University Of Gujrat Divorce

Final Research paper

Submitted by: Asma Siddique

Program: Population Science (PGD)

University Of Gujrat Divorce

SOCIO_ECONOMIC FACTORS ACCELERATING,

DIVORCE RATE AMONG MUSLIM FAMILIES IN
PAKISTAN

===========================
Project done by:
Hafiza Asma Siddique

Program: PGD (Regular)

Submitted to: Madam Asma Younas

Date of Submission: 31st Mar 2009

University Of Gujrat
University Of Gujrat Divorce

Table of contents

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 5
ABSTRACT 6
1. INTRODUCTION 8
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM 10
OBJECTIVES 10
2. LITERTURE REVIEW 11
3. METHODOLOGY 17
OBJECTIVES 17
POPULATION 17
SAMPLING DESIGN & SIZE 17
DATA ANALYSIS 18
4. RESULTS 27
5. CONCLUSION 29
RECOMMENDATIONS 29
REFFERENCE 30
University Of Gujrat Divorce

Tables
Table 1. distribution of respondents on basis their marital status 18
Table 2. distribution of respondents on basis of their age at time of marriage
18
Table 3. distribution of respondents on basis of their marriage type 19
Table 4. Distribution of respondents who were married within family or out of family
19
Table 5. Distribution of respondents who were happy or not happy with their marriage
20
Table 6. Distribution of in-laws’ behavior with respondent 20
Table 7. Distribution of spouse’s behavior with respondent 21
Table 8. Distribution of respondents on basis of their perception of factors of divorce
21
Table 9. Distribution of respondents on basis of their dispute 22
Table 10. Distribution of responsible for disputes 22
Table 11. Distribution of persons who decided to break up 23
Table 12. Distribution of respondents on basis of their decision about children
24
Table 13. Distribution of respondents on basis of their perception of behavior of society
25
Table 14. Distribution of respondents on basis of their satisfaction with decision of
divorce 25
University Of Gujrat Divorce

Acknowledgement
This is not a work of the student only. I owe special thanks to the ALMIGHTY for His
blessings. I am grateful to my lecturers, teachers, organizations and all the people who
are involved in the researching, writing, compilation and printing of this project, for their
guidance and patience. I would also like to thank my family, friends for their special
prayers, encouragement and help.
University Of Gujrat Divorce

Abstract:

The incidence of divorce which is a complex phenomenon in human relationship is

assuming unacceptable proportion in Pakistan, especially as divorce has been found to
have social, psychological and educational effects on children. The Purpose of this study
was to find out what the causes of divorce are in Muslim families in Pakistan.

The questionnaire was filled from the males and females who had divorced.
Questionnaire was designed to collect the information and the sample size was 60, 30
were filled by the males and 30 by the females. The results showed that Majority of the
female respondents belonged to younger age group. Duration of marriage was not more
than 10 years in more than three-fourth of the cases. Education level of the males and
females was lower. In majority of the cases the marriage was arranged by the parent.
Major portion of the female respondents did not like their count counterparts. Personality
clashes, family‘s pressure bad character of the partner, infecundity, difference of culture
and social status - are the various causes given by the respondents, in support of their
divorce cases. Education and income level of the counterpart had association with their
reason for getting divorce. Age of the respondents had no association with their decision
of getting divorce. Major portion of the female respondents had to face the bad behavior
of the society. The bad behavior of family in-laws played a role in their divorce. Divorces
can be avoided if we have some moral values in our life, Increase the educational level to
reduce the divorce rate. Reduce the watta satta marriages. Change the family social setup
to reduce the divorce rate. Improve our economic and .social conditions to reduce the
divorce rate. Avoid the low-age marriages. Develop some conflict resolution skills.
Increase the Islamic educational level to reduce the miss use of religion Develop better
communication with partner.
University Of Gujrat Divorce
University Of Gujrat Divorce

Chapter 1:

Introduction

Introduction

Divorce refers to the often messy and painful end of a marriage (Dombeck, 2004). For

better or for worse, divorce is a very common event these days. Most everyone has been

touched by it, either by going through it themselves as a spouse or a child, or knowing

someone who has gone through it as a spouse or as a child. Unfortunately these days

about 50% of the marriage end in divorce (Patricelli, 2004). The reasons are very

different, but most of the divorced people just cannot along with each other. Instead of

seeking of the solution to their problems they choose the easiest way out to stop their

marriage.

