Statistics and Probability PIVOT Pages 270 340378 384

Statistics and
Probability
Illustrating the t-Distribution
Statistics and Probability
Illustrating the t-Distribution
First Edition, 2020
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Published by the Department of Education

Secretary: Leonor Magtolis Briones
Undersecretary: Diosdado M. San Antonio
Development Team of the Module
Writers: Gilberto M. Delfina

Editors: Celestina M. Alba and Nestor N. Sandoval
Reviewers: Irlo L. Dumo, Rey Mark R. Queaño and Ma. Theresa B. Yanto
Illustrator: Dhojie N. Yanto
Layout Artist: Ronnjemmele A. Rivera
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Office Address: Gate 2 Karangalan Village, Barangay San Isidro

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Telefax: 02-8682-5773/8684-4914/8647-7487
E-mail Address: region4a@deped.gov.ph
267
Week
8
What I Need to Know
This module was designed and written with you in mind on how you can
illustrate the t-distribution. This will also help you analyze real-life situated problems
statistically in terms of relevant questions for you to better understand them. Your
adept at analysis will help you appreciate the richness, and beauty of Statistics which
will motivate you to apply to similar events and create statistical measures of your
own.
Your patience in solving offered problems here in the module will help you
improve your computational skills as it tackles relevant culture-based situated
problems. Your ability to interpret, reason–out, and make a judgment or even
decision out of statistical measures will also be practiced here. The scope of this
module permits it to be used in many different learning situations. The language
used recognizes the diverse vocabulary level of students. The lessons are arranged
to follow the standard sequence of the course. But the order in which you read them
can be changed to correspond with the textbook you are now using.
After going through this module, you are expected to:
1. illustrate the t-distribution and enumerate its properties; and

2. differentiate t-distribution from the z- distribution.
What I Know
Direction: Read and analyze each item carefully. Choose the letter of the best answer.
Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet of paper.
1. In the absence of the population variance and/or if the sample size is small,
which sampling distribution is being used?
A. chi distribution
B. z-distribution
C. t-distribution
D. p distribution
2. Who developed the t-distribution in 1908?
A. William S. Gosset
B. Wilhem G. Student
C. Ronald A. Fisher
D. a student from Gosset Academy
3. When do we say that the sample size is sufficiently large?
A. When it is greater than or equal to 10.
B. When it is greater than or equal to 20.
C. When it is greater than or equal to 30.
D. When it is greater than or equal to 40.
4. In Student’s t-distribution, if the sample size is 25, what is the degree of
freedom?
A. 5
B. 24
C. 25
D. 26
5. How does t distribution differ from a normal distribution?
A. The t-distribution has a thicker tail.
B. The t-distribution has a higher peak.
C. The t-distribution is centered at 0.
D. The t-distribution is symmetric in the middle.
268
6. When do you use t-distribution instead of normal distribution?
A. When the sample size is less than 30.
B. If the sample standard deviation is unknown
C. If the population standard deviation is known
D. When the sample size is greater than or equal to 30
𝑥−𝜇
7. In the estimation of a parameter using the t statistic 𝑠 , why did we replace the
⁄ 𝑛
√
population standard deviation, 𝜎 by the sample standard deviation, s?
A. because the given sample size is small
B. because 𝜎 and s differ by a very small amount
C. because 𝜎 is unknown and s is a good estimator of 𝜎
D. because 𝜎 is equal to s when we are estimating parameters
8. The t-distribution curve has thicker tails than the normal curve. What does it
imply?
A. The normal distribution has a greater mean than the t-distribution.
B. The t-distribution has lesser variability than the normal distribution.
C. The t-distribution has a greater chance for extreme values than the
normal distribution.
D. Estimation of the parameter using the z-distribution is more accurate
than using the t-distribution.
For numbers 9 to 11,

