(a) The point representing the real number 2 “x is greater than − 2 and at most 4.”
halfway between 2 and 3, on the real number line.
7. (a) 1 = 1
(b) The point representing the real number −1.6 lies
between − 2 and −1 but closer to − 2, on the real 3 ⎛ 3⎞ 3
(b) − = −⎜ ⎟ = −
number line. 4 ⎝ 4⎠ 4
2 2
(c) The point representing the real number − 34 lies (c) =
−3 3
between −1 and 0 but closer to −1, on the real
number line. (d) − 0.7 = − (0.7) = − 0.7
(d) The point representing the real number 0.7 lies
between 0 and 1 but closer to 1, on the real number x+3 x +3
8. (a) If x > − 3, then = = 1.
line. x+3 x +3
x +3 − ( x + 3)
3. (a) Because − 5 lies to the left of 1 on the real number (b) If x < − 3, then = = −1.
x +3 x+3
line, you can say that − 5 is less than 1, and write
− 5 < 1. 9. (a) − 3 < 4 because − 3 = 3 and 4 = 4, and
−6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2
x
3 is less than 4.
3 (b) − − 4 = − − 4 because − − 4 = − 4 and
(b) Because 2
lies to the left of 7 on the real number
3 − 4 = − 4.
line, you can say that 2
is less than 7, and write
3 < 7. (c) − 3 > − − 3 because − 3 = 3 and
2
3 − − 3 = − 3, and 3 is greater than − 3.
2
x
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
10. (a) The distance between 35 and − 23 is
(c) Because − 23 lies to the right of − 34 on the real 35 − ( − 23) = 58 = 58.
number line, you can say that − 23 is greater than (b) The distance between − 35 and − 23 is
− 34 , and write − 23 > − 34 . − 35 − ( − 23) = −12 = 12.
− 34 − 23 (c) The distance between 35 and 23 is
x
−1 0 35 − 23 = 12 = 12.
(d) Because − 3.5 lies to the left of 1 on the real number
11. Algebraic Expression Terms Coefficients
line, you can say that − 3.5 is less than 1, and write
− 2x + 4 − 2 x, 4 − 2, 4
− 3.5 < 1. −3.5
x
−4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2
323
324 Solutions to Checkpoints
Value of Value of 3 x 3x 3x ÷ 3 x
12. Expression
Variable
Substitute
Expression 14. (a) ⋅ = = =
5 6 30 30 ÷ 3 10
4x − 5 x−0 4(0) − 5 0 − 5 = −5 x 2x x 2x 2
(b) + = + ⋅
13. (a) x + 9 = 9 + x: This statement illustrates the 10 5 10 5 2
x 2x x 2x 2
Commutative Property of Addition. In other words, = + = + ⋅
you obtain the same result whether you add x and 9, 10 5 10 5 2
or 9 and x. x 4x
= +
10 10
(b) 5( x3 ⋅ 2) = (5 x3 )2: This statement illustrates the
x + 4x
Associative Property of Multiplication. In other =
10
words, to form the product 5 ⋅ x3 ⋅ 2, it does not 5x ÷ 5
=
matter whether 5 and ( x3 ⋅ 2), or 5x3 and 2 are 10 ÷ 5
multiplied first. x
=
2
(c) (2 + 5 x 2 ) y 2 = 2 y 2 + 5 x 2 ⋅ y 2 : This statement
illustrates the Distributive Property. In other words,
the terms 2 and 5x 2 are multiplied by y 2 .

1. (a) 7 − 2 x = 15 Write original equation. (b) 7 x − 9 = 5 x + 7 Write original equation.
− 2x = 8 Subtract 7 from each side. 2x − 9 = 7 Subtract 5x from each side.
x = −4 Divide each side by − 2. 2 x = 16 Add 9 from each side.
Check: 7 − 2 x = 15 x = 8 Divide each side by 2.
7 − 2( − 4) = 15
? Check: 7 x − 9 = 5x + 7
?
7(8) − 9 = 5(8 + 7)
7 + 8 = 15 56 − 9 = 40 + 7
15 = 15
47 = 47 9
4x 1 5
2. − = x + Write original equation.
9 3 3
(9)⎛⎜ ⎞⎟ − (9)⎛⎜ ⎞⎟ = (9) x + 9⎛⎜ ⎞⎟

4x 1 5
Multiply each term by the LCD.
⎝ 9 ⎠ ⎝ 3⎠ ⎝ 3⎠
4 x − 3 = 9 x + 15 Simplify.
− 5 x = 18 Combine like terms.
18
x = − Divide each side by − 5.
5
3x 12
3. = 5+ Write original equation.
x −4 x −4
( x − 4)⎛⎜
3x ⎞ ⎛ 12 ⎞
⎟ = ( x − 4)5 + ( x − 4)⎜ ⎟ Multiply each term by LCD.
⎝ − 4⎠
x ⎝ x − 4⎠
3x = 5 x − 20 + 12, x ≠ 4 Simplify.
− 2x = −8 Divide each side by − 2.
x = 4 Extraneous solution
In the original equation, x = 4 yields a denominator of zero. So, x = 4 is an extraneous solution, and the original equation
has no solution.
Solutions to Checkpoints 325
4. 2 x 2 − 3x + 1 = 6 Write original equation.

2 x 2 − 3x − 5 = 0 Write in general form.
(2 x − 5)( x + 1) = 0 Factor.
5
2x − 5 = 0 ⇒ x = 2
Set 1st factor equal to 0.
x + 1 = 0 ⇒ x = −1 Set 2nd factor equal to 0.
The solutions are x = −1 and x = 52 .
Check: x = −1
2 x 2 − 3x + 1 = 6
?
2( −1) − 3( −1) + 1 = 6
2
?
2(1) + 3 + 1 = 6
6 = 6 9
x = 5
2
2 x 2 − 3x + 1 = 6
( 52 ) − 3( 52 ) + 1 = 6
2 ?
2
2( 25
4)
?
− 152
+1= 6
6 = 6 9
5. (a) 3x 2 = 36 Write original equation. (b) (x − 1) = 10
2
x 2 = 12 Divide each side by 3.

x −1 = ± 10
x = ± 12 Extract square roots.
x =1± 10
x = ±2 3
The solutions are x = 1 ± 10.
The solutions are x = ± 2 3.
Check: x =1− 10
Check: x = −2 3
(x − 1) = 10
2
3 x = 36 2
( )
2 ?
⎡1 − 10 − 1⎤ = 10
⎣ ⎦
( )
2 ?
3 −2 3 = 36
(− )
2 ?
?
10 = 10
3(12) = 36
10 = 10 9
36 = 36 9
x =1+ 10
x = 2 3
(x − 1) = 10
2
3 x 2 = 36
( )
?
⎡1 + 10 − 1⎤ = 10
( )
2 ?
32 3 = 36 ⎣ ⎦
( )
2 ?
? 10 = 10
3(12) = 36
36 = 36 9 10 = 10 9
6. x2 − 4 x − 1 = 0 Write original equation.

x2 − 4 x = 1 Add 1 to each side.
x 2 − 4 x + ( 2) = 1 + ( 2 )
2 2
Add 22 to each side.
(half of 4)
2
(x − 2) = 5
2
Simplify.
x − 2 = ± 5 Extract square roots.
x = 2± 5 Add 2 to each side.
The solutions are x = 2 ± 5.

Check: x = 2 − 5
x2 − 4x − 1 = 0
(2 − ) ( )
2 ?
5 −42− 5 −1= 0
(4 − 4 )
?
5 +5 −8+ 4 5 −1= 0
?
4 + 5−8−1= 0
0 = 0 9
x = 2+ 5 also checks. 9
7. 3x 2 − 10 x − 2 = 0 Original equation
3x 2 − 10 x = 2 Add 2 to each side.
10 2
x2 − x = Divide each side by 3.
3 3
2 2 2
10 ⎛5⎞ 2 ⎛5⎞ ⎛ 5⎞
x2 − x+⎜ ⎟ = +⎜ ⎟ Add ⎜ ⎟ to each side.
3 ⎝ 3⎠ 3 ⎝ 3⎠ ⎝ 3⎠
2
⎛ 5⎞ 31
⎜x − ⎟ = Simplify.
⎝ 3 ⎠ 9
5 31
x − = ± Extract square roots.
3 3
5 31 5
x = ± Add to each side.
3 3 3
5 31
The solutions are ± .
3 3
8. 3x 2 + 2 x − 10 = 0 Write original equation.

−6 ± 6 − 4ac
2
x = Quadratic Formula
2a
( 2) − 4(3)( −10)
2
−2 ±
x = Substitute a = 3, b = 2 and c = −10.
2(3)
−2 ± 4 + 120
x = Simplify.
6
−2 ± 124
x = Simplify.
6
−2 ± 2 31
x = Simplify.
6
x =
(
2 −1 ± 31 ) Factor our common factor.
6
−1 ± 31
x = Simplify.
3
−1 ± 31
The solutions are .
3
−1 ± 31
Check: x =
3
3 x 2 + 2 x − 10 = 0
2
⎛ −1 + 31 ⎞ ⎛ −1 + 31 ⎞ ?
3⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ + 2⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ − 10 = 0
⎝ 3 ⎠ ⎝ 3 ⎠
1 2 31 31 2 31 ?
+ + + − 10 = 0
3 3 3 3
?
10 − 10 = 0
0 = 0 9
−1 − 31
The solution x = also checks. 9
3
9. 18 x 2 − 48 x + 32 = 0
9 x 2 − 24 x + 16 = 0
−b ± b 2 − 4ac
x =
2a
−( − 24) ± (− 24) − 4(9)(16)
2
x =
2(9)
24 ± 0
x =
18
4
x =
3
4
The quadratic equation has only one solution: x = .
3
10. 9 x 4 − 12 x 2 = 0 Write original equation.

3 x ( 3 x − 4) = 0
2 2
Factor out common factor.
3x = 0 ⇒
2
x = 0 Set 1st factor equal to 0.
3x 2 − 4 = 0 ⇒ 3x 2 = 4 Set 2nd factor equal to 0.
4
x2 =
3
4
x = ±
3
±2 3
x =
3
Check: x = 0
9 x 4 − 12 x 2 = 0
?
9(0) − 12(0) = 0
4 2
0 = 0 9
2 3
x =
3
9 x 4 − 12 x 2 = 0
4 2
⎛2 3⎞ ⎛2 3⎞ ?
9⎜⎜
3 ⎟⎟ − 12⎜⎜ 3 ⎟⎟ = 0
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
⎛ 16 ⎞ ⎛ 4⎞ ?
9⎜ ⎟ − 12⎜ ⎟ = 0
⎝9⎠ ⎝ 3⎠
?
16 − 16 = 0
0 = 0 9
The solution x = − 2 also checks. 9
11. (a) x − 5 x − 2 x + 10 = 0
3 2
Write original equation.
x ( x − 5) − 2( x − 5) = 0
2
Factor by grouping.
(x − 5)( x − 2) = 0 2
x −5 = 0 ⇒ x = 5 Set 1st factor equal to 0.
x − 2 = 0 ⇒ x = 2
2 2
Set 2nd factor equal to 0.
= ± 2
Check: x = 5
x3 − 5 x 2 − 2 x + 10 = 0
?
(5) − 5(5) − 2(5) + 10 = 0
3 2
?
125 − 125 − 10 + 10 = 0
0 = 0 9
x = 2
x3 − 5 x 2 − 2 x + 10 = 0
( 2) ( 2) ( 2 ) + 10 = 0
3 2 ?
−5 − 2
?
2 2 − 10 − 2 2 + 10 = 0
0 = 0 9
The solution x = − 2 also checks. 9
(b) 6 x3 − 27 x 2 − 54 x = 0
3x( 2 x 2 − 9 x − 18) = 0 Factor out common factor.
3 x( 2 x + 3)( x − 6) = 0 Factor quadratic factor.
3x = 0 ⇒ x = 0 Set 1st factor equal to 0.
2 x + 3 = 0 ⇒ x = − 32 Set 2nd factor equal to 0.
x −6 = 0 ⇒ x = 6 Set 3rd factor equal to 0.
Check: x = 0
6 x3 − 27 x 2 − 54 x = 0
?
6(0) − 27(0) − 54(0) = 0
3 2
0 = 0 9
x = − 32
6 x3 − 27 x 2 − 54 x = 0
( ) − 27(− 32 ) − 54(− 32 ) = 0
3 2 ?
6 − 32
6( − 27
8)
− 27( 94 ) + 27(3) = 0
3 2 ?
?
− 81
4
− 243
4
+ 81 = 0
0 = 0 9
x = 6
6 x3 − 27 x 2 − 54 x = 0
?
6(6) − 27(6) − 54(6) = 0
3 2
?
6( 216) − 27(36) − 324 = 0
0 = 0 9
12. − 40 − 9 x + 2 = x Write original equation. Check: x = 4

− 40 − 9 x = x − 2 Isolated radical. − 40 − 9 x + 2 = x
(− )
2
= ( x − 2)
2
40 − 9 x Square each side. − 40 − 9( 4) + 2 = 4
?
40 − 9 x = x 2 − 4 x + 4 Simplify. ?
− 4 + 2 = 4
0 = x + 5 x − 36 2
Write in general form.
?
0 = ( x − 4)( x + 9) Factor. −2 + 2 = 4
x − 4 = 0 ⇒ x = 4 Set 1st factor equal to 0. 0 ≠ 4 8
x + 9 = 0 ⇒ x = −9 Set 2nd factor equal to 0. x = 4 is an extraneous solution.
x = −9
?
− 40 − 9( − 9) + 2 = − 9
?
− 121 + 2 = − 9
?
−11 + 2 = − 9
?
−9 = −9 9
The only solution is x = − 9.
13. (x − 5)
23
= 16 Write original equation.
3
( x − 5) 2
= 16 Rewrite in radical form.
( x − 5)2 = 4096 Cube each side.
x − 5 = ± 64 Extract square roots.
x = 5 ± 64 Add 5 to each side.
x = − 59, x = 69
Check: x = − 59 x = 69
(x − 5)
23
= 16 (x − 5)
23
= 16
? ?
(− 59 − 5) 23
= 16 (69 − 5) 23
= 16
? ?
(− 64) (64)
23 23
= 16 = 16
? ?
( − 4) 2 = 16 ( 4) 2 = 16
16 = 16 9 16 = 16 9
The solutions are x = − 59 and x = 64.
14. x 2 + 4 x = 5 x + 12
First Equation
x 2 + 4 x = 5 x + 12 Use positive expression.
x − x − 12 = 0
2
(x + 3)( x − 4) = 0 Factor.
x + 3 = 0 ⇒ x = −3 Set 1st factor equal to 0.
x − 4 = 0 ⇒ x = 4 Set 2nd factor equal to 0.
Second Equation
− ( x 2 + 4 x ) = 5 x + 12 Use negative expression.
− x − 4 x = 5 x + 12
2
0 = x + 9 x + 12
2
Use the Quadratic equation to solve the equation 0 = x 2 + 9 x + 12.
−b ± b 2 − 4ac
x =
2a
−9 ± 92 − 4(1)(12)
x =
2(1)
− 9 ± 33
x =
2
− 9 ± 33
The possible solutions are x = − 3, x = 4, and x = .
2
Check: x = − 3
x 2 + 4 x = 5 x + 12
?
( − 3)2 + 4( − 3) = 5( − 3) + 12
?
− 3 = −15 + 12
3 = −3
x = − 3 does not check.
x = 4
?
(4)2 + 4( 4) = 5( 4) + 12
?
32 = 32
32 = 32 9
x = 4 checks.
− 9 ± 33
x =
2
(− 9 + )
2
33 ⎛ − 9 + 33 ⎞ ? ⎛ − 9 + 33 ⎞
+ 4 ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = 5⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ + 12
2 ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠
21 5 33 ? − 45 5 33
− = + + 12
2 2 2 2
5 33 21 − 21 5 33
− = + 9
2 2 2 2
− 9 + 33
x = checks.
2
− 9 ± 33
x =
2
(− 9 − )
2
33 ⎛ − 9 − 33 ⎞ ? ⎛ − 9 − 33 ⎞
+ 4 ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = 5⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ + 12
2 ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠
21 5 33 ? − 21 5 33
+ = −
2 2 2 2
21 5 33 21 5 33
+ = − −
2 2 2 2
− 9 − 33
x = does not check.
2
− 9 − 33 − 9 + 33
x = − 3 and x = are extraneous solutions. So, the solutions are x = 4 and x = .
2 2
15. The formula for the volume of a cylindrical container is V = π r 2 h. To find the height of the container, solve for h.
V
h =
πr2
Then, using V = 84 and r = 3, find the height.
84
h =
π (3)
2
84
h =
9π
h ≈ 2.97
So, the height of the container is about 2.97 inches. You can use unit analysis to check that your answer is reasonable.
84 in.3 84 in. ⋅ in. ⋅ in. 84
= = in. ≈ 2.97 in.
9π in.2 9π in. ⋅ in. 9π

1. y
4. The three points are plotted in the figure.
y
4
(5, 5)
(−3, 2) 5
2 (3, 1) 4
3
x
−4 −2 2 4 2 d1
(−1, − 2) (0, −2) 1 d3
(4, −2) x
−4 −1 1 3 4 5 6 7
−1
(2, −1)
−2
d2
−3 (6, −3)
2. To sketch a scatter plot of the data, represent each pair
of values by an ordered pair (t , N ) and plot the resulting Using the Distance Formula, the lengths of the three
points. sides are as follows.
( 5 − 2) + (5 − ( −1))
2 2
N
d1 =
300
= 32 + 62
Number of employees
250
(in thousands)
200 = 9 + 36
150
100
= 45
( 6 − 2) + (− 3 − (−1))
50 2 2
t
d2 =
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
4 2 + ( − 2)
2
Year
=
3. Let ( x1 , y1 ) = (3, 1) and ( x2 , y2 ) = ( − 3, 0). = 16 + 4
Then apply the Distance Formula. = 20
d = ( x2 − x1 ) + ( y2 − y1 )
2 2 d3 = (6 − 5)2 + ( − 3 − 5)
2
= (− 3 − 3)2 + (0 − 1)
2 = (1)2 + ( − 8)
2
= 1 + 64
( − 6) + ( −1)
2 2
=
= 65
= 36 + 1
Because ( d1 ) + ( d 2 ) = 45 + 20 = 65, you can
2 2
= 37
conclude by the Pythagorean Theorem that the triangle
≈ 6.08
must be a right triangle.
So, the distance between the points is about 6.08 units.
5. Let ( x1 , y1 ) = ( − 2, 8) and ( x2 , y2 ) = (−4, − `0). 7. Assuming that the annual revenue from Yahoo! Inc.
followed a linear pattern, you can estimate the
⎛ x + x2 y1 + y2 ⎞ 2009 annual revenue by finding the midpoint of the
Midpoint = ⎜ 1 , ⎟
⎝ 2 2 ⎠ line segment connecting the points ( 2008, 7.2) and
⎛ − 2 + 4 8 + ( −10) ⎞ (2010, 6.3).
= ⎜ , ⎟
⎝ 2 2 ⎠
⎛ x + x2 y1 + y2 ⎞
⎛ 2 2⎞ Midpoint = ⎜ 1 , ⎟
= ⎜ ,− ⎟ ⎝ 2 2 ⎠
⎝ 2 2⎠
⎛ 2008 + 2010 7.2 + 6.3 ⎞
= 1, −1 = ⎜ , ⎟
⎝ 2 2 ⎠
The midpoint of the line segment is (1, −1). = ( 2009, 6.75)
Yahoo! Inc
6. You can find the length of the pass by finding the Annual Revenue
distance between the points (10, 10) and ( 25, 32). y
(in billions of dollars)

y 8
Annual revenue
35
(25, 32) 7
30
25 6
20
15 x
2008 2009 2010
10 Year
(10, 10)
5
x So, you can estimate the annual revenue for Yahoo! Inc.
5 10 15 20 25 30 35
was $6.75 billion in 2009.
d = ( x2 − x1 ) + ( y2 − y1 )
2 2
= (25 − 10)2 + (32 − 10)

2
= 152 + 222
= 225 + 484
= 709
≈ 26.6 years
So, the pass is about 26.6 yard long.
8. (a) To graph y = x 2 + 3, construct a table of values that consists of several solution points.
Then plot the points and connect them with a smooth curve.
x y = x2 + 3 ( x, y ) y
7
y = ( − 2) + 3 = 7 (− 2, 7)
2
−2 6
y = ( −1) + 3 = 4
2
(−1, 4)
5
−1 4
0 y = (0) + 3 = 3
2
(0, 3) 2
1 y = (1) + 3 = 4
2
(1, 4) 1
x
y = 2( 2) + 3 = 7 (2, 7) −4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4
2 −1
(b) To graph y = 1 − x 2 , construct a table of values that consists of several solution points.
Then plot the points and connect them with a smooth curve.
( x, y )
y
x y = 1 − x2
4
−2 y = 1 − ( − 2) = − 3
2
(− 2, − 3) 3
2
−1 y = 1 − ( −1) = 0
2
(−1, 0)
x
−4 −3 −2 2 3 4
0 y = 1 − (0) = 1
2
(0, 1) −1
−2
1 y = 1 − (1) = 0
2
(1, 0) −3
−4
2 y = 1 − ( 2) = − 3
2
(2, − 3)
9. From the figure, you can see that the graph of the 10. x-Axis:
equation y = − x 2 + 5 x has x-intercepts (where y is 0) y 2 = 6 − x Write original equation.
at (0, 0) and (5, 0) and a y-intercept (where x is 0) at (0,
0). Since the graph passes through the origin or (0, 0), (− y )2 = 6 − x Replace y with − y.
that point can be considered as both an x-intercept and a y = 6 − x Result is the original equation.
2
y-intercept. y-Axis:
y
y2 = 6 − x Write original equation.
7
6 y = 6 − ( − x) Replace x with − x.
2
5
y2 = 6 + x Result is not an equivalent equation.
4
3 Origin:
2
1 y2 = 6 − x Write original equation.
(− y ) = 6 − ( − x) Replace y with − y and x with − x.
x 2
−2 −1 1 2 3 4 6
−1
y2 = 6 + x Result is not an equivalent equation.

Of the three tests for symmetry, the only one that is
satisfied is the test for x-axis symmetry.
11. Of the three test of symmetry, the only one that is 13. The radius of the circle is the distance between
satisfied is the test for y-axis symmetry because
(1, − 2) and ( − 3, − 5).
y = ( − x) − 4 is equivalent to y = x 2 − 4. Using
2
symmetry, you only need to find solution points to the r = (x − h) + ( y − k )

2 2
right of the y-axis and then reflect them about the y-axis
⎡⎣1 − ( − 3)⎤⎦ + ⎡−
⎣ 2 − (− 5)⎤⎦
2 2
to obtain the graph. =
y
= 42 + 32
6
5 = 16 + 9
4
3 = 25
2
1 = 5
x
− 5 −4 − 3 −1 1 3 4 5
Using ( h, k ) = ( − 3, − 5) and r = 5, the equation of the
−2
circle is
(x − h) + ( y − k ) = r 2
2 2
12. The equation y = x − 2 fails all three tests for 2

⎡⎣ x − ( − 3)⎤⎦ + ⎡⎣ y − (− 5)⎤⎦ = (5)
2 2
symmetry and consequently its graph is not symmetric

with respect to either axis or to the origin. So, construct a (x + 3) + ( y + 5) = 25.
2 2
table of values. Then plot and connect the points.
x y = x−2 ( x, y )
−2 y = ( − 2) − 2 = 4 (− 2, 4)
−1 y = ( −1) − 2 = 3 (−1, 3)
0 y = ( 0) − 2 = 2 (0, 2)
1 y = (1) − 2 = 1 (1, 1)
2 y = ( 2) − 2 = 0 (3, 0)
3 y = ( 2) − 2 = 0 (3, 1)
4 y = ( 2) − 2 = 0 (4, 2)
From the table, you can see that the x-intercept is
(2, 0) and the y-intercept is (0, 2).
y
x
−4 −2 2 4 6 8
−1

1. (a) Because b = 2, the y-intercept
y
is (0, 2). Because the slope is 4
m = − 3, the line falls three units

(0, 2)
for each unit the line moves to 2
the right. 1
x
−2 −1 1 2 3 4
−1
−2
(b) By writing this equation in the y
form y = (0) x − 3, you can see 1
that the y-intercept is (0, − 3) and −1 1 2 3 4 5

x
−1
the slope is m = 0. A zero slope
−2
implies that the line is horizontal.
(0, −3)
−4
−5
y
(c) By writing this equation in
slope-intercept form
4x + y = 5 6
5 (0, 5)
y = − 4x + 5 4
3
you can see that the y-intercept 2
is (0, 5). Because the slope is

1
x
−2 −1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
m = − 4, the line falls four units −2
for each unit the line moves to

the right.
8 − ( − 6) 14
2. (a) The slope of the line passing through ( − 5, − 6) and ( 2, 8) is m = = = 2.
2 − ( − 5) 7
5− 2 3 3
(b) The slope of the line passing through ( 4, 2) and ( 2, 5) is m = = = − .
2− 4 −2 2
−6 − 0 −6
(c) The slope of the line passing through (0, 0) and (0, − 6) is m = = .
0−0 0
Because division by 0 is undefined, the slope is undefined and the line is vertical.
−1 − ( −1) 0
(d) The slope of the line passing through (0, −1) and (3, −1) is m = = = 0.
3−0 3
3. (a) Use the point-slope form with m = 2 and 4. By writing the equation of the given line in
slope-intercept form
( x1, y1 ) = (3, − 7).
5x − 3 y = 8
y − y1 = m( x − x1 )
− 3 y = − 5x + 8
y − ( − 7) = 2( x − 3)
5 8
y + 7 = 2x − 6 y = x −
3 3
y = 2 x − 13 5
You can see that it has a slope of m = .
The slope-intercept form of this equation is 3
y = 2 x − 13.
(a) Any line parallel to the given line must also have a
−2 5
(b) Use the point-slope form with m = and slope of m = . So, the line through ( − 4, 1) that is
3 3
( x1, y1 ) = (1, 1) parallel to the given line has the following equation.
y − y1 = m( x − x1 ) y − y1 = m( x − x1 )
−2 5
y −1 = ( x − 1) y −1 =
3
( x − ( − 4) )
3
−2 2 5
y −1 = x + y − 1 = ( x + 4)
3 3 3
−2 5 5 20
y = x + y −1 = x +
3 3 3 3
The slope-intercept form of this equation is 5 23
y = x +
2 5 3 3
y = − x + .
3 3 (b) Any line perpendicular to the given line must also
(c) Use the point-slope form with m = 0 and 3 3
have a slope of m = − because − is the negative
( x1, y1 ) = (1, 1). 5 5
5
y − y1 = m( x − x1 ) reciprocal of . So, the line through ( − 4, 1) that is
3
y − 1 = 0( x − 1) perpendicular to the given line has the following
y −1 = 0 equation.
y =1
y − y1 = m( x − x1 )
The slope-intercept of the equation is the line y = 1.
3
y −1 = −
5
( x − (− 4))
3
y − 1 = − ( x + 4)
5
3 12
y −1 = − x −
5 5
3 7
y = − x −
5 5
5. The horizontal length of the ramp is 32 feet or

12(32) = 384 inches.
So, the slope of the ramp is
vertical change 36 in.
Slope = = ≈ 0.094.
horizontal change 384 in.
1
Because ≈ 0.083, the slope of the ramp is steeper
12
than recommended.
6. The y-intercept (0, 1500) tells you that the value of the 8. Let t = 9 represent 2009. Then the two given values are
copier when it was purchased (t = 0) was $1500. The represented by the data points (9, 58.6) and (10, 56.6).
slope of m = − 300 tells you that the value of the copier The slope of the line through these points is
decreases $300 each year since the copier was 56.6 − 58.6
m = = − 2.0.
purchased. 10 − 9
You can find the equation that relates the sales y and the
7. Let V represent the value of the machine at the end of year t to be,
year t. The initial value of the machine can be
represented by the data point (0, 24,750) and the salvage y − 56.6 = − 2.0(t − 10)
value of the machine can be represented by the data y − 56.6 = − 2.0t + 20.0
point (6, 0). The slope of the line is y = − 2.0t + 76.6
0 − 24,750 According to this equation, the sales in 2013 will be

m = y = − 2.0(13) + 76.6
6−0
m = − $4125 = − 26 + 76.6
The slope represents the annual depreciation in dollars = $50.6 billion.
per year. Using the point-slope form, you can write the
equation of the line as follows
V − 24,750 = − 4125(t − 0)
V − 24,750 = − 4125t
V = − 4125t + 24,750
The equation V = − 4125t + 24,750 represents the book
value of the machine each year.

1. (a) This mapping does not describe y as a function of x. 3. (a) Replacing x with 2 in f ( x) = 10 − 3 x 2 yields the
The input value of −1 is assigned or matched to two
following.
different y-values.
f ( 2) = 10 − 3( 2)
2
(b) The table does describe y as a function of x. Each
input value is matched with exactly one output = 10 − 12
value.
= −2
2. (a) Solving for y yields (b) Replacing x with −4 yields the following.
x2 + y2 = 8 Write original equation.
f ( − 4) = 10 − 3( − 4)
2
y = 8− x
2 2 2
Subtract x from each side.
= 10 − 48
y = ± 8 − x 2 . Solve for y. = − 38
The ± indicates that to a given value of x there (c) Replacing x with x − 1 yields the following.
corresponds two values of y. So y is not a function
f ( x − 1) = 10 − 3( x − 1)
2
of x.
(b) Solving for y yields, = 10 − 3( x 2 − 2 x + 1)
y − 4 x 2 = 36 Write original equation. = 10 − 3 x 2 + 6 x − 3
y = 36 + 4 x 2 Add 4 x 2 to each side. = − 3x 2 + 6 x + 7
To each value of x there corresponds exactly one

value of y. So, y is a function of x.
4. Because x = − 2 is less than 0, use f ( x) = x 2 + 1 to 5. Set f ( x) = 0 and solve for x.
obtain f ( − 2) = ( − 2) + 1 = 4 + 1 = 5. f ( x) = 0
2
Because x = 2 is greater than or equal to 0, use x − 16 = 0

2
f ( x) = x − 1 to obtain f ( 2) = 2 − 1 = 1. (x + 4)( x − 4) = 0
For x = 3, use f ( x) = x − 1 to obtain x + 4 = 0 ⇒ x = −4
f (3) = 3 − 1 = 2. x − 4 = 0 ⇒ x = 4
So, f ( x) = 0 when x = − 4 or x = 4.
6. x 2 + 6 x − 24 = 4 x − x 2 Set f ( x) equal to g ( x).

2 x + 2 x − 24 = 0
2
2( x + x − 12) = 0
2
Factor out common factor.
x 2 + x − 12 = 0 Divide each side by 2.
(x + 4)( x − 3) = 0 Factor.
x + 4 = 0 ⇒ x = −4 Set 1st factor equal to 0.
x−3 = 0 ⇒ x = 3 Set 2nd factor equal to 0.
So, f ( x) = g ( x), when x = − 4 or x = 3.
7. (a) The domain of f consists of all first coordinates in 8. Use the formula for surface area of a cylinder,
the set of ordered pairs. s = 2π r 2 + 2π rh.
Domain = {− 2, −1, 0, 1, 2} (a) s( r ) = 2π r 2 + 2π r ( 4r )
(b) Excluding x-values that yield zero in the = 2π r 2 + 8π r 2
denominator, the domain of g is the set of all real
numbers x except x = 3. = 10π r 2
2
(c) Because the function represents the circumference of ⎛h⎞ ⎛h⎞
(b) s( h) = 2π ⎜ ⎟ + 2π ⎜ ⎟ h
a circle, the values of the radius r must be positive. ⎝ ⎠
4 ⎝ 4⎠
So, the domain is the set of real numbers r such
⎛ h2 ⎞ π h2
that r > 0. = 2π ⎜ ⎟ +
⎝ 16 ⎠ 2
(d) This function is defined only for x-values for which
x − 16 ≥ 0. You can conclude that x ≥ 16. So, the 1 2 1 2
= πh + πh
domain is the interval [16, ∞). 8 2
5
= π h2
8
9. When x = 60, you can find the height of the baseball as follows
f ( x) = − 0.004 x 2 + 0.3 x + 6 Write original function.
f (60) = − 0.004(60) + 0.3(60) + 6

2
Substitute 60 for x.
= 9.6 Simplify.
When x = 60, the height of the ball thrown from the second baseman is 9.6 feet. So, the first baseman cannot catch the
baseball without jumping.
10. From 2003 through 2005, use V (t ) = 33.65t + 77.8.

2003: V (3) = 33.65(3) + 77.8 = 178.75 thousand vehicles
2004: V ( 4) = 33.65( 4) + 77.8 = 212.40 thousand vehicles
2005: V (5) = 33.65(5) + 77.8 = 246.05 thousand vehicles
From 2006 through 2009, use V (t ) = 70.75t − 126.6.

2006: V (6) = 70.75(6) − 126.6 = 297.90 thousand vehicles
⎡( x + h)2 + 2( x + h) − 3⎤ − ( x 2 + 2 x − 3)
f ( x + h) − f ( x)
11. = ⎣ ⎦
h h
x 2 + 2 xh + h 2 + 2 x + 2h − 3 − x 2 − 2 x + 3
=
h
2 xh + h 2 + 2h
=
h
2( 2 x + h + 2)
=
h
= 2 x + h + 2, h ≠ 0

1. (a) The open dot at ( − 3, − 6) indicates that x = − 3 is not 2. y
2
in the domain of f. So, the domain of f is all real
numbers, except x ≠ − 3, or ( −∞, − 3) ∪ ( − 3, ∞).
1
x
− 4 −3 3 4
−1
(b) Because (0, 3) is a point on the graph of f, it follows −2
that f (0) = 3. Similarly, because the point (3, − 6)

−3
−4
is a point on the graph of f, it follows that −5
f (3) = − 6. −6
This is a graph of y as a function of x, because every

(c) Because the graph of f does not extend above
vertical line intersects the graph at most once. That is,
f (0) = 3, the range of f is the interval ( − ∞, 3].
for a particular input x, there is at most one output y.
3. To find the zeros of a function, set the function equal to zero, and solve for the independent variable.
(a) 2 x 2 + 13 x − 24 = 0 Set f ( x) equal to 0.
(2 x − 3)( x + 8) = 0 Factor.
3
2x − 3 = 0 ⇒ x = Set 1st factor equal to 0.
2
3 ⎛3 ⎞
The zeros of f are x = and x = − 8. The graph of f has ⎜ , 0 ⎟ and ( − 8, 0) as its x-intercepts.
2 ⎝2 ⎠
(b) t − 25 = 0 Set g (t ) equal to 0.
( )
2
= ( 0)
2
t − 25 Square each side.
t − 25 = 0 Simplify.
t = 25 Add 25 to each side.
The zero of g is t = 25. The graph of g has ( 25, 0) as its t-intercept.
x2 − 2
(c) = 0 Set h( x) equal to zero.
x −1
⎛ x2 − 2 ⎞
(x − 1)⎜ ⎟ = ( x − 1)(0) Multiply each side by x − 1.
⎝ x −1⎠
x2 − 2 = 0 Simplify.
x2 = 2 Add 2 to each side.
x = ± 2 Extract square roots.
The zeros of h are x = ± 2. The graph of h has ( )

2, 0 and − ( )
2, 0 as its x-intercepts.
4. y
7. (a) The average speed of the car from t1 = 0 to
4 t2 = 1 second is
(−2, 3)
s(t2 ) − s(t1 )
3
20 − 0
2 = = 20 feet per second.
t2 − t1 1−0
1
x (b) The average speed of the car from t1 = 1 to

−4 −2 −1 1 2
−1
(0, −1)
t2 = 4 seconds is
s(t2 ) − s(t1 )
−2
160 − 20
=
t2 − t1 4 −1
This function is increasing on the interval
(− ∞, − 2), decreasing on the interval (− 2, 0), and =
140
3
increasing on the interval (0, ∞).
≈ 46.7 feet per second.
5.
8. (a) The function f ( x) = 5 − 3 x is neither odd nor even
y = −4x 2 − 7x + 3 8
because f ( − x) ≠ − f ( x) and f ( − x) ≠ f ( x) as
−4 2 follows.
f ( − x) = 5 − 3(− x)
−5
By using the zoom and the trace features or the = 5 + 3 x ≠ − f ( x) not odd
maximum feature of a graphing utility, you can ≠ f ( x) not even
determine that the function has a relative maximum
⎛ 7 97 ⎞ So, the graph of f is not symmetric to the origin nor
at the point ⎜ − , ⎟ or ( − 0.875, 6.0625). the y-axis.
⎝ 8 16 ⎠
(b) The function g ( x) = x 4 − x 2 − 1 is even because
6. (a) The average rate of change of f from
g ( − x) = g ( x) as follows.
x1 = − 3 to x2 = − 2 is
g ( − x) = ( − x) − ( − x ) − 1
4 2
f ( x2 ) − f ( x1 ) f ( − 2) − f (− 3)
=
x2 − x1 − 2 − (− 3) = x4 − x2 − 1
0−3 = g ( x)
= = − 3.
1
So, the graph of g is symmetric to the y-axis.
(b) The average rate of change of f from
x1 = − 2 to x2 = 0 is (c) The function h( x) = 2 x3 + 3x is odd because
f ( x2 ) − f ( x1 ) f (0) − f ( − 2) h( − x) = − h( x),
=
x2 − x1 0 − ( − 2)
h( − x) = 2( − x) + 3(− x)
3
0−0
= = 0. = − 2 x3 − 3x
2
= −( 2 x 3 + 3 x )
= − h( x )
So, the graph of h is symmetric to the origin.

1. To find the equation of the line that passes through the 2. For x = − 32 , f (− 32 ) = − 32 + 2
points ( x1 , y1 ) = ( − 2, 6) and ( x2 , y2 ) = ( 4, − 4), first
= 1
2
find the slope of the line.
= 0
y2 − y1 −9 − 6 −15 −5
m = = = =
x2 − x1 4 − ( − 2) 6 2 Since the greatest integer ≤ 1
2
is 0, f ( − 32 ) = 0.
Next, use the point-slope form of the equation of the line. For x = 1, f (1) = 1 + 2
y − y1 = m( x − x1 ) Point-slope form = 3
5 = 3
y −6 = − ⎡⎣ x − ( − 2)⎤⎦ Substitute x1 , y1 and m.
2
Since the greatest integer ≤ 3 is 3, f (1) = 3.
5
y −6 = − ( x + 2) Simplify.
2 For x = − 52 , f (− 52 ) = − 52 + 2
5
y −6 = − x −5 Simplify. = − 12
2
5 = −1
y = − x +1 Simplify.
2 Since the greatest integer ≤ − 12 is −1, f ( − 52 ) = −1.
5
f ( x) = − x +1 Function notation
2
3. This piecewise-defined function consists of two linear functions. At x = − 4 and to the left of x = − 4, the graph is the line
y = − 12 x − 6, and to the right of x = − 4 the graph is the line y = x + 5. Notice that the point ( − 4, − 2) is a solid dot and
(− 4, 1) is an open dot. This is because f (− 4) = − 2.
y
x
−8 −6 −4 −2 2
−2
−4
−6

1. (a) Relative to the graph of f ( x) = x3 , the graph of (b) Relative to the graph of f ( x) = x3 , the graph of
h( x) = x3 + 5 is an upward shift of five units. g ( x) = ( x − 3) + 2 involves a right shift of three
3
y units and an upward shift of two units.

8 y f(x) = x 3
h(x) = x 3 + 5
6 f(x) = x3 6
4
2
x 2
−6 −4 2 4 6
x
−4 −2 2 4 6
g(x) = (x − 3) 3 + 2
2. The graph of j is a horizontal shift of three units to the 4. (a) Relative to the graph of f ( x) = x 2 , the graph of
left followed by a reflection in the x-axis of the graph of
g ( x) = 4 x 2 = 4 f ( x) is a vertical stretch (each
f ( x) = x 4 . So, the equation for j is j ( x) = − ( x + 3) .
4
y-value is multiplied by 4) of the graph of f.