In many developed countries, divorce rates increased markedly during the twentieth

century. Among the nations in which divorce has become commonplace are the United

States, Canda, Scandinvia, Japan, France and Itley retain a lower divorce rate, and it has

decreased recently ( (Robber, 2009).

University Of Gujrat Divorce

The United Stated has one of the highest divorce rates in the world and that this rate has

continuously grown over the past 140 years (Shaukat, 2006). According to recent

statistics, the rate of divorce in the United States (0.40%) is approximately half the rate of

marriage (0.78%) (Patricelli, 2004). In other hand Divorce is not permitted in some

countries, such as in Malta and in the Philippines though an annulment is permitted

(Dombeck & Patricelli, 2004).

The Islamic Republic of Pakistan has four provinces namely Punjab, sindh, Balchistan,

and North _West Frontier province with its capital at Islamabad. In its society separation

of couple occurs in extreme cases of maladjustment. In Islamic religion divorce is

permitted, but in extreme cases. The Prophet Muhammad (Peace be upon him) has said

that "of all things permitted, the most obnoxious in the sight of God is divorce‖. (Sunan

Abi Daud, 2178). The Islamic Republic of Pakistan‘s last census reveals that marital

dissolution occurs mainly through widowhood; the number of divorced individuals seem

insignificant to that of widows (Shaukat, 2006). Also seems high divorce rate in Punjab

and Sindh.Interestingly, despite its small size — its population in 1998 being 0.6 percent

of the 133.2 million Pakistanis — Islamabad‘s percentage of divorced individuals stood

at 0.26 percent of its population in 1998. This is the second highest in the country after

Punjab, the most thickly populated province where the numbers were 0.45 percent

(Shaukat, 2006). The censuses however are not an ideal source of data and due to the

peculiar nature of what constitute ‗marital dissolution‘ in the Pakistani context; finding

out the ‗real‘ numbers becomes difficult.

―Only 10 percent of the divorce cases are available here; these are the ‗official‘ cases

registered by educated people‖, according to Malik Mukhtar, an Arbitration Council

University Of Gujrat Divorce

official in Islamabad. The under-registration of divorce also results from customary

practice; marital dissolution is traditionally an informal process and it is de facto, not de

jure — divorce which is the norm in the case of male initiated divorce. Women are

simply thrown out of their homes or packed off to their natal families, and men and

women move on, at times remarrying old or new partners formally (Ayesha, 2006).

The Islamabad Arbitration Council divorce registers indicate that the number of divorces

is still very low despite a sharp rise in recent years. From just 98 cases in 1995, the total

number of registered divorces rose threefold to 314 in 2005. Significantly, female

initiated divorces rose from 19 in 1995 to 151 in 2005, from a fifth in 1995 to 48 percent

in 2005 (Shaukat,2006). Significantly, after 2002 when the Muslim Family Courts

Amendment Ordinance (that a move for khulla be finalized if reconciliation fails and

should be done so within six months), was effected, female initiated divorce rose by

almost 50 percent the following year. Male divorces also rose by 40 percent ( Shaukat,

2006).

Statement of the problem:

The increasing rate of divorce is creating depression, anxiety, behavioral problems and

other psychological implications for families

University Of Gujrat Divorce

Research Objectives

The basic objective of the study is to know the reasons of divorce and to know that

whether single parent can give better life to their children after divorce and to establish

the fact.