The CEO of Flying Fire Corporation claims that an average flying fire light bulb
lasts 300 days. A researcher randomly selects 15 bulbs for testing. The sampled
bulbs last an average of 290 days, with a standard deviation of 50 days.
9. Identify the population mean.
A. 300 days
B. 290 days
C. 50 days
D. 15 bulbs
10. What is the number of degrees of freedom?
A. 299
B. 289
C. 49
D. 14
𝑣
11. Compute for the variance of the t distribution using the formula, where 𝑣 is
𝑣−2
the number of degrees of freedom.
A. 1.17
B. 1.10
C. 1.04
D. 1.01
12. Which property of t-distribution is also a property of normal distribution?
A. In t-distribution, the variance is always greater than 1.
B. In t-distribution, the standard deviation is always greater than 1.
C. The tails of the t-distribution curve are asymptotic to the horizontal axis.
D. The shape of the t-distribution curve depends on the degrees of freedom.
13. Which of the following statements is NOT true about the t-distribution?
A. The variance of the t-distribution is equal to 1.
B. The t-distribution has thicker tails than the normal distribution.
C. As the degrees of freedom increase, the t distribution tends to normal
distribution.
D. The exact shape of the t-distribution depends on the number of degrees of
freedom.
269
14. Which of the following probability distribution curves has the lowest peak?
A. the standard normal distribution
B. a t-distribution with 20 degrees of freedom
C. a t-distribution with 15 degrees of freedom
D. a t-distribution with 10 degrees of freedom
15. Which of the following probability distribution curves has the thickest tails?
How do you find this pre-test? Did you encounter both familiar and unfamiliar
terms? Kindly compare your answer in the Answer Key on the last part of this module
If you obtain 100% or a perfect score, skip the module and immediately move
to the next module. But if you missed a point, please proceed with the module as it
will enrich your knowledge in t-distribution.
Lesson 1 Illustrating the t-Distribution
This module is about the t-distribution (Student’s t-distribution) and its
properties. Information about the t-distribution will help you in solving for the
interval estimates of a population when the population variance is unknown. This
module will illustrate the t-distribution and discuss its uses. After completing this
module, you are expected to illustrate the t-distribution, enumerate its properties,
and state its similarities and/ or differences with the z- distribution. It is assumed
that you already learned the topic about the normal distribution before proceeding
in this module.
What’s In
Let us review your lesson on the properties of z-distribution. Write “YES” if the
statement is true about the z-distribution and “NO” if it’s not. Then check your
answer by going back to the previous module on z-distribution.
__________1. The z-distribution is a normal distribution with a mean of 0 and

standard deviation of 1.
__________2. The normal curve is bell-shaped.
__________3. The tails of the normal curve approach the vertical axis but never
touch it.
__________4. The mean is always greater than either the median or the mode.
__________5. The curve is symmetrical about its center.
__________6. The total area under the normal curve is always less than 1.
__________7. The mean, median and mode coincide at the center.
__________8. The width of the normal curve depends on the standard deviation of
the distribution.
__________9. Almost 99.7% of the distribution falls within three standard deviations
from the mean.
__________10. The left tail of the normal curve is flatter than its right tail.
What’s New
ACTIVITY 1. “To z or not to z, that is the question”
In everything you do, your decision matters. And in every decision you make,
you must be responsible for its consequences or outcomes. In the illustration below,
fill in the missing boxes with “to z” if you think a z-table is required in the distribution
and “not to z” if not.
270
1
Is the sample
size less than
30?
YES NO
_____________ ____________
2 Is there a given population