3. (a) Algebraic Solution: y g(x) = 4x 2
The graph of g is a reflection of the graph of f in the 5

x-axis because 4
g ( x) = − x −1 3
= − f ( x).
2
f(x) = x 2
Graphical Solution: x
−3 −2 −1 1 2 3
Graph f and g on the same set of coordinate axes. −1
From the graph, you can see that the graph of g is a

reflection of the graph of f in the x-axis. (b) Relative to the graph of f ( x) = x 2 , the graph of
y h( x ) = 1 2
4
x = 1
4
f ( x) is a vertical shrink (each
3
f(x) = x − 1 y-value is multiplied by 1
4 ) of the graph of f.
2
1 y
f(x) = x 2
x 7
−1 2 3 4 5 h(x) = 1 x 2
−1 6 4
5
−2
4
g(x) = − x − 1
−3 3
2
(b) Algebraic Solution: 1

x
The graph of h is a reflection of the graph of f in the −4 −3 −2 −1
−1
1 2 3 4
y-axis because
h( x ) = −x − 1
5. (a) Relative to the graph of f ( x) = x 2 + 3, the graph
= f ( − x).
of g ( x) = f ( 2 x) = ( 2 x) + 3 = 4 x 2 + 3 is a
2
Graphical Solution:
horizontal shrink (c > 1) of the graph of f.
Graph f and h on the same set of coordinate axes.
From the graph, you can see that the graph h is a y g(x) = 4x 2 + 3
reflection of the graph of f, in the y-axis. 6
y
5
5
4
h(x) = −x − 1 3 f(x) = x − 1
2 2 f(x) = x 2 + 3
1 1
x
−4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4 x
−1 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3
−2
−3 (b) Relative to the graph of f ( x) = x 2 + 3, the graph
of h( x) = f ( 12 x) = ( 12 x)
2
+3 = 1 2
4
x + 3 is a
horizontal stretch (0 < c < 1) of the graph of f.
y
f(x) = x 2 + 3
8
7
6
5
4
2 h(x) = 1 x 2 + 3
4
1
x
−4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4

1. The sum of f and g is 5. (a) The composition of f with g is as follows.
(f + g )( x) = f ( x) + g ( x) (f g )( x) = f ( g ( x))
= (x 2
) + (1 − x) = f ( 4 x 2 + 1)
= x 2 − x + 1. = 2( 4 x 2 + 1) + 5
When x = 2, the value of this sum is
= 8x2 + 2 + 5
(f + g )( 2) = ( 2) − ( 2) + 1
2
= 8x2 + 7
= 3. (b) The composition of g with f is as follows.
2. The difference of f and g is (g f )( x) = g ( f ( x))
(f − g )( x) = f ( x) − g ( x) = g ( 2 x + 5)
= ( x 2 ) − (1 − x) = 4( 2 x + 5) + 1
2
= x 2 + x − 1. = 4( 4 x 2 + 20 x + 25) + 1
When x = 3, the value of the difference is = 16 x 2 + 80 x + 100 + 1
(f − g )(3) = (3) + (3) − 1
2
= 16 x 2 + 80 x + 101
= 11. (c) Use the result of part (a).
( ) +7
g )( − 12 ) = 8 − 12
2
3. The product of f and g is (f
( f g) = f ( x ) g ( x) = 8( 14 ) + 7
= ( x 2 )(1 − x) = 2+ 7
= x − x2 3 = 9
= − x3 + x 2 . 6. The composition of f with g is as follows.
When x = 3, the value of the product is (f g )( x) = f ( g ( x))
( f g )(3) = −(3) − (3) = f ( x 2 + 4)
3 2
= − 27 + 9
= x2 + 4
= −18.
The domain of f is [0, ∞) and the domain of g is the set
4. The quotient of f and g is of all real numbers. The range of g is [4, ∞), which is in
⎛f⎞ f ( x) x −3 the range of f, [0, ∞). Therefore the domain of f g is
⎜ ⎟( x ) = = .
⎝g⎠ g ( x) 16 − x 2 all real numbers.
The quotient of g and f is
7. Let the inner function to be g ( x) = 8 − x and the outer
⎛g⎞ g ( x) 16 − x 2
⎜ ⎟( x ) = = . 3
x
⎝f⎠ f ( x) x −3 function to be f ( x) = .
5
The domain of f is [3, ∞) and the domain of g is
8− x
3
h( x ) =
[− 4, 4]. The intersection of these two domains is 5
[3, 4]. So, the domain of f g is [3, 4) and the domain = f (8 − x)
of g f is (3, 4]. = f ( g ( x ))
8. (a) (N T )(t ) = N (T (t )) (b) Let ( N T )(t ) = 1000 and solve for t.
= 8( 2t + 2) − 14( 2t + 2) + 200
2
32t 2 + 36t + 204 = 1000
= 8( 4t 2 + 8t + 4) − 28t − 28 + 200 32t 2 + 36t − 796 = 0
= 32t 2 + 64t + 32 − 28t − 28 + 200 4(8t 2 + 9t − 199) = 0
= 32t 2 + 36t + 204 8t 2 + 9t − 199 = 0

The composite function ( N T )(t ) represents the Use the quadratic formula:
( 9) − 4(8)( −199)
number of bacteria in the food as a function of the 2
−9 ±
amount of time the food has been out of t =
2(8)
refrigeration.
− 9 ± 6449
=
16
t ≈ 4.5 and t ≈ − 5.6.
Using t ≈ 4.5 hours, the bacteria count reaches
approximately 1000 about 4.5 hours after the food
is removed from the refrigerator.

1. The function f multiplies each input by 15 . To “undo” 2. By forming the composition of f and g, you have
this function, you need to multiply each input by 5. f ( g ( x ) ) = f ( 7 x + 4) =
(7 x + 4) − 4
=
7x
= x.
So, the inverse function of f ( x) = 15 x is f −1 ( x) = 5 x. 7 7
So, it appears that g is the inverse function of f.
To verify this, show that To confirm this, form the composition of g and f.
f ( f −1 ( x)) = x and f −1 ( f ( x)) = x. ⎛ x − 4⎞ ⎛ x − 4⎞
g ( f ( x)) = g ⎜ ⎟ = 7⎜ ⎟+4= x−4+4= x
f(f −1
( x)) = f (5 x ) = 1
5
(5 x ) = x ⎝ 7 ⎠ ⎝ 7 ⎠
By forming the composition of f and h, you can see that
( )
f −1 ( f ( x)) = f −1 15 x = 5 15 x = x ( ) h is not the inverse function of f, since the result is not
the identity function x.
So, the inverse function of f ( x) = 1x is f −1 ( x) = 5 x.
5 ⎛ 7 ⎞
⎜ ⎟−4 23 − 4 x
⎛ 7 ⎞ ⎝ x − 4⎠
f ( h( x)) = f⎜ ⎟ = = ≠ x
⎝ x − 4⎠ 7 7 ( x − 4)
So, g is the inverse function of f.
1
3. The graphs of f ( x) = 4 x − 1 and f −1 ( x) = ( x + 1) are shown. You can see that they are reflections of each other in the
4
line y = x. This reflective property can also be verified using a few points and the fact that if the point ( a, b) is on the
graph of f then the point (b, a ) is on the graph of f −1.
y
Graph of f ( x) = 4 x − 1 Graph of f −1 ( x) = 1
4 (x + 1)
y=x
(−1, − 5) (− 5, −1)
f
4
2 (0, −1) (−1, 0)

f −1
−2 2 4
x (1, 3) (3, 1)
−2 (2, 7) (7, 2)
4. The graphs of f ( x) = x 2 + 1, x ≥ 0 and f −1 ( x) = x − 1 are shown. You can see that they are reflections of each other in
the line y = x. This reflective property can also be verified using a few points and the fact that if the point ( a, b) is on the
graph of f then the point (b, a ) is on the graph of f −1.
y
Graph of f ( x) = x 2 + 1, x ≥ 0 Graph of f −1 ( x) = x −1
5 f
(0, 1) (1, 0)
y=x
4
(1, 2) (2, 1)
(2, 5) (5, 2)
3
1
f −1 (3, 10) (10, 3)
x
1 2 3 4 5
5. (a) The graph of f ( x) = 1

(3 − x) is shown. 5 − 3x
2 6. The graph of f ( x) = is shown.
y
x + 2
y
4
5
3
5 − 3x
3
y=
1 x+2
2
x
−1 1 2 3 5
1
−1
−2 f(x) = 1 (3 − x) x
2 −1 1 3 4 5
−1
Because no horizontal line intersects the graph of f at

more than one point, f is a one-to-one function and This graph passes the Horizontal Line Test. So, you
does have an inverse function. know f is one-to-one and has an inverse function.
(b) The graph of f ( x) = x is shown. 5 − 3x
f ( x) = Write original function.
y x + 2
5 − 3x
5 y = Replace f ( x) with y.
x + 2
4
f(x) = |x| 5 − 3y
3 x = Interchange x and y.
2
y + 2
x ( y + 2) = 5 − 3 y Multiply each side by y + 2.
−3 −2 −1 1 2 3
x
xy + 2 x = 5 − 3 y Distribute Property
−1
xy + 3 y = 5 − 2 x Collect like terms with y.
Because it is possible to find a horizontal line that y ( x + 3) = 5 − 2 x Factor.
intersects the graph of f at more than one point, f is 5 − 2x
not a one-to-one function and does not have an y = Solve for y.
x +3
inverse function.
5 − 2x
f ( x) =
−1
Replace y with f −1 ( x).
x +3
7. The graph of f ( x) = 3
10 + x is shown.
y
x
− 20 − 15 −5
−1
−2
−3
Because this graph passes the Horizontal Line Test, you know that f is one-to-one and has an inverse function.
f ( x) =
y
3
10 + x 3
f(x) = 10 + x
5
y = 3
10 + x
x
−5
x = 3 10 + y −5
5
x3 = 10 + y − 10
y = x3 − 10
f −1 ( x) = x3 − 10 f −1(x) = x 3 − 10
The graphs of f and f −1 are reflections of each other in the line y = x. So, the inverse of f ( x) = 3
10 + x
is f −1
( x) = x − 10.
3
To verify, check that f ( f −1 ( x)) = x and f −1 ( f ( x)) = x.
f ( f −1 ( x)) = f ( x3 − 10) f −1 ( f ( x)) = f −1 ( 3

10 + x )
10 + ( x3 − 10) ( )
3
= 3
= 3
10 + x − 10
= 3
x3 = 10 + x − 10
= x = x
Chapter 1
Checkpoints for Section 1.1
9π 17π π π 3π π 2π π
1. (a) Sample answers: + 2π = 2. (a) − = − = =
4 4 2 6 6 6 6 3
9π π π π
− 2π = The complement of is .
4 4 6 3
−π 5π π 6π π 5π
(b) Sample answers: + 2π = π − = − =
3 3 6 6 6 6
−π 7π
− 2π = − π 5π
3 3 The supplement of is .
6 6
5π π
(b) Because is greater than , it has no
6 2
complement.
5π 6π 5π π
π − = − =
6 6 6 6
5π π
The supplement of is .
6 6
⎛ π rad ⎞ π 6. In one revolution, the arc length traveled is

3. (a) 60° = 60 deg ⎜ (
⎜ 180 deg ) ⎟ =
⎟ 3
radians
s = 2π r
⎝ ⎠
= 2π (8)
⎛ π rad ⎞ 16π = 16π centimeters.
(b) 320° = 320 deg ⎜ (
⎜ 180 deg ) ⎟ =
⎟ 9
radians
⎝ ⎠ The time required for the second hand to travel this
distance is
π ⎛π ⎞⎛ 180 deg ⎞ t = 1 minute = 60 seconds.
4. (a) = ⎜ rad ⎟⎜ ⎟ = 30°
6 ⎝ 6 ⎠⎝ π rad ⎠
So, the linear speed of the tip of the second hand is
5π ⎛5π ⎞⎛ 180 deg ⎞ s
(b) = ⎜ rad ⎟⎜ ⎟ = 300° Linear speed =
3 ⎝ 3 ⎠⎝ π rad ⎠ t
16π centimeters
=
5. To use the formula s = r θ first convert 160° to radian 60 seconds
measure. ≈ 0.838 centimeters per second.
⎛ π rad ⎞ 8π
(
160° = 160 deg ⎜
⎜ 180 deg ) ⎟ =
⎟ 9
radians
⎝ ⎠
Then, using a radius of r = 27 inches, you can find the
arc length to be
s = rθ
⎛ 8π ⎞
= ( 27)⎜ ⎟
⎝ 9 ⎠
= 24π
≈ 75.40 inches.
7. (a) Because each revolution generates 2π radians, it follows that the saw blade turns ( 2400)( 2π ) = 4800π radians per minute.
In other words, the angular speed is
θ 4800π radians
Angular speed = = = 80π radians per minute.
t 1 minute
(b) The radius is r = 4. The linear speed is
Linear speed =
s
=
rθ
=
(4)(4800π ) inches = 60,319 inches per minute.
t t 60 seconds
8. First convert 80° to radian measure as follows.

⎛ π rad ⎞ 4π
θ = 80° = (80 deg )⎜ ⎟ = radians
⎜ 180 deg ⎟ 9
⎝ ⎠
4π
Then, using θ = and r = 40 feet, the area is
9
1 2
A = rθ Formula for area of a sector of a circle
2
1 2 ⎛ 4π ⎞
= ( 40) ⎜ ⎟ Substitute for r and θ
2 ⎝ 9 ⎠
3200π
= Multiply
9
≈ 1117 square feet. Simplify.

π
1. (a) t = corresponds to the point ( x, y ) = (0, 1)
2
π π
sin =1 csc =1
2 2
π π
cos = 0 sec is undefined.
2 2
π π
tan is undefined. cot = 0
2 2
(b) t = 0 corresponds to the point ( x, y ) = (1, 0)
sin 0 = 0 csc 0 is undefined.

cos 0 = 1 sec 0 = 1
tan 0 = 0 cot 0 is undefined.
5π ⎛ 3 1⎞
(c) t = − corresponds to the point ( x, y ) = ⎜⎜ − , − ⎟⎟
6 ⎝ 2 2⎠
⎛ 5π ⎞ 1 ⎛ 5π ⎞
sin ⎜ − ⎟ = − csc⎜ − ⎟ = − 2
⎝ 6 ⎠ 2 ⎝ 6 ⎠
⎛ 5π ⎞ 3 ⎛ 5π ⎞ 2 3
cos⎜ − ⎟ = − sec⎜ − ⎟ = −
⎝ 6 ⎠ 2 ⎝ 6 ⎠ 3
⎛ 5π ⎞ 3 ⎛ 5π ⎞
tan ⎜ − ⎟ = cot ⎜ − ⎟ = 3
⎝ 6 ⎠ 3 ⎝ 6 ⎠
3π ⎛ 2 2⎞
(d) t = − corresponds to the point ( x, y ) = ⎜⎜ − ,− ⎟⎟
4 ⎝ 2 2 ⎠
⎛ 3π ⎞ 2 ⎛ 3π ⎞
sin ⎜ − ⎟ = − csc⎜ − ⎟ = − 2
⎝ 4 ⎠ 2 ⎝ 4 ⎠
⎛ 3π ⎞ 2 ⎛ 3π ⎞
cos⎜ − ⎟ = − sec⎜ − ⎟ = − 2
⎝ 4 ⎠ 2 ⎝ 4 ⎠
⎛ 3π ⎞ ⎛ 3π ⎞
tan ⎜ − ⎟ = 1 cot ⎜ − ⎟ = 1
⎝ 4 ⎠ ⎝ 4 ⎠
9π π 9π ⎛ π⎞ π
2. (a) Because = 4π + , you have cos = cos⎜ 4π + ⎟ = cos = 0.
2 2 2 ⎝ 2⎠ 2
7π π 7π ⎛ π⎞ π 3
(b) Because − = − 2π − , you have sin − = sin ⎜ − 2π − ⎟ − sin − = −
3 3 3 ⎝ 3 ⎠ 3 2
(c) For cos( − t ) = 0.3, cos t = 0.3 because the cosine function is even.
3. (a) 0.78183148
(b) 1.0997502

1.
4
2
By the Pythagorean Theorem, ( hyp) = (opp) + (adj) , it follows that

2 2 2
adj = 4 2 − 22 = 12 = 2 3.
So, the six trigonometric functions of θ are
opp 2 1 hyp 4
sin θ = = = csc θ = = = 2
hyp 4 2 opp 2
adj 2 3 3 hyp 4 2 2 3
cos θ = = = sec θ = = = =
hyp 4 2 adj 2 3 3 3
opp 2 1 3 adj 2 3
tan θ = = = = cot θ = = = 3
adj 2 3 3 3 opp 2
2.
45°
2
1
45°
1
hyp 2
sec θ = = = 2
adj 1
3.
30°
2 3 2
60°
1 1
For θ = 60°, you have adj = 1, opp = 3 and hyp = 2.
opp 3
So, tan 60° = = = 3.
adj 1
For θ = 30°, you have adj = 3, opp = 1 and hyp = 2.
opp 1 3
So, tan 30° = = = .
adj 3 3
° °
⎛ 30 ⎞ ⎛ 36 ⎞
4. 34° 30′ 36′′ = 34° + ⎜ ⎟ + ⎜ ⎟ = 34.51°
⎝ 60 ⎠ ⎝ 3600 ⎠
1
csc(34° 30′ 36′′) = csc 34.51° = ≈ 1.765069
sin 34.51°
5. (a) To find the value of sin θ , use the Pythagorean 1

6. cot β = Reciprocal Identity.
Identity tan β
sin 2 θ + cos 2 θ = 1. =
1
So, you have 2
sec2 β = 1 + tan 2 β Pythagorean identity
sin 2 θ + (0.25) = 1
2
sec 2 β = 1 + ( 2)
2
sin 2 θ = 1 − (0.25)
2
sec 2 β = 5
sin 2 θ = 0.9375
sec β = 5
sin θ = 0.9375
≈ 0.9682.
(b) Now, knowing the sine and cosine of θ, you can find Use the definitions of cot β and
the tangent of θ to be 5 2 sec β and the triangle to check
sin θ 0.9682 these results.
tan θ = ≈ = 3.8728.
cos θ 0.25 β
1
7. (a) tan θ csc θ
⎛ sin θ ⎞⎛ 1 ⎞
= ⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟ Use a Quotient Identity and a Reciprocal Identity.
⎜ cos θ ⎟⎜ sin θ ⎟
⎝ ⎠⎝ ⎠
1
= Simplify.
cos θ
= secθ Use a Reciprocal Identity
(b) (csc θ + 1)(csc θ − 1) = csc 2 θ − csc θ + csc θ − 1 FOIL Method.

= csc θ − 1
2
Simplify.
= cot θ 2
Pythagorean identity
8. From the figure you can see that 10. From the figure, you can see that
opp y opp 3.5
tan 64.6° = = sin 11.5° = = .
adj x hyp c
where x = 19 and y is the height of the flagpole. So, the 3.5
sin 11.5° =
height of the flagpole is c
y = 19 tan 64.6° c sin 11.5° = 3.5
3.5
≈ 19( 2.106) c =
sin 11.5°
≈ 40 feet.
So, the length c of the loading ramp is
9. From the figure, you can see that the cosine of the angle 3.5 3.5
c = ≈ ≈ 17.6 feet.
θ is sin 11.5 0.1994
adj 3 1 Also from the figure, you can see that
cos θ = = = .
hyp 6 2 opp 3.5
tan 11.5° = = .
You should recognize that θ = 60°. adj a
So, the length a of the ramp is
3.5 3.5
a = ≈ ≈ 17.2 feet.
tan 11.5° 0.2034

1. Referring to the figure shown, you can see that x = − 2, y = 3 and
r = x2 + y 2 = ( − 2) 2 + (3)
2
= 13.
So, you have the following. y
(− 2, 3)
y 3 3 13
sin θ = = =
r 13 13 r θ
x 2 2 13
cos θ = = − = − x
r 13 13
y 3
tan θ = = −
x 2
2. Note that θ lies in Quadrant II because that is the only 4. (a) Because 213° lies in Quadrant III, the angle it makes
quadrant in which the sine is positive and the tangent is with the x-axis is θ ′ = 213° − 180° = 33°.
negative. Moreover, using y
4 y
sin θ = =
5 r
θ = 213°
and the fact that y is positive in Quadrant II, you can let
y = 4 and r = 5. x
θ ′ = 33°
So,
r = x2 + y 2
5 = x 2 + 42
14π
25 = x 2 + 16 (b) Because lies in Quadrant IV, the angle it makes
9
9 = x2 with the x-axis is
±3 = x 14π 18π 14π 4π
θ ′ = 2π − = − = .
Since x is negative in Quadrant II, x = − 3. 9 9 9 9
y
x 3
So, cos θ = = − .
r 5
3. To begin, choose a point on the terminal side of the angle

3π x
. θ=
14 π
2 9 θ ′=
4π
9
π
2
4π
(c) Because lies in Quadrant II, the angle it makes
5
π 0
with the x-axis is
4π π
(0, − 1) θ′ = π − = .
3π
5 5
2 y
For the point (0, −1), r = 1 and you have the following.
3π y −1 π θ=
4π
sin = = = −1 θ ′= 5
2 r 1 5
x
3π x 0
cot = = = 0
2 y −1
7π 7π π
5. (a) Because θ = lies in Quadrant IV, the reference angle is θ ′ = 2π − = as shown.
4 4 4
y
π π
θ=7 θ ′=
4 4
7π π
Because the sine is negative in Quadrant IV, you have sin = ( −)sin
4 7
2
= − .
2
(b) Because −120° + 360° = 240°, it follows that −120° is coterminal with the third-quadrant angle 240°.
So, the reference angle is θ ′ = 240° − 180° = 60° as shown.
y
θ = −120°
θ ′ = 60°
1
Because the cosine is negative in Quadrant III, you have cos( −120°) = ( −)cos 60° = − .
2
11π 11π π
(c) Because θ = lies in Quadrant IV, the reference angle is θ ′ = 2π − = as shown.
6 6 6
y
x
π
θ ′=
π 6
θ = 11
6
Because the tangent is negative in Quadrant IV, you have

11π π 3
tan = ( −) tan = − .
6 6 3
6. (a) Using the Pythagorean Identity sin 2 θ + cos 2 θ = 1, you obtain the following.
sin 2 θ + cos 2 θ = 1 Write Identity

2
⎛ 4⎞ 4
⎜ − ⎟ + cos θ = 1 Substitute − for sin θ .
2
⎝ 5⎠ 5
16
+ cos 2 θ = 1 Simplify.
25
16 16
cos 2 θ = 1 − Subtract from each side.
25 25
9
cos 2 θ = Simplify.
25
Because cos θ < 0 in Quadrant III, you can use the negative root to obtain
9 3
cos θ = − = − .
25 5
sin θ
(b) Using the trigonometric identity tan θ = , you obtain
cos θ
4
−
tan θ = 5 Substitute for sin θ and cos θ .
3
−
5
4
= . Simplify.
3
7. Function Mode Calculator Keystrokes Display

(a) tan 119° Degree tan ( 119 ) ENTER −1.8040478
(b) csc 5 Radian ( sin ( 5 ) ) x −1 ENTER −1.0428352
π
(c) cos Radian cos ( π ÷ 5 ) ENTER 0.8090170
5
3
7π π ⎛ 7π ⎞ ⎛π ⎞ π y 2 =
8. Because t = and t = are coterminal angles, it follows that f ⎜ ⎟ = f ⎜ ⎟ = tan = = 3.
3 3 ⎝ 3 ⎠ ⎝3⎠ 3 x 1
2

1. Note that y = 2 cos x = 2(cos x) indicates that the y-values for the key points will have twice the magnitude of those
on the graph of y = cos x. Divide the period 2π into four equal parts to get the key points.
Maximum Intercept Minimum Intercept Maximum
⎛π ⎞ ⎛ 3π ⎞
(0, 2) ⎜ , 0⎟ (π , − 2) ⎜ , 0⎟ (2π , 2)
⎝2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠
By connecting these key points with a smooth curve y
and extending the curve in both directions over the 3

⎡ π 9π ⎤
interval ⎢− , ⎥ , you obtain the graph shown.
2
⎣ 2 2⎦
x
π 2π 3π 4π
−2
−3
1 1 1 1
2. (a) Because the amplitude of y = sin x is , the maximum value is and the minimum value is − .
3 3 3 3
Divide one cycle, 0 ≤ x ≤ 2 π , into for equal parts to get the key points.
Intercept Maximum Intercept Minimum Intercept
⎛π 1⎞ ⎛ 3π 1 ⎞
(0, 0) ⎜ , ⎟ (π , 0) ⎜ ,− ⎟ (2π , 0)
⎝2 3⎠ ⎝ 2 3⎠
(b) A similar analysis shows that the amplitude of y = 3 sin x is 3, and the key points are as follows.
Intercept Maximum Intercept Minimum Intercept
⎛π ⎞ ⎛ 3π ⎞
(0, 0) ⎜ , 3⎟ (π , 0) ⎜ , − 3⎟ (2π , 0)
⎝2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠
y
y = 3sin x
4
y = 1 sin x
2 3
x
π 5π
2 2
−4
1
3. The amplitude is 1. Moreover, because b = , the period is
3
2π 2π 1
= = 6π . Substitute for b.
b 1 3
3
3π 9π
Now, divide the period-interval [0, 6π ] into four equal parts using the values , 3π , and to obtain the key points.
2 2
⎛ 3π ⎞ ⎛ 9π ⎞
(0, 1) ⎜ , 0⎟ (3π , −1) ⎜ , 0⎟ (6 π , 1)
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠
y
x
−π π 3π 5π
−1
−2
4. Algebraic Solution
The amplitude is 2 and the period is 2π.
By solving the equations
π π
x − = 0 ⇒ x =
2 2
π 5π
and x − = 2π ⇒ x =
2 2
⎡π 5π ⎤
you see that the interval ⎢ , ⎥ corresponds to one cycle of the graph. Dividing this interval into four equal parts produces
⎣2 2 ⎦
the key points.
⎛π ⎞ ⎛ 3π ⎞ ⎛ 5π ⎞
⎜ , 2⎟ (π , 0) ⎜ , − 2⎟ (2π , 0) ⎜ , 2⎟
⎝2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠
Graphical Solution
⎛ π⎞
Use a graphing utility set in radian mode to graph y = 2 cos ⎜ x − ⎟ as shown.
⎝ 2⎠
Use the minimum, maximum, and zero or root features of the graphing utility to approximate the key points
(1.57, 2), (3.14, 0), ( 4.71, − 2), (6.28, 0) and (7.85, 2).
3 y = 2cos x − π
( 2(
−␲ 3␲
2
−3
1 2π 2π
5. The amplitude is and the period is = = 2.
2 b π
By solving the equations
πx + π = 0
π x = −π
x = −1
and π x + π = 2π
πx = π
x =1
you see that the interval [−1, 1] corresponds to one cycle of the graph. Dividing this into four equal parts produces the key
points.
Intercept Minimum Intercept Maximum Intercept
⎛ 1 1⎞ ⎛1 1⎞
(−1, 0) ⎜− , − ⎟ (0, 0) ⎜ , ⎟ (1, 0)
⎝ 2 2⎠ ⎝2 2⎠
y
x
−1 1
−1
6. The amplitude is 2 and the period is 2π. The key points over the interval [0, 2π ] are
⎛π ⎞ ⎛ 3π ⎞
(0, − 3), ⎜ , − 5⎟, (π , − 7), ⎜ − 5 ⎟, and ( 2π , − 3).
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠
y
x
− 2π −π π 2π
−2
−6
−8
7. Use a sine model of the form y = a sin (bt − c) + d .

The difference between the maximum value and minimum value is twice the amplitude of the function. So, the amplitude is
1
a = ⎡( maximum depth ) − ( minimum depth )⎤⎦
2⎣
1
= (11.3 − 0.1) = 5.6.
2
The sine function completes one half cycle between the times at which the maximum and minimum depths occur. So, the
period p is
p = 2 ⎡⎣( time of min. depth ) − ( time of max. depth )⎤⎦
= 2(10 − 4) = 12
2π
which implies that b = ≈ 0.524. Because high tide occurs 4 hours after midnight, consider the maximum to be
p
π
bt − c = ≈ 1.571.
2
So, (0.524)( 4) − c ≈ 1.571
c ≈ 0.525.
1
Because the average depth is (11.3 + 0.1) = 5.7, it follows that d = 5.7. So, you can model the depth with the function
2
y = a sin (bt − c ) + d
= 5.6 sin (0.524t − 0.525) + 5.7.
12
0 24
0
y = 5.6sin(0.524t − 0.525) + 5.7

1. By solving the equations 3. By solving the equations
x π x π x x
= − and = = 0 and = π
4 2 4 2 4 4
x = − 2π x = 2π x = 0 x = 4π
you can see that two consecutive vertical asymptotes you can see that two consecutive vertical asymptotes
occur at x = − 2π and x = 2π . Between these two occur at x = 0 and x = 4π . Between these two
asymptotes, plot a few points including the x-intercept. asymptotes, plot a few points, including the x-intercept.
x − 2π −π 0 π 2π x 0 π 2π 3π 4π
x
f ( x) Undef. −1 0 1 Undef. cot Undef. 1 0 −1 Undef.
4
y y
4 4
2 2
x x
− 3π π 5π − 2π π 5π
−4 −4
2. By solving the equations ⎛ π⎞

4. Begin by sketching the graph of y = 2 sin ⎜ x + ⎟. For
π π ⎝ 2⎠
2x = − and 2 x =
2 2 this function, the amplitude is 2 and the period is 2π. By
π π solving the equations
x = − x =
4 4 π π
you can see that two consecutive vertical asymptotes x + = 0 and x += 2π
2 2
π π π 3π
occur at x = − and x = . Between these two x = − x =
4 4 2 2
asymptotes, plot a few points including the x-intercept. you can see that one cycle of the sine function
π π π π π
− − corresponds to the interval from x = − to
x 0 2
4 8 8 4
3π
x = . The graph of this sine function is represented
tan 2 x Undef. −1 0 1 Undef. 2
by the gray curve. Because the sine function is zero at
y
the midpoint and endpoints of this interval, the
4
corresponding cosecant function
⎛ π⎞ y = 2csc x + π
( 2(
2 y = 2 csc ⎜ x + ⎟ y
⎝ 2⎠
x
π π ⎛ ⎞ 3
2 ⎜ ⎟ y = 2sin x + π
( 2(
1
= 2⎜ ⎟ 1
⎜ ⎛ π ⎞⎟
⎜ sin ⎜ x + ⎟
x
2 ⎠ ⎟⎠
π
⎝ ⎝ −1
has vertical asymptotes at −3

π π 3π
x = − ,x = ,x = ,
2 2 2
and so on. The graph of the
cosecant curve is represented
by the black curve.
x 6. Consider f ( x) as the product of these two functions

5. Begin by sketching the graph of y = cos as indicated
2
y = x 2 and y = sin 4 x
x
by the gray curve. Then, form the graph of y = sec as each of which has a set of real numbers as its domain.
2
the black curve. Note that the x-intercepts of For any real number x, you know that x 2 sin 4 x ≤ x 2
x
y = cos , (π , 0), (3π , 0), (5π , 0), … correspond to the which means that − x 2 ≤ x 2 sin 4 x ≤ x 2 .
2
vertical asymptotes x = π , x = 3π , x = 5π , … of the Furthermore, because
x π nπ
graph of y = sec . Moreover, notice that the period of f ( x) = x 2 sin 4 x = ± x 2 at x = ± since
2 8 4
x x 2π π
y = cos and y = sec is = 4π . sin 4 x = ±1 at 4 x = + nπ
2 2 1 2
2 and
y = sec π (( nπ
f ( x) = x 2 sin 4 x = 0 at x =
y
2 since sin 4 x = 0 at
3
4
2
4x = nπ
the graph of f touches the curve y = − x 2 or y = x 2 at
x
π nπ nπ
−1
2π 4π
x = + and has x-intercepts at x = .
( 2(
y = cos x 8 4 4
−2
y
f(x) = x 2 sin 4x
−3
y = x2 4
x
π
2
−2
−4 y = −x 2

π π ⎡ π π⎤ π
1. (a) Because sin = 1, and lies in ⎢− , ⎥ , it follows that arcsin 1 = .
2 2 ⎣ 2 2⎦ 2
(b) It is not possible to evaluate y = sin −1 x when x = − 2 because there is no angle whose sine is − 2.
Remember that the domain of the inverse sine function is [−1, 1].
2. Using a graphing utility you can graph the three functions with the following keystrokes
Function Keystroke Display
y = sin x y = SIN ( x ) y1 = sin ( x)
y = arcsin x y = 2ND SIN ( x ) y2 = sin −1 ( x)
y = x y = x y3 = x
Remember to check the mode to make sure the angle measure is set to radian mode. Although the graphing utility will
⎡ π π⎤
graph the sine function for all real values of x, restrict the viewing window to values of x to be the interval ⎢− , ⎥.
⎣ 2 2⎦
1
⎛ π π⎞
Notice that the graphs of y1 = sin x, ⎜ − , ⎟ and y2 = sin −1 x are
−␲
2
␲
2 ⎝ 2 2⎠
reflections of each other in the line y3 = x. So, g is the inverse of f.
−1
3. Because cos π = −1 and π lies in [0, π ], it follows that arccos( −1) = cos −1 ( −1) = π .
4. Function Mode Calculator Keystrokes

(a) arctan 4.84 Radian TAN −1 ( 4.84 ) ENTER
From the display, it follows that arctan 4.84 ≈ 1.3670516.
(b) arcsin ( −1.1) Radian SIN −1 ( (−) 1.1 ) ENTER
In radian mode the calculator should display an error message because the domain of the inverse sine function is [−1, 1].
(c) arccos ( − 0.349) Radian COS−1 ( ( −) 0.349 ) ENTER
From the display, it follows that arccos ( − 0.349) ≈ 1.9273001.
5. (a) Because −14 lies in the domain of the arctangent ⎛ 3⎞ 3

6. If you let u = arctan ⎜ − ⎟, then tan u = − . Because
function, the inverse property applies, and you have ⎝ 4⎠ 4
tan ⎡⎣tan −1 ( −14)⎤⎦ = −14. the range of the inverse tangent function is the first
and fourth quadrants and tan u is negative, u is a
7π fourth-quadrant angle. You can sketch and label angle u.
(b) In this case, does not lie in the range of the
4 y
π π
arcsine function, − ≤ y ≤ .
2 2 3
Angie whose tangent is − .
7π 7π π 4
However, is coterminal with − 2π = −
4 4 4 4
x
42 + ( − 3)
2
which does lie in the range of the arcsine function,
u
= 5
−3
and you have 5
⎛ 7π ⎞ −1 ⎡ ⎛ π ⎞⎤
sin −1 ⎜ sin ⎟ = sin ⎢sin ⎜ − ⎟⎥
⎝ 4 ⎠ ⎣ ⎝ 4 ⎠⎦
π ⎡ ⎛ 3 ⎞⎤ 4
= − . So, cos ⎢arctan ⎜ − ⎟⎥ = cos u = .
4 ⎣ ⎝ 4 ⎠⎦ 5
(c) Because 0.54 lies in the domain of the arccosine
7. If you let u = arctan x, then tan u = x, where x is any
function, the inverse property applies and you have
opp x
cos(arccos 0.54) = 0.54. real number. Because tan u = = you can sketch
adj 1
a right triangle with acute angle u as shown. From this
triangle, you can convert to algebraic form.
sec(arctan x) = sec u
1
x
2 +
x x2 + 1
=
u = arctan x
1
1 = x2 + 1

1. Because c = 90°, it follows that A + B = 90° and B° = 90° − 20° = 70°.
To solve for a, use the fact that
opp a
tan A = = ⇒ a = b tan A.
adj b
adj b b
So, a = 15 tan 20° ≈ 5.46. Similarly, to solve for c, use the fact that cos A = = ⇒ c =
hyp c cos A
15
So, c = ≈ 15.96.
cos 20°
2. 4.
1600 ft
A
100 ft
16 feet Not drawn to scale
Using the tangent function, you can see that

opp 100
80° tan A = = = 0.0625
adj 1600
a
From the equation sin A = , it follows that So, the angle of depression is
c
A = arctan (0.0625) radian
a = c sin A
= 16 sin 80° ≈ 0.06242 radian
≈ 15.8. ≈ 3.58°.
So, the height from the top of the ladder to the ground is 5.
about 15.8 feet. D
(1260 ((10nm( = 2nm
3.
s b 16°
C dB A
( 41 ((8nm( = 2nm
a
For triangle BCD, you have B = 90° − 16° = 74°.
43° The two sides of this triangle can be determined to be
35° b = 2 sin 74° and d = 2 cos 74°.
65 ft
For triangle ACD, you can find angle A as follows.
Note that this problem involves two right triangles. b 2 sin 74°
For the smaller right triangle, use the fact that tan A = = ≈ 0.7535541
d + 2 2 cos 74° + 2
a
tan 35° = to conclude that the height of the church
65 A = arctan A ≈ arctan 0.7535541 radian ≈ 37°
is a = 65 tan 35°. The angle with the north south line is 90° − 37° = 53°.
For the larger right triangle use the equation So, the bearing of the ship is N 53° W.
a + s Finally, from triangle ACD you have
tan 43° = to conclude that a + s = 65 tan 43°.
65
b
So, the height of the steeple is sin A = , which yields
c
s = 65 tan 43° − a b 2 sin 74°
c = = ≈ 3.2 nautical miles.
= 65 tan 43° − (65 tan 35°) sin A sin 37°
≈ 15.1 feet.
6. Because the spring is at equilibrium ( d = 0) when t = 0, use the equation d = a sin wt.
Because the maximum displacement from zero is 6 and the period is 3, you have the following.
Amplitude = a = 6
2π 2π
Period = = 3 ⇒ w =
w 3
2π
So, an equation of motion is d = 6 sin t.
3
The frequency is
2π
w 1
Frequency = = 3 = cycle per second.
2π 2π 3
The given equation has the form d = 4 cos 6π t , with a ≈ 4 and w = 6π .
(a) The maximum displacement is given by the amplitude. So, the maximum displacement is 4.
w 6π
(b) Frequency = = = 3 cycles per unit of time
2π 2π
(c) d = 4 cos ⎡⎣6π ( 4)⎤⎦ = 4 cos 24π = 4(1) = 4
(d) To find the least positive value of t, for which d = 0, solve the equation 4 cos 6π t = 0.
First divide each side by 4 to obtain cos 6π t = 0.
π 3π 5π
This equation is satisfied when 6π t = , , ,….
2 2 2
1 1 5
Divide each of these values by 6π to obtain t = , , ,….
12 4 12
1
So, the least positive value of t is t = .
12
Graphical Solution
(a) Use a graphing utility set in radian mode.
6
d = 4cos 6π t
− 0.25 1
−6
The maximum displacement is from the point of equilibrium ( d = 0) is 4.
d = 4cos 6π t
6
−0.25 0.5
−6 t ≈ 0.333
(b) The period is the time for the graph to complete one cycle, which is t ≈ 0.333. So, the frequency is about
1
≈ 3 per unit of time.
0.333
(c) d = 4cos 6π t
6
3.5 4.5
−6
The value of d when t = 4 is d = 4

(d) 6 t ≈ 0.083
− 0.25 0.5
−6
The least positive value of t for which d = 0 is t ≈ 0.083.
Chapter 2
1 1
1. Using a reciprocal identity, you have cot x = = = 3.
tan x 1
3
Using a Pythagorean identity, you have
2
⎛1⎞ 1 10
sec2 x = 1 + tan 2 x = 1 + ⎜ ⎟ = 1 + = .
3
⎝ ⎠ 9 9
Because tan x > 0 and cos x < 0, you know that the angle x lies in Quadrant III.
Moreover, because sec x is negative when x is in Quadrant III, choose the negative root and obtain
10 10
sec x = − = − .
9 3
Using a reciprocal identity, you have
1 1 3 3 10
cos x = = − = − = − .
sec x 10 3 10 10
Using a quotient identity, you have
sin x ⎛ 3 10 ⎞⎛ 1 ⎞ 10
tan x = ⇒ sin x = cos x tan x = ⎜⎜ − ⎟⎟⎜ ⎟ = − .
cos x ⎝ 10 3
⎠⎝ ⎠ 10
Using a reciprocal identity, you have
1 1 10
csc x = = − = − = − 10.
sin x 10 10 10
10
sin x = − csc x = − 10
10
3 10 10
cos x = − sec x = −
10 3
1
tan x = cot x = 3
3
2. First factor out a common monomial factor then use a fundamental identity.
cos 2 x csc x − csc x = csc x(cos 2 x − 1) Factor out a common monomial factor.
= − csc x(1 − cos 2 x) Factor out −1.

= − csc x sin x 2
⎛ 1 ⎞ 2
= −⎜ ⎟sin x Reciprocal identity
⎝ sin x ⎠
= − sin x Multiply.
3. (a) This expression has the form u 2 − v 2 , which is the difference of two squares. It factors as
1 − cos 2 θ = (1 − cos θ )(1 + cos θ ).
(b) This expression has the polynomial form ax 2 + bx + c, and it factors as

2csc 2 θ − 7csc θ + 6 = ( 2csc θ − 3)(csc θ − 2).
4. Use the identity sec2 x = 1 + tan 2 x to rewrite the expression.
sec2 x + 3tan x + 1 = (1 + tan 2 x) + 3tan x + 1 Pythagorean identity

= tan 2 x + 3tan x + 2 Combine like terms.
= ( tan x + 2)( tan x + 1) Factor.
1 ⎛ cos x ⎞
5. csc x − cos x cot x = − cos x⎜ ⎟ Quotient and reciprocal identities
sin x ⎝ sin x ⎠
1 cos 2 x
= − Multiply.
sin x sin x
1 − cos 2 x
= Add fractions.
sin x
sin 2 x
= Pythagorean identity.
sin x
= sin x Simplify.
1 1 1 − sin θ + 1 + sin θ
6. + = Add fractions.
1 + sin θ 1 − sin θ (1 + sin θ )(1 − sin θ )
2
= Combine like terms in numerator
1 − sin 2 θ
and multiply factors in denominator.
2
= Pythagorean identity
cos 2 θ
= 2sec 2 θ Reciprocal identity
cos 2 θ 1 − sin 2 θ
7. = Pythagorean identity
1 − sin θ 1 − sin θ
=
(1 + sin θ )(1 − sin θ ) Factor the numerator as the difference of squares.
1 − sin θ
= 1 + sin θ Simplify.
8. Begin by letting x = 3sin x, then you obtain the following
9 − (3sin θ )
2
9 − x2 = Substitute 3sin θ for x.
= 9 − 9sin θ 2
Rule of exponents.
= 9(1 − sin 2 θ ) Factor.
= 9cos 2 θ Pythagorean identity

π
= 3cos θ cos θ > 0 for 0 < θ =
2

1. Start with the left side because it is more complicated.
sin 2 θ + cos 2 θ 1
cos 2 θ sec 2 θ cos 2 θ sec 2 θ
1
= Reciprocal identity
⎛ 1 ⎞
cos 2 θ ⎜ ⎟
⎝ cos 2
θ⎠
=1 Simplify.
2. Algebraic Solution:
Start with the right side because it is more complicated.
1 1 1 + cos β + 1 − cos β
+ = Add fractions.
1 − cos β 1 + cos β (1 − cos β )(1 + cos β )
2
= Simplify.
1 − cos 2 β
2
sin 2 β
= 2csc 2 β Reciprocal identity
Numerical Solution:
Use a graphing utility to create a table that shows the values of
1 1
y1 = 2csc 2 x and y2 = + for different values of x.
1 − cos x 1 + cos x
The values for y1 and y2 appear to be identical, so the equation appears to be an identity.
By applying identities before multiplying, you obtain the following.
(sec2 x − 1)(sin 2 x − 1) = ( tan 2 x)(− cos2 x) Pythagorean identities
2
⎛ sin x ⎞
= ⎜ ⎟ ( − cos x)
2
Quotient identity
⎝ cos x ⎠
⎛ sin 2 x ⎞
= ⎜ ⎟( − cos x)
2
2
Property of exponents
⎝ cos x ⎠
= − sin 2 x Multiply.
Graphical Solution:
Using a graphing utility, let y1 = (sec 2 x − 1)(sin 2 x − 1) and y2 = − sin 2 x.
y1 = ( cos1 x − 1( (sin x − 1)
2
2
− 2␲ 2␲
−3
y2 = − sin 2 x
Because the graphs appear to coincide the given equation, (sec 2 x − 1)(sin 2 x − 1) = − sin 2 x appears to be an identity.
4. Convert the left into sines and cosines.