OBJECTIVES

1. To identify the reasons of divorce

2. To know that single parent can give better life to their children.

3. Comparison of divorce in love and arrange marriage.

University Of Gujrat Divorce

Chapter 2

Literature Review

Literature Review

No one enters a marriage believing that it will end some day, however almost 50 per cent

of all marriages do end in divorce (Robber, 2009). But the divorce has become the

common partner of marriage system, it has never been as widespread in the world as it

has become in recent times.

In the USA, it is now estimated that one-third of all first marriages are disrupted by

divorce or separation within ten years (Shaukat, 2006). According to recent statistics, the

rate of divorce in the United States (0.40%) is approximately half the rate of marriage

(0.78%), suggesting that approximately 50% of all marriages - an enormous number! -

are ending in divorce.(Patricelli, 2004) In the UK, it was estimated that some 132,000

couples got divorced in 2006. With overall divorce rates in the region of 12 per 1000

married couples, an interesting fact here was that more than two-thirds of these cases
University Of Gujrat Divorce

were filed by women (Shaukat, 2006). Not only in UK but all over Europe, high divorce

rates are associated with socio-demographic factors such as the timing and sequence of

marriage and the economic status of couples. For instance, less educated and younger

couples, who belong to the working class, and have a history of partnership breakdown

are more likely to divorce (Dombeck & Patricelli, 2004). The united states has the highest

divorces rate i.e. 5.1 percent include Sweden, 3.3 percent in USSR, 2.95 percent in Cuba,

2.3 percent and Egypt, 2.0 percent (Broosk, 1978).

In Pakistani society separation of couple occurs in extreme cases of maladjustment. In

Islamic religion divorce is permitted, but in extreme cases. The Prophet Muhammad

(Peace be upon him) has said that "of all things permitted, the most obnoxious in the sight

of God is divorce" (Khan, 1962). Nevertheless, given the current pace of socio-economic

change in Pakistan, rising divorce rates in Islamabad, particularly divorces initiated by

women, are likely to be indicative of similar trends in other parts of the country.

(Shaukat, 2006) One study found that urban residence was the highest correlate of

divorce (Breault & Kposowa, 1987). Those who live in urban areas, where the divorce

rate is higher than in rural areas, for example, are less likely to be subject to the

community‘s social or moral pressures. They are more independent and have greater

freedom of personal choice.

Divorce today occurs for a many number of reasons. There will always be reasonable

circumstances which deem divorce as an appropriate action to resolve an unhealthy

relationship.
University Of Gujrat Divorce

Socioeconomic status is probably the most important correlate of divorce

(Guttman, 1993). Overall, the higher the socioeconomic status - comprised of

employment status, income and education (which tend to be interrelated) - the lower the

likelihood of divorce (Guttman, 1993). A higher divorce rate is more characteristic of

low-status occupations, such as factory worker, than of high-status occupations, such as

executive (Greenstein, 1985; Marin and Bumpass, 1989). Unemployment, which

contributes to marital stress, is also related to increased divorce rates.

Studies conflict as to whether employed wives are more likely than unemployed wives to

divorce; overall, though, the findings seem to suggest that female employment

contributes to the likelihood of divorce, because the employed wife is less dependent on

her husband‘s earnings (White, 1991). Adolescent marriages are more likely to end in

divorce than are marriages that take place when people are in their twenties or older.

After age twenty-six for men and age twenty-three for women, however, age at marriage

seems to make little difference (Glenn & Supancic, 1984).

The divorce rate among those who remarried in the 1980s is so far about 25

percent higher than those who entered first marriages in that decade (White, 1991). Some

researchers suggest that the cause may lie in a ―kinds-of-people‖ explanation. The

probability factors associated with the kinds of people who divorced in first marriages -

low levels of education, unwillingness to settle for unsatisfactory marriages, and

membership in certain ethnic groups - are present in subsequent marriages, which

increases the likelihood of divorce (Martin & Bumpass, 1989). Others argue that they

dynamics of second marriages, especially the presence of stepchildren, increase the

chances of divorce (White and Booth, 1985). Stepfamily research, however, does not
University Of Gujrat Divorce

provide much support for this hypothesis (Ganong & Coleman, 1994). Although it seems

reasonable that there would be a strong link between marital happiness (or, rather, the

lack of happiness) and divorce, this is true only during the earliest years of marriage.