standard deviation?
YES NO
_____________ ____________
Answer the following questions.
1. How did you find the activity?
2. Was it hard for you to fill in each box?
3. Based on the activity, when do you use the z-distribution? When not to use it?
4. If the sample size is less than 30 and the population standard deviation is
unknown, what do you use instead of the z-distribution?
What is It
According to the Central Limit Theorem, the sampling distribution of a
statistic (like a sample mean, 𝑥̅ ) will follow a normal distribution, as long as the
sample size (𝑛) is sufficiently large. Therefore, when we know the standard deviation
of the population, we can compute a z-score and use the normal distribution to
evaluate probabilities with the sample mean.
271
But sample sizes are sometimes small, and often we do not know the standard
deviation of the population. When either of these problems occurs, the solution is to
use a different distribution.
Student’s t-distribution
The Student’s t-distribution is a probability distribution that is used to
estimate population parameters when the sample size is small (𝑖. 𝑒. 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑧𝑒 < 30)
and/or when the population variance is unknown. It was developed by William Sealy
Gosset in 1908. He used the pseudonym or pen name “Student” when he published
his paper which describes the distribution. That is why it is called “Student’s t-
distribution”. He worked at a brewery and was interested in the problems of small
samples, for example, the chemical properties of barley. In the problem he analyzed,
the sample size might be as low as three.
Suppose you are about to draw a random sample of n observations from a
normally distributed population, you previously learned that,
𝑥−𝜇
𝑧=𝜎
⁄ 𝑛
√
where 𝑧 is the z-score, 𝑥 is the sample mean, 𝜇 is the population mean, 𝜎 is the
population standard deviation and 𝑛 is the sample size, have the standard normal
distribution. (Note that if we are standardizing a single observation, the value of n is
𝑥−𝜇
1. Hence, the formula becomes 𝑧 = . You can use this concept to construct a
𝜎
confidence interval for the population mean, 𝜇. But in practice, you encounter a
problem, and that problem is that you don’t know the value of the population
standard deviation, 𝜎. The standard deviation for the entire population 𝜎 is a
parameter and you don’t typically know its value, so you can’t use that in your
formula. If that happens, you could do the next best thing, instead of using the
“population” standard deviation, 𝜎; you are going to use your “sample” standard
𝑥−𝜇 𝑥−𝜇
deviation s, to estimate it. And instead of 𝜎 , you are going to have 𝑠 where s is
⁄ 𝑛 ⁄ 𝑛
√ √
your sample standard deviation.
You must take note of the change in the formula. The quantity 𝜎 is a constant
but you don’t know its value, so you used s which is a statistic and this statistic s
has a sampling distribution and its value would vary from sample to sample. And so,
𝑥−𝜇
the quantity 𝑠 would no longer have the standard normal distribution. This
⁄ 𝑛
√
quantity is labeled as t because it has a t-distribution. When you are sampling from
a normally distributed population, the quantity
𝑥−𝜇
𝑡= 𝑠
⁄ 𝑛
√
has the t-distribution with n-1 degrees of freedom. Note that the number of degrees
of freedom is one less than the sample size. So, if the sample size n is 25, the number
of degrees of freedom is 24. Similarly, at t distribution having 16 degrees of freedom,
the sample size is 17.
𝑥−𝜇
What does the t-distribution look like? If you look at the statistic 𝑠 , it looks
⁄ 𝑛
√
like a z-statistic which has standard normal distribution except that you replaced
the population standard deviation, 𝜎, by the sample standard deviation s. You are
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estimating a parameter with a statistic, so there is a greater variability. Hence, your
t-distribution is going to look like the normal distribution except with greater
variance.
You have here a plot of standard normal distribution in black and t-

distributions with 3, 5, 20, and 30 degrees of freedom in red, green, violet, and blue
respectively. You can see that both the z-distribution and t-distributions are
symmetric about 0 and bell-shaped. But the t-distributions have heavier tails (more
area in the tails) and lower peaks.
The exact shape of the t-distribution depends on the degrees of freedom. The
figure above tells you that as the degrees of freedom increase, the t-distribution tends
toward the standard normal distribution. At 30 degrees of freedom, the blue curve
might look very close to the normal curve. But if you look very closely, you would see
that the t-distribution still has slightly heavier tails and slightly lower peak. But if
you let those degrees of freedom continue to increase, the t-distribution is going to
get closer and closer to the standard normal distribution.
Properties of t-distribution
The t-distribution has the following properties:
1. The t-distribution is symmetrical about 0. That means if you draw a segment
from the peak of the curve down to the 0 mark on the horizontal axis, the
curve is divided into two equal parts or areas. The t- scores on the horizontal axis
will be divided also with half of the t-scores being positive and half negative.
2. The t-distribution is bell-shaped like the normal distribution but has