1
csc x − sin x = − sin x
sin x
1 − sin 2 x
= Add fractions.
sin x
cos 2 x
sin x
⎛ cos x ⎞⎛ cos x ⎞
= ⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟ Product of fractions
⎝ 1 ⎠⎝ sin x ⎠
= cos x cot x Quotient identity
Begin with the right side and create a monomial denominator by multiplying the numerator and denominator by 1 + cos x.
sin x sin x ⎛ 1 + cos x ⎞

= ⎜ ⎟ Multiply numerator and denomintor by 1 + cos x.
1 − cos x 1 − cos x ⎝ 1 + cos x ⎠
sin x + sin x cos x
= Multiply.
1 − cos 2 x
sin x + sin x cos x
sin 2 x
sin x sin x cos x
= + Write as separate functions.
sin 2 x sin 2 x
1 cos x
= + Simplify.
sin x sin x
= csc x + cot x Identities
Graphical Solution:
sin x
Using a graphing utility, let y1 = csc x + cot x and y2 = .
1 − cos x
y1 = csc x + cot x
4
−2 2
−4
sin x
y2 =
1 − cos x
Because the graphs appear to coincide, the given equation appear to be an identity.
Working with the left side, you have the following.
tan 2 θ sec 2 θ − 1
1 + sec θ sec θ + 1
=
(sec θ + 1)(sec θ − 1)
Factor.
sec θ + 1
= sec θ − 1 Simplify.
Now, working with the right side, you have the following.
1 − cos θ 1 cos θ
= − Write as separate fractions.
cos θ cos θ cos θ
= sec θ − 1 Identity and simplify.
This verifies the identity because both sides are equal to sec θ − 1.
Numerical Solution:
Use a graphing utility to create a table that shows the values of
tan 2 x 1 − cos x
y1 = and y2 = for different values of x.
1 + sec x cos x
The values of y1 and y2 appear to be identical, so the equation appears to be an identity.
7. (a) tan x sec 2 x − tan x = tan x(sec 2 x − 1) Factor.

= tan x tan x 2
= tan x 3
Multiply.
(b) (cos4 x − cos6 x) sin x = cos 4 x(1 − cos 2 x)sin x Factor.
= cos 4 x (sin 2 x)sin x Pythagorean identity

= sin x cos x
3 4
Multiply.

1. Begin by isolating sin x on one side of the equation.
sin x − 2 = − sin x Write original equation.
sin x + sin x − 2 = 0 Add sin x to each side.
sin x + sin x = 2 Add 2 to each side.
2sin x = 2 Combine like terms.
2
sin x = Divide each side by 2.
2
π 3π
Because sin x has a period of 2π , first find all solutions in the interval [0, 2π ). These solutions are x = and x = .
4 4
Finally, add multiples of 2π to each of these solutions to obtain the general form
π 3π
x = + 2nπ and x = + 2nπ where n is an integer.
4 4
2. Begin by isolating sin x on one side of the equation.

4sin 2 x − 3 = 0 Write original equation.
4sin 2 x = 3 Add 3 to each side.
3
sin 2 x = Divide each side by 4.
4
3
sin x = ± Extract square roots.
4
3
sin x = ± Simplify.
2
π 2π
Because sin x has a period of 2π , first find all solutions in the interval [0, 2π ). These solutions are x = ,x = ,
3 3
4π 5π
x = , and x = .
3 3
Finally, add multiples of 2π to each of these solutions to obtain the general form.
π 2π 4π 5π
x = + 2nπ , x = + 2nπ , x = + 2nπ , and x = + 2nπ where n is an integer.
3 3 3 3
3. Begin by collecting all terms on one side of the equation and factoring.
sin 2 x = 2sin x Write original equation.
sin x − 2sin x = 0
2
Subtract 2sin x from each side.
sin x(sin x − 2) = 0 Factor.
By setting each of these factors equal to zero, you obtain
sin x = 0 and sin x − 2 = 0
sin x = 2.
In the interval [0, 2π ), the equation sin x = 0 has solutions x = 0 and x = π . Because sin x has a period of 2π ,
you would obtain the general forms x = 0 + 2nπ and x = π + 2nπ where n is an integer by adding multiples of 2π .
No solution exists for sin x = 2 because 2 is outside the range of the sine function, [−1, 1]. Confirm this graphically by
graphing y = sin 2 x − 2sin x.
y
y = sin 2 x − 2sin x
4
Notice that the x-intercepts occur at − 2π , − π , 0, π , 2π and so on.
3
These x-intercepts correspond to the solutions of sin 2 x − 2sin x = 0.
x
−π 3π
2 2
−2
4. Algebraic Solution: Graphical Solution:

Treat the equation as a quadratic in sin x and factor. The x-intercepts are x ≈ 0.524, x = 2.618, and x = 1.571.
2sin x − 3sin x + 1 = 0
2
Write original equation. 6
(2sin x − 1)(sin x − 1) = 0 Factor.

Setting each factor equal to zero, you obtain the
following solutions in the interval [0, 2π ). − 3
− 0.5
2sin x − 1 = 0 and sin x − 1 = 0

From the graph, you can conclude that the approximate
1
sin x = sin x = 1 solutions of 2sin 2 x − 3sin x + 1 = 0 in the interval
2
π 5π
x =
π 5π
, x =
π [0, 2π ) are x ≈ 0.524 = , x ≈ 2.618 = , and
6 6
6 6 2
π
x ≈ 1.571 = .
2
5. This equation contains both tangent and secant functions. You can rewrite the equation so that it has only tangent functions by
using the identity sec 2 x = tan 2 x + 1.
3sec2 x − 2 tan 2 x − 4 = 0 Write original equation.

3( tan x + 1) − 2 tan x − 4 = 0
2 2
3tan 2 x + 3 − 2 tan 2 x − 4 = 0 Distributive property
tan x − 1 = 0
2
Simplify.
tan 2 x = 1 Add 1 to each side.
tan x = ± 1 Extract square roots.
π 3π
Because tan x has a period of π , you can find the solutions in the interval [0, π ) to be x = and x = .
4 4
π 3π
The general solution is x = + nπ and x = + nπ where n is an integer.
4 4
6. Solution It is not clear how to rewrite this equation in terms of a single trigonometric function. Notice what happens when
you square each side of the equation.
sin x + 1 = cos x Write original equation.
sin x + 2sin x + 1 = cos x
2 2
Square each side.
sin x + 2sin x + 1 = 1 − sin x
2 2
sin x + sin x + 2sin x + 1 − 1 = 0
2 2
Rewrite equation.
2sin x + 2sin x = 0
2
Combine like terms.
2sin x(sin x + 1) = 0 Factor.
Setting each factor equal to zero produces the following.
2sin x = 0 and sin x + 1 = 0
sin x = 0 sin x = −1
3π
x = 0, π x =
2
Because you squared the original equation, check for extraneous solutions.
?
check x = 0 sin 0 + 1 = cos 0 Substitute 0 for x.
0+1=1 Solution checks. 9
?
check x = π sin π + 1 = cos π Substitute π for x.
0 + 1 ≠ −1 Solution does not check.
3π 3π ? 3π 3π
check x = sin + 1 = cos Substitute for x.
2 2 2 2
−1 + 1 = 0 Solution checks. 9
3π
of the three possible solutions, x = π is extraneous. So, in the interval [0, 2π ), the two solutions are x = 0 and x = .
2
7. 2sin 2t − 3 = 0 Write original equation. x

8. 2 tan − 2 = 0 Write original equation.
2
2sin 2t = 3 Add 3 to each side.
x
3 2 tan = 2 Add 2 to each side.
sin 2t = Divide each side by 2. 2
2 x
tan = 1 Divide each side by 2.
In the interval [0, 2π ), you know that 2
π 2π x π
2t = and 2t = are the only solutions. In the interval [0, π ), you know that = is the only
3 3 2 4
So, in general you have solution. So, in general, you have
π 2π x π
2t = + 2nπ and 2t = + 2nπ . = + nπ .
3 3 2 4
Dividing these results by 2, you obtain the general Multiplying this result by 2, you obtain the general
solution solution
π π π
t = + nπ and t = + nπ . x = + 2nπ
6 3 2
Where n is an integer.
9. 4 tan 2 x + 5 tan x − 6 = 0 Write original equation.

(4 tan x − 3)( tan x + 2) = 0 Factor.
4 tan x − 3 = 0 and tan x + 2 = 0 Set each factor equal to zero.
3
tan x = tan x = − 2
4
⎛ 3⎞
x = arctan⎜ ⎟ x = arctan ( − 2) Use inverse tangent function to solve for x.
⎝ 4⎠
⎛ π π⎞ ⎛ π π⎞
These two solutions are in the interval ⎜ − , ⎟. Recall that the range of the inverse tangent function is ⎜ − , ⎟.
⎝ 2 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 2⎠
Finally, because tan x has a period of π, you add multiples of π to obtain
⎛ 3⎞
x = arctan ⎜ ⎟ + nπ and x = arctan ( − 2) + nπ
⎝ 4⎠
where n is an integer.
⎛ 3⎞
You can use a calculator to approximate the values of x = arctan ⎜ ⎟ ≈ 0.6435 and x = arctan ( − 2) ≈ −1.1071.
⎝ 4⎠
10. Graph the function S = 10.8 + 0.84375⎡

⎣ ( 3 − cos θ ) sin θ ⎤ using a graphing utility.
⎦
y = 10.8 + 0.84375 ( 3 − cos x

sin x (
14
(49.9, 12.000042978)
0 150
11
Use the trace feature to find the values of θ when y = 12. So, when θ ≈ 49.9° and θ ≈ 59.9°, the surface area is
12 square inches. The exact values are θ ≈ arccos(0.644228) ≈ 49.9° and θ ≈ arccos(0.50180) ≈ 59.9°.

π 12
1. To find the exact value of cos , use the fact that 3. Because sin u = and u is in Quadrant I,
12 13
π π π 5
= − . cos u = as shown.
12 3 4 13
The formula for cos (u − v) yields the following. y
π ⎛π π⎞
cos = cos ⎜ − ⎟
12 ⎝ 3 4⎠ 13
12
π π π π
= cos cos + sin sin u
3 4 3 4 5
x
⎛ 1 ⎞⎛ 2 ⎞ ⎛ 3 ⎞⎛ 2 ⎞
= ⎜ ⎟⎜⎜ ⎟ +⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ 2 ⎠⎝ 2 ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ 2 ⎟⎜
⎠⎝ 2 ⎠
3
2 6 Because cos v = − and v is in Quadrant II,
= + 5
4 4
4
2 + 6 sin v = as shown.
= 5
4 y
2. Using the fact that 75° = 30° + 45°, together with the
formula for sin (u + v), you obtain the following. 5
4
sin 75° = sin (30° + 45°)
v
x
−3
= sin 30° cos 45° + cos 30° sin 45°
⎛ 1 ⎞⎛ 2 ⎞ ⎛ 3 ⎞⎛ 2 ⎞
= ⎜ ⎟⎜⎜ ⎟ +⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ 2 ⎠⎝ 2 ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ 2 ⎟⎜
⎠⎝ 2 ⎠
2 6 You can find cos (u + v) as follows.
= +
4 4 cos (u + v) = cos u cos v − sin u sin v
2 + 6 ⎛ 5 ⎞⎛ 3 ⎞ ⎛ 12 ⎞⎛ 4 ⎞
= = ⎜ ⎟⎜ − ⎟ − ⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟
4 ⎝ 13 ⎠⎝ 5 ⎠ ⎝ 13 ⎠⎝ 5 ⎠
63
= −
65
4. This expression fits the formula for sin (u + v). The figures show the angles u = arctan 1 and v = arccos x.
2 1 1 − x2
1
u v
1 x
sin (u + v) = sin u cos v + cos u sin v

= sin (arctan 1) cos (arccos x) + cos (arctan 1) sin (arccos x)
⎛ 1 ⎞
= ⎜
⎝ 2⎠
⎛ 1 ⎞
⎟( x ) + ⎜
⎝ 2⎠
⎟ ( 1 − x2 )
x 1 − x2
= +
2 2
x + 1 − x2
=
2
5. Using the formula for sin (u − v), you have 6. (a) Using the formula for sin (u − v), you have
⎛ π⎞ π π ⎛ π ⎞ π π
sin ⎜ x − ⎟ = sin x cos − cos x sin sin ⎜ 3 − θ ⎟ = sin 3 cos θ − cos 3 sinθ
⎝ 2 ⎠ 2 2 ⎝ 2 ⎠ 2 2
= (sin x)(0) − (cos x)(1) = ( −1)(cos θ ) − (0)(sin θ )
= − cos x. = − cos θ .
(b) Using the formula for tan (u − v), you have
π
tan θ − tan
⎛ π⎞ 4
tan ⎜θ − ⎟ =
⎝ 4 ⎠ 1 + tan θ tan π
4
tan θ − 1
=
1 + ( tan θ )(1)
tan θ − 1
= .
1 + tan θ
Using sum and difference formulas, rewrite the equation.
⎛ π⎞ ⎛ 3π ⎞
sin ⎜ x + ⎟ + sin ⎜ x − ⎟ =1
⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠
π π 3π 3π
sin x cos + cos x sin + sin x cos − cos x sin =1
2 2 2 2
(sin x)(0) + (cos x)(1) + (sin x)(0) − (cos x)(1) = 1
cos x + cos x = 1
2cos x = 1
1
cos x =
2
π 5π
So, the only solutions in the interval [0, 2π ) are x = and x = .
3 3
Graphical Solution
y = sin x + π + sin x − 3π − 1
( ) ( )
2 2
2
0 2␲
−4
The x-intercepts are x ≈ 1.047198 and x ≈ 5.235988.

From the above figure, you can conclude that the approximate solutions in the interval [0, 2π ) are
π 5π
x ≈ 1.047198 = and x ≈ 5.235988 = .
3 3
8. Using the formula for cos ( x + h), you have the following.
cos ( x + h) − cos x cos x cos h − sin x sin h − cos x

=
h h
cos x cos h − cos x − sin x sin h
=
h
cos x (cos h − 1) − sin x sin h
=
h
⎛ cos h − 1 ⎞ ⎛ sin h ⎞
= cos x ⎜ ⎟ − sin x ⎜ ⎟
⎝ h ⎠ ⎝ h ⎠

1. Begin by rewriting the equation so that it involves functions of x (rather than 2x). Then factor and solve.
cos 2 x + cos x = 0 Write original equation.
2cos 2 x − 1 + cos x = 0 Double-angle formula
2cos x + cos x − 1 = 0
2
Rearrange terms
(2cos x − 1)(cos x + 1) = 0 Factor.
2cos x − 1 = 0 cos x + 1 = 0 Set factors equal to zero.
1
cos x = cos x = −1 Solve by cos x.
2
π 5π
x = , x = π Solutions in [0, 2π ).
3 3
π 5π
So, the general solution is x = + 2nπ , x = + 2nπ , and x = π + 2nπ where n is an integer.
3 3
π 3
2. Begin by drawing the angle θ, 0 < θ < given sin θ = .
2 5
y
4
(4, 3)
3
2 5
1
θ
x
−1 1 2 3 4 5
−1
y 3
From the sketch, you know that sin θ = = .
r 5
3 4 3
Because x = 4, you know sin θ = , cos θ = , and tan θ = .
5 5 4
Using the double angle formulas, you have the following.
⎛ 3 ⎞⎛ 4 ⎞ 24
sin 2 θ = 2sin θ cos θ = 2⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟ =
⎝ 5 ⎠⎝ 5 ⎠ 25
2 2
⎛ 4⎞ ⎛ 3⎞ 7
cos 2 θ = cos 2 θ − sin 2 θ = ⎜ ⎟ − ⎜ ⎟ =
⎝ ⎠
5 ⎝ ⎠
5 25
tan 2 θ =
2 tan θ
=
2 ( 34 ) =
3
2 =
24
1 − tan θ
( 34 )
2 2 7 7
1− 16
3. cos3 x = cos ( 2 x + x) Rewrite 3x as sum of 2x and x.

= cos 2 x cos x − sin 2 x sin x Sum formula
= ( 2cos x − 1)(cos x) − ( 2sin x cos x)(sin x)
2
Double-angle formulas
= 2cos3 x − cos x − 2sin 2 x cos x Distribute property and simplify.
= 2cos x − cos x − 2(1 − cos x)(cos x)
3 2
= 2cos x − cos x − 2cos x + 2cos x
3 3
Distribute property
= 4cos x − 3cos x
3
Simplify.
4. You can make repeated use of power-reducing formulas.
tan 4 x = ( tan 2 x)
2
Property of exponets.
2
⎛ 1 − cos 2 x ⎞
= ⎜ ⎟ Power-reducing formula
⎝ 1 + cos 2 x ⎠
1 − 2 cos 2 x + cos 2 2 x
= Expand.
1 + 2 cos 2 x + cos 2 2 x
⎛ 1 + cos 4x ⎞
1 − 2 cos 2 x + ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 2 ⎠
= Power-reducing formula
⎛ 1 + cos 4x ⎞
1 + 2 cos 2 x + ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 2 ⎠
2 − 4 cos 2 x + 1 + cos 4 x
= 2 Simplify.
2 + 4 cos 2 x + 1 + cos 4 x
2
3 − 4 cos 2 x + cos 4 x
= Collect like terms, invert, and multiply.
3 + 4 cos 2 x + cos 4 x
You can use a graphing utility to check this result. Notice that the graphs coincide.
4 y = tan 4 x
−2 2
−2
y = 3 − 4cos 2x + cos 4x
3 + 4cos 2x + cos 4x
⎛u⎞
5. Begin by noting 105° is one half of 210°. Then using the half-angle formula for cos ⎜ ⎟ and the fact that 105° lies in
⎝2⎠
Quadrant II, you have the following.
⎛ 3⎞
1 + ⎜⎜ − ⎟⎟ 2− 3
cos 105° = −
1 + cos 210°
= − ⎝ 2 ⎠ = − 2 = −
2− 3
= −
2− 3
2 2 2 4 2
The negative square root is chosen because cos θ is negative in Quadrant II.
x
cos 2 x = sin 2 Write original equation.
2
2
⎛ 1 − cos x⎞
cos x = ⎜⎜ ±
2
⎟⎟ Half-angle formula
⎝ 2 ⎠
1 − cos x
cos 2 x = Simplify.
2
2cos 2 x = 1 − cos x Multiply each side by 2.
2cos x + cos x − 1 = 0
2
Simplify.
(2cos x − 1)(cos x + 1) = 0 Factor.
2cos x − 1 = 0 cos x + 1 = 0 Set each factor equal to zero.
1
cos x = cos x = −1 Solve each equation for cos x.
2
π 5π
x = , x = π Solutions in [0, 2π ).
3 3
π 5π
The solutions in the interval [0, 2π ) are x = , x = π , and x = .
3 3
Graphical Solution
x
Use a graphing utility to graph y = cos 2 x − sin 2 in the interval [0, 2π ). Determine the approximate value of the
2
x-intercepts.
2
y = cos 2 x − sin 2 x (2 )
The x-intercepts are x ≈ 1.04720, x ≈ 3.14159, and x ≈ 5.23599.
0 2␲
−1
2x
From the graph, you can conclude that the approximate solutions of cos 2 x = sin in the interval [0, 2π ) are
2
π 5π
x ≈ 1.04720 = , x ≈ 3.14159 = π , and x ≈ 5.23599 = .
3 3
7. Using the appropriate product-to-sum formula

1
sin u cos v = ⎡sin (u + v) + sin (u − v)⎤⎦ , you obtain the following.
2⎣
1
sin 5 x cos 3x = ⎡sin (5 x + 3x) + sin (5 x − 3x)⎤⎦
2⎣
1
= (sin 8 x + sin 2 x)
2
1 1
= sin 8 x + sin 2 x
2 2
8. Using the appropriate sum-to-product formula,

⎛u + v⎞ ⎛u − v⎞
sin u + sin v = 2sin ⎜ ⎟ cos ⎜ ⎟, you obtain the following.
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠
⎛ 195° + 105° ⎞ ⎛ 195° − 105° ⎞
sin195° + sin105° = 2sin ⎜ ⎟ cos ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠
= 2sin150° cos 45°
⎛ 1 ⎞⎛ 2 ⎞
= 2⎜ ⎟⎜⎜ ⎟
⎝ 2 ⎠⎝ 2 ⎟⎠
2
=
2
9. sin 4 x − sin 2 x = 0 Write orignal equation.

⎛ 4x + 2x ⎞ ⎛ 4x − 2x ⎞
2cos ⎜ ⎟ sin ⎜ ⎟ = 0 Sum-to-product formula
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠
2cos3 x sin x = 0 Simplify.
cos3 x sin x = 0 Divide each side by 2.
cos3 x = 0 sin x = 0 Set each factor equal to zero.
π 3π
The solutions in the interval [0, 2π ) are 3 x = , and x = 0, π .
2 2
π 3π
The general solutions for the equation cos3 x = 0 are 3x = + 2nπ and 3 x = + 2nπ .
2 2
π 2nπ π 2nπ
So, by solving these equations for x, you have x = + and x = + .
6 3 2 3
The general solution for the equation sin x = 0 is x = 0 + 2nπ and x = π + 2nπ .
These can be combined as x = nπ .
So, the general solutions to the equation, sin 4 x − sin 2 x = 0 are
π 2nπ π 2nπ
x = + ,x = + , and x = nπ where n is an integer.
6 3 2 3
To verify these solutions you can graph y = sin 4 x − sin 2 x and approximate the x-intercepts.
y = sin 4 x − sin 2 x
3
− 2␲ 2␲
−2
π π 5π 7π
The x-intercepts occur at 0, , , , π, ,…
6 2 6 6
10. Given that a football player can kick a football from ground level with an initial velocity of 80 feet per second,
you have the following
r = 1v 2
32 0
sin 2θ Write projectile motion model.
(80)
2 210
r = 1
32
sin 2θ Substitute 80 for v0 .
r = 200 sin 2θ Simplify.
Use a graphing utility to graph the model, r = 200 sin 2 θ .
0 90
The maximum point on the graph over the interval (0°, 90°) occurs at θ = 45°. 0
So, the player must kick the football at an angle of 45° to yield the maximum horizontal distance of 200 feet.
Chapter 3
1. The third angle of the triangle is 4. Begin by making a sketch as shown.
C = 180° − A − B = 180° − 30° − 45° = 105°.
a=4
By the Law of Sines, you have
a b c
= = . b = 14
h
sin A sin B sin C
Using a = 32 produces
60°
a 32 A
b = (sin B) = (sin 45°) ≈ 45.3 units
sin A sin 30° It appears that no triangle is formed.
and You can verify this using the Law of Sines.
a 32 sin B sin A
c = (sin C ) = (sin 105°) ≈ 61.8 units. =
sin A sin 30° b a
⎛ sin A ⎞
2. From the figure, note that A = 22°50′ and C = 96°. sin B = b⎜ ⎟
⎝ a ⎠
So, the third angle is
⎛ sin 60° ⎞
B = 180° − A − C = 180° − 22°50′ − 96° = 61°10′. sin B = 14⎜ ⎟ ≈ 3.0311 > 1
⎝ 4 ⎠
By the Law of Sines, you have
This contradicts the fact that sin B ≤ 1.
h b
= So, no triangle can be formed having sides
sin A sin B
a = 4 and b = 14 and angle A = 60°.
b 30
h = (sin A) = (sin 22°50′)
sin B sin 61°10′ 5. By the Law of Sines, you have
≈ 13.29. sin B sin A
=
So, the height of the tree h is approximately 13.29 meters. b a
⎛ sin A ⎞ ⎛ sin 58° ⎞
3. Sketch and label the triangle as shown. sin B = b⎜ ⎟ = 5⎜ ⎟ ≈ 0.9423.
B ⎝ a ⎠ ⎝ 4.5 ⎠
c There are two angles
12 B1 ≈ 70.4° and B2 ≈ 180° − 70.4° = 109.6° between
31°
A
5 C
0° and 180° whose sine is approximately 0.9423.
By the Law of Sines, you have For B1 ≈ 70.4°, you obtain the following.
sin B sin A C = 180° − A − B1 = 180° − 58° − 70.4° = 51.6°
= Reciprocal form
b a a 4.5
c = (sin C ) = (sin 51.6°) ≈ 4.16 feet
⎛ sin A ⎞ sin A sin 58°
sin B = b⎜ ⎟ Multiply each side by b.
⎝ a ⎠ For B2 = 109.6°, you obtain the following.
⎛ sin 31° ⎞ C = 180° − A − B2 = 180° − 58° − 109.6° = 12.4°
sin B = 5⎜ ⎟ Substitute for A, a, and b.
⎝ 12 ⎠
a 4.5
B ≈ 12.39° c = (sin C ) = (sin 12.4°) ≈ 1.14 feet
sin A sin 58°
Now, you can determine that
The resulting triangles are shown.
C = 180° − A − B ≈ 180° − 31° − 12.39° ≈ 136.61°.
C C
Then, the remaining side is
c a
= b = 5 ft a = 4.5 ft b = 5 ft a = 4.5 ft
sin C sin A 58° 70.4° 58° 109.6°
a 12 A B1
(sin C ) ≈ (sin 136.61°)
A B2
c =
sin A sin 31°
≈ 16.01 units.
6. Consider a = 24 inches, b = 18 inches, and angle C = 80° as shown. Then, the area of the triangle is
1 1
A = ab sin C = ( 24)(18) sin 80° ≈ 212.7 square inches.
2 2
b = 18 in.
80°
C a = 24 in.
7. Because lines AC and BD are parallel, it follows that ∠ ACB ≅ ∠ CBD.

So, triangle ABC has the following measures as shown.
The measure of angle B is 180° − A − C = 180° − 28° − 58° = 94°.
C
58°
94° B
800 m
28°
a b c
Using the Law of Sines, = = .
sin 28° sin 94° sin 58°
800 800
Because b = 800, C = (sin 58°) ≈ 680.1 meters and a = (sin 28°) ≈ 376.5 meters
sin 94° sin 94°
The total distance that you swim is approximately
Distance = 680.1 + 376.5 + 800 = 1856.6 meters.

1. B
c = 12
a=6
C A
b=8
First, find the angle opposite the longest side – side c in this case. Using the alternative form of the Law of Cosines,
you find that
a 2 + b2 − c2 62 + 82 − 122
cos C = = ≈ − 0.4583.
2ab 2(6)(8)
Because cos C is negative, C is an obtuse angle given by
C ≈ cos −1 ( − 0.4583) ≈ 117.28°.
At this point, it is simpler to use the Law of Sines to determine angle B.
⎛ sin C ⎞
sin B = b⎜ ⎟
⎝ c ⎠
⎛ sin 117.28° ⎞
sin B = 8 ⎜ ⎟ ≈ 0.5925
⎝ 12 ⎠
Because C is obtuse and a triangle can have at most one obtuse angle, you know that B must be acute.
So, B ≈ sin −1 (0.5925) ≈ 36.34°
So, A = 180° − B − C ≈ 180° − 36.34° − 117.28° ≈ 26.38°.
2. C
b = 16
80°
A c = 12 B
Use the Law of Cosines to find the unknown side a in the figure.
a 2 = b 2 + c 2 − 2bc cos A
a 2 = 162 + 122 − 2(16)(12) cos 80°
a 2 ≈ 333.3191
a ≈ 18.2570
Use the Law of Sines to find angle B.
sin B sin A
=
b a
⎛ sin A ⎞
sin B = b⎜ ⎟
⎝ a ⎠
⎛ sin 80° ⎞
sin B = 16⎜ ⎟
⎝ 18.2570 ⎠
sin B ≈ 0.8631
There are two angles between 0° and 180° whose sine is 0.8631. The two angles are B1 ≈ 59.67° and
B2 ≈ 180° − 59.67° ≈ 120.33°.
Because side a is the longest side of the triangle, angle A must be the largest angle, therefore B must be less than 80°.
So, B ≈ 59.67°.
Therefore, C = 180° − A − B ≈ 180° − 80° − 59.67° ≈ 40.33°.
3.
C In triangle HCT, H = 45° (line HC bisects the right angle at H),
t = 240, and c = 60.
Using the Law of Cosines for this SAS case, you have
h 2 = c 2 + t 2 − 2 ct cos H
h 2 = 602 + 2402 − 2 (60)( 240) cos 45°
h 2 ≈ 40835.3
h ≈ 202.1
h So, the center fielder is approximately 202.1 feet from the third base.
t = 240 ft
60 ft 60 ft
60 ft 45° p = 60 ft
c
4. You have a = 30, b = 56, and c = 40. a + b + c 5+ 9+8 22

5. Because s = = = = 11,
So, using the alternative form of the Law of Cosines, you 2 2 2
have Heron’s Area Formula yields
a +c −b 30 + 40 − 56 s( s − a )( s − b)( s − c)
2 2 2 2 2 2
cos B = = = − 0.265. Area =
2 ac 2 (30)( 40)
= 11(11 − 5)(11 − 9)(11 − 8)
So, B = cos −1 ( − 0.265) ≈ 105.37°, and thus the bearing
= (11)(6)(2)(3)
from due north from point B to point C is
105.37° − 90° = 15.37°, or N 15.37° E. = 396
≈ 19.90 square units.

1. From the Distance Formula, it follows that PQ and RS have the same magnitude.
(3 − 0) + (1 − 0)
2 2
PQ = = 10
(5 − 2) + (3 − 2)
2 2
RS = = 10
Moreover, both line segments have the same direction because they are both directed toward the upper right on lines
having a slope of
1−0 3− 2 1
= = .
3−0 5− 2 3
Because, PQ and RS have the same magnitude and direction, u and v are equivalent.
Let P( − 2, 3) = ( p1 , p2 ) and Q( − 7, 9) = ( q1 , q2 ).
Then, the components of v = (v1 , v2 ) are
v1 = q1 − p1 = − 7 − ( − 2) = − 5
v2 = q2 − p2 = 9 − 3 = 6.
So, v = − 5, 6 and the magnitude of v is v = (− 5)2 + ( 6)

2
= 61
Graphical Solution
Use centimeter graph paper to plot the points P( − 2, 3) and Q( − 7, 9). Carefully sketch the vector v.
Use the sketch to find the components of v = (v1 , v2 ). Then use a centimeter ruler to find the magnitude of v.
The figure shows that the components of v are v1 = − 5 and v2 = 6, so v = − 5, 6 . The figure also shows
that the magnitude of v is v = 61.
y
Q(-7, 9)
8
7
||v|| = √
6
61
5
4
v2 = 6 v
3
2
1
cm
P(-2, 3)
v1 = -5
x
3. (a) The sum of u and v is 4. The unit vector in the direction of v is

u + v = 1, 4 + 3, 2 v 6, −1
=
= 1 + 3, 4 + 2 v (6)2 + ( −1)
2
= 4, 6 . 1
= 6, −1
y 37
6 1
8 = ,− .
37 37
6 (4, 6)
(1, 4)
v This vector has a magnitude of 1 because
4
2 2
⎛ 6 ⎞ ⎛ 1 ⎞ 36 1 37
⎟ + ⎜− = + = = 1.
u u+v
2 ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 37 ⎠ ⎝ 37 ⎠ 37 37 37
x
(0, 0) 2 4 6 8
⎛ 1 ⎞
5. w = 6⎜ v ⎟
(b) The difference of u and v is ⎝ v ⎠
u + v = 1, 4 − 3, 2 ⎛ 1 ⎞
= 6⎜ 2, − 4 ⎟
= 1 − 3, 4 − 2 ⎜ 2 2 + ( − 4) 2 ⎟
⎝ ⎠
= − 2, 2 . 3
= 2, − 4
y
5
6 12
8 = ,−
5 5
6
6. Begin by writing the component form of vector u.
4 (1, 4)
−v
u = − 8 − ( − 2), 3 − 6 y
(− 2, 2) 2 u 12
u−v (0, 0) = − 6, − 3 10
x
−4 −2 2 4 = − 6i − 3 j (− 2, 6)
8
6
u = − 6i − 3j
The result is shown
4
(c) The difference of 2u and 3v is graphically. (− 8, 3)
2
2u − 3v = 2 1, 4 − 3 3, 2 x
− 12 − 10 − 8 − 6 − 4 − 2 2
−2
= 2, 8 − 9, 6
= 2 − 9, 8 − 6
7. Perform the operations in unit vector form.
= − 7, 2 . 5u − 2 v = 5(i − 2 j) − 2(− 3i + 2 j)
y
= 5i − 10 j + 6i − 4 j
10
8 (2, 8)
= 11i − 14 j
− 3v
4
2u
(− 7, 2) 2
(0, 0)
x
− 10 − 8 − 6 − 4 − 2 2 4 6
2u − 3v −4
−6
−8
8. (a) The direction angle is determined from 9. The velocity vector v has a magnitude of 100 and a
b 6 direction angle of θ = 225°.
tan θ = = = −1.
a −6 v = v (cos θ )i + v (sin θ ) j
Because v = − 6i + 6 j lies in Quadrant II, θ lies in = 100(cos 225°)i + 100(sin 225°) j
Quadrant II and its reference angle is ⎛ 2⎞ ⎛ 2⎞
π = 100⎜⎜ − ⎟⎟i + 100⎜⎜ − ⎟⎟ j
θ ′ = arctan ( −1) = − = 45°. ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠
4
= − 50 2i − 50 2 j
So, it follows that the direction angle is
θ = 180° − 45° = 135°. ≈ − 70.71i − 70.71j
y ≈ − 70.71, − 70.71
8 You can check that v has a magnitude of 100, as follows.

(− 6, 6)
(− 50 2 ) ( )
6 2 2
v = + − 50 2
4
u
θ = 135° = 5000 + 5000
θ ′ = 45°
x = 10,000 = 100
−8 −6 −4 −2 2
−2
10.
(b) The direction angle is determined from
b −4 4
tan θ = = = .
a −7 7 B
W
Because v = − 7i − 4 j lies in Quadrant III, θ lies 12° D
12°
C
in Quadrant III and its reference angle is A
⎛ 4⎞
θ ′ = arctan ⎜ ⎟ ≈ 0.51915 radian ≈ 29.74°. Solution
⎝7⎠
Based in the figure, you can make the following
So, it follows that the direction angle is observations.
θ = 180° + 29.74° = 209.74°.
BA = force of gravity
y
θ = 209.74°
= combined weight of boat and trailer
x
−7 −6 −5 −4 −3 1 BC = force against ramp
−1
θ ′ = 29.74°
−2
v AC = force required to move boat up ramp
−3
(− 7, − 4)
−4 = 500 pounds
−5
−6 By construction, triangles BWD and ABC are similar. So,
−7 angle ABC is 12°. In triangle ABC, you have
AC
sin 12° =
BA
500
sin 12° =
BA
500
BA =
sin 12°
BA ≈ 2405.
So, the combined weight is approximately 2405 pounds.

(In the figure, note that AC is parallel to the ramp).
11. (a) y (b) y
v1 v2 v
150° θ
v1
nd
x
Wi
x
Solution
Using the figure, the velocity of the airplane (alone) is v1 = 450 cos 150°, sin 150° = − 225 3, 225
and the velocity of the wind is v 2 = 40 cos 60°, sin 60° = 20, 20 3 .
So, the velocity of the airplane (in the wind) is v = v1 + v 2 = − 225 3 + 20, 225 + 20 3 ≈ − 369.7, 259.6
and the resultant speed of the airplane is v ≈ (− 369.7)2 + ( 259.6)

2
≈ 451.8 miles per hour.
259.6
Finally, given that θ is the direction angle of the flight path, you have tan θ ≈ ≈ 0.7022
− 369.7
which implies that θ ≈ 180° − 35.1° = 144.9°.
So, the true direction of the airplane is approximately 270° + (180° − 144.9°) = 305.1°.

1. u ⋅ v = 3, 4 ⋅ 2, − 3
= 3( 2) + 4( − 3)
= 6 − 12
= −6
2. (a) Begin by finding the dot product of u and v. (c) Begin by finding the dot product of v and v.
u ⋅ v = 3, 4 ⋅ − 2, 6 v ⋅ v = − 2, 6 ⋅ − 2, 6
= 3( − 2) + 4(6) = − 2( − 2) + 6(6)
= − 6 + 24 = 4 + 36
= +18 = 40
(u ⋅ v ) v = 18 − 2, 6 Because v
2
= v ⋅ v = 40, it follows that
= − 36, 108 v = v⋅v
(b) Begin by finding u + v. = 40
u + v = 3, 4 + − 2, 6 = 2 10.
= 3 + ( − 2), 4 + 6
= 1, 10
u ⋅ (u + v ) = 3, 4 ⋅ 1, 10
= 3(1) + 4(10)
= 3 + 40
= 43
u⋅v 2, 1 ⋅ 1, 3 6. Solution
3. cos θ = =
u v 2, 1 1, 3 Because the force due to gravity is vertical and
downward, you can represent the gravitational force by
2(1) + 1(3)
= the vector
22 + 12 12 + 32
F = −150 j. Force due to gravity
5
= To find the force required to keep the cart from rolling
5 10
down the ramp, project F onto a unit vector v in the
5 direction of the ramp, as follows.
=
50
v = (cos 15°)i + (sin 15°) j
5
= = 0.966 i + 0.259 j Unit vector along ramp
5 2
1 So, the projection of F onto v is
=
2 w1 = projv F
2 ⎛F ⋅ v⎞
=
2 = ⎜ ⎟v
⎜ v 2⎟
⎝ ⎠
This implies that the angle between the two vectors is
⎛ 2⎞ π
= (F ⋅ v ) v ≈ ( 0, −150 ⋅ 0.966, 0.259 ) v
θ = cos −1 ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = .
⎝ 2 ⎠ 4 ≈ ( − 38.85) v
y
≈ − 37.53i − 10.06 j.
4. Find the dot product of the
two vectors. 10
The magnitude of this force is approximately 38.85.
So, a force of approximately 38.85 pounds is required
1 1 8
to keep the cart from rolling down the ramp.
u ⋅ v = 6, 10 ⋅ − , 6 u
3 5
4 7.
⎛ 1⎞ ⎛1⎞
= 6⎜ − ⎟ + 10⎜ ⎟ 2
⎝ ⎠3 ⎝ 5⎠ x
= −2 + 2 −2
−2
2 4 6 8 10
30°
= 0 1
5
Because the dot product v 40 ft
P Q
is 0, the two vectors are −
1
3 not drawn to scale
orthogonal.
Using a projection, you can calculate the work as
5. The projection of u onto v is
follows.
⎛u ⋅ v⎞
w1 = projv u = ⎜ ⎟v W = proj ⎯⎯
→F PQ
⎜ v 2⎟ PQ
⎝ ⎠
= (cos 30°) F PQ
⎛ 3, 4 ⋅ 8, 2 ⎞
= ⎜ ⎟⎟ 8, 2
⎜ 8, 2 ⋅ 8, 2 3
⎝ ⎠ = (35)( 40)
2
⎛ 3(8) + 4( 2) ⎞
= ⎜
⎜ 8(8) + 2( 2) ⎟⎟ 8, 2 = 700 3
⎝ ⎠
≈ 1212.436 foot-pounds
⎛ 32 ⎞
= ⎜ ⎟ 8, 2 So, the work done is 1212.436 foot-pounds.
⎝ 68 ⎠
⎛8⎞
= ⎜ ⎟ 8, 2
⎝ 17 ⎠
64 16
= , .
17 17
The other component, w2 is
64 16 13 52
w 2 = u − w1 = 3, 4 − , = − , .
17 17 17 17
64 16 13 52
So, u = w1 + w 2 = , + − , = 3, 4 .
17 17 17 17
Chapter 4
1. (a) (7 + 3i ) + (5 − 4i ) = 7 + 3i + 5 − 4i Remove parentheses.
= (7 + 5) + (3 − 4)i Group like terms.
= 12 − i Write in standard form.
(b) (3 + 4i) − (5 − 3i) = 3 + 4i − 5 + 3i Remove parentheses.
= (3 − 5) + ( 4 + 3)i Group like terms.
= − 2 + 7i Write in standard form.
(c) 2i + ( − 3 − 4i ) − ( − 3 − 3i ) = 2i − 3 − 4i + 3 + 3i Remove parentheses.
= ( − 3 + 3) + ( 2 − 4 + 3)i Group like terms.
= i Write in standard form.
(d) (5 − 3i) + (3 + 5i ) − (8 + 2i) = 5 − 3i + 3 + 5i − 8 − 2i Remove parentheses.
= (5 + 3 − 8) + ( − 3 + 5 − 2)i Group like terms.
= 0 + 0i Simplify.
= 0 Write in standard form.
2. (a) (2 − 4i )(3 + 3i) = 2(3 + 3i ) − 4i(3 + 3i ) Distributive Property

= 6 + 6i − 12i − 12i 2
= 6 + 6i − 12i − 12( −1) i 2 = −1
= (6 + 12) + (6 − 12)i Group like terms.
= 18 − 6i Write in standard form.
(b) (4 + 5i )( 4 − 5i ) = 4( 4 − 5i ) + 5i( 4 − 5i) Distributive Property
= 16 − 20i + 20i − 25i 2
= 16 − 20i + 20i − 25( −1) i 2 = −1
= 16 + 25 Simplify.
= 41 Write in standard form.
(c) (4 + 2i ) = ( 4 + 2i )( 4 + 2i )
2
Square of a binomial
= 4( 4 + 2i ) + 2i( 4 + 2i ) Distributive Property
= 16 + 8i + 8i + 4i 2
= 16 + 8i + 8i + 4( −1) i 2 = −1
= (16 − 4) + (8i + 8i ) Group like terms.
= 12 + 16i Write in standard form.
3. (a) The complex conjugate of 3 + 6i is 3 − 6i.