Those who have low marital-happiness scores in the first years of marriage are four or

five times more likely to divorce within three years than those with high marital

happiness (Booth et al. 1986). In fact, alternatives to one‘s marriage and barriers to

divorce appear to influence divorce decisions more strongly than doe‘s marital happiness

Children were once considered a deterrent to divorce - people stayed together for the sake

of the children - but 60 percent of all divorces now take place among couples who have

children. The birth of the first child reduces the chance of divorce to almost nil in the year

following birth: this preventive effect does not hold true, however, for subsequent births

(White, 1991). Parents of sons are less likely to divorce than parents of daughters. The

researches suggest that fathers participate more in the parenting of sons than daughters,

thereby creating greater family involvement for the men (Morgan, Lye, & Condran,

1988). In some instances, the presence of children may be related to higher divorce rates.

Premarital conceived (during adolescence) children and physically or mentally limited

children are associated with divorce. Children in general contribute to marital

dissatisfaction and possibly divorce, according to one researcher (Raschke, 1987).

In Pakistani society, "Haq-Mehr" and dowry are important social values which sometime

may be the cause of divorce (Broosk, 1978).

May be a man or a woman divorce its bad effect on all. There are significant emotional,

financial, medical and psychological implications of divorce. Depression Anxiety and

University Of Gujrat Divorce

behavior problems for children along with other psychological implications can manifest

themselves as a result of a divorce (Waite, 2003). Children who are the product of a

broken home are more likely to have behavior problems and are more likely to find

divorce as an acceptable means to resolving marital problems (Fagan 2005). Also, studies

have shown that children from divorced parents are more likely to suffer from poverty

and abuse than children from families who remained intact (Fagan, 2005).

Various physical and psychological health problems are also a ramification of

children and adults alike who experience divorce. According to Augustine Kposowa, men

who divorced are more likely to commit suicide at some point in their lifetime (Kposowa

,2003). Several studies claim to show a positive correlation between health problems and

divorce. According to Engstrom ―Marital dissolution is followed by an increased

incidence of stroke‖ ( Engstrom, 2004 ). Another study found that cancer rates are higher

for those who divorce ( Goodwin, 1987 ). Heart disease, increased death rate, increased

job stress, arthritis, depression and anxiety rates are also higher among those divorced

people. For those adults who experience divorce several drug concerns can present

themselves. Substance abuse and alcoholism rates are higher for those adults who have

experienced a divorce. Studies have shown that divorced and separated adults account for

70% of all chronic alcohol abusers as opposed to 15% for married persons (Gilman,

2003).

Divorce as a result is becoming increasingly socially acceptable (Stephen, 2003). With

more social acceptability comes an increased rate in the numbers of unwanted side effects

caused by divorce such as, behavior problems with children, increased teen pregnancy,
University Of Gujrat Divorce

increased drug abuse and psychological and physiological health problems.(Gilman,

Stephen, Kawachi, Garrett, Fitzmaurice, Stephen and Buka 2003).

Environmentalists warn about the fact that the number of divorces, which continuously

grows, causes global warming.

According to researchers from Michigan State University, today the level of natural

resources use is lowering, becoming less efficient, when, after the divorce, a spouse

moves out to a new place. Thus, with the increase of expenditures on various utilities,

more land of housing is required. Scientists found that households of divorced couples

led to a 61% increase of number of rooms for one person, 46% increase of expenditures

on electricity and an increase by 56% of water consumption if compared to households of

married couples. In such a way more waste is acquired. (A Resource Curriculum in

Divorce Cause Global Warming).