heavier tails. That means it is more prone to producing values that fall
far from the mean. The tails are asymptotic to the horizontal axis. (Each
tail approaches the horizontal axis but never touches it.)
273
3. The mean, median, and mode of the t-distribution are all equal to zero.
𝑣
4. The variance is always greater than 1. It is equal to where 𝑣 is the
𝑣−2
number of degrees of freedom. As the number of degrees of freedom
increases and approaches infinity, the variance approaches 1. Using the
formula, if the number of degrees of freedom is 10, the variance is
10 10
= = 1.25
10−2 8
5. As the degrees of freedom increase, the t-distribution curve looks more
and more like the normal distribution. With infinite degrees of freedom, t-
distribution is the same as the normal distribution.
6. The standard deviation of the t-distribution varies with the sample size. It is
always greater than 1. Unlike the normal distribution, which has a standard
deviation of 1.
7. The total area under a t-distribution curve is 1 or 100%. One can say that the
area under the t-distribution curve represents the probability or the
percentage associated with specific sets of t-values.
274
What’s More
ACTIVITY 2. “Oh, Is That for Real?”
Most of us hate fake news, fake information, and even fake friends. We need
to develop our ability to distinguish what is real from what is not. Write “REAL” if
the statement is true about the t-distribution and “FAKE” if it’s not.
_________1. The t-distribution is used to estimate population parameters when the
sample size is small and/or the population variance is unknown.
_________2. The mean, median and mode are all equal to zero.
_________3. The variance is equal to 1.
_________4. The t-distribution curve is bell-shaped.
_________5. The standard deviation is always greater than 1.
_________6. Half of the total area under the t-distribution curve is equal to 1.
_________7. The curve is symmetrical about its zero.
_________8. The shape of the t-distribution curve depends on the sample mean.
_________9. The tails of the t-distribution curve approach the horizontal axis but
never touch it.
_________10. As the degrees of freedom increase, the t-distribution curve
looks more and more like the normal distribution.
What I Have Learned
Fill in the blank with the correct word or phrase to complete each sentence.
1. The Student’s t-distribution is a probability distribution that is used to estimate
population parameters when the sample size is ____________ and/or when
the_______________________ is unknown.
2. The t-distribution was developed by ___________________ in 1908.
3.Like the normal distribution, the t-distribution is ____________ -shaped,
symmetrical about ____________________ and has the total area under its
curve equal to ____________.
4. The t-distribution has tails that are asymptotic to the __________________ axis.
5. The mean, median and mode of t-distribution are equal to ___________.
6. The shape of the t-distribution curve depends on the number of ______________.
7. The t-distribution has _____________ peak and _____________ tails than the
normal curve.
8. As the degrees of freedom increases, the t-distribution tends to the
_____________.
9. The variance and the standard deviation of the t-distribution is always
_____________ than 1.
10. To compute for the variance, use the formula ____________.
What I Can Do
Tell whether each of the following statements describes a t-distribution, a normal
distribution, or both.
_________________1. The variance is equal to 1.
_________________2. The probability distribution curve is bell-shaped.
_________________3. The probability distribution curve symmetrical about
zero.
_________________4. The standard deviation is equal to 1.
_________________5. The shape of the distribution curve depends on the
degrees of freedom
_________________6. It has the total area under its curve equal to 1 or 100%.
_________________7. It has lower peak and heavier tails.
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_________________8. Sample size is small and population variance is
unknown.
_________________9. It has tails that are asymptotic to the horizontal axis.
_________________10. Its mean, median, and mode are equal to 0.
Assessment
1. It is the probability distribution used when the population variance is unknown
and/or if the sample size is small.
A. chi distribution
B. z-distribution
C. t-distribution
D. p-distribution
2. The t-distribution was developed by W.S. Gosset in 1908. Why was it called
“Student’s t-distribution”?
A. because it was first introduced to senior high school students in 1908
B. because he was still a college student when he first introduces the
t-distribution
C. because he used the pen name “Student” when he introduces his paper
about the t distribution
D. because he used the students as samples in his study about the
t-distribution
3. When do we consider that the sample size is small?
A. when it is less than 30
B. when it is between 20 to 40
C. when it is greater than 25 but less than 40
D. when it is only 1% of the total population
4. In Student’s t-distribution, what is the sample size if the degree of freedom is 25?
A. 5
B. 24
C. 25
D. 26
5. What is the difference between the normal distribution and the t-distribution?
A. The t-distribution has a lower peak.
B. The t-distribution is centered at 0.
C. The t-distribution is symmetric in the middle.
D. The t-distribution has tails that asymptotic to the horizontal axis
6. When do we use t-distribution instead of normal distribution?
A. If the sample variance is unknown
B. If the population variance is known
C. When the sample size is considered small.
D. When the sample size is sufficiently large.
7. In the estimation of a parameter using the t-distribution, is it possible to replace
the population standard deviation, 𝜎 by the sample standard deviation, s?
A. No, because the given sample size is small
B. No, because 𝜎 and s differ by a significant amount
C. Yes, because 𝜎 is unknown and s is a good estimator of 𝜎.
D. Yes, because 𝜎 is equal to s when we are estimating parameters
8. What will be the effect on the t distribution curve when we replace 𝜎 by s?
A. The t-distribution curve will become bell-shaped.
B. The t-distribution curve will be symmetrical to zero.
C. The t-distribution curve will be the same as the normal curve.
D. The t-distribution curve will have a lower peak and thicker tails.
276
For numbers 9 to 11,
The principal of Mapayapa Integrated National High School claimed that the
average salary of their teachers is ₱24, 000 per month. A random sample of 15
teachers in the school has a mean of ₱23, 220, and a standard deviation of ₱400.
9. Identify the population mean.
A. ₱24,000
B. ₱23,220
C. ₱400
D. 15
10. Identify the sample mean.
A. ₱24,000
B. ₱23,220
C. ₱400
D. 15
11. In testing the principal’s claim, can we use the t-distribution?
A. Yes, because the population standard deviation is unknown, and the
sample size is small.
B. Yes, because the sample standard deviation is small, and variance is
unknown.
C. No, because the population standard deviation is greater than the sample
standard deviation.
D. No, because the sample size is too small for the given sample standard
deviation.
12. Which property of t-distribution is NOT a property of normal distribution?
A. The t-distribution curve is bell-shaped.
B. The t-distribution curve is symmetrical about zero.
C. In t distribution, the variance is always greater than 1.
D. The total area under the t distribution curve equal to 1.
13. The following statements tell about the t-distribution EXCEPT _________________
A. The standard deviation of the t-distribution is equal to 1.
C. The t-distribution has thicker tails than the normal distribution.
D. The exact shape of a t-distribution depends on the degrees of freedom.
B. As the degrees of freedom increase, the t-distribution tends to normal
distribution.
14. Which of the following probability distribution curves has the lowest peak?
15. Which of the following probability distribution curves has the thickest tails?
A. a t-distribution with 25 degrees of freedom
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Additional Activities
Make a Venn diagram showing the comparison of the t-distribution and normal
distribution. List down the characteristics or properties of the two distributions on
the spaces provided.
t-distribution has Normal distribution