(3 + 6i)(3 − 6i) = (3) − (6i )
2 2
= 9 − 36i 2
= 9 − 36( −1)
= 45
(b) The complex conjugate of 2 − 5i is 2 + 5i.
(2 − 5i)( 2 + 5i ) = ( 2) − (5i )
2 2
= 4 − 25i 2
= 4 − 25( −1)
= 29
4. 2 + i = 2 + i ⋅ 2 + i Multiply numerator and denominator by

2−i 2−i 2 +i complex conjugate of the denominator.
4 + 2i + 2i + i 2
= Expand.
4 − i2
4 − 1 + 4i
= i 2 = −1
4 − ( −1)
3 + 4i
= Simplify.
5
3 4
= + i Write in standard form.
5 5
5. −14 −2 = 14i 2i = 28i 2 = 2 7 ( −1) = − 2 7
6. To solve 8 x 2 + 14 x + 9 = 0, use the Quadratic formula
−b ± b 2 − 4ac
x = .
2a
−14 ± 142 − 4(8)(9)

x = Substitute a = 8, b = 14, and c = 9.
2(8)
−14 ± − 92
= Simplify.
16
−14 ± 2 23i
= Write − 92 in standard form.
16
−14 2 23i
= + Write in standard form.
16 16
−7 23i
= ± Simplify.
8 8

1. The third degree equation 3. Using a = 1, b = − 4, and c = 5, you can apply the
x + 9x = 0
3 Quadratic Formula as follows.
x( x + 3)( x + 3) = 0 −b ± b 2 − 4ac
x =
2a
has exactly three solutions: x = 0, x = − 3, and
x = − 3. − ( − 4) ± (− 4)2 − 4(1)(5)
=
2(1)
2. For this equation a = 3, b = 2, and c = −1. So. the
4± −4
discriminant is =
2
b 2 − 4ac = ( 2) − 4(3)( −1) = 4 − ( −12) = 16
2
4 ± 2i
=
Because the discriminant is positive, there are two 2
distinct real solutions. = 2±i
4. x 4 + 7 x 2 − 18 = 0
( x 2 + 9)( x 2 − 2) = 0
(x + 3i )( x − 3i ) x + ( )(
2 x − )
2 = 0
Setting each factor equal to zero yields the solutions

x = − 3i, 3i, − 2, and 2.
5. Because complex zeros occur in conjugate pairs you 7. Because 2 + i is a zero of f , so is 2 − i. So,
know that if 4i is a zero of f, so is − 4i.
f ( x) = a( x − 1) ⎡⎣ x − ( 2 + i )⎤⎡
⎦⎣ x − ( 2 − i )⎤⎦
This means that both ( x − 4i ) and ( x + 4i ) are factors
= a( x − 1) ⎡⎣( x − 2) − i⎤⎡
⎦⎣( x − 2) + i⎤⎦
of f.
= a( x − 1) ⎡( x − 2) − i 2 ⎤
2
(x − 4i )( x + 4i) = x 2 − 16i 2 = x 2 + 16 ⎣ ⎦
Using long division, you can divide x 2 + 16 into = a( x − 1)( x 2 − 4 x + 5)
f ( x) to obtain the following.
= a( x3 − 5 x 2 + 9 x − 5)
3 x − 12
x 2 + 16 3 x3 − 2 x 2 + 48 x − 32 To find the value of a, use the fact that f ( 2) = 2
3x3 + 48 x and obtain
− 2x − 32
( )
2
f ( 2) = a 23 − 5( 2) + 9( 2) − 5
2
− 2x2 − 32
0 2 = a.
So, you have f ( x) = ( x 2 + 16)(3x − 2) and you can So, a = 2 and it follows that
conclude that the real zeros of f are f ( x) = 2( x3 − 5 x 2 + 9 x − 5)

2 = 2 x3 − 10 x 2 + 18 x − 10.
x = − 4i, x = 4i, and x = .
3
6. Because − 7i is a zero and the polynomial is stated to

have real coefficients, you know that the conjugate 7i
must also be a zero.
So, the four zeros are 2, − 2, 7i, and –7i.
Then, using the Linear Factorization Theorem, f ( x) can

be written as
f ( x) = a( x − 2)( x + 2)( x − 7i )( x + 7i ).
For simplicity, let a = 1. Then multiply the factors with
real coefficients to obtain
(x + 2)( x − 2) = x 2 − 4
and multiply the complex conjugates to obtain
(x − 7i )( x + 7i ) = x 2 + 49.
So, you obtain the following fourth-degree polynomial
function.
f ( x) = ( x 2 − 4)( x 2 + 49) = x 4 + 49 x 2 − 4 x 2 − 196
= x 4 + 45 x 2 − 196

1. The number z = 3 − 4i is plotted in the complex plane. 3. The absolute value of z is
Imaginary
axis
r = 3 + 4i = 32 + 42 = 25 = 5
1 and the angle θ is determined from
Real
−1 1 2 3 4 5 6 axis
b 4
−1 tan θ = = .
−2 a 3
−3
Because z = 3 + 4i is in Quadrant I, you can conclude
−4 3 − 4i
that
−5
−6 4
θ = arctan ≈ 0.92728 radian ≈ 53.1°.
3
32 + ( − 4)
2
It has an absolute value of z =
So, the trigonometric form of z is
= 9 + 16 z = r (cos θ + i sin θ )
= 25 ⎡ ⎛ 4⎞ ⎛ 4 ⎞⎤
= 5⎢cos⎜ arctan ⎟ + i sin ⎜ arctan ⎟⎥
= 5. ⎣ ⎝ 3⎠ ⎝ 3 ⎠⎦
2. z = 6 − 6i ≈ 5(cos 53.1° + i sin 53.1°)
The absolute value of z = 6 − 6i is

3 1
4. Because cos 150° = − and sin 150° = , you can
6 + ( − 6)
2
r = 6 − 6i = 2 2 2
write
= 36 + 36 = 72 = 6 2
z = 2(cos 150° + i sin 150°)
and the argument θ is determined from
⎛ 3 1 ⎞
b −6 = 2⎜⎜ − + i ⎟⎟
tan θ = = = −1.
a 6 ⎝ 2 2 ⎠
Because z = 6 − 6i lies in Quadrant IV, = − 3 +i

Imaginary
axis
⎡ ⎛ 2π ⎞ ⎛ 2π ⎞⎤
5. To write z = 8⎢cos ⎜ ⎟ + i sin ⎜ ⎟⎥ in standard
θ 1
Real
⎣ ⎝ 3 ⎠ ⎝ 3 ⎠⎦
−1
−1
1 2 3 4 5 6 axis
form, first find the trigonometric ratios. Because
−2 ⎛ 2π ⎞ −1 ⎛ 2π ⎞ 3
cos ⎜ ⎟ = and sin ⎜ ⎟ = , you can write
−3
⎝ 3 ⎠ 2 ⎝ 3 ⎠ 2
−4
−5 ⎡ ⎛ 2π ⎞ ⎛ 2π ⎞⎤
−6 6 − 6i
z = 8⎢cos ⎜ ⎟ + i sin ⎜ ⎟⎥
⎣ ⎝ ⎠3 ⎝ 3 ⎠⎦
π 7π ⎛ 1 3 ⎞
θ = 2π − arctan (−1) = 2π − = . = 8⎜⎜ − + i⎟
4 4
⎝ 2 2 ⎟⎠
So, the trigonometric form is
= − 4 + 4 3 i.
⎛ 7π 7π ⎞
z = r (cos θ + i sin θ ) = 6 2 ⎜ cos + i sin ⎟.
⎝ 4 4 ⎠
6. z1 z2 = 3(cos 60° + i sin 60°) ⋅ 4(cos 30° + i sin 30°)

= (3)( 4) ⎡⎣cos (60° + 30°) + i sin (60° + 30°)⎤⎦
= 12(cos 90° + i sin 90°)
= 12 ⎡⎣0 + i (1)⎤⎦
= 12 i
You can check this by first converting the complex numbers to their standard forms and then multiplying algebraically.
⎛1 3 ⎞ 3 3 3
z1 = 3(cos 60° + i sin 60°) = 3⎜⎜ + i ⎟⎟ = + i
⎝ 2 2 ⎠ 2 2
⎛ 3 1 ⎞
z2 = 4(cos 30° + i sin 30°) = 4⎜⎜ + i ⎟⎟ = 2 3 + 2 i
⎝ 2 2 ⎠
⎛3 3 3 ⎞
So, z1 z2 = ⎜⎜ + i⎟ 2 3 + 2i
2 ⎟⎠
( )
⎝2
= 3 3 + 3i + 9i + 3 3 i 2
= 3 3 + 12i + 3 3 ( −1)
= 3 3 + 12i − 3 3
= 12 i.
2π 2π
cos + i sin
7.
z1
= 9 9 = ⎡cos ⎛ 2π − π ⎞ + i sin ⎛ 2π − π ⎞⎤ = cos π + i sin π = 3 1
− i
⎢ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
z2 cos
π
+ i sin
π ⎣ ⎝ 9 18 ⎠ ⎝ 9 18 ⎠⎥⎦ 6 6 2 2
18 18
(−1) + ( −1)
2 2
1. The absolute value of z = −1 − i is r = −1 − i = = 1+1 = 2
b −1
and the argument θ given by tan θ = = = 1.
a −1
π 5π
Because z = −1 − i lies in Quadrant III, θ = π + arctan 1 = π + = .
4 4
⎛ 5π 5π ⎞
So, the trigonometric form is z = −1 − i = 2 ⎜ cos + i sin ⎟.
⎝ 4 4 ⎠
4
⎡ ⎛ 5π 5π ⎞⎤
Then, by DeMoivre’s Theorem, you have ( −1 − i) = ⎢ 2 ⎜ cos
4
+ i sin ⎟
⎣ ⎝ 4 4 ⎠⎥⎦
4⎛ ⎡ 4(5π ) ⎤ ⎡ 4(5π ) ⎤ ⎞
= ( 2 ) ⎜⎜ cos ⎢⎣ 4 ⎦
⎥ + i sin ⎢
⎣ 4 ⎦⎠
⎥ ⎟⎟
⎝
= 4(cos 5π + i sin 5π )
⎣ 1 + i (0)⎤⎦
= 4 ⎡−
= − 4.
2. First, write 1 in trigonometric form z = 1(cos 0 + i sin 0). Then, by the nth root formula, with n = 4 and r = 1,
the roots are of the form
⎛ 0 + 2π k 0 + 2π k ⎞ ⎛ πk πk ⎞ πk πk
zk = + i sin ⎟ = (1)⎜ cos + i sin ⎟ = cos + i sin
4
1⎜ cos .
⎝ 4 4 ⎠ ⎝ 2 2 ⎠ 2 2
So, for k = 0, 1, 2 and 3, the fourth roots are as follows.
z0 = cos 0 + i sin 0 = 1 + i(0) = 1 Imaginary
axis
π π
z1 = cos + i sin = 0 + i(1) = i z1 = 0 + i = i
2 2
z2 = cos π + i sin π = −1 + i(0) = −1
z2 = − 1 + 0 i = − 1
Real axis
3π 3π
= 0 + i( −1) = −i
z0 = 1 + 0i = 1
z3 = cos + i sin
2 2
z3 = 0 − i = − i
3. The absolute value of z = − 6 + 6 i is
r = − 6 + 6i = ( − 6) 2 + 62 = 36 + 36 = 72 = 6 2
b 6
and the argument θ is given by tan θ = = = −1.
a −6
Because z = − 6 + 6 i lies in Quadrant II, the trigonometric form of
z is z = − 6 + 6 i = 6 2 (cos 135° + i sin 135°).

By the formula for nth roots, the cube roots have the form
3 ⎡ ⎛ 135° + 360°k ⎞ ⎛ 135° + 360°k ⎞⎤
zk = 6 2 ⎢cos ⎜ ⎟ + i sin ⎜ ⎟⎥.
⎣ ⎝ 3 ⎠ ⎝ 3 ⎠⎦
Finally, for k = 0, 1 and 2, you obtain the roots
3
⎡ ⎛ 135° + 360°(0) ⎞ ⎛ 135° + 360°(0) ⎞⎤
z0 = 6 2 ⎢cos ⎜ ⎟ + i sin ⎜ ⎟⎥.
⎢⎣ ⎝ 3 ⎠ ⎝ 3 ⎠⎥⎦
= 3
6 2 (cos 45° + i sin 45°)
3
⎛ 2 2 ⎞
= 6 2 ⎜⎜ + i⎟
⎝ 2 2 ⎟⎠
≈ 1.4422 + 1.4422 i
3
⎡ ⎛ 135° + 360°(1) ⎞ ⎛ 135° + 360°(1) ⎞⎤
z1 = 6 2 ⎢cos ⎜ ⎟ + i sin ⎜ ⎟⎥.
⎢⎣ ⎝ 3 ⎠ ⎝ 3 ⎠⎥⎦
= 3
6 2 (cos 165° + i sin 165°)
≈ −1.9701 + 0.5279 i
3
⎡ ⎛ 135° + 360°( 2) ⎞ ⎛ 135° + 360°( 2) ⎞⎤
z2 = 6 2 ⎢cos ⎜ ⎟ + i sin ⎜ ⎟⎥.
⎢⎣ ⎝ 3 ⎠ ⎝ 3 ⎠⎥⎦
= 3
6 2 (cos 285° + i sin 285°) Imaginary
axis
≈ 0.5279 − 1.9701i
3
z 0 ≈ 1.4422 + 1.4422i
z1 ≈ − 1.9701 + 0.5279i 1
Real
axis
−3 −1 1 3
−1
z2 ≈ 0.5279 − 1.9701i
−3
Chapter 5
1. Function Value 4. (a) 8 = 2 2 x −1 Write Original equation.
f ( 2) = 8 − 2
2 = 2
3 2 x −1
8 = 23
3 = 2x − 1 One-to-One Property
Graphing Calculator Keystrokes
4 = 2x
8 ∧ ( ( −) 2 ) Enter
2 = x Solve for x.
Display
( 13 )
−x
(b) = 27 Write Original equation.
0.052824803759
( 13 )
−x
2. The table lists some values for each function, and the 3x = 27 = 3x
graph shows a sketch of the two functions. Note that 3x = 33 27 = 33
both graphs are increasing and the graph of g ( x) = 9 x is
x = 3 One-to-One Property
increasing more rapidly than the graph of f ( x) = 3x.
5. (a) Because g ( x) = 4 x − 2 = f ( x − 2), the graph of g
x –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 can be obtained by shifting the graph of f two units
to the right.
1 1 1
3x 27 9 3 1 3 9
y
f(x) = 4 x
x 1 1 1 5
9 729 81 9 1 9 81
4
3
y g(x) = 9 x 2
1
75 g(x) = 4 x − 2
x
−2 −1 1 2 3 4
50 −1
25 (b) Because h( x) = 4 x + 3 = f ( x) + 3 the graph of h

f(x) = 3x can be obtained by shifting the graph of f up three
1 2 3 4
x
units.
y
3. The table lists some values for each function and, the 6
graph shows a sketch for each function. Note that both h(x) = 4 x + 3 5
graphs are decreasing and the graph of g ( x) = 9− x is 4
3
decreasing more rapidly than the graph of f ( x) = 3− x
2 f(x) = 4 x
1
x –2 –1 0 1 2 3 x
−3 −2 −1 1 2 3
1 1 1
9− x 64 8 1 8 64 512 (c) Because k ( x) = 4− x − 3 = f ( − x) − 3, the graph
3− x g ( x) 9 3 1
1 1 1 of k can be obtained by reflecting the graph of f in
3 9 27
the y-axis and shifting the graph of f down three
units.
g(x) = 9−x y y
3
75
2
50 1 f(x) = 4 x
x
−3 −2 −1 1 2 3
25
k(x) = 4 −x −3
f(x) = 3−x −2
x
−4 −3 −2 −1 −3
6. Function Value Graphing Calculator Keystrokes Display

(a) f (0.3) = e 0.3 x
e 0.3 Enter 1.3498588
(b) f ( −1.2) = e −1.2 e x (−) 1.2 Enter 6.3011942
(c) f (6, 2) = e6.2 e x 6.2 Enter 492.74904
7. To sketch the graph of f ( x) = 5e0.17 x , use a graphing utility to construct y
a table of values. After constructing the table, plot the points and draw a 25
smooth curve. 20
15
x –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 10
f ( x) 3.002 3.559 4.218 5.000 5.927 7.025 8.326

x
−8 −6 −4 −2 2 4 6 8 10
8. (a) For quarterly compounding, you have n = 4. So, in 7 years at 4%, the balance is as follows.
nt
⎛ r⎞
A = P⎜1 + ⎟ Formula for compound interest.
⎝ n⎠
4(7)
⎛ 0.04 ⎞
= 6000⎜1 + ⎟ Substitute P, r , n, and t.
⎝ 4 ⎠
≈ $7927.75 Use a calculator.
(b) For monthly compounding, you have n = 12. So in 7 years at 4%, the balance is as follows.
nt
⎛ r⎞
A = P⎜1 + ⎟ Formula for compound interest.
⎝ n⎠
12(7)
⎛ 0.04 ⎞
= 6000⎜1 + ⎟ Substitute P, r , n, and t.
⎝ 12 ⎠
(c) For continuous compounding, the balance is as follows.
A = Pe rt Formula for continuous compounding.
0.04(7)
= 6000e Substitute P, r , and t.
9. Use the model for the amount of Plutonium that remains from an initial amount of 10 pounds after t years,
where t = 0 represents the year 1986.
( 12 )
t / 24,100
P = 10
To find the amount that remains in the year 2089, let t = 103.
( 12 )
t 24,100
P = 10 Write original model.
P = 10( 12 )
103 24,100
Substitute 103 for t.
P ≈ 9.970 Use a calculator.
In the year 2089, 9.970 pounds of plutonomium will remain.
To find the amount that remains after 125,000 years, let t = 125,000.
( 12 )
t 24,100
P = 10 Write original model.
P = 10( 12 )
125,000 24,100
Substitute 125,000 for t.
P ≈ 0.275 Use a calculator.
After 125,000 years 0.275 pound of plutonium will remain.

1. (a) f (1) = log 6 1 = 0 because 6° = 1.
(b) f (1251 ) = log 5 125

1 = − 3 because 5− 3 = 1 .
125
(c) f (10,000) = log10 10,000 = 4 because 104 = 10,000.

(a) f ( 275) = log 275 LOG 275 ENTER 2.4393327
(b) f (0.275) = log 0.275 LOG 0.275 ENTER – 0.5606673
(
(c) f − 12 = log − 12 ) LOG ( ( −) ( 1 ÷ 2 ) ) ENTER ERROR
(d) f ( 12 ) = log 12 LOG ( 1 ÷ 2 ) ENTER – 0.3010300
3. (a) Using Property 2, log 9 9 = 1. 4. log 5 ( x 2 + 3) = log 5 12

log
(b) Using Property 3, 20 203 = 3. x 2 + 3 = 12
(c) Using Property 1, log 1 = 0. x2 = 9
3
x = ±3
5. (a) For f ( x) = 8 x , construct a table of values. Then plot the points and draw a smooth curve.
x –2 –1 0 1 2
f ( x) = 8x 1
64
1
8 1 8 64
(b) Because g ( x) = log8 x is the inverse function of f ( x) = 8 x , y
the graph of g is obtained by plotting the points ( f ( x), x) and

5
4
f(x) = 8x
connecting them with a smooth curve. The graph of g is a 3
reflection of the graph of f in the line y = x. 2 g(x) = log 8x
1
1 1
x 64 8 1 8 64 x
−2 −1 1 2 3 4 5
−1
g ( x ) = log8 x
−2 −1 0 1 2 −2
6. Begin by constructing a table of values. Note that some of the values can be obtained without a calculator by using the
properties of logarithms. Then plot the points and draw a smooth curve.
Without calculator With calculator
x 1 1 1 3 9 2 4 6 8 10 12
9 3
f ( x) = log 9 x −1 − 12 0 1
2
1 0.315 0.631 0.815 0.946 1.048 1.131
The vertical asymptote is x = 0 the y-axis.

y
x
−2 −1 1 2 3 4 5
−1
−2
7. (a) Because g ( x) = −1 + log 3 x = f ( x) − 1, the graph (b) Because h( x) = log 3 ( x + 3) = f ( x + 3), the
of g can be obtained by shifting the graph of f one graph of h can be obtained by shifting the graph
unit down. of f three units to the left.
y y
3 3
2 2
x x
−2 4 6 8 −4 2 4 6
−1 −1
−2 −2
−3 −3

f (0.01) = ln 0.01 LN 0.01 ENTER − 4.6051702
f ( 4) = ln 4 LN 4 ENTER 1.3862944
f ( 3 + 2 = ln ) ( 3 + 2 ) LN ( ( 3 ) + 2 ) ENTER 1.3169579
f ( 3 − 2 = ln ) ( 3 − 2 ) LN ( ( 3 ) − 2 ) ENTER ERROR
9. (a) ln e1 3 = 1 Inverse Property 11. (a) After 1 month, the average score was the following.
3
f (1) = 75 − 6 ln (1 + 1) Substitute 1 for t.
(b) 5 ln 1 = 5(0) = 0 Property 1
= 75 − 6 ln 2 Simplify.
(c) 3
4
ln e = 3
4
(1) = 3
4
Property 2 ≈ 75 − 6(0.6931) Use a calculator.
(d) e ln 7
= 7 Inverse Property ≈ 70.84 Solution
(b) After 9 months, the average score was the following.
10. Because ln ( x + 3) is defined only when x + 3 > 0,
f (9) = 75 − 6 ln (9 + 1) Substitute 9 for t.
it follows that the domain of f is ( − 3, ∞). The graph of f
is shown.
≈ 75 − 6( 2.3026) Use a calculator.
y
4
≈ 61.18 Solution
3 (c) After 12 months, the average score was the
2 following.
x f (12) = 75 − 6 ln (12 + 1) Substitute 9 for t.
−5 −4 −1 1 2 3
−1
−2
−3 ≈ 75 − 6( 2.5649) Use a calculator.
−4
≈ 59.61 Solution

log 12 log x ln 12 ln x
1. log 2 12 = log a x = 2. log 2 12 = log a x =
log 2 log a ln 2 ln a
1.07918 2.48491
≈ Use a calculator. ≈ Use a calculator.
0.30103 0.69315
≈ 3.5850 Simplify. ≈ 3.5850 Simplify.
3. (a) log 75 = log(3.25) Rewrite 75 as 3 ⋅ 25. (b) log 9

125
= log 9 − log 125 Quotient Property
= log 3 + log 25 Product Property = log 3 − log 5
2 3
Rewrite 9 as 32 and 125 as 52 .
= log 3 + log 5 2
Rewrite 25 as 5 . 2
= 2log 3 − 3 log 5 Power Property
= log 3 + 2 log 5 Power Property
4. ln e6 − ln e 2 = 6 ln e − 2ln e
= 6(1) − 2(1)
= 4
4x2 4x2
5. log 3 = log 3 1 2 Rewrite using rational exponent.
y y
= log 3 4 x 2 − log 3 y1 2 Quotient Property
= log 3 4 + log 3 x 2 − log 3 y1 2 Product Property
1
= log 3 4 + 2 log 3 x − log 3 y Power Property
2
6. 2 ⎡⎣log( x + 3) − 2 log( x − 2)⎤⎦ = 2 ⎡log( x + 3) − log( x − 2) ⎤

2
Power Property
⎣ ⎦
⎡ ⎛ x + 3 ⎞⎤
= 2 ⎢log⎜ ⎟⎥ Quotient Property
⎢ ⎜⎝ ( x − 2) 2 ⎟⎠⎥
⎣ ⎦
2
⎛ x +3 ⎞
= log⎜ ⎟ Power Property
⎜ ( x − 2) 2 ⎟
⎝ ⎠
= log
(x + 3)
2
Simplify.
(x − 2)
4
7. To solve this problem, take the natural logarithm of each of the x- and y-values of the ordered pairs.
(ln x, ln y ): (− 0.994, − 0.673), (0.000, 0.000), (1.001, 0.668), ( 2.000, 1.332), (3.000, 2.000)
ln y
ln x
−2 1 2 3 4
−1
−2
By plotting the ordered pairs, you can see that all five points appear to lie in a line. Choose any two points
to determine the slope of the line. Using the points (0, 0) and (1.001, 0.668), the slope of the line is
0.668 − 0 2
m = = 0.668 ≈ .
1−0 3
2
By the point-slope form, the equation of the line is y = x, where y = ln y and x = ln x. So, the
3
2
logarithmic equation is ln y = ln x.
3

1. Original Equation Rewritten Equation Solution Property
(a) 2 x = 512 2 x = x9 x = 9 One-to-One

log x
(b) log 6 x = 3 6 6 = 63 x = 216 Inverse
(c) 5 − e x = 0 ln 5 = ln e x ln 5 = x Inverse
5 = e x
(d) 9 x = 1
3
32 x = 3−1 2 x = −1 One-to-One
x = − 12
2 −8
2. (a) e2 x = e x Write original equation.
2x = x − 8 2
One-to-One Property
0 = x − 2x − 8
2
0 = ( x − 4)( x + 2) Factor.
x − 4 = 0 ⇒ x = 4 Set 1st factor equal to 0.
The solutions are x = 4 and x = − 2
Check x = − 2: x = 4:
? 2 −8
e 2(4) = e(4)
2 −8
e2 x = e x
? 2 −8 ?
e 2(− 2) = e(− 2) e8 = e16 − 8
?
e− 4 = e4 − 8 e8 = e8 9
e− 4 = e− 4 9
(b) 2(5 x
) = 32 Write original equation.
5 x = 16 Divide each side by 2.
log 5 5 x = log 5 16 Take log( base 5) of each side.
x = log 5 16 Inverse Property
ln 16
x = ≈ 1.723 Change of base formula
ln 5
The solution is x = log 5 16 ≈ 1.723.
Check x = log 5 16:
2(5 x ) = 32
?
2 ⎡5(log5 16) ⎤ = 32
⎣ ⎦
?
2(16) = 32
32 = 32 9
3. e x − 7 = 23 Write original equation.

e x = 30 Add 7 to each side.
ln e x = ln 30 Take natural log of each side.
x = ln 30 ≈ 3.401 Inverse Property
Check x = ln 30:
e x − 7 = 23
?
e(ln 30) − 7 = 23
?
30 − 7 = 23
23 = 23 9
4. 6( 2t + 5 ) + 4 = 11 Write original equation.
6( 2t + 5 ) = 7 Subtract 4 from each side.

7
2t + 5 = Divide each side by 6.
6
⎛7⎞
log 2 2t + 5 = log 2 ⎜ ⎟ Take log ( base 2) of each side.
⎝6⎠
⎛7⎞
t + 5 = log 2 ⎜ ⎟ Inverse Property
⎝6⎠
⎛7⎞
t = log 2 ⎜ ⎟ − 5 Subtract 5 from each side.
⎝6⎠
⎛1⎞
ln ⎜ ⎟
t = ⎝6⎠ − 5 Change of base formula.
ln 2
t ≈ − 4.778 Use a calculator.
⎛7⎞
The solution is t = log 2 ⎜ ⎟ − 5 ≈ − 4.778.
⎝6⎠
Check t ≈ − 4.778:
6( 2t + 5 ) + 4 = 11
?
6 ⎡2(− 4.778 + 5) ⎤ + 4 = 11
⎣ ⎦
?
6(1.166) + 4 = 11
10.998 ≈ 11 9
e 2 x − 7e x + 12 = 0 Write original equation.
(e x ) − 7e x + 12 = 0
2
Write in quadratic form.
(e x − 3)(e x − 4) = 0 Factor.
ex − 3 = 0 ⇒ ex = 3 Set 1st factor equal to 0.
x = ln 3 Solution
e − 4 = 0 ⇒ e = 4
x x
Set 2nd factor equal to 0.
x = ln 4 Solution
The solutions are x = ln 3 ≈ 1.099 and x = ln 4 ≈ 1.386.
Check x = ln 3: x = ln 4:
e 2 x − 7e x + 12 = 0 e 2(ln 4) − 7e(ln 4) + 12 = 0
? ?
e2(ln 3) − 7e(ln 3) + 12 = 0
2
eln 4 − 7eln 4 + 12 = 0
e
( )
ln 32
− 7eln 3 + 12 = 0
?
42 − 7( 4) + 12 = 0
?
?
32 − 7(3) + 12 = 0 0 = 0 9
0 = 0 9
Graphical Solution
Use a graphing utility to graph y = e 2 x − 7e x + 12 and then find the zeros.
2
y = e2x − 7e x + 12
Zeros occur
at x ≈ 1.099
and x ≈ 1.386.
−1 3
−1
So, you can conclude that the solutions are x ≈ 1.099 and x ≈ 1.386.
2
6. (a) ln x = Write original equation.
3
eln x = e 2 3 Exponentiate each side.
x = e 23
Inverse Property
(b) log 2 ( 2 x − 3) = log 2 ( x + 4) Write original equation.
2x − 3 = x + 4 One-to-One Property
x = 7 Solution
(c) log 4 x − log(12 + x) = log 2 Write Original equation.
⎛ 4x ⎞
log⎜ ⎟ = log 2 Quotient Property of Logarithms
⎝ 12 + x ⎠
4x
= 2 One-to-One Property
12 + x
4 x = 2(12 + x) Multiply each side by (12 + x).
4 x = 24 + 2 x Distribute.
2 x = 24 Subtract 2 x from each side.
x = 12 Solution
7 + 3 ln x = 5 Write original equation.
3 ln x = − 2 Subtract 7 from each side.
2
ln x = − Divide each side by 3.
3
eln x = e − 2 3 Exponentiate each side.
−2 3
x = e Inverse Property
x ≈ 0.513 Use a calculator.
Graphical Solution
Use a graphing utility to graph y1 = 7 + 3 ln x and y2 = 5. Then find the intersection point.
y2 = 5 y1 = 7 + 3 lnx
10
−1 2
0
The point of intersection is about (0.513, 5). So, the solution is x ≈ 0.513.
8. 3 log 4 6 x = 9 Write original equation.

log 4 6 x = 3 Divide each side by 3.
4 log 4 6 x
= 4 3
Exponentiate each side ( base 4).
6 x = 64 Inverse Property
32
x = 3
Divide each side by 6 and simplify.
32
Check x = 3
:
3 log 4 6 x = 9
( 323 ) = 9
?
3 log 4 6
?
3 log 4 64 = 9
?
3 log 4 43 = 9
?
3 ⋅ 3=9
9 = 9 9
log x + log( x − 9) = 1 Write original equation.
log ⎡⎣ x( x − 9)⎤⎦ = 1 Product Property of Logarithms
log ⎣⎡ x( x − 9)⎦⎤
10 = 101 Exponentiate each side ( base 10).
x( x − 9) = 10 Inverse Property
x − 9 x − 10 = 0
2
(x − 10)( x + 1) = 0 Factor.
x − 10 = 0 ⇒ x = 10 Set 1st factor equal to 0.
Check x = 10:
log x + log( x − 9) = 1
?
log(10) + log(10 − 9) = 1
?
log 10 + log 1 = 1
?
1+ 0 =1
1 =1 9
x = −1:
log x + log( x − 9) = 1
?
log( −1) + log( −1 − 9) = 1
?
log( −1) + log( −10) = 1
−1 and −10 are not in the domain of log x. So, it does not check.
The solutions appear to be x = 10 and x = −1. But when you check these in the original equation,
you can see that x = 10 is the only solution.
Graphical Solution
First, rewrite the original solution as 5
y = log x + log (x − 9) − 1
log x + log( x − 9) − 1 = 0.
Then use a graphing utility to graph the 0 20
equation y = log x + log( x − 9) − 1

and find the zeros. −5
10. Using the formula for continuous compounding, the balance is

A = Pe rt
A = 500e0.0525t .
To find the time required for the balance to double, let A = 1000 and solve the resulting equation for t
500e0.0525t = 1000 Let A = 1000.
e 0.0525t
= 2 Divide each side by 500.
ln e 0.0525t
= ln 2 Take natural log of each side.
0.0525t = ln 2 Inverse Property
ln 2
t = Divide each side by 0.0525.
0.0525
t ≈ 13.20 Use a calculator.
The balance in the account will double after approximately 13.20 years.
Because the interest rate is lower than the interest rate in Example 2, it will take more time for the account balance to double.
11. To find when sales reached $80 billion, let y = 80 and solve for t.
− 566 + 244.7 ln t = y Write original equation
− 566 + 244.7 ln t = 80 Substitute 80 for y.
244.7 ln t = 646 Add 566 to each side.
646
ln t = Divide each side by 244.7.
244.7
eln t = e646 244.7 Exponentiate each side ( base e).
t = e646 244.7 Inverse Property
t ≈ 14 Use a calculator.
The solution is t ≈ 14. Because t = 12 represents 2002, it follows that t = 14 represents 2004.
So, sales reached $80 billion in 2004.

1. Algebraic Solution Graphical Solution
To find when the amount of U.S. online advertising spending The intersection point
will reach $100 billion, let s = 100 and solve for t. 120
y = 100 of the model and the
line y = 100 is about
9.30e0.1129t = s Write original model. (21.0, 100). So,
according to the
9.30e 0.1129 t
= 100 Substitute 100 for s. model, the amount of
S = 9.30e 0.1129t U.S. online advertising
e 0.1129 t
≈ 10.7527 Divide each side by 9.30. 10 25 spending will reach
0 $100 billion in 2021.
ln e0.1129t ≈ ln 10.7527 Take natural log of each side.
0.1129t ≈ 2.3752 Inverse Property
t ≈ 21.0 Divide each side by 0.1129.
According to the model, the amount of U.S. online advertising
spending will reach $100 million in 2021.
2. Let y be the number of bacteria at time t. From the given information you know that y = 100 when t = 1 and
y = 200 when t = 2. Substituting this information into the model y = aebt produces 100 = ae(1)b and 200 = ae(2)b .
To solve for b, solve for a in the first equation.
100 = aeb Write first equation.
100
= a Solve for a.
eb
Then substitute the result into the second equation.
200 = ae 2b Write second equation
⎛ 100 ⎞ 100
200 = ⎜ b ⎟e 2b Substitute for a.
⎝ e ⎠ eb
200
= eb Simplify and divide each side by 100.
100
2 = eb Simplify.
ln 2 = ln e b
Take natural log of each side
ln 2 = b Inverse Property
Use b = ln 2 and the equation you found for a.
100
a = Substitute ln 2 for b.
eln 2
100
= Inverse Property
2
= 50 Simplify.
So, with a = 50 and b = ln 2, the exponential growth model is y = 50e(ln 2)t .
After 3 hours, the number of bacteria will be y = 50eln 2(3) = 400 bacteria.
In the carbon dating model, substitute the given value of R to obtain the following.
1 − t 8223
e = R Write original model.
1012
e − t 8223 1 1
= 14 Substitute for R.
1012 10 1014
1
e − t 8223 = 2 Multiply each side by 10 2.
10
1
e − t 8223 = Simplify.
100
1
ln e − t 8223
= ln Take natural log of each side.
100
t
− ≈ − 4.6052 Inverse Property
8223
t ≈ 37,869 Multiply each side by − 8223.
So, to the nearest thousand years, the age of the fossil is about 38,000 years.
Graphical Solution
Use a graphing utility to graph the formula for the ratio of carbon 14 to carbon 12 at any time t as
1 − x 8223
y1 = e .
1012
1
In the same viewing window, graph y2 =
1014
13
Use the intersect feature to estimate that x ≈ 18,934 when y = 1 10 .
y1 = 1 e − x/8223
10 −13 10 12
Use the intersect feature
y2 = 114 to estimate that x ≈ 37,868
10 when y = 1/10 14.
10,000 45,000
−10 −13
So, to the nearest thousand years, the age of fossil is about 38,000 years.
4. The graph of the function is shown below. On this bell-shaped curve, the maximum value of the curve represents the average
score. From the graph, you can estimate that, the average reading score for high school graduates in 2011 was 497.
y
0.005
0.004 50% of population

Distribution
0.003
2 25.992
y = 0.0035e− ( x − 497)
x = 497
0.002
0.001
x
200 400 600 800 1000
Score
5. To find the number of days that 250 students are infected, let y = 250 and solve for t.
5000
= y Write original model.
1 + 4999e − 0.8t
5000
= 250 Substitute 250 for y.
1 + 4999e − 0.8t
5000
= 1 + 4999e − 0.8t Divide each side by 250 and multiply each side by 1 + 4999e− 0.8t .
250
20 = 1 + 4999e − 0.8t Simplify.
− 0.8t
19 = 4999e Subtract 1 from each side.
19
= e − 0.8t Divide each side by 4999.
4999
⎛ 19 ⎞ − 0.8t
ln ⎜ ⎟ = ln e Take natural log of each side.
⎝ 4999 ⎠
⎛ 19 ⎞
ln ⎜ ⎟ = − 0.8t Inverse Property
⎝ 4999 ⎠
− 5.5726 ≈ − 0.8t Use a calculator.
t ≈ 6.97 Divide each side by − 0.8.
So, after about 7 days, 250 students will be infected.
Graphical Solution
To find the number of days that 250 students are infected, use a graphing utility to graph.
5000
y1 = and y2 = 250
1 + 4999e − 0.8 x
in the same viewing window. Use the intersect feature of the graphing utility to find the point of intersection of the graphs.
y1 = 5000
2000 1 + 4999e − 0.8x
The point of intersection
occurs near x ≈ 6.96.
So, after about 7 days, y2 = 250
at least 250 students
0 16
will be infected.
−1500
6. (a) Because I 0 = 1 and R = 6.0, you have the following.

I
R = log
I0
I
6.0 = log Substitute 1 for I 0 and 6.0 for R.
1
106.0 = 10log I Exponentiate each side ( base 10).
10 6.0
= I Inverse Property
1,000,000 = I Simplify.
(b) Because I 0 = 1 and R = 7.9, you have the following.
I
7.9 = log Substitute 1 for I 0 and 7.9 for R.
1
107.9 = 10log I Exponentiate each side ( base 10).
10 7.9
= I Inverse Property
79,432,823 ≈ I Simplify.
Chapter 6
1. The slope of this line is m = 4. 3. The general form of y = − 3 x + 2 is
5
3x + y − 2 = 0. So, the distance between the point and
So, its inclination is determined from tan θ = 54 . Note a line is
that m ≥ 0. This means that Ax1 + By1 + C
d =
θ = arctan ()
4
5
≈ 0.675 radian ≈ 38.7°. A2 + B 2
3(5) + 1( −1) + ( − 2)
=
y
4 (3)2 + (1)
2
12
2 =
38.7° 10
x
−4 −2 2 4 ≈ 3.79 units.
y
−4
2. The two lines, 4 x − 5 y + 10 = 0 and x

−2 2 4 6
4 (5, −1)
3x + 2 y + 5 = 0, have slopes of m1 = and −2
y = −3x + 2
5
−4
3
m2 = − , respectively.
2
3x + 2y + 5 = 0 y 4x − 5y + 10 = 0 4. The general form is 3x − 5 y − 2 = 0. So, the distance
4
between the point and a line is
85° Ax1 + By1 + C
d =
A2 + B 2
x
−6 −4 −2 2 3(3) + ( − 5)( 2) + ( − 2)
=
(3)2 + ( − 5)
2
−4
3
= ≈ 0.51 unit.
34
So, the tangent of the angle between the two lines is
y
3 4 23
− − −
m2 − m1 2 5 10 23 4 3x − 5y − 2 = 0
tan θ = = = =
1 + m1 m2 ⎛ 3 ⎞⎛ 4 ⎞ 1 2
1 + ⎜ − ⎟⎜ ⎟ − 2 (3, 2)
⎝ 2 ⎠⎝ 5 ⎠ 5
x
Finally, you can conclude that the angle is −4 −2 2 4
−2
⎛ 23 ⎞
θ = arctan ⎜ ⎟ ≈ 1.4841 radians ≈ 85.0°.
⎝2⎠ −4
5. y
6
B(0, 5)
h C(4, 3)
A(−2, 0)
x
−4 −2 2 4
−2
(a) To find the altitude, use the formula for the distance between line AC and the point (0, 5).
The equation of line AC is obtained as follows.
y2 − y1 3−0 3 1
Slope: m = = = =
x2 − x1 4 − ( − 2) 6 2
Equation: y − y1 = m( x − x1 ) Point-slope form

1
y − ( 0) = ⎡ x − ( − 2)⎤⎦ Substitute.
2⎣
1
y = x +1 Slope-intercept form
2
2y = x + 2 Multiply each side by 2.
x − 2y + 2 = 0 General form
So, the distance between this line and the point (0, 5) is
(1)(0) + ( − 2)(5) + ( 2)
Altitude = h =
(1) + ( − 2)
2 2
8
= units.
5
(b) Using the formula for the distance between two points, you can find the length of the base AC to be
b = ( x2 − x1 ) + ( y2 − y1 )
2 2
Distance Formula
⎡⎣4 − ( − 2)⎤⎦ + (3 − 0)
2 2
= Substitute.
= 62 + 32 Simplify.
= 45 Simplify.
= 3 5 units. Simplify.
Finally, the area of the triangle is
1
A = bh
2
1
= 3 5⎜
2
(
⎛ 8 ⎞
⎝ 5⎠
⎟ )
= 12 square units.