University Of Gujrat Divorce

Chapter 3:

Methodology

The basic objective of the study is to know the reasons of divorce and to know that
whether single parent can give better life to their children after divorce and to establish
the fact, through survey of divorced people that single parent can give better life to their
children specifically as a Muslim mother in Pakistan. To achieve these objectives
descriptive study method is used. This descriptive study is based on the primary data. The
qualitative approach is being adopted in this study.

Procedure:

The questionnaire was filled from the males and females who had divorced. The sample
size was 60 and they were collected by the researcher .

Population:

The population included divorced males and females of the Deistic of Gujrat.
Sampling Design and Size:

Questionnaire was designed to collect the information and the sample size was 60, 30
were filled by the males and 30 by the females.
University Of Gujrat Divorce

Data analysis

Table 1: Distribution of respondents on basis of their marital status:

Marital Status of Respondent

Frequency Percent
Single 1 1.7
Divorced 27 45.0
Remarried 32 53.3
Total 60 100.0

In table 1 the number of remarried respondents was 32 out of 60 was more than divorced
respondents who were 27 out of 60.53.3% respondents preferred to marry again while the
45.0% respondents remained divorced and not marry again.

Just 1.7% respondents were single. Single means those respondents who married with
someone, then divorced, then married with same partner after Halala but after all that
their spouses died.

Table 2 Distribution of respondents on basis of their age at the time of marriage:

Age of Respondent at Time of Marriage

Age Frequency Percent
15-20 6 10.0
20-25 30 50.0
25-30 16 26.7
30-35 6 10.0
35+ 2 3.3
Total 60 100.0
University Of Gujrat Divorce

In table 2 ―age of respondents at the time of marriage‖ mostly marriages accrued at the
age of 20_25.there were 30 (50.0%) respondents who married at this age. Secondly the
most marriages accrued at the age of 25_30 which were 16 (26.7%) respondents.

Thirdly 10.0% marriages accrued at age of (15_20) and (30_35) of respondents. The
number of those respondents who married at the age above 35 was 3.3% which were very
less.

Table 3: Distribution of respondents on basis of their marriage type

Frequency Percent
Love Marriage 4 6.7
Arrange Marriage 46 76.7
Love & Arrange 7 11.7
Forced 3 5.0
Total 60 100.0

In table 3 ―type of marriages‖ 76.7% respondents had arranged marriage, 46 out of 60

was a highest rate. The second highest rate of those respondents who had love + arrange
marriages which was 7(11.7%) love marriage was reacted to by 4(6.7%) of respondents
and forced was responded to by 3(5.0%) of respondents.

Table 4 Distribution of respondents who were married within family or out

of family:

Where Married
Frequency Percent
Within Family 17 28.3
Out of Family 43 71.7
Total 60 100.0

In this table the number of respondents who married out of family was 43(71.7%) and
17(28.3%) respondents married with in their families.
University Of Gujrat Divorce

Table 5: Distribution of respondents who were happy or not happy with their
marriage

Respondents Happy or Not Happy

Frequency Percent
Agree 30 50.0
Strongly agree 22 36.7
Normal 5 8.3
Disagree 3 5.0
Total 60 100.0

In table 5 the majority of those respondents who were agreed with their marriage were 30
(50.0%).The second numbers of those respondents who were strongly agreed with their
marriage was 22(36.7%) while 5(8.3%) respondents reacted just normal. The least
number of those respondents who were disagreed with their marriage was 3(5.0%).

Table 6: Distribution of in-laws‘ behavior with respondent:

Behavior of in-law
Frequency Percent
Good 15 25.0
Bad 24 40.0
Normal 21 35
Total 60 100.0

In the table of behavior of in-laws the highest rate of those respondents who had to face
bad behavior from their in-law. They were 24(40.0%) respondents. Normal behavior was
reacted to by 21(35%) of the respondents and the good behavior of in-laws was
responded to by 15(25.0%) respondents respectively.