these characteristics has these
Both distributions characteristics
have these
__________________ characteristics ___________________
__________________ ___________________ ___________________
__________________ ___________________ ___________________
__________________ ___________________ __________________
___________________ ___________________ __________________
___________________ _________________ ____________________
___________________ _____________ __________________
278
Statistics and
Probability
Identifying Percentiles
Using the t-Table
Identifying Percentiles Using the t-Table
First Edition, 2020
them.

Writers: Gilberto M. Delfina


Cainta, Rizal 1800
Telefax: 02-8682-5773/8684-4914/8647-7487
279
Week
8
What I Need to Know
This module was designed and written with you in mind on how you can
identify percentiles using the t-table. This will also help you analyze real-life situated
problems statistically in terms of relevant questions for you to better understand
them. Your adept at analysis will help you appreciate the richness, and beauty of
Statistics which will motivate you to apply to similar events and create statistical
measures of your own.
problems. Your ability to interpret, reason – out, and make a judgment or even
1. identify regions under the t-distribution corresponding to different t-
values; and
2. identify percentiles using the t-table.
What I Know
Direction: Read and analyze each item carefully. Choose the letter of the best
answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet of paper.
1. If the area of the shaded part of the t-distribution below is 0.15, what is the area
of the unshaded region?
A. 0.15 B. 0.75 C. 15% D. 0.85