⎛ 3⎞ 3
1. The axis of the parabola is vertical, passing through (0, 0) and ⎜ 0, ⎟. The standard form is x = 4 py, where p = .
2
⎝ 8⎠ 8
⎛ 3⎞
So, the equation is x = 4⎜ ⎟ y
2
⎝8⎠
3
x2 = y.
2
2 2
You can use a graphing utility to confirm this equation. To do this, graph y1 = x .
3
2
x2 = 3 y
2
Focus
) 8)
0, 3
−1 1
(0, 0)Vertex
−1
2. Convert to standard form by completing the square.

1 2 3 13
x = y + y + Write orginal equation.
4 2 4
4 x = y 2 + 6 y + 13 Multiply each side by 4.
4 x − 13 = y + 6 y 2
Subtract 13 from each side.
4 x − 13 + 9 = y + 6 y + 9 2
Add 9 to each side.
4x − 4 = y + 6 y + 9 2
Combine like terms.
4( x − 1) = ( y + 3)
2
Standard form
Comparing this equation with ( y − k ) = 4 p( x − h), you can conclude that h = 1, k = − 3, and p = 1. Because p is
2
positive, the parabola opens upward. So, the focus is ( h, k + p ) = (1, − 3 + 1) = (1, − 2).
3. Because the axis of the parabola is horizontal, passing through ( 2, − 3) and ( 4, − 3), consider the equation
(y − k ) = 4 p( x − h)
2
where h = 2, k = − 3, and p = 4 − 2 = 2. So, the standard form is

2
⎡⎣ y − ( − 3)⎤⎦ = 4( 2)( x − 2)
(y + 3) = 8( x − 2).
2
y (y + 3)2 = 8(x − 2)
2
x
−2 2 4 6
−2
Focus
−4 (4, −3)
Vertex
−6
(2, −3)
−8
1 ⎛ 1⎞
4. For this parabola, p = and the focus is ⎜ 0, ⎟ as shown in the figure below.
12 ⎝ 12 ⎠
y = 3x 2 y
(0, 121 ( (1, 3)

d2
α
x
−1 1
d1 α
(0, b)
You can find the y-intercept (0, b) of the tangent line by equating the lengths of the two sides of the isosceles triangle shown in
the figure:
1
d1 = −b
12
and
2 2
⎛ 1⎞ ⎛ 35 ⎞
d2 = (1 − 0)2 + ⎜3 − ⎟ = 12 + ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 12 ⎠ ⎝ 12 ⎠
37
= .
12
1 1
Note that d1 = − b rather than b − . The order of subtraction for the distance is important because the distance must be
12 12
positive. Setting d1 = d 2 produces
1 37
−b =
12 12
b = − 3.
So, the slope of the tangent line through (0, − 3) and (1, 3) is
3 − ( − 3)
m = = 6
1−0
and the equation of the tangent line in slope-intercept form is y = 6 x − 3.

1. Because the foci occur at ( 2, 0) and ( 2, 6), the center of the ellipse is ( 2, 3) and the distance from the center to one of the foci
is C = 3. Because 2a = 8, you know that a = 4. Now, from c 2 = a 2 − b 2 , you have
b = a2 − c2 = 42 − 32 = 7.
Because the major axis is vertical, the standard equation is as follows.
(y − k)
2
+
(x − h)
2
=1 y
2 2
a b
(y − 3) (x − 2)
2 2 6
(2, 6)
+ =1 a=4
( )
2 2
4 7
4
(2, 3)
2
(y − 3)
2
+
(x − 2)
2
=1
(2, 0)
x
16 7 −2 4 6
−2 b= 7
2. Begin by writing the original equation in standard form.

9 x 2 + 4 y 2 + 36 x − 8 y + 4 = 0 Write original equation.
9 x + 36 x + 4 y − 8 y = − 4
2 2
Group terms.
(
9 x + 4x +
2
) + 4( y 2
− 2y + ) = −4 Factor out leading coefficients.
9( x 2 + 4 x + 4) + 4( y 2 − 2 y + 1) = − 4 + 36 + 4 Complete the square.
9( x + 2) + 4( y − 1) = 36
2 2
Write in completed square form.
(x + 2) (y − 1)
2 2
+ =1 Divide each side by 36.

4 9
(x + 2)
2
+
(y − 1)
2
=1 Write in standard form.
22 32
The center is ( h, k ) = ( − 2, 1). Because the denominator of the y-term is a 2 = 32 , the endpoints of the major axis lie 3 units
above and below the center. So, the vertices are ( − 2, 4) and ( − 2, − 2).
Similarly, because the denominator of the x-term is b 2 = 22 , the endpoints of the minor axis lie 2 units to the right and left of
the center at ( − 4, 1) and (0, 1).
Now, from c 2 = a 2 − b 2 , you have c = 32 − 22 = 5.
So, the foci of the ellipse are − 2, 1 + ( ) (

5 and − 2, 1 − 5. )
y
(y − 1)2 (x + 2)2
32
+ 22 = 1
6
(−2, 4)
4
(−2, 1 + 5 )
(−2, 1) 2
(−4, 1) (0, 1)
x
−6 −4 −2 2
(−2, 1 − 5) −2
(−2, −2)
3. By completing the square, you can write the original equation in standard form.
5 x 2 + 9 y 2 + 10 x − 54 y + 41 = 0 Write original equation.
5 x + 10 x + 9 y − 54 y = − 41
2 2
Group terms.
(
5 x + 2x +
2
) + 9( y 2
− 6y + ) = − 41 Factor out leading coefficients.
5( x 2 + 2 x + 1) + 9( y 2 − 6 y + 9) = − 41 + 5 + 81
5( x + 1) + 9( y − 3) = 45
2 2
(x + 1)
2
+
(y − 3)
2
=1 Divide each side by 45.
9 5
(x + 1)
2
+
(y − 3)
2
=1 Write in standard form.
( 5)
2
32
The major axis is horizontal, y
where h = −1, k = 3, a = 3, b = 5 and c = a −b

2 2 (x +
32
1)2 (y − 3)2
+ ( 5 )2 = 1 8
( 5)
2 6
= 32 − = 4 = 2. (−3, 3) (1, 3)
4
(−4, 3) (2, 3)
So, you have the following. (−1, 3)
Center: ( −1, 3) Vertices: ( − 4, 3) Foci: ( − 3, 3) x

−6 −4 −2 2 4
(2, 3) (1, 3) −2
4. aphelion
Encke’s
coment
Sun 2.345 astronomical units ≈

218.885 million miles
4.429 astronomical units ≈

411.897 million miles
perihelion
Because 2a = 411.897 and 2b = 218.885, you have a ≈ 205.95 and b ≈ 109.44
which implies that c = a 2 − b2

= 205.952 − 109.442
≈ 174.47.
So, the greatest distance, the aphelion, from the sun’s center to the comet’s center is
a + c ≈ 205.95 + 174.47 = 380.42 million miles
and the least distance, the perihelion, is
a − c = 205.95 − 174.47 = 31.48 million miles.

1. By the Midpoint Formula, the center of the hyperbola occurs at the point of
⎛2 + 2 4 + 2⎞
( h, k ) = ⎜ ,− ⎟ = ( 2, −1).
⎝ 2 2 ⎠
Furthermore, a = 2 − ( −1) = 3 and c = 3 − ( −1) = 4, and it follows that b = c2 − a2 = 42 − 32 = 7.

So, the hyperbola has a vertical transverse axis and the standard form of the equation is
(y − k)
2
−
(x − h)
2
=1
2 2
a b
(y + 1)
2
−
(x − 2)
2
= 1.
( 7)
2
32
This equation simplifies to
(y + 1) ( x − 2)
2 2
− =1
9 7
y (y + 1) − (x − 2) = 1
2 2
9 7
4 (2, 3)
2
(2, 2)
x
−2 4 6 8
−2 (2, −1)
(2, −4)
−4
(2, −5)
Divide each side of the equation by 36, and write the equation in standard form.
4 y 2 − 9 x 2 = 36
y2 x2
− =1
9 4
y2 x2
2
− 2 =1
3 2
From this, you can conclude that a = 3, b = 2, and the transverse axis is vertical. Because the center is (0, 0), the vertices
occur at (0, 3) and (0, − 3). The endpoints of the conjugate axis occur at ( 2, 0) and ( − 2, 0). Using these four points, sketch a
rectangle that is 2a = 6 units tall and 2b = 4 units wide.
Now from c 2 = a 2 + b 2 , you have c = a 2 + b2 = 32 + 22 = 13. So, the foci of the hyperbola are 0, ( )
13 and
(0, − 13 . )
Finally, by drawing the asymptotes through the corners of this rectangle, you can complete the sketch. Note that the
3 3 y
asymptotes are y = x and y = − x.
2 2 4
(0, 3)
Graphical Solution
2
Solve the equation of the hyperbola for y as follows. (−2, 0) (2, 0)
x
4 y 2 − 9 x 2 = 36 −4 4
−2 y2 x2
−
4 y 2 = 9 x 2 + 36 9 4
=1
9 x 2 + 36 −4
y2 = (0, −3)
4
8
9 x 2 + 36 From the graph,
y = ± you can see that the y1 = 32 x2 + 4
4 traverse axis is vertical
3 and the vertices are −8 8
y = ± x2 + 4 (0, 3) and (0, −3). y2 = − 32 x2 + 4

2
−8
3 3
Then use a graphing utility to graph y1 = x 2 + 4 and y2 = − x 2 + 4 in the same viewing window.
2 2
3. 9 x 2 − 4 y 2 + 8 y − 40 = 0 Write original equation.
9 x − 4 y + 8 y = 40
2 2
Group terms.
9x − 4 y − 2 y +
2
( 2
) = 40 Factor out leading coefficients.
9 x 2 − 4( y 2 − 2 y + 1) = 40 − 4 Complete the square.
9 x 2 − 4( y − 1) = 36
2
( y − 1)
2 y
x2
− =1 Divide each side by 36. (0, 4)
4 9
3 x 2 (y − 1)2
− =1
x2
−
( y − 1) 2
=1 Write in standard form. (− 13, 1)
4 9
( 13, 1)
22 32 (−2, 1)
1 (0, 1) (2, 1)
x
From this equation you can conclude that the hyperbola has a horizontal transverse axis −4 −3
−1
3 4
centered at (0, 1). The vertices are at ( − 2, 1) and ( 2, 1), and has a conjugate axis with
(0, −2)
endpoints (0, 4) and (0, − 2). To sketch the hyperbola, draw a rectangle through these −3
y = 32 x + 1 y = − 32 x + 1
four points. The asymptotes are the lines passing through the corners of the rectangle.
3 3
Using a = 2 and b = 3, you can conclude that the equations of the asymptotes are y = x + 1 and y = − x + 1.
2 2
Finally, you can determine the foci by using the equation c 2 = a 2 + b 2 . So, you have c = 22 + 32 = 13, and the foci
are ( )
13, 1 and − 13, 1 . ( )
⎛3 + 9 2 + 2⎞
4. Using the Midpoint Formula you can determine the center is ( h, k ) = ⎜ , ⎟ = (6, 2).
⎝ 2 2 ⎠
Furthermore, the hyperbola has a horizontal transverse axis with a = 3. From the original equations, you can determine the
b 2 b 2
slopes of the asymptotes to be m1 = = and m2 = − = − , and because a = 3, you can conclude that b = 2.
a 3 a 3
So, the standard form of the equation of the hyperbola is
(x − 6) ( y − 2)
2 2
− = 1.
32 22
5. Begin by representing the situation in a coordinate plane. The distance between the microphones is 1 mile, or
5280 feet. So, position the point representing microphone A 2640 units to the right of the origin and the point representing
microphone B 2640 units to the left of the origin, as shown.
Assuming sound travels at 1100 feet per second, the explosion took place 4400 feet farther from B than from A. The locus
of all points that are 4400 feet closer to A than to B is one branch of a hyperbola with foci at A and B. Because the hyperbola
is centered at the origin and has a horizontal transverse axis, the standard form of its equation is
x2 y2
2
− 2 = 1.
a b
y
Because the foci are 2640 units from the center, c = 2640. Let d A and d B be the distances
of any point on the hyperbola from the foci at A and B, respectively. From page 713, you
have
4400
d B − d A = 2a
A
x
B 4400 = 2a The points are 4400 feet closer to A than to B
2200 = a Divide each side by 2
So, b 2 = c 2 − a 2 = 26402 − 22002 = 2,129,600 and you can conclude that the explosion
4400 2000 occurred somewhere on the right branch of the hyperbola
x2 y2
− = 1.
4,840,000 2,129,600
6. (a) For the equation 3x 2 + 3 y 2 − 6 x + 6 y + 5 = 0, you have A = C = 3. So, the graph is a circle.
(b) For the equation 2 x 2 − 4 y 2 + 4 x + 8 y − 3 = 0, you have AC = 2( − 4) < 0. So, the graph is a hyperbola.
(c) For the equation 3x 2 + y 2 + 6 x − 2 y + 3 = 0, you have AC = 3(1) > 0. So, the graph is an ellipse.
(d) For the equation 2 x 2 + 4 x + y − 2 = 0, you have AC = 2(0) = 0. So, the graph is a parabola.

A−C π π
1. Because A = 0, B = 1, and C = 0, you have cot 2θ = = 0 ⇒ 2θ = ⇒ θ = which implies that
B 2 4
π π π π
x = x′cos − y′sin and y = x′sin + y′cos
4 4 4 4
⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎛ 1 ⎞
= x′⎜ ⎟ − y′⎜ ⎟ = x′⎜ ⎟ + y′⎜ ⎟
⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ 2⎠
x′ − y′ x′ + y′
= = .
2 2
The equation in the x′y′-system is obtained by substituting these expressions in the original equation.
xy + 6 = 0
⎛ x′ − y′ ⎞⎛ x′ + y′ ⎞
⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟ + 6 = 0
⎝ 2 ⎠⎝ 2 ⎠
( x′) − ( y′)
2 2
+ 6 = 0
2
( x′)2 − ( y′)
2
= −6
2
( y′) − ( x′)
2 2
=1
12
( y′)2 −
( x′)2 =1
12 12
( y′) ( x′)
2 2
− =1
( ) ( )
2 2
2 3 2 3
In the x′y′-system this is a hyperbola centered at the origin with vertices at 0, ± 2 3 , as shown. To find the coordinates of ( )
the vertices in the xy -system, substitute the coordinates 0, ± 2 3 in the equations ( )
x′ − y ′ x′ + y′
x = and y = .
2 2
This substitution yields the vertices
⎛0 − 2 3 0 + 2 3⎞ (
⎛0 − −2 3 ) ⎞
0 − 2 3⎟
⎜⎜
2
, ⎟ = −
2 ⎟⎠
( 6, )
6 and ⎜
⎜ 2
,
2 ⎟
= ( 6, − 6 )
⎝ ⎝ ⎠
in the xy-system. Note that the asymptotes of the hyperbola have equations y′ = ± x′ which correspond to the original
x- and y-axes.
(y ′)2 (x ′)2
− =1 y
(2 3 (2 (2 3 (2
y′ 4 x′
x
2 4
xy + 6 = 0
2. Because A = 12, B = 16 3, and C = 28, you have

A−C 12 − 28 −16 −1
cot 2θ = = = =
B 16 3 16 3 3
2π π
which implies that 2θ = ⇒ θ = . The equation in the x′y′-system is obtained by making the substitutions
3 3
π π
x = x′cos − y′sin
3 3
⎛1⎞ ⎛ 3⎞
= x′⎜ ⎟ − y′⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ ⎠
2 ⎝ 2 ⎠
x′ − 3 y′
=
2
π π
and y = x′sin + y′cos
3 3
⎛ 3⎞ ⎛1⎞
= x′⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ + y′⎜ ⎟
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2⎠
3 x′ + y′
=
2
in the original equation. So, you have
12 x 2 + 16 3 xy + 28 y 2 − 36 = 0
2 2
⎛ x′ − 3 y′ ⎞ ⎛ x′ − 3 y′ ⎞⎛ 3 x′ + y′ ⎞ ⎛ 3 x′ + y′ ⎞
12⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ + 16 3 ⎜⎜ ⎟⎜
⎟⎜ ⎟⎟ + 28⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ − 36 = 0
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠
which simplifies to
36( x′) + 4( y′) − 36 = 0
2 2
36( x′) + 4( y′) = 36

2 2
( x′)2 +
( y′)2 =1
1 9
( x′) ( y′)
2 2
+ = 1.
12 32
This is the equation of an ellipse centered at the origin with vertices (0, ± 3) in the x′y′-system as shown.
y
x′
4
y′
(x′)2 (y′)2
2 + 2 =1
12 3
x
4
12x 2 + 16 3xy + 28y2 − 36 = 0
3.
5 4
2θ
3
Because A = 4, B = 4 and C = 1 you have

A−C 4 −1 3
cot 2θ = = = .
B 4 4
3
Using this information, draw a right triangle as shown in Figure 10.35. From the figure, you can see that cos 2θ = . To find
5
the values of sin θ and cos θ , you can use the half-angle formulas in the forms
1 − cos 2θ 1 + cos 2θ
sin θ = and cos θ = .
2 2
So,
1− 3
1 − cos 2θ 1 1
sin θ = = 5
= =
2 2 5 5
1+ 3
1 + cos 2θ 4 2
cos θ = = 5
= = .
2 2 5 5
Consequently, you use the substitutions
⎛ 2 ⎞ ⎛ 1 ⎞ 2 x′ − y′
x = x′cos θ − y′sin θ = x′⎜ ⎟ − y′⎜ ⎟ =
⎝ 5⎠ ⎝ 5⎠ 5
and
⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎛ 2 ⎞ x′ + 2 y′
y = x′sin θ + y′cos θ = x′⎜ ⎟ + y′⎜ ⎟ = .
⎝ 5⎠ ⎝ 5⎠ 5
Substituting these expressions in the original equation, you have
4 x 2 + 4 xy + y 2 − 2 5 x + 4 5 y − 30 = 0
2 2
⎛ 2 x′ − y′ ⎞ ⎛ 2 x′ − y′ ⎞⎛ x′ + 2 y′ ⎞ ⎛ x′ + 2 y′ ⎞ ⎛ 2 x′ − y′ ⎞ ⎛ x′ + 2 y′ ⎞
4⎜ ⎟ + 4⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟ +⎜ ⎟ − 2 5⎜ ⎟ + 4 5⎜ ⎟ − 30 = 0
⎝ 5 ⎠ ⎝ 5 ⎠⎝ 5 ⎠ ⎝ 5 ⎠ ⎝ 5 ⎠ ⎝ 5 ⎠
which simplifies as follows.
5( x′) + 10 y′ − 30 = 0
2
5( x′) = −10 y′ + 30
2
( x′)2 = − 2 y′ + 6
( x′) = − 2( y′ − 3)
2
The graph of this equation is a parabola with vertex (0, 3) in the x′y′-system.
x′
y (x ′) = −2(y ′ − 3)
2
y′
Its axis is parallel to the y′-axis in the x′y′-system and because
θ ≈ 26.6˚
1
sin θ = , θ ≈ 26.6°, as shown.
x
2 6 8 10
5
4x 2 + 4xy + y2 − 2 5x + 4 5y − 30 = 0
4. Because B 2 − 4 AC = ( − 8) − 4( 2)(8) = 64 − 64 = 0, the graph is a parabola.

2
2 x 2 − 8 xy + 8 y 2 + 3x + 5 = 0
8 y 2 − 8 xy + 2 x 2 + 3x + 5 = 0
8 y 2 + ( − 8 x) y + ( 2 x 2 + 3x + 5) = 0
− ( − 8 x) ± (− 8 x)2 − 4(8)( 2 x 2 + 3 x + 5)
y =
2(8)
8x ± 64 x 2 − 64 x 2 − 96 x − 160
y =
16
8x ± −96 x − 160
y =
16
8x + − 96 x − 160
So, y1 = and
16
8x − − 96 x − 160
y2 = .
16
0
−6 0
−4

1. Using values of t in the specified interval,
− 2 ≤ t ≤ 2, the parametric equations yield the points
( x, y ) shown.
t x y
−2 −4 18
−1 −2 6
0 0 2
1 2 6
2 4 18
By plotting these points in the order of increasing values

of t, you obtain the curve shown. The arrows on the
curve indicate its orientation as t increases from − 2 to 2.
y
x
−2 −1 1 2
2. Solving for t in the equation for x produces the 3. Begin by solving for cos θ and sin θ in the equations
following.
x
1 x = 5 cos θ ⇒ cos θ =
x = 5
t −1 y
1 y = 3 sin θ ⇒ sin θ =
x2 = 3
t −1
Use the Pythagorean identity sin 2 θ + cos 2 θ = 1 to
1
t −1 = form an equation involving only x and y.
x2
1 sin 2 θ + cos 2 θ = 1 Pythagorean identity
t = +1
x2 ⎛ y⎞
2
⎛ x⎞
2
y
1+ x 2 ⎜ ⎟ + ⎜ ⎟ = 1 Substitute for sin θ
t = ⎝ 3⎠ ⎝5⎠ 3
x2 x
and for cos θ .
Now, substituting in the equation for y, you obtain the 5
following rectangular equation. y2 x2
+ = 1 Simplify.
1+ x 2
9 25
+1
y = x2 x2 y2
1 + x2 + = 1 Rectangular equation
−1 25 9
x2
From this rectangular equation, you can see that the
1 + x2 + x2
graph is an ellipse centered at (0, 0), with horizontal
= x2
1 + x2 − x2 major axis, vertices at (5, 0) and ( − 5, 0) and minor axis
x2 of length 2b = 6.
2x2 + 1 Note that the elliptic curve is traced out
= x2 counterclockwise, starting at (5, 0), as θ increases on the
1
x2 interval [0, 2π ).
y
2x + 1 x
2 2
= ⋅
x2 1 4
= 2x2 + 1
2
From this rectangular equation, you can recognize that
x
the curve is a parabola that opens upward and has its −4 −2 2 4
vertex at (0, 1). Also, this rectangular equation is defined −2
for all values of x. The parametric equation for x, −4
however, is defined only when t > 1. This implies that

you should restrict the domain of x to positive values.
y
x
−2 −1 1 2
4. (a) Letting t = x, you obtain the parametric equations 5. As the parameter, let θ be the measure of the circle’s
x = t and y = x + 2 = t + 2. 2 2 rotation, and let the point P( x, y ) begin at (0, 2a ). When
The curve represented by the parametric equations is θ = 0, P is at (0, 2a ); when θ = π , P is at a minimum
shown. point (π a, 0); and when θ = 2π , P is at a maximum
y
point ( 2π a, 2a ). From the figure, ∠ APC = θ . So,

5
AC BD
sin θ = sin (∠ APC ) =
4
=
3 a a
AP
cos θ = cos(∠ APC ) =
1 a
x
−3 −2 −1 1 2 3 which implies that BD = a sin θ and
−1
AP = a cos θ . Because the circle rolls along the x-axis,
(b) Letting t = 2 − x, you obtain the parametric
OD = QD = aθ . Furthermore, because
equations
BA = DC = a,
t = 2 − x ⇒ x = 2 − t and
x = OD + BD = aθ + a sin θ
y = x 2 + 2 = t 2 − 4t + 6.
y = BA + AP = a + a cos θ .
The curve represented by the parametric equations is
shown. So, the parametric equations are x = a(θ + sin θ ) and
y = a(1 + cos θ ).
y
5 y
4 x = a(θ + sin θ ), y = a(1 + cosθ)
2a
3
P(x, y) (2π a, 2a)
C θ
a A
1 Q
θ
x
−3 −2 −1 1 2 3 x
−1 D B (π a, 0) 2π a

⎛ π⎞ ⎛ π⎞
1. (a) The point ( r , θ ) = ⎜ 3, ⎟ lies three units (b) The point ( r , θ ) = ⎜ 2, − ⎟ lies two
⎝ 4⎠ ⎝ 3⎠
from the pole on the terminal side of the angle units from the pole on the terminal side
π π
θ = . of the angle θ = −
4 3
π
π
2
2
π 0
1 2 3 π 0
1 2 3
3π
3π
2
2
⎛ 5π ⎞ 5π
(c) The point ( r , θ ) = ⎜ 2, ⎟ lies two units from the pole on the terminal side of the angle θ = , which coincides with
⎝ 3 ⎠ 3
π
⎛ π⎞ 2
the point ⎜ 2, − ⎟.
⎝ 3⎠
π 0
1 2 3
3π
2
2. (a) The point is shown. Three other representations are as follows.

⎛ 4π ⎞ ⎛ 10π ⎞
⎜ 3, + 2π ⎟ = ⎜ 3, ⎟ Add 2π to θ .
⎝ 3 ⎠ ⎝ 3 ⎠
⎛ 4π ⎞ ⎛ π⎞
⎜ − 3, − π ⎟ = ⎜ − 3, ⎟ Replace r with − r ; subtract π from θ .
⎝ 3 ⎠ ⎝ 3⎠
⎛ 4π ⎞ ⎛ 7π ⎞
⎜ − 3, + π ⎟ = ⎜ − 3, ⎟ Replace r with − r ; add π to θ .
⎝ 3 ⎠ ⎝ 3 ⎠
π
2
π 0
1 2 3
3π
2
⎛ 4π ⎞ ⎛ 10π ⎞ ⎛ π⎞ ⎛ 7π ⎞
⎜ 3, ⎟ = ⎜ 3, ⎟ = ⎜ − 3, ⎟ = ⎜ − 3, ⎟ =…
⎝ 3 ⎠ ⎝ 3 ⎠ ⎝ 3⎠ ⎝ 3 ⎠
(b) The point is shown. Three other representations are as follows:
⎛ 5π ⎞ ⎛ 7π ⎞
⎜ 2, − + 2π ⎟ = ⎜ 2, ⎟ Add 2π to θ .
⎝ 6 ⎠ ⎝ 6 ⎠
⎛ 5π ⎞ ⎛ 11π ⎞
⎜ − 2, − − π ⎟ = ⎜ − 2, − ⎟ Replace r with − r ; subtract π from θ .
⎝ 6 ⎠ ⎝ 6 ⎠
⎛ 5π ⎞ ⎛ π⎞
⎜ − 2, − + π ⎟ = ⎜ − 2, ⎟ Replace r with − r ; add π to θ .
⎝ 6 ⎠ ⎝ 6⎠
π
2
π 0
1 2 3
3π
2
⎛ 5π ⎞ ⎛ 7π ⎞ ⎛ 11π ⎞ ⎛ π⎞
⎜ 2, − ⎟ = ⎜ 2, ⎟ = ⎜ − 2, − ⎟ = ⎜ − 2, ⎟ = …
⎝ 6 ⎠ ⎝ 6 ⎠ ⎝ 6 ⎠ ⎝ 6⎠
(c) The point is shown. Three other representations are as follows. π
2
⎛ 3π ⎞ ⎛ 11π ⎞
⎜ −1, + 2π ⎟ = ⎜ −1, ⎟ Add 2π to θ .
⎝ 4 ⎠ ⎝ 4 ⎠
⎛ 3π ⎞ ⎛ π⎞
⎜1, − π ⎟ = ⎜1, − ⎟ Replace r with − r ; subtract π from θ . π
1 2 3
0
⎝ 4 ⎠ ⎝ 4⎠
⎛ 3π ⎞ ⎛ 7π ⎞
⎜1, + π ⎟ = ⎜1, ⎟ Replace r with − r ; add π to θ .
⎝ 4 ⎠ ⎝ 4 ⎠ 3π
2
⎛ 3π ⎞ ⎛ 11π ⎞ ⎛ π ⎞ ⎛ 7π ⎞
⎜ −1, ⎟ = ⎜ −1, ⎟ = ⎜1, − ⎟ = ⎜1, ⎟ =…
⎝ 4 ⎠ ⎝ 4 ⎠ ⎝ 4⎠ ⎝ 4 ⎠
3. For the point ( r , θ ) = ( 2, π ), you have the following. 4. For the point ( x, y ) = (0, 2), which lies on the positive
x = r cos θ = 2 cos π = ( 2)( −1) = − 2 y-axis, you have

2 π
y = r sin θ = 2 sin π = ( 2)(0) = 0 tan θ = is undefined ⇒ θ = .
0 2
The rectangular coordinates are ( x, y ) = ( − 2, 0). Choosing a positive value for r,
y
r = x2 + y2 = 02 + 22 = 2.
4
⎛ π⎞
So, one set of polar coordinates is ( r , θ ) = ⎜ 2, ⎟ as
(r, θ ) = (2, π )
2
⎝ 2⎠
x shown.
(x, y) = (−2, 0) 2 4
y
4
(r, θ ) = 2, π2
) )
2
(x, y) = (0, 2)
x
2 4
5. The graph of the polar equation r = 6 sin θ is not evident by simple inspection, so convert to rectangular form.
Because r = 6 sin θ ⇒ r 2 = 6r sin θ , use the relationships
r 2 = x 2 + y 2 and y = r sin θ .
r 2 = 6r sin θ
x2 + y2 = 6 y
Now you see that the graph is a circle.
The graph of x 2 + y 2 = 6 y in standard form is
x 2 + ( y − 3) = 9, which is a circle centered at (0, 3) with a radius of 3.

2

1. The cosine function is periodic, so you can get a full range of r-values by considering values of θ in the interval
0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π , as shown.
π π π π 2π 3π 5π
θ 0 π
6 4 3 2 3 4 6
r 6 3 3 3 2 3 0 −3 −3 2 −3 3 −6
7π 5π 4π 3π 5π 7π 11π
θ 2π
6 4 3 2 3 4 6
r −3 3 −3 2 −3 0 3 3 2 3 3 6
By plotting these points, it appears that the graph is a circle of radius 3 whose center is at the point ( x, y ) = (3, 0).
π
2
3
2
1
π 0
1 2 3 4 5 7
3π
2
2. Replacing ( r , θ ) by ( r , π − θ ) produces the following.
r = 3 + 2 sin (π − θ )
= 3 + 2 (sin π cos θ − cos π sin θ )
= 3 + 2 ⎡⎣(0) cos θ − ( −1) sin θ ⎤⎦
= 3 + 2 (0 + sin θ )
= 3 + 2 sin θ
So, you can conclude that the curve is symmetric with respect to the line θ = π 2. Plotting the points in the table and using
symmetry with respect to the line θ = π 2, you obtain the graph shown, called a dimpled limaçon.
θ 0 π
6 4 3 2 3 4 6
r 3 4 3+ 2 3+ 3 5 3+ 3 3+ 2 4 3
7π 5π 4π 3π 5π 7π 11π
θ 2π
6 4 3 2 3 4 6
r 2 3− 2 3− 3 1 3− 3 3− 2 2 3
π
2
6
4
3
2
1
π 0
3 4 5
3π
2
3. From the equation r = 1 + 2 sin θ , you can obtain the following:

π
Symmetry : With respect to the line θ =
2
π
Maximum value of r : r = 3 when θ =
2
7π 11π
Zero of r : r = 0 when θ = and
6 6
The table shows several θ-values in the interval [0, 2π ]
By plotting the corresponding points, you can sketch the graph.
θ 0 π
6 4 3 2 3 4 6
r 1 2 1+ 2 1+ 3 3 1+ 3 1+ 2 2 1 π
2
4
7π 5π 4π 3π 5π 7π 11π
θ 2π 2
6 4 3 2 3 4 6
r 0 1− 2 1− 3 −1 1− 3 1− 2 0 1 π
1 2 3
0
3π
2
4. From the equation r = 2 sin 3θ , you can obtain the following.

π
Symmetry : With respect to the line θ =
2
π 3π 5π
Maximum value of r : r = 2 when 3θ = , ,
2 2 2
π π 5π
or θ =
, ,
6 2 6
Zeros of r : r = 0 when 3θ = 0, π , 2π , 3π
π 2π
or θ = 0, , ,π
3 3
π
By plotting these points and using symmetry with respect to θ = , zeros, and maximum values, you obtain the graph.
2
π π π π 5π π 7π 2π 3π 5π
θ 0 π
12 6 4 3 12 2 12 3 4 6
r 0 2 2 2 0 − 2 −2 − 2 0 2 2 0
π
2
3
2
π 0
1 2 3
3π
2
5. Type of curve: Rose curve with n = 3 petals

Symmetry : With respect to the polar axis
π 2π
Maximum value of r : r = 3 when θ = 0, , ,π
3 3
π π 5π
Zeros of r : r = 0 when θ = , ,
6 2 6
Using this information together with the points shown, you obtain the graph.
θ 0 π
6 4 3 2 3 4 6
3 3 3 3
r 3 0 − −3 0 3 0 −3
2 4
π
2
3
π 0
3 4
3π
2
6. Type of curve: Lemniscate

π
Symmetry : With respect to the polar axis, the line θ = , and the pole
2
Maximum value of r : r = 2 when θ = 0, π
π 3π
Zeros of r : r = 0 when θ = ,
4 4
When cos 2θ < 0, this equation has no solution points.
π 3π
So, you can restrict the values of θ to three for which cos 2θ ≥ 0. 0 ≤ θ ≤ and ≤ θ ≤ π
4 4
π π 3π 5π
θ 0 π
6 4 4 6
2 2
r = ±2 cos 2θ ±2 ± 0 0 ± ±2
2 2
Using symmetry and these points, you obtain the graph shown.
π
2
2
π 0
3
3π
2

ep
To identify the type of conic, rewrite the equation in the form r = .
1 ± e sinθ
8
r = Write original equation.
2 − 3 sin θ
4
r = Divide numerator and denominator by 2.
1− 3 sin
2
θ
3
Because e = > 1, you can conclude the graph is a hyperbola.
2
Graphical Solution
Use a graphing utility in polar mode and be sure to use a square setting as shown.
5
−12 12
) 85 , 32π ) r=
8
2 − 3sinθ
)−8, π2 )
−15
The graph of the conic appears to be a hypberbola.
2. Dividing the numerator and denominator by 2, you have

32
r = .
1 − 2 sin θ
Because e = 2 > 1, the graph is a hyperbola.
π ⎛ 3 π⎞ ⎛ 1 3π ⎞
The transverse axis of the hyperbola lies on the line θ = , and the vertices occur at ⎜ − , ⎟ and ⎜ , ⎟.
2 ⎝ 2 2⎠ ⎝2 2 ⎠
1
Because the length of the transverse axis is 1, you can see that a = . To find b, write
2
2
⎛1⎞ 3
b 2 = a 2 (e 2 − 1) = ⎜ ⎟ ⎡( 2) − 1⎤ = .
2
⎝ 2⎠ ⎣ ⎦ 4
3
So, b = . You can use a and b to determine
2
3
that the asymptotes of the hyperbola are y = −1 ± x.
3
π
2
3
r=
2 2 − 4 sin θ
1
) π)
1 3
,
2 2
π 0
2 3
)− π )
3
,
2 2
3π
2
3. Because the directrix is vertical and left of the pole, use an equation of the form
ep
r = .
1 + e cos θ
Moreover, because the eccentricity of a parabola is e = 1 and the distance between the pole and the directrix is p = − 2,
you have the equation
ep −2
r = = .
1 + e cos θ 1 + cos θ
ep
4. Using a vertical major axis as shown, choose an equation of the form r = .
1 + e sin θ
π 3π
Because the vertices of the ellipse occur when θ = and θ = , you can determine the length of the major axis to be the
2 2
sum of the r-values of the vertices. π
Sun 2
0.848 p 0.848 p
2a = + ≈ 6.038 p ≈ 4.429 π 0
1 + 0.848 1 − 0.848
So, p ≈ 0.734 and ep ≈ (0.848)(0.734) ≈ 0.622. Encke’s
comet
Using this value of ep in the equation, you have
ep 0.622
r = =
1 + e sin θ 1 + 0.848 sin θ
where r is measured in astronomical units.
π
To find the closest point to the sun (the focus), substitute θ = into this equation.
2
0.622 0.622
r = =
1 + 0.848 sin π 2 1 + 0.848(1)
≈ 0.337 astronomical unit
≈ 31,400,000 miles 3π
2
Chapter P Practice Test Solutions 425
Chapter P Practice Test Solutions

1. 5( x − 2) − 4 = 3 x + 8 8. (5, 32) and (9, 44)
5 x − 10 − 4 = 3 x + 8 44 − 32 12
m = = = 3
5 x − 14 = 3 x + 8 9−5 4
2 x = 22 y − 32 = 3( x − 5)
x = 11 y − 32 = 3 x − 15
y = 3 x + 17
2. x 2 − 16 x + 25 = 0
When x = 20, y = 3( 20) + 17
x 2 − 16 x = − 25
y = $77.
x 2 − 16 x + 64 = − 25 + 64
(x − 8) = 39
2
9. f ( x − 3) = ( x − 3) − 2( x − 3) + 1
2
x−8 = ± 39 = x2 − 6 x + 9 − 2x + 6 + 1
x = 8± 39 = x 2 − 8 x + 16
3. 3 x + 5 = 8 10. f (3) = 12 − 11 = 1
3x + 5 = − 8 OR 3 x + 5 = 8 f ( x) − f (3) (4 x − 11) − 1
=
3 x = −13 3x = 3 x−3 x −3
x = − 13 x =1 4 x − 12
3 =
x−3
2
4. ⎣⎡ x − ( − 3)⎤⎦ + ( y − 5) = 62
2 4( x − 3)
= = 4, x =/ 3
x −3
(x + 3) + ( y − 5) = 36
2 2
11. f ( x) = 36 − x 2 = (6 + x)(6 − x)
5. ( 2, 4) and (3, −1)
Domain: [− 6, 6] since 36 − x 2 ≥ 0 on this interval.
d = ( 3 − 2) 2
+ (−1 − 4)
2
Range: [0, 6]
= (1)2 + ( − 5)
2
12. (a) 6 x − 5 y + 4 = 0
= 26
6x + 4
y = is a function of x.
4x 5
6. y = 3
−3
(b) x 2 + y 2 = 9
7. 2 x + 3 y = 0
y = ± 9 − x 2 is not a function of x.
y = − 23 x
(c) y 3 = x 2 + 6
m1 = − 23 3
y = x 2 + 6 is a function of x.
⊥ m2 = 3
2
through ( 4, 1)
13. Parabola
y −1 = 3
(x − 4)
2
Vertex: (0, − 5)
y −1 = 3x −6 y
( )
2
3x Intercepts: (0, − 5), ± 5, 0
y = 2
−5 1
y-axis symmetry −3 −1 1 3
x
−1
−2
−3
−4
426 Practice Test Solutions
14. Intercepts: (0, 3), ( − 3, 0) 17. (a) (g − f )( x) = g ( x) − f ( x)

= ( 2 x 2 − 5) − (3x + 7)
x 0 1 −1 2 −2 −3 −4
= 2 x 2 − 3x − 12
y 3 4 2 5 1 0 1
(b) ( fg )( x) = f ( x) g ( x )
= (3x + 7)( 2 x 2 − 5)
y
3 = 6 x3 + 14 x 2 − 15 x − 35
2
1
18. f ( g ( x)) = f ( 2 x + 3)
= ( 2 x + 3) − 2( 2 x + 3) + 16
x 2
−6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1
−1
−2
= 4 x 2 + 12 x + 9 − 4 x − 6 + 16
= 4 x 2 + 8 x + 19
15.
x 0 1 2 3 −1 −2 −3 19. f ( x) = x3 + 7
y 1 3 5 7 2 6 12 y = x3 + 7
y x = y3 + 7
5 x − 7 = y3
4 3
x−7 = y
f −1 ( x) =
3
3
x−7
2
x
20. (a) f ( x) = x − 6 does not have an inverse.
−3 −2 −1 1 2 3
−1 Its graph does not pass the Horizontal Line Test.
y
16. (a) f ( x + 2)
8
Horizontal shift two units to the left
6
y
4
4
3 2
2
x
1 2 4 6 8
f ( x) = ax + b, a =/ 0 does have an inverse.

x
−5 −4 −3 −2 −1 1 (b)
−1
−2
y = ax + b
x = ay + b
(b) − f ( x) + 2 x −b
= y
Reflection in the x-axis and a vertical shift two units a
upward x −b
f −1 ( x) =
y a
4
(c) f ( x) = x3 − 19 does have an inverse.
3
2 y = x3 − 19
1
x x = y 3 − 19
−4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4
x + 19 = y 3
−2
−3 3
x + 19 = y
−4
f −1 ( x) = 3
x + 19
Chapter 1 Practice Test Solutions 427
3− x 22. False. The slopes of 3 and 1 are not negative reciprocals.