Table 7 Distribution of spouse‘s behavior with respondent:

Behavior of Spouse
Frequency Percent
Good 16 26.95
Bad 21 35.0
University Of Gujrat Divorce

Normal 23 38.7
Total 60 100.0

In table 7, the highest number of those respondents who had normal behavior from their
spouses was 23(38.7%) and the second highest number of those respondents who
suffered bad behavior from their spouses was 21 (35.0%).About good behaviors of
spouses was responded to by 16(26.95%) .

Table 8 Distribution of respondents on basis of their perception of factors of

divorce:

Factor Behind Divorce

Frequency Percent
Infecundity 7 11.7
Dowry 6 10.0
Miss understanding 7 11.7
Culture differences 11 18.4
Personality clashes 15 25.0
Watta-satta 2 3.3
Family pressure 12 20.0
Total 60 100.0

In this table the major cause of divorce was personality clashes. There were 15 (25.0%)
respondents who felt this way. the second importance was family pressure with 12
(20.0%) respondents. Culture difference were reacted to by 11 (18.4%) respondents and
infecundity of spouses to by 7(11.7%).miss understanding between spouses were
responded to by 7(11.7%) respondents. Dowry factor were reacted to by 6(10.0%)
respondents. The least possible factor of divorce as reacted to by the respondents was
Watta satta 2 (3.3%).
University Of Gujrat Divorce

Table 9 Distribution of respondents on basis of their dispute:

Dispute Between Couple

Frequency Percent
Yes 36 60.0
No 24 40
Total 60 100.0

In table 9, the mostly couple had disputed in daily life. The number of respondents who
disputed with their spouses was 36(60.0%). the number of respondents who answered
with no that no disputed in their daily life was 22(36.7%) while 3.35 % people did not
answer.

Table 10 Distribution of responsible for disputes:

Responsible for Dispute

Frequency Percent
Wife 8 13.3
Husband 11 18.3
Family in laws 21 35
Economy 11 11.33
Children 1 1.7
Any other 8 13.3
Total 60 100.0

In table 10, the highest rate of those respondents who thought that husband was the
responsible of disputed in their daily life. There were 11(18.3%) respondents who felt
this way. Wife responsible for disputed reacted to by 8(13.3%) respondents, and family
in-laws and any other persons were responded to by also 21(35%) respondents
respectively. The least possible responsible for disputed as reacted to by the respondents
included economy 3(5.0%) and children 1(1.7%).

T
University Of Gujrat Divorce

Table 11 Distribution of persons who decided to break up:

Who decided to break up first

Frequency Percent
Husband 26 43.3
Wife 18 30.0
Any other 16 26.8
Total 60 100.0

In table 11, 26(43.3%) respondents who were replied that their break up was decided to
by husband, second number of those respondents who answered that wife decided to
break up first was 18(30.0%) and any other persons were decided to break up was reacted
to by 16(26.8%) respondents.

Table 12 Distribution of respondents on basis of their decision about

children:

Better life to your children without spouse

Frequency Percent
Agree 17 28.33
strongly agree 15 25
normal 16 26.66
disagree 10 16.7
strongly disagree 2 3.3
Total 60 100.0

In table 12 the number of respondents who thought that they can not gave a better life to
their children without their spouse was 10(16.7%) and 3.3% respondents strongly
disagree. they also had the same opinion. But 8.3% of respondents who thought that they
can gave better life to their children without their spouse and 5.0% of respondents also
agree with them.

While 37(61.7%) means those respondents who had not child.