21. f ( x) = , 0 < x ≤ 3, y ≥ 0 3
x
3− x 23. True. Let y = ( fg )( x). Then x = (f D g)
−1
( y ). Also,
y =
x
(f D g )( x) = y
3− y
x = f ( g ( x )) = y
y
3− y g ( x) = f −1 ( y )
x2 =
y x = g −1 ( f −1 ( y ))
x2 y = 3 − y x = ( g −1 D f −1 )( y ).
x y + y = 3
2
Since x = x, we have ( f D g ) ( y) = ( g −1 D f −1 )( y ).
−1
y( x 2 + 1) = 3
3 24. True. It must pass the Vertical Line Test to be a function
y =
x2 + 1 and it must pass the Horizontal Line Test to have an
3 inverse.
f −1 ( x) = 2 ,x ≥ 0
x +1
25. y ≈ 0.669 x + 2.669
Chapter 1 Practice Test Solutions

⎛ π ⎞
1. 350° = 350⎜ ⎟ =
⎝ 180 ⎠
35π
18
4. −22.569° = − 22° + 0.569(60)′( )
= −22° 34.14′
2.
5π
9
=
5π 180
9
⋅
π
= 100°
(
= − 22° 34′ + 0.14(60)′′ )
≈ −22° 34′ 8′′
3. 135° 14′ 12′′ = 135 + ( 14
60
+ 12
3600 )°
≈ 135.2367° 2
5. cos θ =
3
x = 2, r = 3, y = ± 9− 4 = ± 5
y 5
tan θ = = ±
x 2
6. sin θ = 0.9063
θ = arcsin(0.9063)
13π 23π
θ = 65° = or θ = 180° − 65° = 115° =
36 36
35 1
7. tan 20° = 35
9. csc 3.92 = ≈ −1.4242
x sin 3.92
35 20°
x = x
tan 20° 6
10. tan θ = 6 = , θ lies in Quandrant III.
≈ 96.1617 1
y = −6, x = −1, r = 36 + 1 = 37, so
6π
8. θ = , θ is in Quadrant III. 37
5 sec θ = ≈ −6.0828.
−1
6π π
Reference angle: −π = or 36°
5 5
11. Period: 4π 16. 37.7
Amplitude: 3
y −2␲ 2␲
2 −37.7
x 17. θ = arcsin 1
π 3π 5π 7π
−1 sin θ = 1
π
−3
θ = = 90º
2
12. Period: 2π 18. θ = arctan ( −3)

Amplitude: 2 tan θ = −3
y θ ≈ −1.249 ≈ −71.565°
⎛ 4 ⎞
2
19. sin ⎜ arccos ⎟
⎝ 35 ⎠
35 x= 35 − 16
x 19
π 2π 3π 4π sin θ = ≈ 0.7368 = 19
−1
35
θ
−2 4
⎛ x⎞
π 20. cos⎜ arcsin ⎟
13. Period: ⎝ 4⎠
2 4
x
16 − x 2
y cos θ =
4 θ
2
16 − x 2
1
21. Given A = 40°, c = 12
x
π
2
π
B = 90° − 40° = 50°
a
sin 40° =
12
a = 12 sin 40° ≈ 7.713
14. Period: 2π b
cos 40° =
y 12
2
b = 12 cos 40° ≈ 9.193
1 22. Given B = 6.84°, a = 21.3
π 2π 3π
x
A = 90° − 6.84° = 83.16°
−1 21.3
sin 83.16° =
−2
c
21.3
c = ≈ 21.453
sin 83.16°
15. 15
21.3
tan 83.16° =
−2␲ 2␲
b
21.3
b = ≈ 2.555
tan 83.16°
−15
23. Given a = 5, b = 9 250 5°

25. tan 5° = 250 ft
x
c = 25 + 81 = 106 ≈ 10.296 x 5°
250
5 x =
tan A = 9 tan 5°
A = arctan 5
≈ 29.055° ≈ 2857.513 feet
9
≈ 0.541 mi
B ≈ 90° − 29.055° = 60.945°
x
24. sin 67° =
20
x = 20 sin 67° ≈ 18.41 feet
x 20
67°

4 sec 2 x + csc 2 x sec 2 x + csc 2 x
1. tan x = , sec x < 0 ⇒ x is in Quadrant III. 2. =
11 csc x(1 + tan x)
2 2
csc x + (csc 2 x) tan 2 x
2
y = −4, x = −11, r = 16 + 121 = 137 sec 2 x + csc 2 x

=
1 sin 2 x
4 4 137 137 csc 2 x + ⋅
sin x = − = − csc x = − sin x cos 2 x
2
137 137 4
137 sec 2 x + csc 2 x
11 11 137 sec x = − =
cos x = − = − 1
137 137 11 csc 2 x +
cos 2 x
4 11
tan x = cot x =
4 sec 2 x + csc 2 x
11 = =1
csc 2 x + sec 2 x
tan θ sin θ cos θ sin 2 θ

3. ln tan θ − ln cot θ = ln = ln = ln = ln tan 2 θ = 2 ln tan θ
cot θ cos θ sin θ cos 2 θ
⎛π ⎞ 1 ⎛π ⎞ 1
4. cos⎜ − x ⎟ = is true since cos⎜ − x ⎟ = sin x = .
⎝2 ⎠ csc x ⎝2 ⎠ csc x
5. sin 4 x + (sin 2 x) cos 2 x = sin 2 x(sin 2 x + cos 2 x) 6. (csc x + 1)(csc x − 1) = csc 2 x − 1 = cot 2 x
= sin 2 x(1) = sin 2 x
cos 2 x 1 + sin x cos 2 x(1 + sin x) cos 2 x(1 + sin x)

7. ⋅ = = = 1 + sin x
1 − sin x 1 + sin x 1 − sin x
2
cos 2 x
8.
1 + cos θ
+
sin θ
=
(1 + cos θ ) + sin 2 θ 2
sin θ 1 + cos θ sin θ (1 + cos θ )

1 + 2 cos θ + cos 2 θ + sin 2 θ 2 + 2 cos θ 2
= = = = 2 csc θ
sin θ (1 + cos θ ) sin θ (1 + cos θ ) sin θ
9. tan 4 x + 2 tan 2 x + 1 = ( tan 2 x + 1) = (sec 2 x) = sec 4 x

2 2
10. (a) sin 105° = sin (60° + 45°) = sin 60° cos 45° + cos 60° sin 45°
=
2
3
⋅
2
2 1
+ ⋅
2 2
2
=
4
2
( 3 +1 )
tan 60° − tan 45°
(b) tan 15° = tan (60° − 45°) =
1 + tan 60° tan 45°
3 −1 1− 3 2 3 −1−3 2 3 − 4
= ⋅ = = = 2− 3
1+ 3 1− 3 1 − 3 −2
11. (sin 42°) cos 38° − (cos 42°) sin 38° = sin ( 42° − 38°) = sin 4°
⎛π ⎞
tan θ + tan ⎜ ⎟
⎛ π⎞ ⎝ 4 ⎠ = tan θ + 1 = 1 + tan θ
12. tan ⎜θ + ⎟ =
⎝ 4⎠ ⎛π ⎞ 1 − tan θ (1) 1 − tan θ
1 − ( tan θ ) tan ⎜ ⎟
⎝4⎠
13. sin (arcsin x − arccos x) = sin (arcsin x) cos(arccos x) − cos(arcsin x) sin (arccos x)
= ( x)( x) − ( 1 − x2 )( )
1 − x 2 = x 2 − (1 − x 2 ) = 2 x 2 − 1
2
⎛1⎞ 1
14. (a) cos(120°) = cos ⎡⎣2(60°)⎤⎦ = 2 cos 2 60° − 1 = 2⎜ ⎟ − 1 = −
⎝ 2⎠ 2
2 3
−
2 tan 150° 3
(b) tan (300°) = tan ⎡⎣2(150°)⎤⎦ = = = − 3
1 − tan 2 150° ⎛1⎞
1−⎜ ⎟
⎝ 3⎠
2
1−
45° 1 − cos 45° 2 = 2− 2
15. (a) sin 22.5° = sin = =
2 2 2 2
π π 1
sin
π 1
(b) tan = tan 6 = 6 = 2 = = 2− 3
12 2 ⎛π ⎞ 3 2 + 3
1 + cos⎜ ⎟ 1+
⎝6⎠ 2
4 3
16. sin θ = , θ lies in Quadrant II ⇒ cos θ = − .
5 5
3
1−
θ 1 + cos θ 5 = 2 1 5
cos = = = =
2 2 2 10 5 5
1 − cos 2 x 1 + cos 2 x 1 1⎡ 1 + cos 4 x ⎤

17. (sin 2 x) cos 2 x = ⋅ = ⎡⎣1 − cos 2 2 x⎤⎦ = ⎢1 − ⎥
2 2 4 4⎣ 2 ⎦
1 1
= ⎡⎣2 − (1 + cos 4 x)⎤⎦ = [1 − cos 4 x]
8 8
{
18. 6(sin 5θ ) cos 2θ = 6 12 ⎡⎣sin (5θ + 2θ ) + sin (5θ − 2θ )⎤⎦ = 3[sin 7θ + sin 3θ ] }
⎛ ⎡( x + π ) + ( x − π )⎤⎦ ⎞ ⎡( x + π ) − ( x − π )⎤⎦
19. sin ( x + π ) + sin ( x − π ) = 2⎜ sin ⎣ ⎟ cos ⎣
⎜ 2 ⎟ 2
⎝ ⎠
= 2 sin x cos π = −2 sin x
sin 9 x + sin 5 x 2 sin 7 x cos 2 x cos 2 x

20. = = − = −cot 2 x
cos 9 x − cos 5 x −2 sin 7 x sin 2 x sin 2 x
21. 1 ⎡sin
2⎣ (u + v) − sin (u − v)⎤⎦ = 1
2 {(sin u) cos v + (cos u ) sin v − ⎡⎣(sin u ) cos v − (cos u) sin v⎤⎦}
= 1 ⎡2
2⎣ (cos u ) sin v⎤⎦ = (cos u ) sin v
22. 4 sin 2 x = 1 24. sin 2 x = cos x

1 2(sin x) cos x − cos x = 0
sin 2 x =
4 cos x( 2 sin x − 1) = 0
1
sin x = ± 1
2 cos x = 0 or sin x =
2
1 1
sin x = or sin x = − π 3π π 5π
2 2 x = or x = or
2 2 6 6
π 5π 7π 11π
x = or x = or
6 6 6 6 25. tan 2 x − 6 tan x + 4 = 0
23. tan 2 θ + ( )
3 − 1 tan θ − 3 = 0
tan x =
−( −6) ± ( − 6) 2 − 4(1)( 4)
2(1)
( tan θ − 1)( tan θ + )
3 = 0
6 ± 20
tan x = = 3± 5
tan θ = 1 or tan θ = − 3 2
π 5π 2π 5π tan x = 3 + 5 or tan x = 3 − 5
θ = or θ = or
4 4 3 3 x ≈ 1.3821 or 4.5237 x ≈ 0.6524 or 3.7940

1. C = 180° − ( 40° + 12°) = 128° ⎛ sin 150° ⎞
2. sin A = 5⎜ ⎟ = 0.125
⎛ 100 ⎞ ⎝ 20 ⎠
a = sin 40°⎜ ⎟ ≈ 309.164 A ≈ 7.181°
⎝ sin 12° ⎠
⎛ 100 ⎞ B ≈ 180° − (150° + 7.181°) = 22.819°
c = sin 128°⎜ ⎟ ≈ 379.012
⎝ sin 12° ⎠ ⎛ 20 ⎞
b = sin 22.819°⎜ ⎟ ≈ 15.513
⎝ sin 150° ⎠
3. Area = 1 ab
2
sin C = 1
2
(3)(6) sin 130° ≈ 6.894 square units
4. h = b sin A = 35 sin 22.5° ≈ 13.394 (53)2 + (38) − ( 49)

2 2
a = 10 5. cos A = ≈ 0.4598
2(53)(38)
Since a < h and A is acute, the triangle has no solution. A ≈ 62.627°
(49) + (38) − (53)
2 2 2
cos B = ≈ 0.2782
2( 49)(38)
B ≈ 73.847°
C ≈ 180° − (62.627° + 73.847°)
= 43.526°
c 2 = (100) + (300) − 2(100)(300) cos 29°

2 2
6. ⎛ 3 1 ⎞
12. 4(i cos 30° + j sin 30°) = 4⎜⎜ i + j⎟⎟
≈ 47,522.8176 ⎝ 2 2 ⎠
c ≈ 218 = 2 3, 2
(300) + ( 218) − (100)
2 2 2
cos A = ≈ 0.97495 y
2(300)( 218)
A ≈ 12.85°
B ≈ 180° − (12.85° + 29°) = 138.15°
a +b + c 4.1 + 6.8 + 5.5 v

7. s = = = 8.2
2 2 30°
x
Area = s( s − a)( s − b)( s − c )
= 8.2(8.2 − 4.1)(8.2 − 6.8)(8.2 − 5.5)

⎛u ⋅ v⎞ −10
≈ 11.273 square units 13. projvu = ⎜ ⎟v = −2, 4 = 1, − 2
⎜ v 2 ⎟ 20
⎝ ⎠
8. x 2 = ( 40) + (70) − 2( 40)(70)cos 168°
2 2
14. r = 25 + 25 = 50 = 5 2
≈ 11,977.6266 40 168° 12°
−5
x ≈ 190.442 miles x
70 tan θ = = −1
5
9. w = 4(3i + j) − 7( −i + 2 j) Because z is in Quadrant IV, θ = 315°.
= 19i − 10 j z = 5 2 (cos 315° + i sin 315°)
v 5i − 3 j 5 3 2 2
10. = = i − j 15. cos 225° = − , sin 225° = −
v 25 + 9 34 34 2 2
5 34 3 34 ⎛ 2 2⎞
= i − j z = 6⎜⎜ − −i ⎟ = −3 2 − 3 2i
34 34 ⎝ 2 2 ⎟⎠
11. u = 6i + 5 j , v = 2i − 3j
u ⋅ v = 6( 2) + 5( −3) = −3
u = 61, v = 13
−3
cos θ =
61 13
θ ≈ 96.116°
16. ⎣⎡7(cos 23° + i sin 23°)⎤⎡

⎦⎣4(cos 7° + i sin 7°)⎤⎦ = 7(4)⎡⎣cos( 23° + 7°) + i sin ( 23° + 7°)⎤⎦
= 28(cos 30° + i sin 30°)
⎛ 5π 5π ⎞
⎝ 4 4 ⎠ 9 ⎡ ⎛ 5π ⎞ ⎛ 5π ⎞⎤ ⎛ π π⎞
17. = ⎢cos⎜ − π ⎟ + i sin ⎜ − π ⎟⎥ = 3⎜ cos + i sin ⎟
3(cos π + i sin π ) 3⎣ ⎝ 4 ⎠ ⎝ 4 ⎠⎦ ⎝ 4 4⎠
( )
8 8
18. ( 2 + 2i ) = ⎡⎣2 2 (cos 45° + i sin 45°)⎤⎦ = 2 2 ⎡⎣cos(8)( 45°) + i sin (8)( 45°)⎤⎦
8
= 4096[cos 360° + i sin 360°] = 4096
⎛ π π⎞
19. z = 8⎜ cos + i sin ⎟, n = 3
⎝ 3 3⎠
⎡ ⎛π ⎞ ⎛π ⎞ ⎤
⎢ ⎜ ⎟ + 2π k ⎜ ⎟ + 2π k ⎥
The cube roots of z are: 3
8 ⎢cos ⎝ 3 ⎠ + i sin ⎝ 3 ⎠ ⎥ , k = 0, 1, 2
⎣ 3 3 ⎦
⎡ π π⎤
⎢ 3 ⎥ ⎛ π π⎞
For k = 0: 3
8 ⎢cos + i sin 3 ⎥ = 2⎜ cos + i sin ⎟
⎣ 3 3⎦ ⎝ 9 9⎠
⎡ ⎛π ⎞ ⎛π ⎞ ⎤
⎢ ⎜ ⎟ + 2π ⎜ ⎟ + 2π ⎥ 7π 7π ⎞
For k = 1: 3
8 ⎢cos ⎝3⎠ + i sin ⎝3⎠ ⎥ = 2⎜⎛ cos + i sin ⎟
⎣ 3 3 ⎦ ⎝ 9 9 ⎠
⎡ ⎛π ⎞ ⎛π ⎞ ⎤
⎢ ⎜ ⎟ + 4π ⎜ ⎟ + 4π ⎥ 13π 13π ⎞
For k = 2: 3
8 ⎢cos ⎝ 3 ⎠ + i sin ⎝ 3 ⎠ ⎥ = 2⎜⎛ cos + i sin ⎟
⎣ 3 3 ⎦ ⎝ 9 9 ⎠
⎛ 3π 3π ⎞
20. x 4 = −i = 1⎜ cos + i sin ⎟
⎝ 2 2 ⎠
⎡ ⎛ 3π ⎞ ⎛ 3π ⎞ ⎤
⎢ ⎜ ⎟ + 2π k ⎜ ⎟ + 2π k ⎥
The fourth roots are: 4
1 ⎢cos ⎝ 2 ⎠ + i sin ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎥ , k = 0, 1, 2, 3
⎣ 4 4 ⎦
3π 3π
2 3π 3π
For k = 0: cos + i sin 2 = cos + i sin
4 4 8 8
⎛ 3π ⎞ ⎛ 3π ⎞
⎜ ⎟ + 2π ⎜ ⎟ + 2π 7π 7π
For k = 1: cos ⎝ ⎠
2
+ i sin ⎝ ⎠
2
= cos + i sin
4 4 8 8
⎛ 3π ⎞ ⎛ 3π ⎞
⎜ ⎟ + 4π ⎜ ⎟ + 4π 11π 11π
For k = 2: cos ⎝ ⎠
2
+ i sin ⎝ ⎠
2
= cos + i sin
4 4 8 8
⎛ 3π ⎞ ⎛ 3π ⎞
⎜ ⎟ + 6π ⎜ ⎟ + 6π 15π 15π
For k = 3: cos ⎝ ⎠
2
+ i sin ⎝ ⎠
2
= cos + i sin
4 4 8 8

1. 4 + − 81 − 3i 2 = 4 + 9i + 3 = 7 + 9i
3 + i 5 + 4i 15 + 12i + 5i + 4i 2 11 + 17i 11 17
2. ⋅ = = = + i
5 − 4i 5 + 4i 25 + 16 41 41 41
− ( − 4) ± (− 4) − 4(1)(7)
2
4± −12 4 ± 2 3i
3. x = = = = 2± 3i
2(1) 2 2
4. False: −6 −6 = ( 6i )( 6i =) 36 i 2 = 6( −1) = − 6
5. b 2 − 4ac = ( − 8) − 4(3)(7) = − 20 < 0

2
Two complex solutions
6. x 4 + 13 x 2 + 36 = 0 7. f ( x) = ( x − 3) ⎡⎣ x − (−1 + 4i )⎤⎦ ⎡⎣ x − ( −1 − 4i )⎤⎦

(x 2
+ 4)( x + 9) = 0
2
= ( x − 3) ⎡⎣( x + 1) − 4i⎤⎦ ⎡⎣( x + 1) + 4i⎤⎦
= ( x − 3) ⎡( x + 1) − 16i 2 ⎤
2
x 2 + 4 = 0 ⇒ x 2 = − 4 ⇒ x = ± 2i
⎣ ⎦
x 2 + 9 = 0 ⇒ x 2 = − 9 ⇒ x = ± 3i
= ( x − 3)( x 2 + 2 x + 17)
= x3 − x 2 + 11x − 51
8. Since x = 4 + i is a zero, so is its conjugate 4 − i.

⎡⎣ x − ( 4 + i )⎤⎦ ⎡⎣ x − ( 4 − i )⎤⎦ = ⎡⎣( x − 4) − i⎤⎦ ⎡⎣( x − 4) + i⎤⎦
= ( x − 4) − i 2
2
= x 2 − 8 x + 17
x − 2
x − 8 x + 17 x − 10 x + 33 x − 34
2 3 2
x3 − 8 x 2 + 17 x
− 2 x 2 + 16 x − 34
− 2 x 2 + 16 x − 34
0
Thus, f ( x) = ( x 2 − 8 x + 17)( x − 2) and the zeros of f ( x) are: 4 ± i, 2.
9. r = 25 + 25 = 50 = 5 2 2 2
10. cos 225° = − , sin 225° = −
−5 2 2
tan θ = = −1
5 ⎛ 2 2⎞
z = 6⎜⎜ − −i ⎟ = −3 2 − 3 2i
Since z is in Quadrant IV, θ − 315°,
⎝ 2 2 ⎟⎠
z = 5 2 (cos 315° + i sin 315°).
11. ⎡⎣7(cos 23° + i sin 23°)⎤⎦ ⎡⎣4(cos 7° + i sin 7°)⎤⎦ = 7( 4)⎡⎣cos( 23° + 7°) + i sin ( 23° + 7°)⎤⎦
= 28(cos 30° + i sin 30°)
= 14 3 + 14i
⎛ 5π 5π ⎞
⎝ 4 4 ⎠ 9 ⎡ ⎛ 5π ⎞ ⎛ 5π ⎞⎤ ⎛ π π⎞ 3 2 3 2
12. = ⎢cos⎜ − π ⎟ + i sin ⎜ − π ⎟⎥ = 3⎜ cos + i sin ⎟ = + i
3(cos π + i sin π ) 3⎣ ⎝ 4 ⎠ ⎝ 4 ⎠⎦ ⎝ 4 4⎠ 2 2
8
13. ( 2 + 2i ) = ⎡⎣2 2 (cos 45° + i sin 45°)⎤⎦
8
( )
8
= 2 2 ⎡⎣cos(8)( 45°) + i sin (8)( 45°)⎤⎦
= 4096[cos 360° + i sin 360°]

= 4096
⎛ π π⎞
14. z = 8⎜ cos + i sin ⎟, n = 3
⎝ 3 3⎠
The cube roots of z are: 3 ⎡

8 ⎢cos
(π 3) + 2π k + i sin (π 3) + 2π k ⎤, k = 0, 1, 2
⎥
⎣ 3 3 ⎦
⎡ π 3 π 3⎤ ⎛ π π⎞
For k = 0: 3
8 ⎢cos + i sin ⎥ = 2⎜ cos 9 + i sin 9 ⎟
⎣ 3 3 ⎦ ⎝ ⎠
For k = 1: 3 ⎡
8 ⎢cos
(π 3) + 2π + i sin (π 3) + 2π ⎤ = 2⎛ cos 7π + i sin 7π ⎞
⎥ ⎜ ⎟
⎣ 3 3 ⎦ ⎝ 9 9 ⎠
For k = 2: 3 ⎡
8 ⎢cos
(π 3) + 4π + i sin (π 3) + 4π ⎤ = 2⎛ cos 13π + i sin 13π ⎞
⎥ ⎜ ⎟
⎣ 3 3 ⎦ ⎝ 9 9 ⎠
⎛ 3π 3π ⎞
15. x 4 = −i = 1⎜ cos + i sin ⎟
⎝ 2 2 ⎠
The fourth roots of are: 4 ⎡

1 ⎢cos
(3π 2) + 2π k + i sin (3π 2) + 2π k ⎤, k = 0, 1, 2, 3
⎥
⎣ 4 4 ⎦
⎛ 3π 2 ⎞ ⎛ 3π 2 ⎞ 3π 3π
For k = 0: cos⎜ ⎟ + i sin ⎜ ⎟ = cos + i sin
⎝ 4 ⎠ ⎝ 4 ⎠ 8 8
⎛ (3π 2) + 2π ⎞ ⎛ (3π 2) + 2π ⎞ 7π 7π
⎝ 4 ⎠ ⎝ 4 ⎠ 8 8
⎛ (3π 2) + 4π ⎞ ⎛ (3π 2) + 4π ⎞ 11π 11π
⎝ 4 ⎠ ⎝ 4 ⎠ 8 8
⎛ (3π 2) + 6π ⎞ ⎛ (3π 2) + 6π ⎞ 15π 15π
⎝ 4 ⎠ ⎝ 4 ⎠ 8 8

1. x3 5 = 8 4. g ( x) = e x + 1
( 8)
5
x = 85 3 = 3
= 25 = 32
x –2 −1 0 1 2
2. 3x −1 = 1 g ( x) 1.14 1.37 2 3.72 8.39

81
3x −1 = 3−4 y
x − 1 = −4 5
x = −3 4
()
x
3. f ( x) = 2− x = 1
2
2
x –2 −1 0 1 2 –3 –2 –1 1 2 3
x
f ( x)
–1
1 1
4 2 1 2 4
x
–3 –2 –1 1 2 3
–1
⎛ r⎞
nt 13. Domain:
5. (a) A = P⎜1 + ⎟
⎝ n⎠ x2 − 9 > 0
⎛ 0.09 ⎞
12(3)
(x + 3)( x − 3) > 0
A = 5000⎜1 + ⎟ ≈ $6543.23
⎝ 12 ⎠ x < −3 or x > 3
nt
⎛ r⎞ 14. y
(b) A = P⎜1 + ⎟
⎝ n⎠ 3
4(3)
⎛ 0.09 ⎞ 2
A = 5000⎜1 + ⎟ ≈ $6530.25
⎝ 4 ⎠ 1
x
(c) A = Pe rt −1
1 3 4 5 6
A = 5000e(0.09)(3) ≈ $6549.82 −2
−3
−2 1
6. 7 = 49
1 ln x ln x
log 7 49 = −2 15. False. ≠ ln ( x − y ) because = log y x.
ln y ln y
7. x − 4 = log 2 1
64 16. 53 = 41
2x − 4 = 1
64 ln 41
x = log 5 41 = ≈ 2.3074
x−4 −6 ln 5
2 = 2
x − 4 = −6
17. x − x 2 = log 5 1
x = −2 25
2
5x − x = 1
25
8 1 8
8. log b 4 25 = 4
log b 25 2
5x − x = 5−2
= 1
4 [logb 8 − logb 25] x − x 2 = −2
= 1 ⎡log 23 − log b 52 ⎤⎦
4⎣ b 0 = x2 − x − 2
= 1
4[3 logb 2 − 2 logb 5] 0 = ( x + 1)( x − 2)
= ( ) ( )⎦
1 ⎡3 0.3562 − 2 0.8271 ⎤
4⎣
x = −1 or x = 2
= −0.1464 18. log 2 x + log 2 ( x − 3) = 2

1 log 2 ⎣⎡ x( x − 3)⎤⎦ = 2
9. 5 ln x − ln y + 6 ln z = ln x5 − ln y + ln z 6
2 x( x − 3) = 22
⎛ x5 z 6 ⎞
= ln ⎜ ,z > 0 x 2 − 3x = 4
⎜ y ⎟⎟
⎝ ⎠ x 2 − 3x − 4 = 0
log 28 (x + 1)( x − 4) = 0
10. log 9 28 = ≈ 1.5166
log 9 x = 4
x = −1 (extraneous)
11. log N = 0.6646
x = 4 is the only solution.
N = 100.6646 ≈ 4.62
12. y
x
1 2 3 4
–1
–2
e x + e− x 20. A = Pe rt
19. = 4
3 12,000 = 6000e0.13t
e x (e x + e − x ) = 12e x
2 = e0.13t
e 2 x + 1 = 12e x 0.13t = ln 2
e 2x
− 12e + 1 = 0
x
ln 2
t =
12 ± 144 − 4 0.13
ex = t ≈ 5.3319 years or 5 years 4 months
2
e x ≈ 11.9161 or e x ≈ 0.0839
x = ln 11.9161 x = ln 0.0839
x ≈ 2.478 x ≈ −2.478

3 3
1. 3x + 4 y = 12 ⇒ y = − x + 3 ⇒ m1 = −
4 4
4 4
4 x − 3 y = 12 ⇒ y = x − 4 ⇒ m2 =
3 3
tan θ =
(4 3) − (−3 4) =
25 12
1 + ( 4 3)( −3 4) 0
Since tan θ is undefined, the lines are perpendicular (note that m2 = −1 m1 ) and θ = 90°.
2. x1 = 5, x2 = −9, A = 3, B = −7, C = −21 5. x 2 + 4 y 2 − 2 x + 32 y + 61 = 0

3(5) + ( −7)( −9) + ( −21) 57 ( x2 − 2 x + 1) + 4( y 2 + 8 y + 16) = −61 + 1 + 64
d = = ≈ 7.484
32 + (−7) 58
2
(x − 1) + 4( y + 4) = 4
2 2
(x − 1) (y + 4)
2 2
3. x 2 − 6 x − 4 y + 1 = 0 + =1
4 1
x2 − 6x + 9 = 4 y − 1 + 9
a = 2, b = 1, c = 3
(x − 3) = 4 y + 8
2

(x − 3) = 4(1)( y + 2) ⇒ p = 1
2
Center: (1, − 4)
Vertex: (3, − 2)
Focus: (3, −1)

Foci: 1 ± ( 3, − 4 )
Vertices: (3, − 4), ( −1, − 4)
Directrix: y = −3
3
4. Vertex: ( 2, − 5) Eccentricity: e =
2
Focus: ( 2, − 6)
6. Vertices: (0, ± 6)
Vertical axis; opens downward with p = −1
1
Eccentricity: e =
( x − h) = 4 p ( y − k )
2
2
(x − 2) = 4( −1)( y + 5)
2
Center: (0, 0)
x − 4 x + 4 = −4 y − 20
2
Vertical major axis
x − 4 x + 4 y + 24 = 0
2 c c 1
a = 6, e = = = ⇒ c = 3
a 6 2
b 2 = (6) − (3) = 27
2 2
x2 y2
+ =1
27 36
7. 16 y 2 − x 2 − 6 x − 128 y + 231 = 0 8. Vertices: ( ± 3, 2)

16( y 2 − 8 y + 16) − ( x 2 + 6 x + 9) = −231 + 256 − 9 Foci: ( ± 5, 2)
16( y − 4) − ( x + 3) = 16
2 2
Center: (0, 2)
(y − 4) ( x + 3)
2 2
− =1
1 16 a = 3, c = 5, b = 4
a = 1, b = 4, c = 17
(x − 0)
2
−
(y − 2)
2
=1
Center: ( −3, 4) 9 16
( y − 2)
2
Vertical transverse axis x2
− =1
Vertices: ( −3, 5), ( −3, 3) 9 16
(
Foci: −3, 4 ± 17 )
1
Asymptotes: y = 4 ± ( x + 3)
4
y
9. 5 x 2 + 2 xy + 5 y 2 − 10 = 0
y′ x′
A = 5, B = 2, C = 5 2
5−5
cot 2θ = = 0
2 x
−2
π π
2
2θ = ⇒ θ =
2 4
π π π π −2
x = x′ cos − y′ sin x = x′ cos + y′ sin
4 4 4 4
x′ − y′ x′ + y ′
= =
2 2
2 2
⎛ x′ − y′ ⎞ ⎛ x′ − y′ ⎞⎛ x′ + y′ ⎞ ⎛ x′ + y′ ⎞
5⎜ ⎟ + 2⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟ + 5⎜ ⎟ − 10 = 0
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠
5( x′) 10 x′y′ 5( y′) 5( x′) 10 x′y′ 5( y′)
2 2 2 2
+ ( x′) − ( y′) +
2 2
− + + + − 10 = 0
2 2 2 2 2 2
6( x′) + 4( y′) − 10 = 0
2 2
3( x′) 2( y′)
2 2
+ =1
5 5
( x′) ( y′)
2 2
+ =1
53 52
Ellipse centered at the origin
10. (a) 6 x 2 − 2 xy + y 2 = 0 ⎛ 3π ⎞
11. Polar: ⎜ 2, ⎟
A = 6, B = −2, C = 1 ⎝ 4 ⎠
B 2 − 4 AC = ( −2) − 4(6)(1) = −20 < 0

2 3π ⎛ 1 ⎞
x = 2 cos = 2⎜ − ⎟ = −1
4 ⎝ 2⎠
Ellipse
3π ⎛ 1 ⎞
(b) x 2 + 4 xy + 4 y 2 − x − y + 17 = 0 y = 2 sin = 2⎜ ⎟ =1
4 ⎝ 2⎠
A = 1, B = 4, C = 4
Rectangular: ( −1, 1)
B 2 − 4 AC = ( 4) − 4(1)( 4) = 0
2
Parabola
12. Rectangular: ( 3, −1 ) 13. Rectangular: 4 x − 3 y = 12

Polar: 4r cos θ − 3r sin θ = 12
( 3)
2
+ (−1)
2
r = ± = ±2 r ( 4 cos θ − 3 sin θ ) = 12
3 12
tan θ = = − 3 r =
−1 4 cos θ − 3 sin θ
2π 5π
θ = or θ = 14. Polar: r = 5 cos θ
3 3
r 2 = 5r cos θ
⎛ 2π ⎞ ⎛ 5π ⎞
Polar: ⎜ −2, ⎟ or ⎜ 2, ⎟
⎝ 3 ⎠ ⎝ 3 ⎠ Rectangular: x2 + y2 = 5x
x2 + y2 − 5x = 0
15. r = 1 − cos θ
π
Cardioid 2
Symmetry: Polar axis 1
Maximum value of r : r = 2 when θ = π

(2, π )
π 0
Zero of r : r = 0 when θ = 0 1
π 3π 1
θ 0 π
2 2 3π
2
r 0 1 2 1
16. r = 5 sin 2θ 3
17. r =
Rose curve with four petals 6 − cos θ
π 12
Symmetry: Polar axis, θ = , and pole r =
2 1 − (1 6) cos θ
Maximum value of r : r = 5 when 1

e = < 1, so the graph is an ellipse.
π 3π 5π 7π 6
θ = , , ,
4 4 4 4 π 3π
θ 0 π
π 3π 2 2
Zeros of r : r = 0 when θ = 0, , π,
2 2 3 1 3 1
r
π
5 2 7 2
2
)−5, 74π ) 4 )5, π4 )

π
2
π 0
4
π 0
1
)5, 54π ) )−5, 34π )

3π
2
3π
2
18. Parabola 19. x = 3 − 2 sin θ , y = 1 + 5 cos θ

⎛ π⎞ x −3 y −1
Vertex: ⎜ 6, ⎟ = sin θ , = cos θ
⎝ 2⎠ −2 5
2 2
Focus: (0, 0) ⎛ x − 3⎞ ⎛ y − 1⎞
⎜ ⎟ +⎜ ⎟ =1
⎝ −2 ⎠ ⎝ 5 ⎠
e =1
(x − 3) (y − 1)
2 2
ep + =1
r = 4 25
1 + e sin θ
p 20. x = e 2t , y = e 4t
r =
1 + sin θ
x > 0, y > 0
p
6 = y = (e 2t ) = ( x) = x 2 , x > 0, y > 0
2 2
1 + sin (π 2)
p
6 =
2
12 = p
12
r =
1 + sin θ
Chapter P Chapter Test Solutions 441
PART II
Chapter P Chapter Test Solutions
1. − 10 = −3 13 8. y
3
(− 2, 5) 6
− −4 = −4 5
− 10
3
> − −4 3
2
2. − 5.4 − 3 34 = 9.15
1 (6, 0)
x
−2 −1 1 2 3 4 5 6
3. (5 − x) + 0 = 5 − x −2
Additive Identity Property ⎛ −2 + 6 5 + 0⎞ ⎛ 5 ⎞

Midpoint: ⎜ , ⎟ = ⎜ 2, ⎟
⎝ 2 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2⎠
4. 2
3 (x − 1) + 1x
4
= 10
Distance: d = (− 2 − 6)2 + (5 − 0)
2
12 ⎡⎣ 23 ( x − 1) + 1 x⎤
4 ⎦
= 12(10)
= 64 + 25
8( x − 1) + 3 x = 120
= 89
8 x − 8 + 3 x = 120
11x = 128 9. y = 4 − 3x
4
x = 128
11 No axis or origin symmetry
5. (x − 3)( x + 2) = 14 x-intercept: (163 , 0)

x 2 − x − 6 = 14 y-intercept: (0, 4)
x − x − 20 = 0
2
y
(x + 4)( x − 5) = 0 8
x = − 4 or x = 5 6
(0, 4)
x −2 4
6. + + 4 = 0, x =/ − 2 2
x + 2 x + 2 (163, 0(
x+ 2 x
= −4 −2 2 4 8
x+ 2 −2
1 =/ − 4 ⇒ No solution
10. y = 4 − x
7. x4 + x2 − 6 = 0
y-axis symmetry
( x2 − 2)( x 2 + 3) = 0
x-intercepts: ( − 4, 0), ( 4, 0)
x2 = 2 ⇒ x ± 2
0 = 4− x
x 2 = − 3 ⇒ No real solution
x = 4
x = ±4
y-intercept: (0, 4)
y
8
6
(0, 4)
2
(− 4, 0) (4, 0)
x
−8 −6 −2 2 4 6 8
−4
−6
−8
442 Solutions to Chapter and Cumulative Tests
11. y = x − x3 15. 5 x + 2 y = 3
Origin symmetry 2 y = − 5x + 3
x-intercepts: (0, 0), (1, 0), ( −1, 0) y = − 52 x + 3

2
⇒ m1 = − 52
0 = x − x3 (a) Parallel line: m2 = − 52
0 = x( x + 1)(1 − x) y − 4 = − 52 ( x − 0)
x = 0, x = ±1 y = − 52 x + 4
y-intercept: (0, 0) 2
(b) Perpendicular line: m2 = 5
y
4
y −4 = 2
5 (x − 0)
3
y = 2x + 4
2
5
(0, 0)
1
16. f ( x) = x + 2 − 15
(−1, 0) (1, 0)
x
−4 −3 −2 −1 2 3 4
−1
−2 (a) f ( − 8) = − 9
−3
−4 (b) f (14) = 1
(c) f ( x − 6) = x − 4 − 15
12. (x − 3) + y 2 = 9
2
(x − 3) + ( y − 0) = 32
2 2
17. f ( x ) = 2 x 6 + 5 x 4 − x 2
Center: (3, 0) (a) 0.1
Radius: 3
−1 1
y
4
3 − 0.1
2
1 (b) Domain: all real numbers x
(3, 0)
(c) Increasing on ( − 0.31, 0), (0.31, ∞)
x
−1 1 2 3 4 5 7
−1
−2
Decreasing on ( −∞, − 0.31), (0, 0.31)
−3
−4 (d) y-axis symmetry ⇒ the function is even.
13. ( 2, − 3), ( − 4, 9) y 18. f ( x ) = 4 x 3 − x
9 − ( − 3)
3 (a) 10
m = = −2
−4 − 2
1 −2 4
y − 9 = − 2( x − ( − 4)) x
−3 −2 −1 1 2 3
y − 9 = − 2x − 8 −1
− 10
−2
y = − 2x + 1 (b) Domain: all real numbers x such that x ≤ 3
−3
(c) Increasing on ( −∞, 2), Decreasing on ( 2, 3)

14. (3, 0.8), (7, − 6) y
(d) The function is neither odd nor even.
6
− 6 − 0.8
m = = −1.7 5
7−3 4
y − 0.8 = −1.7( x − 3) 3
2
y − 0.8 = −1.7 x + 5.1 1
y = −1.7 x + 5.9 x
−1 1 2 3 5 6
−1
Chapter P Chapter Test Solutions 443
19. f ( x) = x + 5 21. h( x) = − x+5 +8
(a) 10 (a) Parent function: f ( x) = x

(b) Transformation: Reflection in the x-axis, a horizontal
shift five units to the left, and a
− 12 6 vertical shift eight units upward
−2 (c) y
10
(b) Domain: all real numbers x
8
(c) Increasing on ( − 5, ∞), Decreasing on ( −∞, − 5)
(d) The function is neither odd nor even. 4
20. h( x) = 3a xb −6 −4 −2 2 4 6
x
−2
(a) Parent function: f ( x) = a xb
22. h( x) = − 2( x − 5) + 3
3
(b) Transformation: Vertical stretch of y = a xb
(c) y
(a) Parent function: f ( x ) = x 3
4
3 (b) Transformation: Reflection in the x-axis, vertical
2 stretch, a horizontal shift five units
1 to the right, and a vertical shift
−4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4
x
three units up
−1
−2
(c) y
6
−4 5
4
3
2
1
x
−1 1 2 3 4 5 7
−1
−2
23. f ( x ) = 3x 2 − 7, g ( x) = − x 2 − 4 x + 5
(a) (f + g )( x) = (3 x 2 − 7) + ( − x 2 − 4 x + 5) = 2 x 2 − 4 x − 2
(b) (f − g )( x) = (3 x 2 − 7) − (− x 2 − 4 x + 5) = 4 x 2 + 4 x − 12
(c) ( fg )( x) = (3 x 2 − 7)( − x 2 − 4 x + 5) = − 3x 4 − 12 x3 + 22 x 2 + 28 x − 35
⎛f⎞ 3x 2 − 7
(d) ⎜ ⎟( x) = , x =/ − 5, 1
⎝g⎠ − x2 − 4x + 5
D g )( x) = f ( g ( x)) = f ( − x 2 − 4 x + 5) = 3(− x 2 − 4 x + 5) − 7 = 3 x 4 + 24 x3 + 18 x 2 − 120 x + 68