University Of Gujrat Divorce

Table 13 Distribution of respondents on basis of their perception of behavior

of society:

Society Behavior

Frequency Percent
Good 1 1.7
Bad 20 33.3
Very bad 24 40.0
Normal 15 25
Total 60 100.0

In table 13 the highest number of respondents was 24 (40.0%) who suffered very bad
behavior of society after their divorce. The second highest number of respondents was 20
(33.3%) who suffered bad behavior of society. The third highest number of respondents
14(23.3%) who was faced just normal behavior of society about this matter. In the last
only (1.7%) respondents who had good behavior of society after divorce.

In addition the majority of the respondents faced not good behavior from the society.
Table 14
Distribution of respondents on basis of their satisfaction with decision of
divorce:
Satisfied with decision

Frequency Percent
yes 44 73.3
no 16 26.7
Total 60 100.0

In table 14 the number of respondents who were really satisfied with their decision of
divorce was 44.while the number of those respondents who were not satisfied with their
decision were 13.
University Of Gujrat Divorce

In addition the majority of respondents (73.3%) were happy with their decision of divorce
while 21.7% were not satisfied with their decision of divorce.

Chapter 4:

Result:
 The major findings of the study were:

 Majority of the female respondents belonged to younger age group.

University Of Gujrat Divorce

 Duration of marriage was not more than 10 years in more than three-fourth of the
cases.

 Education level of the males and females was lower.

 In majority of the cases the marriage was arranged by the parent.

 Major portion of the female respondents did not like their count counterparts.

 Personality clashes, family‘s pressure bad character of the partner, infecundity,

difference of culture and social status - are the various causes given by the
respondents, in support of their divorce cases.

 Education and income level of the counterpart had association with their reason
for getting divorce.

 Age of the respondents had no association with their decision of getting divorce.

 Major portion of the female respondents had to face the bad behavior of the
society.

 The bad behavior of family in-laws played a role in their divorce.

 Majority of the female respondents had child custody

Chapter 5:
Conclusion:

It can be safely said in the end that the factors given by the respondents should be
properly and thoroughly probed, so that something can be done to avoid these divorce
causes in future. Education, income and age level should be counted as important factors
by coming researchers and studies on the bases of these factors should be conducted on
enlarged bases – base time and sample-wise. So that generalization can be made on the
bases of such studies.
University Of Gujrat Divorce

Recommendations:

 Increase the educational level to reduce the divorce rate.

 To reduce the watta satta marriages.

 Changed the family social setup to reduce the divorce rate.

 Improve our economic and .social conditions to reduce the divorce rate.

 To avoid the low-age marriages.

 Develop some conflict resolution skills.

 Increase the Islamic educational level to reduce the miss use of religion.

 Develop better communication with partner.

 Mass media should have to play an important role in this matter.

University Of Gujrat Divorce

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September 10, 2005 19:15 PM
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Books.

 Thoruton, A. (1985). Changing attitude forwards separation and divorce, causes

andConsequences. American Journal of Sociology. 90 (4), 856-872.

 A social problem‖ article by Nahid Anwar http://www.Ilmkidunya.com

 Pakistan‘s divorce trends ― articale by Ayesha Shaukat 2006

 Children Are Victims Of Divorcing Parents

By eNotAlone.com
Published: January 24, 2009

 Divorce in Islam by Sayyid Mujtaba Musavi Lari http://www.nikhasearch.com

 Articles, divorce http://esr.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/22/5/479

 Vijai P. Sharma, PhD http://www.mindpub.com/art081.htm

University Of Gujrat Divorce

 Introduction to Divorce
Mark Dombeck, Ph.D. & Kathryn Patricelli, MA (Sep 9th 2004)
http://www.mentalhelp.net

 Does Divorce Make People Happy? Findings from a Study of Unhappy Marriages
Kposawa, Augustine (2003)

 Divorce and Suicide Risk. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health

57:933
Fagan, Patrick F.; Robert E. Rector (2000-06-05).

 The Effects of Divorce in America Backgrounder #1373. The Heritage

Foundation
Gilman, Stephen E.; Ichiro Kawachi, Garrett M. Fitzmaurice, and Stephen L.
Buka (May 2003).