2
(e) (f
D f )( x ) = g ( f ( x)) = g (3x 2 − 7) = − (3 x 2 − 7) − 4(3x 2 − 7) + 5 = − 9 x 4 + 30 x 2 − 16
2
(f ) (g
1
24. f ( x ) = , g ( x) = 2 x
x
1 1 + 2 x3 2
(a) (f + g )( x) = + 2 x = ,x > 0
x x
1 1 + 2 x3 2
(b) (f − g )( x) = + 2 x = ,x > 0
x x
(c) ( fg )( x) ⎛1⎞
= ⎜ ⎟2
⎝ x⎠
( x = ) 2
x
x
,x > 0
⎛f⎞ 1x 1 1
(d) ⎜ ⎟( x) = = = 32
,x > 0
g
⎝ ⎠ 2 x 2 x x 2 x
(e) (f D g )( x) = f ( g ( x)) = f 2 ( )
x =
2
1
x
=
x
2x
,x > 0
⎛1⎞ 1 2 2 x
(f ) (g D f )( x) = g ( f ( x)) = g ⎜ ⎟ = 2 = = ,x > 0
⎝ x⎠ x x x
25. f ( x) = x 3 + 8 27. f ( x) = 3 x x = 3x3 2

Because f is one-to-one, f has an inverse. Because f is one-to-one, f has an inverse.
y = x3 + 8 y = 3x3 2
x = y +8 3
x = 3 y3 2
x − 8 = y3 x
= y3 2
3
3
x−8 = y
23
⎛ x⎞
f −1 ( x ) = 3
x −8 ⎜ ⎟ = y, x ≥ 0
⎝ 3⎠
23
26. f ( x) = x 2 − 3 + 6 ⎛ x⎞
f −1 ( x) = ⎜ ⎟ , x ≥ 0
⎝ 3⎠
Because f is not one-to-one, f does not have an inverse.
Chapter 1 Chapter Test Solutions

5π 105 km 1 hr
1. θ = 2. × = 1.75 km per min
4 hr 60 min
y
(a) diameter = 1 meter = 0.001 km
1
5π
radius = diameter = 0.0005 km
4
2
θ
x Angular speed =
t
1.75
= ⋅ 2π
2π (0.0005)
= 3500 radians per minute
5π 13π
(b) + 2π = 130π 13π
4 4 3. 130° = = radians
5π 3π 180 18
− 2π = − 1 1 2 ⎛ 13π ⎞
4 4 A = r 2θ = ( 25) ⎜ ⎟ ≈ 709.04 square feet
2 2 ⎝ 18 ⎠
5π ⎛ 180° ⎞
(c) ⎜ ⎟ = 225°
4⎝ π ⎠
Chapter 1 Chapter Test Solutions 445
4. x = −2, y = 6
(−2) + ( 6)
2 2
r = = 2 10
y 6 3 3 10
sin θ = = = =
r 2 10 10 10
x −2 1 10
cos θ = = = − = −
r 2 10 10 10
y 6
tan θ = = = −3
x −2
r 2 10 10
csc θ = = =
y 6 3
r 2 10
sec θ = = = − 10
x −2
x −2 1
cot θ = = = −
y 6 3
π 3π
5. For 0 ≤ θ < : For π ≤ θ < :
2 2
opp 3 3 13 3 13
sin θ = = = sin θ = −
13 3
hyp 13 13 13
adj 2 2 13 2 13
cos θ = = = cos θ = −
hyp 13 13 13
θ hyp 13 13
csc θ = = csc θ = −
2
opp 3 3
13
hyp 13 sec θ = −
sec θ = = 2
adj 2
2
adj 2 cot θ =
cot θ = = 3
opp 3
6. θ = 205° 3
8. cos θ = −
θ ′ = 205° − 180° = 25° 2
y
Reference angle is 30° and θ is in Quadrant II or III.
θ = 150° or 210°
205° 9. csc θ = 1.030
x 1
θ′ = 1.030
sin θ
1
sin θ =
1.030
1
θ = arcsin
7. sec θ < 0 and tan θ > 0 1.030
r y θ ≈ 1.33 and π − 1.33 ≈ 1.81
< 0 and > 0
x x
Quadrant III
10. cos θ = 53 , tan θ < 0 ⇒ θ lies in Quadrant IV. 14. y = sin 2π x + 2 cos π x
Let x = 3, r = 5 ⇒ y = −4. Periodic: period = 2

4
sin θ = − 54 y
cos θ = 3
5 −6 6
tan θ = − 43
3
x −4
csc θ = − 54
−4
sec θ = 5
3
5 15. y = 6e −0.12t cos(0.25t ), 0 ≤ t ≤ 32
cot θ = − 34 Not periodic

6
29
11. sec θ = − , sin θ > 0 ⇒ θ lies in Quadrant II.
20
0 32
Let r = 29, x = − 20 ⇒ y = 21.
−2
21
sin θ =
29 y 16. f ( x) = a sin (bx + c)
20
cos θ = − Amplitude: 2 ⇒ a = 2
29 29
21 21 Reflected in the x-axis: a = −2
tan θ = − θ
20 x
2π 1
− 20 Period: 4π = ⇒ b =
29 b 2
csc θ =
21 c π π
20 Phase shift: = − ⇒ c = −
cot θ = − b 2 4
21
⎛x π ⎞
f ( x) = −2 sin ⎜ − ⎟
⎛ π⎞ y ⎝2 4⎠
12. g ( x) = −2 sin ⎜ x − ⎟
⎝ 4⎠ 4
3 ⎛ 3⎞
Period: 2π 17. cot ⎜ arcsin ⎟
⎝ 8⎠
Amplitude: −2 = 2 1
x 3 3
2π Let y = arcsin . Then sin y = and
π −1
8 8
Shifted to the right by units −2
4 −3 ⎛ 3⎞ 55
and reflected in the x-axis.
cot ⎜ arcsin ⎟ = cot y = .
−4
⎝ 8⎠ 3
π 3π 5π 7π
x 0 8
4 4 4 4 3
y
y 2 0 –2 0 2 55
13. f (α ) =
1
2
tan 2α y 18. f ( x) = 2 arcsin ( 12 x) y
π
Domain: [−2, 2]
4
π 3
Period:
Range: [−π , π ]
2
2 1
x
Asymptotes: −π
α
−2 1 2
−π π π
π π 2 2
x = − ,x =
4 4
−π
π π
α − 0
8 8
1 1
f (α ) − 0
2 2
110 N 20. d = a cos bt

19. tan θ = −
90 a = −6
⎛ 110 ⎞ 2π
θ = arctan ⎜ − ⎟ = 2 ⇒ b = π
⎝ 90 ⎠ 110 b
θ ≈ −50.7 d = −6 cos π t
θ ≈ 309.3° θ
− 90

1. tan θ = 6
5
, cos θ < 0 5. y = tan θ , y = − sec 2 θ − 1
θ is in Quadrant III.
3
2
⎛6⎞ 61 2
sec θ = − 1 + tan 2 θ = − 1 + ⎜ ⎟ = −
0
⎝5⎠ 5
1 5 5 61 −3
cos θ = = − = −
sec θ 61 61
tan θ = − sec 2 θ − 1 on
⎛ 6 ⎞⎛ 5 61 ⎞ 6 61
sin θ = tan θ cos θ = ⎜ ⎟⎜⎜ − ⎟ = − π 3π
⎝ 5 ⎠⎝ 61 ⎟⎠ 61 θ = 0, < θ ≤ π, < θ < 2π .
2 2
1 61
csc θ = = − 6. y1 = cos x + sin x tan x, y2 = sec x
sin θ 6
3
1 5
cot θ = =
tan θ 6
− 2 2
1
2. csc 2 β (1 − cos 2 β ) = (sin 2 β ) = 1
sin 2 β −3
It appears that y1 = y2 .
3.
sec 4 x − tan 4 x
=
(sec2 x + tan 2 x)(sec2 x − tan 2 x)
sin x
sec2 x + tan 2 x sec 2 x + tan 2 x cos x + sin x tan x = cos x + sin x
cos x
= sec 2 x − tan 2 x = 1
sin 2 x
= cos x +
cos x
cos θ sin θ cos 2 θ + sin 2 θ 1
4. + = = cos 2 x + sin 2 x
sin θ cos θ sin θ cos θ sin θ cos θ =
cos x
= csc θ sec θ
1
= = sec x
cos x
1 sin θ
7. sin θ sec θ = sin θ = = tan θ
cos θ cos θ
8. sec2 x tan 2 x + sec 2 x = sec 2 x(sec 2 x − 1) + sec2 x = sec 4 x − sec2 x + sec 2 x = sec 4 x
1 1 cos α + sin α
+
csc α + sec α sin α cos α sin α cos α 1
9. = = =
sin α + cos α sin α + cos α sin α + cos α sin α cos α
cos 2 α + sin 2 α cos 2 α sin 2 α
= = +
sin α cos α sin α cos α sin α cos α
cos α sin α
= + = cot α + tan α
sin α cos α
⎛ π⎞ ⎛π ⎞ 18. sin 2α − cos α = 0

10. tan ⎜ x + ⎟ = tan ⎜ − ( − x) ⎟ = cot (− x) = −cot x
⎝ 2⎠ ⎝2 ⎠ 2 sin α cos α − cos α = 0
cos α ( 2 sin α − 1) = 0
11. sin ( nπ + θ ) = ( −1) sin θ , n is an integer.
n
cos α = 0 or 2 sin α − 1 = 0
For n odd: π 3π 1
sin ( nπ + θ ) = sin nπ cos θ + cos nπ sin θ α = , sin α =
2 2 2
= (0) cos θ + ( −1) sin θ = −sin θ π 5π
α = ,
For n even: 6 6
sin ( nπ + θ ) = sin nπ cos θ + cos nπ sin θ
19. 4 cos 2 x − 3 = 0
= (0) cos θ + (1) sin θ = sin θ
3
cos 2 x =
When n is odd, ( −1) = −1. When n is even ( −1) = 1. 4
n n
3 3
So, sin ( nπ + θ ) = ( −1) sin θ for any integer n.
n cos x = ± = ±
4 2
π 5π 7π 11π
x = , , ,
12. (sin x + cos x) = sin 2 x + 2 sin x cos x + cos 2 x
2
6 6 6 6
= 1 + 2 sin x cos x
20. csc 2 x − csc x − 2 = 0
= 1 + sin 2 x
(csc x − 2)(csc x + 1) = 0
2
x ⎛ x⎞ csc x − 2 = 0 or csc x + 1 = 0
13. sin 4 = ⎜ sin 2 ⎟
2 ⎝ 2⎠ csc x = 2 csc x = −1
2
⎛ ⎛ x⎞⎞ 1 1
⎜ 1 − cos 2⎜ ⎟ ⎟ = 2 = −1
= ⎜ ⎝ 2⎠⎟ sin x sin x
⎝ 2 ⎠ 1 sin x = −1
2 sin x =
⎛ 1 − cos x ⎞ 2
= ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 2 ⎠ π 5π 3π
x = , x =
1 6 6 2
= (1 − 2 cos x + cos 2 x)
4
21. 5 sin x − x = 0
1⎛ 1 + cos 2 x ⎞
= ⎜1 − 2 cos x + ⎟ 10
4⎝ 2 ⎠
1
= (3 − 4 cos x + cos 2 x) 0 2
8
sin 4θ 4θ −10
14. = tan = tan 2θ
1 + cos 4θ 2
x ≈ 0, 2.596
15. 4 sin 3θ cos 2θ = 4 ⋅ 12 ⎡⎣sin (3θ + 2θ ) + sin (3θ − 2θ )⎤⎦
22. 105° = 135° − 30°
= 2(sin 5θ + sin θ )
cos 105° = cos(135° − 30°)
= cos 135° cos 30° + sin 135° sin 30°
⎛ 3θ + θ ⎞ ⎛ 3θ − θ ⎞
16. cos 3θ − cos θ = −2 sin ⎜ ⎟ sin ⎜ ⎟ = −cos 45° cos 30° + sin 45° sin 30°
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠
= −2 sin 2θ sin θ ⎛ 2 ⎞⎛ 3 ⎞ ⎛ 2 ⎞⎛ 1 ⎞
= ⎜⎜ − ⎟⎜
⎟⎜ ⎟⎟ + ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟⎜ ⎟
⎝ 2 ⎠⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠⎝ 2 ⎠
17. tan 2 x + tan x = 0
− 6 + 2 2 − 6
tan x( tan x + 1) = 0 = =
4 4
tan x = 0 or tan x + 1 = 0
x = 0, π tan x = −1
3π 7π
x = ,
4 4
23. x = 2, y = −5, r = 29
⎛ 5 ⎞⎛ 2 ⎞ 20
sin 2u = 2 sin u cos u = 2⎜ − ⎟⎜ ⎟ = −
⎝ 29 ⎠⎝ 29 ⎠ 29
2 2
⎛ 2 ⎞ ⎛ 5 ⎞ 21
cos 2u = cos 2 u − sin 2 u = ⎜ ⎟ − ⎜− ⎟ = −
⎝ 29 ⎠ ⎝ 29 ⎠ 29
⎛ 5⎞
2⎜ − ⎟
2 tan u ⎝ 2 ⎠ = 20
tan 2u = =
1 − tan 2 u ⎛ 5⎞
2
21
1 − ⎜− ⎟
⎝ 2⎠
⎛ 2π t ⎞
24. Let y1 = 31 sin ⎜ − 1.4 ⎟ and y2 = 20.
⎝ 365 ⎠
40
0 365
− 40
The points of intersection occur when t ≈ 123 and t ≈ 223.

The number of days that D > 20° is 100, from day 123 to day 223.
⎡ ⎛ π ⎞⎤
25. 28 cos 10t + 38 = 28 cos ⎢10⎜ t − ⎟⎥ + 38
⎣ ⎝ 6 ⎠⎦
⎡ ⎛ π ⎞⎤
cos 10t = cos ⎢10⎜ t − ⎟⎥
⎣ ⎝ 6 ⎠⎦
⎡ ⎛ π ⎞⎤
0 = cos ⎢10⎜ t − ⎟⎥ − cos 10t
⎣ ⎝ 6 ⎠⎦
⎛ 10(t − (π 6)) + 10t ⎞ ⎛ 10(t − (π 6)) − 10t ⎞
= −2 sin ⎜ ⎟ sin ⎜ ⎟
⎜ 2 ⎟ ⎜ 2 ⎟
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
⎛ 5π ⎞ ⎛ 5π ⎞
= −2 sin ⎜10t − ⎟ sin ⎜ − ⎟
⎝ 6 ⎠ ⎝ 6 ⎠
⎛ 5π ⎞⎛ 1 ⎞
= −2 sin ⎜10t − ⎟⎜ − ⎟
⎝ 6 ⎠⎝ 2 ⎠
⎛ 5π ⎞
= sin ⎜10t − ⎟
⎝ 6 ⎠
5π
10t − = nπ where n is any integer.
6
nπ π
t = + where n is any integer.
10 12
The first six times the two people are at the same height are: 0.26 minutes,
0.58 minutes, 0.89 minutes, 1.20 minutes, 1.52 minutes, 1.83 minutes.

1. Given: A = 24°, B = 68°, a = 12.2 3. Given: A = 24°, a = 11.2, b = 13.4
Law of Sines: AAS Law of Sines: SSA
C = 180° − A − B = 180° − 24° − 68° = 88° sin A sin B ⎛ sin A ⎞
= ⇒ sin B = b ⎜ ⎟
a b a a b ⎝ a ⎠
= ⇒ b = (sin B)
sin A sin B sin A ⎛ sin 24° ⎞
sin B = 13.4 ⎜ ⎟ ≈ 0.4866
12.2 ⎝ 11.2 ⎠
b = (sin 68°) ≈ 27.81
sin 24° There are two angles between 0° and 180° where
a c a sin θ ≠ 0.4866, B1 ≈ 29.12° and B2 ≈ 150.88.
= ⇒ c = (sin C )
sin A sin C sin A For B1 ≈ 29.12°,
12.2
= (sin 88°) ≈ 29.98 C1 = 180° − 29.12° − 24° = 126.88°
sin 24°
c a a
2. Given: B = 110°, C = 28°, a = 15.6
= ⇒ c = (sin C )
sin C sin A sin A
Law of Sines: AAS 11.2
= (sin 126.88°) ≈ 22.03
A = 180° − B − C = 180° − 110° − 28° = 42° sin 24°
a b a For B2 ≈ 150.88°,
= ⇒ b = (sin B)
sin A sin B sin A C = 180° − 150.88° − 24° = 5.12°.
15.6 c a a
= (sin 110°) ≈ 21.91 = ⇒ c = (sin C )
sin 42° sin C sin A sin A
a c a 11.2
= ⇒ c = (sin C ) = (sin 5.12°) ≈ 2.46
sin A sin C sin A sin 24°
15.6
= (sin 28°) ≈ 10.95
sin 42° 4. Given: a = 4.0, b = 7.3, c = 12.4
Law of Cosines: SSS
a2 + b2 − c2
cos C =
2ab
(4.0) + (7.3) − (12.4)
2 2 2
=
2( 4.0)(7.3)
≈ −1.4464
Because there are no values of C such that
cos C = −1.4464, there is no possible triangle
that can be formed.
5. Given: B = 100°, a = 15, b = 23

Law of Sines: SSA
sin A sin B ⎛ sin B ⎞ ⎛ sin 100° ⎞
= ⇒ sin A = a ⎜ ⎟ = 15 ⎜ ⎟ ≈ 0.6423
a b ⎝ b ⎠ ⎝ 23 ⎠
So, A ≈ 39.96°.
C = 180° − A − B = 180° − 39.96° − 100° = 40.04°
c b b
= ⇒ c = (sin C )
sin C sin B sin B
23
= (sin 40.04°) ≈ 15.02
sin 100°
6. Given: C = 121°, a = 34, b = 55

Law of Cosines: SAS
c 2 = a 2 + b 2 − 2ab cos C
c 2 = (34) + (55) − 2(34)(55) cos 121°
2 2
c 2 = 6107.2424
c ≈ 78.15
sin B sin C ⎛ sin C ⎞
= ⇒ sin B = b ⎜ ⎟
b c ⎝ c ⎠
⎛ sin 121° ⎞
= 55 ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 78.15 ⎠
≈ 0.6033
So, B ≈ 37.11°.
A = 180° − B − C = 180° − 37.11° − 121° = 21.89.
7. a = 60, b = 70, c = 82
a +b + c 60 + 70 + 82
s = = = 106
2 2
Area = s( s − a )( s − b)( s − c) = 106( 46)(36)( 24) ≈ 2052.5 square meters
8. b 2 = 3702 + 2402 − 2(370)(240)cos 167° 11. u = 2, 7 , v = −6, 5

b ≈ 606.3 miles u + v = 2, 7 + −6, 5 = −4, 12
a sin B 240 sin 167° y
sin A = = 240 mi C
b 606.3 37° u+v 12
A ≈ 5.1° 13°
B 8
Bearing: 24° + 5.1° = 29.1° 167°
6
370 mi u
v
24°
x
− 10 − 8 − 6 − 4 − 2 2 4
−2
A Not drawn to scale
12. u = 2, 7 , v = −6, 5
9. Initial point: ( −3, 7)
u − v = 2, 7 − −6, 5 = 8, 2
Terminal point: (11, −16) y
v = 11 − ( −3), −16 − 7 = 14, − 23 8

6 u
4
⎛u⎞ ⎛ ⎞ u−v
3, − 5 12
10. v = 12⎜ ⎟ = 12⎜ ⎟ = 2
3, − 5
⎜u⎟ ⎜⎜ 2 ⎟ x
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ 3 + ( −5) ⎟⎠
2 34 −2
−2
4 6 8 10 12
−4
6 34 18 34 30 34 −v
= 3, − 5 = ,− −6
17 17 17
13. u = 2, 7 , v = −6, 5 19. u = 6, 7 , v = −5, −1
5u − 3v = 5 2, 7 − 3 −6, 5 ⎛u ⋅ v⎞ 37 37
w1 = projv u = ⎜ ⎟v = − −5, −1 = 5, 1
= 10, 35 − −18, 15 ⎜ v 2 ⎟ 26 26
⎝ ⎠
= 28, 20 37
w 2 = u − w1 = 6, 7 − 5, 1
y
26
5u 29 145
30 = − ,
26 26
20 5u − 3v
29
−1, 5 =
10
26
x 37 29
− 10 10 30 u = w1 + w 2 = 5, 1 + −1, 5
− 10 26 26
−3v
20. F = −500 j, v = (cos 12°)i + (sin 12°) j
14. u = 2, 7 , v = −6, 5 ⎛F ⋅ v⎞
w1 = projv F = ⎜ ⎟ v = (F ⋅ v ) v
⎜ v 2 ⎟
4u + 2 v = 4 2, 7 + 2 −6, 5 ⎝ ⎠
= 8, 28 + −12, 10 = ( −500 sin 12°) v
= −4, 38 The magnitude of the force is 500 sin 12° ≈ 104 pounds.
y
42
21. z = 4 − 4i
4u + 2v
(4) + ( − 4)
2 2
r = = 32 = 4 2
4u 4 7π
tan θ = − = −1 ⇒ θ = : Quadrant IV
12 4 4
2v 6 ⎛ 7π 7π ⎞
x 4 − 4i = 4 2 ⎜ cos + i sin ⎟
−24 −12 12 24 ⎝ 4 4 ⎠
−6
22. z = 6(cos 120° + i sin 120°)

u 24, − 7 1 24 7 ⎛ 1
15. = = 24, − 7 = ,− 3 ⎞
u 25 25 25 = 6⎜⎜ − + i ⎟ = −3 + 3 3i
242 + ( −7)
2
⎝ 2 2 ⎟⎠
16. u = 250(cos 45° i + sin 45° j) ⎡ ⎛ 7π 7π ⎞⎤ 28π

8
28π ⎞
8⎛
23. ⎢3⎜ cos + i sin ⎟ = 3 ⎜ cos + i sin ⎟
v = 130(cos( −60°)i + sin (−60°) j) ⎣ ⎝ 6 6 ⎠⎥⎦ ⎝ 3 3 ⎠
R = u + v ≈ 241.7767 i + 64.1934 j ⎛ 1 3 ⎞
= 6561⎜⎜ − − i⎟
R ≈ 241.7767 + 64.1934
2 2
≈ 250.15 pounds ⎝ 2 2 ⎟⎠
64.1934 6561 6561 3

tan θ ≈ ⇒ θ ≈ 14.9° = − − i
241.7767 2 2
17. u = −1, 5 , v = 3, − 2 ⎡ ⎛ 7π 7π ⎞⎤
6
24. (3 − 3i) = ⎢3 2 ⎜ cos

6
+ i sin ⎟
u⋅v −13 ⎣ ⎝ 4 4 ⎠⎥⎦
cos θ = = ⇒ θ = 135°
u v 26 13 21π 21π ⎞
( )
6⎛
= 3 2 ⎜ cos + i sin ⎟
⎝ 2 2 ⎠
18. u = 6, −10 , v = 5, 3
= 5832(0 + i)
u ⋅ v = 6(5) + ( −10)(3) = 0
= 5832i
u and v are orthogonal.
25. z = 256 1 + ( 3i )
( 3)
2
z = 256 12 + = 256 4 = 512
3 π
tan θ = ⇒θ =
1 3
⎛ π π⎞
z = 512⎜ cos + i sin ⎟
⎝ 3 3⎠
⎡ π π ⎤
⎢ + 2π k + 2π k ⎥
Fourth roots of z = 3 + i sin 3
⎥ , k = 0, 1, 2, 3
4
512 ⎢cos
⎢ 4 4 ⎥
⎣ ⎦
⎛ π π⎞
k = 0: 4 4 2 ⎜ cos + i sin ⎟
⎝ 12 12 ⎠
⎛ 7π 7π ⎞
k = 1: 4 4 2 ⎜ cos + i sin ⎟
⎝ 12 12 ⎠
⎛ 13π 13π ⎞
k = 2: 4 4 2 ⎜ cos + i sin ⎟
⎝ 12 12 ⎠
⎛ 19π 19π ⎞
k = 3: 4 4 2 ⎜ cos + i sin ⎟
⎝ 12 12 ⎠
26. x3 − 27i = 0 ⇒ x3 = 27i

⎛ π π⎞
The solutions to the equation are the cube roots of 27i = 27⎜ cos + i sin ⎟.
⎝ 2 2⎠
⎡ π π ⎤
+ 2π k + 2π k ⎥
Imaginary
⎢ 2 2
axis
Cube roots: 3
27 ⎢cos + i sin ⎥ , k = 0, 1, 2
⎢ 3 3 ⎥
4
⎣ ⎦ 2
⎛ π π⎞ ⎛ 3 1 ⎞ 3 3 3 1
k = 0: 3⎜ cos + i sin ⎟ = 3⎜⎜ + i ⎟⎟ = + i Real
⎝ 6 6 ⎠ 2 2 2 2 −4 −2 −1 axis
⎝ ⎠ 1 2 4
−2
⎛ 5π 5π ⎞ ⎛ 3 1 ⎞ 3 3 3
k = 1: 3⎜ cos + i sin ⎟ = 3⎜⎜ − + i ⎟⎟ = − + i
⎝ 6 6 ⎠ ⎝ 2 2 ⎠ 2 2 −4
⎛ 3π 3π ⎞
k = 2: 3⎜ cos + i sin ⎟ = 3(0 − i ) = −3i
⎝ 2 2 ⎠
Chapters 1–3 Cumulative Test Solutions

1. (a) y 1 ⎛ π⎞
5. g ( x) = tan ⎜ x − ⎟
2 ⎝ 2⎠
Period: π
x Asymptotes: x = 0, x = π
y
−120°
3
x
(b) −120° + 360° = 240° π 3π
−1 2 2
⎛ π ⎞ 2π
(c) −120⎜ ⎟ = −
−2
⎝ 180 ° ⎠ 3 −3
(d) −120° + 360° = 240°

θ ′ = 240° − 180° = 60° 6. h( x) = −sec( x + π )
3
(e) sin ( −120°) = −sin 60° = − Graph y = −cos( x + π ) first.
2
1 Period: 2π
cos( −120°) = −cos 60° = −
2 Amplitude: 1
tan ( −120°) = tan 60° = 3 Set x + π = 0 and x + π = 2π for one cycle.
1 2 3 x = −π x = π
csc( −120°) = = −
−sin 60° 3 The asymptotes of h( x) corresponds to the
1
sec( −120°) = = −2 x-intercepts of y = −cos( x + π ).
−cos 60°
1 3 x +π =
( 2n + 1)π
cot ( −120°) = = 2
tan 60° 3
x =
( 2n − 1)π
where n is any integer
⎛ 180 ⎞ 2
2. −1.45⎜ ⎟ ≈ − 83.1°
⎝ π ⎠ y
y 21 4
3. tan θ = = − ⇒ r = 29 3
x 20
Because sin θ < 0, θ is in Quadrant IV ⇒ x = 20.
x
−π π 2π
x 20 −1
cos θ = =
r 29 −2
−3
4. f ( x) = 3 − 2 sin π x
−4
2π 7. h( x) = a cos (bx + c)
Period: = 2
π
Graph is reflected in x-axis.
Amplitude: a = −2 = 2
Amplitude: a = −3
Upward shift of 3 units (reflected in x-axis prior to shift)
2π
y Period: 2 = ⇒ b = π
π
6
No phase shift: c = 0
4
h( x) = −3 cos(π x)
3
2
1
x
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
−1
−2
Chapters 1–3 Cumulative Test Solutions 455
x ⎛ 3⎞ 3
8. f ( x) = sin x, − 3π ≤ x ≤ 3π 10. tan ⎜ arcsin ⎟ = 5
2 ⎝ 5⎠ 4 3
x x θ
− ≤ f ( x) ≤
2 2 4
y = arccos( 2 x)
y
11.
6
5 sin y = sin (arccos( 2 x)) = 1 − 4 x2
4
3
2
x
− 3π π 3π
−1 1
1 − 4x 2
−2
−3
9. tan (arctan 4.9) = 4.9

y
2x
⎛π ⎞ ⎛ 1 ⎞
12. cos⎜ − x ⎟ csc x = sin x⎜ ⎟ =1
⎝2 ⎠ ⎝ sin x ⎠
sin θ − 1 cos θ sin θ − 1 cos θ (sin θ + 1)

13. − = −
cos θ sin θ − 1 cos θ sin 2 θ − 1
sin θ − 1 cos θ (sin θ + 1) sin θ − 1 sin θ + 1 2 sin θ
= + = + = = 2 tan θ
cos θ cos 2 θ cos θ cos θ cos θ
14. cot 2 α (sec 2 α − 1) = cot 2 α tan 2 α = 1
15. sin ( x + y ) sin ( x − y ) = 1 ⎡cos

2⎣ (x + y − ( x − y )) − cos( x + y + x − y )⎤⎦
= 1
2 [cos 2 y − cos 2 x] = 1 ⎡1
2⎣
− 2 sin 2 y − (1 − 2 sin 2 x)⎤⎦ = sin 2 x − sin 2 y
⎛ 1 − cos 2 x ⎞⎛ 1 + cos 2 x ⎞ 18. 3 tan θ − cot θ = 0

16. sin 2 x cos 2 x = ⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟
⎝ 2 ⎠⎝ 2 ⎠ 1
3 tan θ − = 0
1 tan θ
= (1 − cos 2 x)(1 + cos 2 x)
4 3 tan 2 θ − 1
= 0
1
= (1 − cos 2 2 x) tan θ
4
3 tan 2 θ − 1 = 0
1⎛ 1 + cos 4 x ⎞
= ⎜1 − ⎟ 1
4⎝ 2 ⎠ tan 2 θ =
3
1
=
8
(2 − (1 + cos 4 x)) tan θ = ±
3
3
1
= (1 − cos 4 x) π 5π 7π 11π
8 θ = , , ,
6 6 6 6
17. 2 cos 2 β − cos β = 0
19. sin 2 x + 2 sin x + 1 = 0
cos β ( 2 cos β − 1) = 0
(sin x + 1)(sin x + 1) = 0
cos β = 0 or 2 cos β − 1 = 0
sin x + 1 = 0
π 3π 1
β = , cos β = sin x = −1
2 2 2
3π
π 5π x =
β = , 2
3 3
π π 3π 5π
Answer: , , ,
3 2 2 3
12 5 12
20. sin u = 13
⇒ cos u = 13
and tan u = 5
because u is in Quadrant I.
3 4 4
cos v = 5
⇒ sin v = 5
and tan v = 3
because v is in Quadrant I.
12 4
−
tan u − tan v 5 3 16
tan (u − v) = = =
1 + tan u tan v ⎛ 12 ⎞⎛ 4 ⎞ 63
1 + ⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟
⎝ ⎠⎝ ⎠
5 3
1 25. Given: A = 30°, a = 9, b = 8

21. tan θ =
2 Law of Sines: SSA
⎛1⎞ sin B sin 30°
2⎜ ⎟
2 tan θ ⎝ 2⎠ = 4 =
tan 2θ = = 8 9
1 − tan θ
2
⎛1⎞
2
3
1−⎜ ⎟ 8⎛ 1 ⎞
⎝ 2⎠ sin B = ⎜ ⎟
9⎝ 2 ⎠
4 3 ⎛ 4⎞
22. tan θ = ⇒ cos θ = ± B = arcsin ⎜ ⎟
3 5 ⎝9⎠
3 B ≈ 26.39°
1−
θ 1 − cos θ 5 = 5 C = 180° − A − B ≈ 123.61°
sin = =
2 2 2 5 c 9
=
3 sin 123.61° sin 30°
1+
or = 5 = 2 5 c ≈ 14.99
2 5
26. Given: A = 30°, b = 8, c = 10
3π 7π 5 ⎡ ⎛ 3π 7π ⎞ ⎛ 3π 7π ⎞⎤
23. 5 sin cos = ⎢sin ⎜ + ⎟ + sin ⎜ − ⎟ Law of Cosines: SAS
4 4 2⎣ ⎝ 4 4 ⎠ ⎝ 4 4 ⎠⎥⎦
a 2 = 82 + 102 − 2(8)(10) cos 30°
5 ⎡ 5π ⎤
= ⎢sin + sin ( −π )⎥ a 2 ≈ 25.4359
2⎣ 2 ⎦
5 ⎛ 5π ⎞ a ≈ 5.04
= ⎜ sin − sin π ⎟
2⎝ 2 ⎠ 5.042 + 102 − 82
cos B =
2(5.04)(10)
⎛ 9x + 7x ⎞ ⎛ 9x − 7 x ⎞ cos B ≈ 0.6091
24. cos 9 x − cos 7 x = −2 sin ⎜ ⎟ sin ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠
B ≈ 52.48°
= −2 sin 8 x sin x
C = 180° − A − B ≈ 97.52°
27. Given: A = 30°, C = 90°, b = 10

Right Triangle Ratios
B = 180° − 30° − 90° = 60°
a
tan 30° = ⇒ a = 10 tan 30° ≈ 5.77
10
10 10
cos 30° = ⇒ c = ≈ 11.55
c cos 30°
B
c 60°
a
30°
A 10 C
28. Given: a = 4.7, b = 8.1, c = 10.3

Law of Cosines: SSS
a 2 + b2 − c2 4.7 2 + 8.12 + 10.32
cos C = = ≈ −0.2415 ⇒ C ≈ 103.98°
2ab 2( 4.7)(8.1)
a sin C 4.7 sin 103.98°
sin A = ≈ ≈ 0.4428 ⇒ A ≈ 26.28°
c 10.3
B ≈ 180° − 26.28° − 103.98° = 49.74°
29. Given: A = 45°, B = 26°, c = 20
Law of Sines: AAS

C = 180° − A − B = 180° − 45° − 26° = 109°
a c c 20
= ⇒ a = (sin A) = (sin 45°) ≈ 14.96
sin A sin C sin C sin 109°
b c c 20
= ⇒ b = (sin B) = (sin 26°) ≈ 9.27
sin B sin C sin C sin 109°
30. Given: a = 1.2, b = 10, C = 80° 34. v = i + j

Law of Cosines: SAS v = 12 + 12 = 2
c = a + b − 2ab cos C
2 2 2
v 1 2
u = = (i + j) = (i + j)
c = (1.2) + (10) − 2(1.2)(10) cos 80° v 2
2 2
2 2
c 2 ≈ 97.2724 35. u = 3i + 4 j, v = i − 2 j
c ≈ 9.86
u ⋅ v = 3(1) + 4( −2) = −5
1
31. Area = (7)(12) sin 99° = 41.48 in.2 36. u = 8, − 2 , v = 1, 5
2
⎛u ⋅ v⎞ −2 1
32. a = 30, b = 41, c = 45 w1 = projv u = ⎜ ⎟v = 1, 5 = − 1, 5
⎜ v 2 ⎟ 26 13
a +b + c 30 + 41 + 45 ⎝ ⎠
s = = = 58
2 2 1 5 105 21
w 2 = u − w1 = 8, − 2 − − ,− = ,−
13 13 13 13
Area = s( s − a )( s − b)( s − c)
21
= 5, −1
= 58( 28)(17)(13) 13
≈ 599.09 m 2 1 21
u = w1 + w 2 = − 1, 5 + 5, −1
13 13
33. u = 7, 8 = 7i + 8 j
37. r = −2 + 2i = (−2)2 + ( 2)
2
= 2 2
2
tan θ = = −1
−2
Because tan θ = −1 and −2 + 2i lies in Quadrant II,
3π ⎛ 3π 3π ⎞
θ = . So, −2 + 2i = 2 2 ⎜ cos + i sin ⎟.
4 ⎝ 4 4 ⎠
38. ⎣⎡4(cos 30° + i sin 30°)⎤⎡

⎦⎣6(cos 120° + i sin 120°)⎤⎦ = ( 4)(6)⎡⎣cos(30° + 120°) + i sin (30° + 120°)⎤⎦
= 24(cos 150° + i sin 150°)
⎛ 3 1 ⎞
= 24⎜⎜ − + i ⎟⎟
⎝ 2 2 ⎠
= −12 3 + 12i
39. 1 = 1(cos 0 + i sin 0)
3 ⎡ ⎛ 0 + 2π k ⎞ ⎛ 0 + 2π k ⎞⎤
1 = 3
1 ⎢cos⎜ ⎟ + i sin ⎜ ⎟⎥ , k = 0, 1, 2
⎣ ⎝ 3 ⎠ ⎝ 3 ⎠⎦
⎡⎛ ⎛ 0 + 2π (0) ⎞ ⎛ 0 + 2π (0) ⎞⎤
k = 0: 3
1 ⎢⎜ cos⎜ ⎟ + i sin ⎜ ⎟⎥ = cos 0 + i sin 0 = 1
⎜ 3 3
⎣⎢⎝ ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠⎦⎥
⎡⎛ ⎛ 0 + 2π (1) ⎞ ⎛ 0 + 2π (1) ⎞⎤ 2π 2π 1 3
k = 1: 3
1 ⎢⎜ cos⎜ ⎟ + i sin ⎜ ⎟⎥ = cos + i sin = − + i
⎜
⎢⎣⎝ ⎝ 3 3 3 3 2 2
⎠ ⎝ ⎠⎥⎦
⎡⎛ ⎛ 0 + 2π ( 2) ⎞ ⎛ 0 + 2π ( 2) ⎞⎤ 4π 4π 1 3
k = 2: 3
1 ⎢⎜ cos⎜ ⎟ + i sin ⎜ ⎟⎥ = cos + i sin = − − i
⎜ 3 3 3 3 2 2
⎢⎣⎝ ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎥
⎠⎦
40. x5 + 243 = 0 ⇒ x5 = −243

The solutions to the equation are the fifth roots of −243 = 243(cos π + i sin π ), which are:
⎡ ⎛ π + 2π k ⎞ ⎛ π + 2π k ⎞⎤
⎟ + i sin ⎜ ⎟⎥ , k = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4
5
243 ⎢cos⎜
⎣ ⎝ 5 ⎠ ⎝ 5 ⎠⎦
⎛ π π⎞
k = 0: 3⎜ cos + i sin ⎟
⎝ 5 5⎠
⎛ 3π 3π ⎞
k = 1: 3⎜ cos + i sin ⎟
⎝ 5 5 ⎠
k = 2: 3(cos π + i sin π )
⎛ 7π 7π ⎞
k = 3: 3⎜ cos + i sin ⎟
⎝ 5 5 ⎠
⎛ 9π 9π ⎞
k = 4: 3⎜ cos + i sin ⎟
⎝ 5 5 ⎠
θ 2π (63)
41. Angular speed = = ≈ 395.8 radians per minute
t 1
s 42π (63)
Linear speed = = ≈ 8312.7 inches per minute
t 1
π ⎞
(105°)⎛⎜ ⎟(12)
2
θr2 ⎝ 180° ⎠
42. Area = = = 42π ≈ 131.95 yd 2
2 2
43. Height of smaller triangle: 5

44. tan θ = ⇒ θ ≈ 22.6°
h 12
tan 16° 45′ = 1
200 h2
h1 45. d = a cos bt
h1 = 200 tan 16.75°
a = 4 ⇒ a = 4
≈ 60.2 feet 16°45°
18°
200 ft 2π π
Height of larger triangle: = 8 ⇒ b =
b 4
h2 Not drawn to scale
tan 18° = π
200 d = 4 cos t
4
h2 = 200 tan 18° ≈ 65.0 feet
Height of flag: h2 − h1 = 65.0 − 60.2 ≈ 5 feet
46. v1 = 500 cos 60°, sin 60° = 250, 250 3 y v2
v 2 = 50 cos 30°, sin 30° = 25 3, 25

v1
v = v1 + v 2 = 250 + 25 3, 250 3 + 25 ≈ 293.3, 458.0 v
30°
(293.3) + ( 458.0)
2 2
v = ≈ 543.9
θ
458.0
tan θ = ≈ 1.56 ⇒ θ ≈ 57.4° x
293.3
Bearing: 90° − 57.4° = 32.6°
The plane is traveling on a bearing of 32.6° at 543.9 kilometers per hour.
47. w = (85)(10)cos 60° = 425 foot-pounds

1. − 5 + −100 = − 5 + 10i 9. x3 − 6 x 2 + 5 x − 30 = 0
x 2 ( x − 6) + 5( x − 6) = 0
2. 10i − 3 + ( )
−25 = 10i − (3 + 5i ) = − 3 + 5i
(x − 6)( x 2 + 5) = 0
3. ( 4 + 9i ) = 16 + 72i + 81i 2 = − 65 + 72i x − 6 = 0 or x2 + 5 = 0

2
x = 6 or x = ± 5i
4. 6 + ( )(
7i 6 − )
7 i = 36 − 7i 2 = 43
10. x 4 − 2 x 2 − 24 = 0
5.
4
=
4
⋅
8 + 3i
=
4(8 + 3i)
=
32 12
+ i
( x2 − 6)( x2 + 4) = 0
8 − 3i 8 − 3i 8 + 3i 64 − 9i 2 73 73
x2 − 6 = 0 or x2 + 4 = 0
6. 2 x 2 − 2 x + 3 = 0 x = ± 6 or x = ± 2i
− ( − 2) ± ( − 2) 2 − 4( 2)(3) 2± − 20 11. h( x) = x 4 − 2 x 2 − 8
x = =
2( 2) 4
Zeros: x = ± 2 ⇒ ( x − 2)( x + 2) = x 2 − 4 is a factor
2 ± 2 5i 1 5
= = ± i of h( x).
4 2 2
x2 + 2
7. Since x5 + x3 − x + 1 = 0 is a fifth degree polynomial
x + 0 x − 4 x + 0 x − 2x2 + 0x − 8
2 4 3
equation, it has five solutions in the complex number
system. x 4 + 0 x3 − 4 x 2
2 x2 + 0 x − 8
8. Since x 4 − 3x3 + 2 x 2 − 4 x − 5 = 0 is a fourth degree 2 x2 + 0 x − 8
0
polynomial equation, it has four solutions in the complex
number system. Thus, h( x) = ( x 2 − 4)( x 2 + 2)
= ( x + 2)( x − 2) x + ( )(
2i x − 2i .)
The zeros of h( x) are x = ± 2, ± 2 i.
12. g (v) = 2v3 − 11v 2 + 22v − 15 15. No, complex zeros occur in conjugate pairs for
polynomial functions with real coefficients. If a + bi
Zero: 3
2
⇒ 2v − 3 is a factor of g (v). is a zero, so is a − bi.
v 2 − 4v + 5 16. z = 5 − 5i
2v − 3 2v − 11v 2 + 22v − 15
3
52 + ( −5)
2
z = = 50 = 5 2
2v3 − 3v 2
−8v 2 + 22v −5 7π
tan θ = = −1 and is in Quadrant IV ⇒ θ =
−8v 2 + 12v 5 4
10v − 15
⎛ 7π 7π ⎞
10v − 15 z = 5 2 ⎜ cos + i sin ⎟
0 ⎝ 4 4 ⎠
Thus, g (v) = ( 2v − 3)(v 2 − 4v + 5). By the Quadratic 17. z = 6(cos 120° + i sin 120°)
Formula, the zeros of v − 4v + 5 are 2 ± i. 2
⎛ 1 3 ⎞
= 6⎜⎜ − + i ⎟⎟
The zeros of g (v) are v = 3, 2 ± 1. ⎝ 2 2 ⎠
2
= − 3 + 3 3i
g (v) = ( 2v − 3)(v − 2 − i )(v − 2 + i )
8
⎡ ⎛ 7π 7π ⎞⎤ 8⎛ 28π 28π ⎞
13. f ( x) = x( x − 7) ⎡⎣ x − ( 4 + i )⎤⎦ ⎡⎣ x − ( 4 − i )⎤⎦ 18. ⎢3⎜ cos + i sin ⎟⎥ = 3 ⎜ cos + i sin ⎟
⎣ ⎝ 6 6 ⎠⎦ ⎝ 3 3 ⎠
= ( x 2 − 7 x) ⎡⎣( x − 4) − i⎤⎦ ⎡⎣( x − 4) + i⎤⎦
⎛ 1 3 ⎞
= 6561⎜⎜ − − i⎟
= ( x − 7 x)( x − 8 x + 17)
2 2
⎝ 2 2 ⎟⎠
= x 4 − 15 x3 + 73 x 2 − 119 x 6561 6561 3
= − − i
2 2
14. f ( x) = ⎡ x − 1 +
⎣ ( )
6 i ⎤ ⎡x − 1 −
⎦⎣ ( )
6 i ⎤ ( x − 3)( x − 3)
⎦ 6
⎡ ⎛ 7π 7π ⎞⎤
19. (3 − 3i) = ⎢3 2 ⎜ cos
6
= ⎡⎣( x − 1) − 6 i⎤⎦ ⎡⎣( x − 1) + 6 i⎤⎦ ( x − 6 x + 9)
2
⎝ 4
+ i sin ⎟
4 ⎠⎥⎦
⎣
= ⎡( x − 1) − 6i 2 ⎤ ( x 2 − 6 x + 9) 21π 21π ⎞
( )
2 6⎛
⎣ ⎦ = 3 2 ⎜ cos + i sin ⎟
⎝ 2 2 ⎠
= ( x − 2 x + 7)( x − 6 x + 9)
2 2
= 5832(0 + i )
= x 4 − 8 x3 + 28 x 2 − 60 x + 63 = 5832i
20. z = 256 1 + ( 3i )
( 3)
2
z = 256 12 + = 256 4 = 512
3 π
tan θ = ⇒θ =
1 3
⎛ π π⎞
z = 512⎜ cos + i sin ⎟
⎝ 3 3⎠
⎡ ⎛π ⎞ ⎛π ⎞⎤
⎢ ⎜ 3 + 2π k ⎟ ⎜ 3 + 2π k ⎟⎥
⎟ + i sin ⎜ ⎟⎥ , k = 0, 1, 2, 3
4
Fourth roots of z: 512 ⎢cos⎜
⎣ ⎝ 4 ⎠ ⎝ 4 ⎠⎦
⎛ π π⎞
k = 0: 4 4 2 ⎜ cos + i sin ⎟
⎝ 12 12 ⎠
⎛ 7π 7π ⎞
k = 1: 4 4 2 ⎜ cos + i sin ⎟
⎝ 12 12 ⎠
⎛ 13π 13π ⎞
k = 2: 4 4 2 ⎜ cos + i sin ⎟
⎝ 12 12 ⎠
⎛ 19π 19π ⎞
k = 3: 4 4 2 ⎜ cos + i sin ⎟
⎝ 12 12 ⎠
21. x3 − 27i = 0 ⇒ x3 = 27i

⎛ π π⎞ Imaginary
The solutions to the equation are the cube roots of z = 27i = 27⎜ cos + i sin ⎟. axis
⎝ 2 2⎠
4
⎡ ⎛π ⎞ ⎛π ⎞⎤
⎢ ⎜ 2 + 2π k ⎟ ⎜ 2 + 2π k ⎟⎥ 2
⎟ + i sin ⎜ ⎟⎥ , k = 0, 1, 2
3
Cube roots of z: 27 ⎢cos⎜ 1
⎣ ⎝ 3 ⎠ ⎝ 3 ⎠⎦ Real
axis
−4 −2 −1 1 2 4
⎛ π π⎞
k = 0: 3⎜ cos + i sin ⎟ −2
⎝ 6 6⎠
−4
⎛ 5π 5π ⎞
k = 1: 3⎜ cos + i sin ⎟
⎝ 6 6 ⎠
⎛ 3π 3π ⎞
k = 2: 3⎜ cos + i sin ⎟
⎝ 2 2 ⎠
22. h = −16t 2 + 88t , 0 ≤ t ≤ 5.5

125 = −16t 2 + 88t
16t 2 − 88t + 125 = 0
(−88) − 4(16)(125)
2
88 ± 88 ± 15,256 i
t = =
2(16) 32
Since the solutions are complex numbers, it is not possible for the projectile to reach a height of 125 feet.

1. 4.20.6 ≈ 2.366 6. f ( x) = −6 x − 2
2. 43π 2
≈ 687.291 x −1 0 1 2 3
3. e−7 10 ≈ 0.497 f ( x) –0.005 –0.028 –0.167 –1 –6
4. e3.1 ≈ 22.198 Horizontal asymptote: y = 0

y
5. f ( x) = 10− x 1
x
−2 − 1
− 12 1 1 3 4 5
x −1 0 2 1 −1
−2
f ( x) 10 3.162 1 0.316 0.1 −3
−4
Horizontal asymptote: y = 0 −5
y −6
1
x
−3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4 5
7. f ( x) = 1 − e 2 x 11. f ( x) = 1 + ln ( x + 6)
− 12 1 Domain: ( − 6, ∞)
x −1 0 2 1
f ( x) Vertical asymptote: x = −6
0.865 0.632 0 –1.718 –6.389
y
Horizontal asymptote: y = 1 5
4
y
2
1
x
−4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4 x
−7 −5 −4 −3 − 2 −1 1 2
−2 −2
−3 −3
−4 −4
−5
−6
ln 44 log 44
−7 12. log 7 44 = = ≈ 1.945
ln 7 log 7
8. (a) log 7 7 −0.89 = −0.89 log 0.63

13. log16 0.63 = ≈ −0.167
(b) 4.6 ln e 2 = 4.6( 2) = 9.2 log 16
9. f ( x) = −log x − 6 log 24
14. log 3 4 24 = ≈ −11.047
log (3 4)
Domain: (0, ∞)
Vertical asymptote: x = 0 15. log 2 3a 4 = log 2 3 + log 2 a 4 = log 2 3 + 4 log 2 a
y
−1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
x
16. ln
5
6
x
(
= ln 5 x − ln 6 )
−2
−3 = ln 5 + ln x − ln 6
−4
1
−5 = ln 5 + ln x − ln 6
−6
2
−7
17. log
(x − 1)
3
= log( x − 1) − log y 2 z
3
2
10. f ( x) = ln ( x − 4) y z
= 3 log( x − 1) − (log y 2 + log z )
Domain: ( 4, ∞)
= 3 log( x − 1) − 2 log y − log z
y
18. log 3 13 + log 3 y = log 3 13 y
4
x4
2 19. 4 ln x − 4 ln y = ln x 4 − ln y 4 = ln
y4
x
20. 3 ln x − ln ( x + 3) + 2 ln y = ln x3 − ln ( x + 3) + ln y 2
2 6 8
−2
x3 y 2
−4 = ln
x+3
1
21. 5 x = 25
5 x = 5−2
x = −2
22. 3e −5 x = 132 28. y = aebt

e −5 x = 44 1
a = aeb(21.77)
−5 x = ln 44 2
ln 44 1
x = ≈ −0.757 = e 21.77b
−5 2
⎛1⎞
ln ⎜ ⎟ = 21.77b
1025 ⎝ 2⎠
23. = 5
8 + e4 x ln (1 2)
1025 = 5(8 + e4 x ) b = ≈ −0.0318
21.77
205 = 8 + e 4 x y = ae −0.0318t
197 = e 4 x When t = 19: y = ae−0.0318(19) ≈ 0.55a
ln 197 = 4 x So, 55% will remain after 19 years.
ln 197
x = ≈ 1.321 1
4 29. H = 70.228 + 5.104 x + 9.222 ln x, 4
≤ x ≤ 6
1 (a)
24. ln x = 2 x H (cm)
x = e 12
≈ 1.649 1
58.720
4
1
25. 18 + 4 ln x = 7 2 66.388
4 ln x = −11 1 75.332
ln x = − 11
4 2 86.828
x = e −11 4 ≈ 0.0639
3 95.671
26. log x + log( x − 15) = 2 4 103.43
log ⎡⎣ x( x − 15)⎤⎦ = 2
5 110.59
x( x − 15) = 102
6 117.38
x 2 − 15 x − 100 = 0
(x − 20)( x + 5) = 0 H
120
Height (in centimeters)
x − 20 = 0 or x +5 = 0 110
100
x = 20 x = −5 90
80
The value x = −5 is extraneous. The only solution is

70
60
x = 20. 50
40
x
1 2 3 4 5 6
27. y = aebt Age (in years)
b(0)
(0, 2745): 2745 = ae ⇒ a = 2745
(b) Estimate: 103
y = 2745e bt
When x = 4, H ≈ 103.43 cm.
(9, 11,277): 11,277 = 2745eb(9)
11,277
= e9 b
2745
⎛ 11,277 ⎞
ln ⎜ ⎟ = 9b
⎝ 2745 ⎠
1 ⎛ 11,277 ⎞
ln ⎜ ⎟ = b ⇒ b ≈ 0.1570
9 ⎝ 2745 ⎠
So, y = 2745e0.1570t .

1. 2 x − 5 y + 5 = 0 3 3
2. 3x + 2 y = 4 ⇒ y = − x + 2 ⇒ m1 = −
y = 2
x +1 2 2
5
4 x − y = − 6 ⇒ y = 4 x + 6 ⇒ m2 = 4
tan θ = 2
5
4 − ( −3 2) 11
θ ≈ 0.3805 radian ≈ 21.8° tan θ = =
1 + 4( −3 2) 10
θ ≈ 0.8330 radian ≈ 47.7°
3. y = 5 − x ⇒ x + y − 5 = 0 ⇒ A = 1, B = 1, C = −5
( x1, y1 ) = (7, 5)
(1)(7) + (1)(5) + (−5) 7 7 2
d = = =
1 +1
2 2 2 2
4. y 2 − 2 x + 2 = 0 6. 9 x 2 + 16 y 2 + 54 x − 32 y − 47 = 0
y 2 = 2( x − 1) 9( x 2 + 6 x + 9) + 16( y 2 − 2 y + 1) = 47 + 81 + 16
Parabola 9( x + 3) + 16( y − 1) = 144
y 2 2
Vertex: (1,0) 4
(x + 3) (y − 1)
2 2
3
+ =1
Focus: ( 32 , 0) 2 16 9
1
Ellipse
x y
−2 − 1
−1
2 3 4 5 6
Center: ( −3, 1)
6
−2
−3 a = 4, b = 3, c = 7 4
−4
Foci: −3 ± ( 7, 1 ) 2
x
5. x 2 − 4 y 2 − 4 x = 0
Vertices: (1, 1), ( −7, 1)
−8 −4 −2 2
−2
( x − 2)2 − 4 y 2 = 4
−4
( x − 2)2 − y 2 =1
4
7. 2x2 + 2 y 2 − 8x − 4 y + 9 = 0
Hyperbola
2( x 2 − 4 x + 4) + 2( y 2 − 2 y + 1) = −9 + 8 + 2
Center: ( 2, 0)
2( x − 2) + 2( y − 1) = 1
2 2
a = 2, b = 1, c 2 = 1 + 4 = 5 ⇒ c = 5 1
(x − 2) + ( y − 1) =
2 2
2
Vertices: (0, 0), ( 4, 0)
Circle
Foci: 2 ± ( 5, 0 ) Center: ( 2, 1)
1
Asymptotes: y = ± ( x − 2) 1 2
2 Radius: = ≈ 0.707
y 2 2
y
6
4 3
2
(2, 0) 2
x
−4 2 6 8
1
−4
x
−1 1 2 3
−6
−1
8. Parabola 9. Foci: (0, − 2) and (0, 2) ⇒ c = 2

Vertex: ( 2, − 3)
Center: (0, 0)
Vertical axis
1
Point: ( 4,0) Asymptotes: y = ± x
9
(x − h) = 4 p ( y − k )
2 Vertical transverse axis
a 1
(x − 2) = 4 p( y + 3)
2
= ⇒ b = 9a
b 9
(4 − 2)2 = 4 p(0 + 3)
c2 = a2 + b2
4 = 12 p
4 = a 2 + (9a )
2
p = 1
3
4 = 82a 2
Equation: ( x − 2) = 4
2
( 13 )( y + 3) 2
= a2
41
(x − 2) =
2 4
3
(y + 3)
162
b 2 = (9a ) = 81a 2 =
2
41
y2 x2
2
− 2 =1
a b
y2 x2
= =1
2 41 162 41
10. (a) x 2 + 6 xy + y 2 − 6 = 0
A = 1, B = 6, C = 1
1−1
cot 2θ = = 0
6
2θ = 90°
θ = 45°
x′ − y′
(b) x = x′ cos 45° − y′ sin 45° =
2
x′ + y′
y = x′ sin 45° + y′ cos 45° =
2 y
2 2
⎛ x′ − y′ ⎞ ⎛ x′ − y′ ⎞⎛ x′ + y′ ⎞ ⎛ x′ + y′ ⎞ y′ 6 x′
⎜ ⎟ + 6⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟ + ⎜ ⎟ − 6 = 0
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠ 4
1
2
(
( x′) − 2( x′)( y′) + ( y′)
2 2
) ( 2 2 1
2
)
2
(
+ 3 ( x′) − ( y′) + ( x′) + 2( x′)( y′) + ( y′) − 6 = 0
2
) −6 −4 4 6
x
4( x′) − 2( y′) = 6
2 2
−4
2( x′) ( y′)
2 2
−6
− = 1
3 3
For the graphing utility, we need to solve for y in terms of x.
y 2 + 6 xy + 9 x 2 = 6 − x 2 + 9 x 2 6
(y + 3x) = 6 + 8 x
2 2
−9 9
y + 3x = ± 6 + 8 x 2
y = −3 x ± 6 + 8x2 −6
11. x = 2 + 3 cos θ
y = 2 sin θ
x − 2
x = 2 + 3 cos θ ⇒ = cos θ
3
y
y = 2 sin θ ⇒ = sin θ
2
y
cos 2 θ + sin 2 θ = 1
(x − 2)
2 4
y2
+ =1
9 4 2
x
θ 0 π 2 π 3π 2 −2 2 4 6
−2
x 5 2 −1 2
−4
y 0 2 0 –2
12. y = 3 − x 2
(a) t = x ⇒ x = t and y = 3 − t 2
(b) t = x + 2 ⇒ x = t − 2 and y = 3 − (t − 2) = 3 − (t 2 − 4t + 4) = − t 2 + 4t − 1
2
π
⎛ 5π ⎞ 4
13. Polar coordinates: ⎜ −2, ⎟ 16. r = 2
⎝ 6 ⎠ 1 + cos θ
⎛
e = 1 ⇒ Parabola
5π 3⎞
x = −2 cos = −2⎜⎜ − ⎟⎟ = 3 Vertex: ( 2,0)
6 ⎝ 2 ⎠
π
1 3 4
0
5π ⎛1⎞
y = −2 sin = −2⎜ ⎟ = −1
6 ⎝ 2⎠
3π
Rectangular coordinates: ( 3, −1 ) 2
π
4
14. Rectangular coordinates: ( 2, − 2) 17. r = 2
2 + sin θ
r = ± 2 2 + ( − 2)
2
= ± 8 = ±2 2 2
= π 0
1
1 + sin θ
1 3 4
3π 7π 2
tan θ = −1 ⇒ θ = ,
4 4 1
e = ⇒ Ellipse
Polar coordinates: 2
3π
⎛ 7π ⎞ ⎛ 3π ⎞ ⎛ π⎞ ⎛4 π ⎞ ⎛ 3π ⎞ 2
⎜ 2 2, ⎟, ⎜ −2 2, ⎟, ⎜ 2 2, − ⎟ Vertices: ⎜ , ⎟, ⎜ −4, ⎟
⎝ 4 ⎠ ⎝ 4 ⎠ ⎝ 4⎠ ⎝3 2⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠
15. x 2 + y 2 − 3 x = 0
r 2 − 3r cos θ = 0
r 2 = 3r cos θ
r = 3 cos θ
18. r = 2 + 3 sin θ π
2
a 2
= <1
b 3
Limaçon with inner loop
π 3π
θ 0 π π 0
2 2 2 4
r 2 5 2 –1
3π
2
19. r = 2 sin 4θ
π
Rose curve ( n = 4) with eight petals 2
r = 2 when
π 3π 5π 7π 9π 11π 13π 15π
θ = , , , , , , , π 0
8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 3
r = 0 when
π π 3π 5π 3π 7π
θ = 0, , , , π, , , , 2π 3π
4 2 4 4 2 4 2
1
20. Ellipse e = , focus at the pole, directrix y = 4
4
For a horizontal directrix above the pole:
ep
r =
1 + e sin θ
p = distance between the pole and the directrix ⇒ p = 4
So, r =
(1 4)(4) =
1
.
1 + (1 4) sin θ 1 + 0.25 sin θ
21. Slope: m = tan 0.15 ≈ 0.1511 1 mile

x
x 0.15 radian
sin 0.15 =
5280 feet Not drawn to scale
x = 5280 sin 0.15 ≈ 789 feet
22. x = (115 cos θ )t and y = 3 + (115 sin θ )t − 16t 2

When θ = 30° : x = (115 cos 30°)t When θ = 35° : x = (115 cos 35°)t
y = 3 + (115 sin 30°)t − 16t 2
y = 3 + (115 sin 35°)t − 16t 2
80 60
(375, 10)
(375, 10)
0 400 0 400
0 0
The ball hits the ground inside the ballpark, The ball clears the 10 foot fence at 375 feet,
so it is not a home run. so it is a home run.
Chapters 4 –6 Cumulative Test Solutions

1. 6 − −49 = 6 − 7i 6. f ( x) = x3 + 2 x 2 + 4 x + 8
2. 6i − 2 + ( )
−81 = 6i − ( 2 + 9i ) x3 + 2 x 2 + 4 x + 8 = 0
x ( x + 2) + 4( x + 2) = 0
2
= 6i − 2 − 9i
= − 2 − 3i ( x + 2)( x 2 + 4) = 0
(x + 2)( x + 2i)( x − 2i ) = 0
3. (5i − 2) = (5i ) − 2(5i )( 2) + 22
2 2
x = − 2 or x = ± 2i
= 25i 2 − 20i + 4
= − 25 − 20i + 4 7. f ( x ) = x 4 + 4 x3 − 21x 2
= − 21 − 20i
x 4 + 4 x3 − 21x 2 = 0
x 2 ( x 2 + 4 x − 21) = 0
( )( ) ( 3)
2
4. 3 +i 3 −i = − i2 = 3 + 1 = 4
x 2 ( x + 7)( x − 3) = 0
8i 8i 10 − 2i
5. = ⋅ x = 0, x = −7, or x = 3
10 + 2i 10 + 2i 10 − 2i
80i − 16i 2
=
100 − 4i 2
16 + 80i
=
100 + 4
2 10
= + i
13 13
8. Zeros: − 6, − 3, and 4 + 5i
Because 4 + 5i is a zero, so is 4 − 5 i.
f ( x) = ( x + 6)( x + 3) ⎡ x − 4 +
⎣ ( )
5i ⎤ ⎡x − 4 −
⎦⎣ ( 5i ⎤
⎦)
= ( x 2 + 9 x + 18) ⎡⎣( x − 4) − 5 i⎤⎦ ⎡⎣( x − 4) + 5 i⎤⎦
= ( x 2 + 9 x + 18)( x 2 − 8 x + 21)
= x 4 + x3 − 33x 2 + 45 x + 378
9. r = − 2 + 2i = ( − 2) 2 + ( 2)
2
= 2 2
2 3π
tan θ = = −1 and θ is in Quandrant II ⇒ θ =
−2 4
⎛ 3π 3π ⎞
Thus, − 2 + 2i = 2 2 ⎜ cos + i sin ⎟.
⎝ 4 4 ⎠
10. ⎣⎡4(cos 30° + i sin 30°)⎤⎦ ⎡⎣6(cos 120° + i sin 120°)⎤⎦ = ( 4)(6)⎡⎣cos(30° + 120°) + i sin (30° + 120°)⎤⎦
= 24(cos 150° + i sin 150°)
⎛ 3 1 ⎞
= 24⎜⎜ − + i ⎟⎟
⎝ 2 2 ⎠
= −12 3 + 12i
4 6
⎡ ⎛ 2π 2π ⎞⎤ 8π 8π ⎞ ⎡ ⎛ 7π 7π ⎞⎤
4⎛
( )
6
11. ⎢2⎜ cos + i sin ⎟⎥ = 2 ⎜ cos + i sin ⎟ 12. − 3 −i = ⎢2⎜ cos + i sin ⎟
⎣ ⎝ 3 3 ⎠⎦ ⎝ 3 3 ⎠ ⎣ ⎝ 6 6 ⎠⎥⎦
⎛ 2π 2π ⎞ = 26 (cos 7π + i sin 7π )
= 16⎜ cos + i sin ⎟
⎝ 3 3 ⎠ = 64( −1 + 0i )
⎛ 1 3 ⎞ = − 64
= 16⎜⎜ − + i⎟
⎝ 2 2 ⎟⎠
= − 8 + 8 3i
13. 1 = 1(cos 0 + i sin 0)
⎡ ⎛ 0 + 2π k ⎞ ⎛ 0 + 2π k ⎞⎤
⎟ + i sin ⎜ ⎟⎥ , k = 0, 1, 2
3
Cube roots of: 1 ⎢cos⎜
⎣ ⎝ 3 ⎠ ⎝ 3 ⎠⎦
⎡ ⎛ 0 + 2π (0) ⎞ ⎛ 0 + 2π (0) ⎞⎤
k = 0: 3
1 ⎢cos⎜ ⎟ + i sin ⎜ ⎟⎥ = cos 0 + i sin 0 = 1
⎣⎢ ⎝ 3 ⎠ ⎝ 3 ⎠⎦⎥
⎡ ⎛ 0 + 2π (1) ⎞ ⎛ 0 + 2π (1) ⎞⎤ 2π 2π 1 3
k = 1: 3
1 ⎢cos⎜ ⎟ + i sin ⎜ ⎟⎥ = cos + i sin = − + i
⎣⎢ ⎝ 3 ⎠ ⎝ 3 ⎠⎦⎥ 3 3 2 2
⎡ ⎛ 0 + 2π ( 2) ⎞ ⎛ 0 + 2π ( 2) ⎞⎤ 4π 4π 1 3
k = 2: 3
1 ⎢cos⎜ ⎟ + i sin ⎜ ⎟⎥ = cos + i sin = − − i
⎣⎢ ⎝ 3 ⎠ ⎝ 3 ⎠⎦⎥ 3 3 2 2
14. x 4 − 81i = 0 ⇒ x 4 = 81i 16. f ( x) = 2.2 x

The solutions to the equation are the fourth roots of
g ( x) = − 2.2 x + 4
⎛ π π⎞
z = 81i = 81⎜ cos + i sin ⎟ which are: g is a reflection in the x-axis, and a vertical shift four
⎝ 2 2⎠
units upward of the graph of f.
⎡ ⎛π ⎞ ⎛π ⎞⎤
⎢ ⎜ 2 + 2π k ⎟ ⎜ 2 + 2π k ⎟⎥ 17. log10 98 ≈ 1.991
⎟ + i sin ⎜ ⎟⎥ , k = 0, 1, 2, 3
4
81 ⎢cos⎜
⎣ ⎝ 4 ⎠ ⎝ 4 ⎠⎦
18. log10 6 ≈ − 0.067
⎛ π π⎞ 7
k = 0: 3⎜ cos + i sin ⎟
⎝ 8 8⎠
19. ln 31 ≈ 1.717
⎛ 5π 5π ⎞
k = 1: 3⎜ cos + i sin ⎟
⎝ 8 8 ⎠ 20. ln ( 30 − 4 ≈ 0.390 )
⎛ 9π 9π ⎞
k = 2: 3⎜ cos + i sin ⎟
⎝ 8 8 ⎠ log10 4.3 ln 4.3
21. log 5 4.3 = = ≈ 0.906
⎛ 13π 13π ⎞ log10 5 ln 5
k = 3: 3⎜ cos + i sin ⎟
⎝ 8 8 ⎠
log10 0.149 ln 0.149
22. log 3 0.149 = = ≈ −1.733
()
x log10 3 ln 3
15. f ( x) = 2
5
( 52 )
−x+3 log10 17 ln 17
g ( x) = − 23. log1 2 17 = = ≈ − 4.087
()
log10 12 ln 12 ()
g is a reflection in the x-axis, a reflection in the y-axis,
and a horizontal shift three units to the right of the graph
⎛ x 2 − 16 ⎞
of f. ⎟ = ln ( x − 16) − ln x
2 4
24. ln ⎜ 4
⎝ x ⎠
= ln ( x + 4)( x − 4) − 4 ln x
= ln ( x + 4) + ln ( x − 4) − 4 ln x, x > 4
1 31. N = 175e kt
25. 2 ln x − ln ( x + 5) = ln x 2 − ln x + 5
2
420 = 175e k (8)
x2
= ln ,x > 0 2.4 = e8 k
x+5
ln 2.4 = 8k
26. 6e 2x
= 72 ln 2.4
= k
e 2x
= 12 8
2 x = ln 12 k ≈ 0.1094
ln 12 N = 175e0.1094t
x = ≈ 1.242
2 350 = 175e0.1094t
2 = e0.1094t
27. 4 x − 5 + 21 = 30
ln 2 = 0.1094t
4x −5 = 9
ln 2
ln 4 x − 5 = ln 9 t = ≈ 6.3 hours to double
0.1094
(x − 5) ln 4 = ln 9
ln 9 32. P = 20,879e0.0189t
x−5 =
ln 4 28 million = 28,000 thousand
ln 9 28,000 = 20,879e0.0189t
x = 5+
ln 4 28,000
= e0.0189t
x ≈ 6.585 20,879
⎛ 28,000 ⎞
28. log 2 x + log 2 5 = 6 ln ⎜ ⎟ = 0.0189t
⎝ 20,879 ⎠
log 2 5 x = 6
ln ( 28,000 20,879)
5 x = 26 t = ≈ 15.53
0.0189
64
x = = 12.800 According to the model, the population will reach
5
28 million during the year 2015.
29. ln ( 4 x) − ln 2 = 8 33. 2 x + y − 3 ⇒ y = − 2 x + 3 ⇒ m1 = − 2
⎛ 4x ⎞ x − 3y + 6 ⇒ y = 1x + 2 ⇒ m2 = 1
ln ⎜ ⎟ = 8 3 3
⎝ 2⎠
ln 2 x = 8 tan θ =
m2 − m1
=
(1 3) − (− 2) = 7 3 = 7
1 + m1m2 1 + ( − 2)(1 3) 13
2 x = e8
e8 θ = arctan 7 ≈ 81.87°
x =
2
34. y = 2 x − 4 ⇒ 2 x − y − 4 = 0 ⇒
x ≈ 1490.479
A = 2, B = −1, C = − 4
1000
30. f ( x) = (6, − 3) ⇒ x1 = 6 and y1 = − 3
1 + 4e − 0.2 x
Horizontal asymptotes: y = 0 and y = 1000 Ax1 + By1 + C
d =
1200 A2 + B 2
2(6) + ( −1)( −3) + ( − 4)
=
( 2) 2 + ( −1)
2
− 20 40
11
− 200 =
5
11 5
=
5
35. 9 x 2 + 4 y 2 − 36 x + 8 y + 4 = 0 37. x 2 + y 2 + 2 x − 6 y − 12 = 0
AC > 0 ⇒ The conic is an ellipse. A = C ⇒ The conic is a circle.
9 x − 36 x + 4 y + 8 y = − 4
2 2 x 2 + 2 x + y 2 − 6 y = 12
9( x 2 − 4 x + 4) + 4( y 2 + 2 y + 1) = − 4 + 36 + 4 ( x 2 + 2 x + 1) + ( y 2 − 6 y + 9) = 12 + 1 + 9
9( x − 2) + 4( y + 1) = 36
2 2
(x + 1) + ( y − 3) = 22
2 2
(x − 2) ( y + 1)
2 2
Center: ( −1, 3)
+ =1
4 9
Radius: 22
Center: ( 2, −1)
y
a = 3, b = 2, c 2 = 9 − 4 = 5 ⇒ c = 5
Vertical major axis 6
Vertices: ( 2, −1 ± 3) ⇒ ( 2, 2) and ( 2, − 4) 4
(
Foci: 2, −1 ± 5 ) 2
x
y −6 −2 4
3
2
1
x 38. y 2 + 2 x + 2 = 0
−3 −2 −1 1 3 5
AC = 0 ⇒ The conic is a parabola.
−2
−3
y2 = − 2x − 2
−4
−5 y 2 = − 2( x + 1)
( )
y 2 = 4 − 12 ( x + 1)
36. 4 x − y − 4 = 0
2 2
Vertex: ( −1, 0)
AC < 0 ⇒ The conic is a hyperbola.
Opens to the left since p < 0.
4x2 − y2 = 4
x2 y2 (
Focus: −1 − 12 , 0 = − 23 , 0 ) ( )
− =1
1 4 y
Center: (0, 0) 3
2
a = 1, b = 2, c 2 = 1 + 4 = 5 ⇒ c = 5 1
Horizontal transverse axis x

−5 −4 −3 −2 1
Vertices: ( ±1, 0) −1
−2
Foci: ± ( 5, 0 ) −3
Asymptotes: y = ± 2 x
y
x
−2 2
−2
39. Circle
Center: ( 2, − 4)
Point on circle: (0, 4)
(x − 2) + ( y + 4) = r 2
2 2
( 0 − 2) + ( 4 + 4) = r 2 ⇒ r 2 = 68
2 2
(x − 2) + ( y + 4) = 68
2 2
x 2 − 4 x + 4 + y 2 + 8 y + 16 − 68 = 0
x 2 + y 2 − 4 x + 8 y − 48 = 0
40. Hyperbola
Foci: (0, 0) and (0, 6) ⇒ Vertical transverse axis
Center: (0, 3) and c = 3
2 5 a 2 5 a 2 5a
Asymptotes: y = ± x+3 ⇒ ± = ± ⇒ = ⇒ b =
5 b 5 b 5 2
2
⎛ 5a ⎞ 9 2
Since c 2 = a 2 + b 2 ⇒ 9 = a 2 + ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ⇒ 9 = a ,
⎝ 2 ⎠ 4
5a 2 5( 4)
a2 = 4 ⇒ b2 = = = 5.
4 4
(y − k) ( x − h)
2 2
Equation: − =1
a2 b2
(y − 3)
−
x2
2
=1
4 5
5( y − 3) − 4 x 2 = 20
2
5( y 2 − 6 y + 9) − 4 x 2 − 20 = 0
5 y 2 − 30 y + 45 − 4 x 2 − 20 = 0
5 y 2 − 4 x 2 − 30 y + 25 = 0
41. x 2 + xy + y 2 + 2 x − 3 y − 30 = 0 y
1−1 π π 12
(a) cot 2θ = = 0 ⇒ 2θ = ⇒θ =
y′
or 45°
1 2 4 x′
6
(b) Since b 2 − 4ac < 0, the graph is an ellipse.
x′ − y′ x
x = x′ cos 45° − y′ sin 45° = − 12 − 9 6
2
x′ + y′ −6
y = x′ sin 45° + y′ cos 45° =
2
x 2 + xy + y 2 + 2 x − 3 y − 30 = 0
2 2
⎛ x′ − y′ ⎞ ⎛ x′ − y′ ⎞⎛ x′ + y′ ⎞ ⎛ x′ + y′ ⎞ ⎛ x′ − y′ ⎞ ⎛ x′ + y′ ⎞
⎜ ⎟ +⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟+⎜ ⎟ + 2⎜ ⎟ − 3⎜ ⎟ − 30 = 0
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠
1⎡ 2 1 1 3 2
( x′) − 2 x′y′ + ( y′)2 ⎦⎤ + ⎣⎡( x′)2 − ( y′)2 ⎤⎦ + ⎣⎡( x′)2 + 2 x′y′ + ( y′)2 ⎦⎤ + 2 ( x′ − y′) − ( x′ + y′) − 30 = 0
2⎣ 2 2 2
3 1 2 5 2
( x′)2 + ( y′)2 − x′ − y′ − 30 = 0
2 2 2 2
3( x′) + ( y′) −
2 2
2 x′ − 5 2 y′ − 60 = 0
⎡ 2 2 2⎤ ⎡ 2 50 ⎤ 1 25
3⎢( x′) − x′ + ⎥ + ⎢( y′) − 5 2 y′ + ⎥ = 60 + +
⎣ 3 36 ⎦ ⎣ 4 ⎦ 6 2
2 2
⎛ 2⎞ ⎛ 5 2⎞ 218
3⎜⎜ x′ − ⎟⎟ + ⎜⎜ y′ − ⎟ =
⎝ 6 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎟⎠ 3
2 2
⎛ 2⎞ ⎛ 5 2⎞
′ ′
⎜⎜ x − 6 ⎟⎟ ⎜⎜ y − 2 ⎟⎟
⎝ ⎠ + ⎝ ⎠ =1
218 218
9 3
To use a graphing utility, solve for y in terms of x.
y 2 + y( x − 3) + ( x 2 + 2 x − 30) = 0
− ( x − 3) + (x − 3) − 4( x 2 + 2 x − 30)
2
y1 =
2
− ( x − 3) − (x − 3) − 4( x 2 + 2 x − 30)
2
y2 =
2
x−3
42. x = 3 + 4 cos θ ⇒ cos θ =
y
4 6
y = sin θ 4
cos θ + sin θ = 1
2 2 2
2 x
⎛ x − 3⎞
⎟ + ( y) = 1
2 −2 8
⎜ −2
⎝ 4 ⎠
(x − 3)
2 −4
+ y2 = 1
16
The graph is an ellipse with a horizontal major axis.
Center: (3, 0)
a = 4 and b = 1
Vertices: (3 ± 4, 0) ⇒ (7, 0) and ( −1, 0)
43. Line through (3, − 2) and ( − 3, 4) 4 2

47. r = =
2 + cos θ 1 + (1 2) cos θ
x = x1 + t ( x2 − x1 ) = 3 − 6t
1
y = y1 + t ( y2 − y1 ) = − 2 + 6t e = π
2
2
44. π Ellipse with a vertical directrix

2
−2 , − 3π
( ) to the right of the pole.
4 π 0
π 3π 2 3
θ 0 π
2 2
0 4
1 2 r 2 4 2 3π
3 2
8
48. r = π
1 + sin θ 2
⎛ 5π ⎞ ⎛ π ⎞ ⎛ 7π ⎞ e =1
⎜ − 2, ⎟, ⎜ 2, ⎟, ⎜ 2, − ⎟
⎝ 4 ⎠ ⎝ 4 ⎠ ⎝ 4 ⎠
Parabola with a horizontal π 0
4 8 12
directrix above the pole.
45. x 2 + y 2 − 16 y = 0
π
r 2 − 16r sin θ = 0 θ 0 π
2
r ( r − 16 sin θ ) = 0 3π
r 8 4 8 2
r = 16 sin θ
2 49. (a) r = 2 + 3 sin θ is a limaçon. Matches (iii).

46. r =
4 − 5 cos θ (b) r = 3 sin θ is a circle. Matches (i).
4r − 5r cos θ = 2 (c) r = 3 sin 2θ is a rose curve. Matches (ii).
4( x + y )
12
2 2
− 5x = 2
16( x 2 + y 2 ) = (5 x + 2) = 25 x 2 + 20 x + 4
2
9 x 2 + 20 x − 16 y 2 + 4 = 0

Trigonometry 9e. (Odd Solutions), 2013 - Ron Larson

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Trigonometry 9e. (Odd Solutions), 2013 - Ron Larson

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Student Study and Solutions Manual

Australia • Brazil • Mexico • Singapore • United Kingdom • United States

Printed in the United States of America

Chapter 2 Analytic Trigonometry.......................................................................108

Chapter 3 Additional Topics in Trigonometry ...................................................146

Chapter 4 Complex Numbers..............................................................................175

Chapter 5 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions ...........................................213

Chapter 6 Topics in Analytic Geometry.............................................................247

Solutions to Checkpoints .................................................................322

Solutions to Practice Tests...............................................................425

Part II Solutions to Chapter and Cumulative Tests .................................441

Section P.1 Review of Real Numbers and Their Properties.....................................2

Section P.2 Solving Equations...................................................................................3

Section P.3 The Cartesian Plane and Graphs of Equations......................................8

Section P.4 Linear Equations in Two Variables .....................................................14

Section P.5 Functions...............................................................................................20

Section P.6 Analyzing Graphs of Functions ...........................................................25

Section P.7 A Library of Parent Functions .............................................................30

Section P.8 Transformations of Functions ..............................................................33

Section P.9 Combinations of Functions: Composite Functions............................38

Section P.10 Inverse Functions .................................................................................42

Review Exercises ..........................................................................................................49

Problem Solving ...........................................................................................................56

Practice Test ...............................................................................................................59

3. absolute value numbers greater than or equal to 4.

(d) Rational numbers: −9, − 72 , 5, 23 , 0, 1, − 4, 2, −11 (c) The interval is bounded.

(e) Irrational numbers: 0.010110111 . . . 27. 10 ≤ t ≤ 22; [10, 22]

(c) 33. 3 − 8 = −5 = −(−5) = 5

39. If x < −2, then x + 2 is negative.

41. −4 = 4 because −4 = 4 and 4 = 4.

49. d (165 , 112

55. $1880.1 $2292.8 1880.1 − 2292.8 = $412.7 billion

57. $2524.0 $2982.5 2524.0 − 2982.5 = $458.5 billion

71. x(3 y ) = ( x ⋅ 3) y Associative Property of Multiplication

Section P.2 Solving Equations

−b ± b 2 − 4ac 65. 5.1x 2 − 1.7 x − 3.2 = 0

73. x2 − x − 11 = 0 Complete the square. 85. − 26 − 11x + 4 = x

First equation: Second equation:

Section P.3 The Cartesian Plane and Graphs of Equations

3. Midpoint Formula 2003 4906

7. y-axis 2005 6141

9. A: ( 2, 6), B : ( − 6, − 2), C : ( 4, − 4), D : ( − 3, 2) 2006 6779

15. x > 0 and y < 0 in Quadrant IV.

17. ( x, − y ) is in the second Quadrant means that ( x, y ) is

25. (a) (1, 0), (13, 5)

Distance = (13 − 1)2 + ( 5 − 0)

(b) 52 + 122 = 25 + 144 = 169 = 132

(0, 0), (2, 0)

( − x)2 − y = 0 ⇒ x 2 − y = 0 ⇒ y -axis symmetry

(− x)(− y )2 + 10 = 0 ⇒ − xy 2 + 10 = 0 ⇒ No origin symmetry

83. Center: (0, 0); Radius: 4

87. Endpoints of a diameter: (0, 0), (6, 8)

When x = 85.5, the resistance is about 1.4 ohms.

99. False. A graph is symmetric with respect to the x-axis if, ⎛b + a c + 0⎞ ⎛ a + b c ⎞

(a) ( x2 , y2 ) = ( 2 xm − x1 , 2 ym − y1 ) = ( 2 ⋅ 4 − 1, 2( −1) − ( −2)) = (7, 0)

(b) ( x2 , y2 ) = ( 2 xm − x1 , 2 ym − y1 ) = ( 2 ⋅ 2 − (−5), 2 ⋅ 4 − 11) = (9, − 3)

Section P.4 Linear Equations in Two Variables

9. (a) m = 23 . Because the slope is positive, the line rises.

y-intercept: (0, 4) 0−9 −9 3

4 − ( −1) 5 43. Point: (0, − 2); m = 3

45. Point: ( −3, 6); m = −2

47. Point: ( 4, 0); m = − 13

35. Point: ( 2, 1), Slope: m = 0

Because m = − 12 , y decreases by 1 unit for every two