2. Using the t-table, if the t-value is -1.708 and the shaded region is on the left of
the t-distribution, what is the area of the unshaded region?
A. 0.05 B. 0.10 C. 0.90 D. 0.95
3. Which t-distribution corresponds to t-value of 2.567 and whose shaded area on
the right tail of the t-distribution is 0.01?
A. a t distribution with 7 degrees of freedom
B. a t distribution with 17 degrees of freedom
C. a t distribution with 38 degrees of freedom
D. a t distribution with infinite degrees of freedom
4. Using the t table, if the t-value is 2.093 and the shaded area is on the right of the
t-distribution, what are the degrees of freedom?
A. 0.025 B. 1.9 C. 19 D. 20
5. The shaded region is on the left tail of the t-distribution. If the degree of freedom
is 25 and the area of the shaded region is 0.05, what is the value of t?
A. 2.059 B. 1.708 C.1.316 D. -1.708
6. Using the t-table, find the area to the right of 1.83 under the t- distribution
with 18 degrees of freedom?
A. between 0.01 to 0.02 C. between 0.025 to 0.05
B. between 0.02 to 0.025 D. between 0.05 to 0.10
280
7. It is the value on the t distribution whose left tail probability is 93% and whose
right-tail probability is 7%.
A. left t-value C. 93rd percentile
B. right t-value D. 7th percentile
8. In identifying a percentile using the t-table, what information should be identified
first?
A. degrees of freedom only
B. degrees of freedom and the given percentage
C. degrees of freedom and the area to the left tail of the t-distribution
D. degrees of freedom and the area to the right tail of the t-distribution
9. Which of the following values is the 90th percentile of the t-distribution with 10
degrees of freedom?
A. 1.363 B. 1.372 C. 1.383 D. 1.812
10. What is the 95th percentile of the t-distribution if the sample size is 15?
A. 1.771 B. 1.761 C. 1.753 D. 1.345
11. If the degree of freedom is 24, what is the 95 th percentile of the
t-distribution?
A. 1.711 B. 1.714 C 1.717 D. 2.064
12. If the 99th percentile of the t-distribution is 2.528, what is the degree of freedom?
A. 17 B. 18 C. 19 D. 20
13. To what percentile of the t-distribution does 1.337 belong if the sample size is
17?
A. 90th B. 93rd C. 95th D. 99th
14. What is the 50th percentile of a t distribution with 45 degrees of freedom?
A. 1.684 B. 0.50 C. 0 D. -1.684
15. Using the t-table, find the area to the left of 2.15 under the t-distribution with
21 degrees of freedom?
A. between 0.98 to 0.99 C. between 0.95 to 0.975
B. between 0.975 to 0.98 D. between 0.90 to 0.95
How do you find this pre-test? Did you encounter both familiar and unfamiliar
terms? Kindly compare your answer in the Answer Key on the last part of this module
to the next module. But if you missed a point, please proceed with the module as it
will enrich your knowledge in t-distribution.
Lesson 1 Identifying Percentiles Using the t-
Table
What does it mean if you belong to the 95th percentile” of those who took an
examination? Is it a good or a bad ranking? There are times when you need to
describe the location of a certain value from a given set of values. Sometimes you
were asked to tell whether a specific score belongs to a location that is higher or lower
than the other scores in the given distribution. This module will help you in dealing
with real-life problems.
This module is about identifying percentiles using the t-table. In addition, you
will also learn how to identify regions or areas under the t-distribution curve
corresponding to different t-values.
What’s In
BLUE RIBBON
“It’s more beautiful with a .”
Make your life more beautiful while reviewing your lesson on the properties of
t-distribution. Which of the ribbons below contain the characteristics of a t-
distribution? Color them blue.
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Variance is always greater
than 1.
The distribution is symmetric

about 0.
The standard deviation is

equal to 1.
It has heavier tails than

normal curve.
As the degrees of freedom increases,

t distribution tends to normal.
It has higher peak than

normal curve.
The total area under the

distribution curve is 1.
What’s New
“Fif-t Shades of Gray”
Given below are five t-distributions in the shades of gray. The given percentage
represents the unshaded portion of the t-distribution. Your task is to find the area
of the remaining portion/s of the t-distribution. Remember that the total area
under the t-distribution curve is equal to 1 or 100%.
1. 3.
2. 4.
5.
Answer the following questions.

1. How did you find the activity?
2. Was it hard for you to compute for the area of the shaded part under the t-
distribution?
282
3. What basic operation did you use in finding the area of the shaded part?
4. How did you find the area of two identical shaded parts on both tails of the t-
distribution in question 5?
5. If one of the two identical shaded parts on both tails of the t-distribution has an
area of 1.5%, what is the area of the unshaded portion of the t-distribution?
What is It
You have learned from the previous module the different properties of t-
distribution, some of which are very essential in this lesson. What is the total area
under the t-distribution curve? Yes, it should be equal to 1 or 100%. The area under
the t-distribution curve also represents the probability associated with specific sets
of t-values. That means given the t-value, you can compute for the area or probability
with the use of a table or software. A t-value or t-statistic tells us how many standard
deviations from the mean is the given score. The set of t-values are usually written
below the horizontal axis of the t-distribution curve.
Another property of t-distribution is that the exact shape of the t-distribution
depends on the degrees of freedom. Remember that the lesser the degree of freedom,
the lower is its peak and the thicker is its tails. As the degree of freedom increases,
the tails become flatter, and the peak becomes higher. That means, given the area or
the probability, the t-value depends on the number of degrees of freedom. For
example, with the given area of 0.05 on the right tail of t-distribution, the t-value is
2.015 with 5 degrees of freedom. But with 20 degrees of freedom, the t-value is equal
to 1.725.
The t-Table
In finding the areas and percentiles for a t-distribution you need to familiarize
yourself with the t-table. You are going to use a table that is different from the z-
table you used in finding the area under the normal curve.
Below is an example of a t-table. It is a right-tailed t-table because the given
areas in this table are areas on the right tail of the t-distribution. Some t-tables are
slightly different in format. Look at the t-table below. In the first column in the left-
most part, you have the degrees of freedom. It ranges from 1 down to ∞. While the
first row in the upper part of the t-table represents the area under the right tail of
the t-distribution. Some of the given areas are from 0.25 down to 0.0005. The rest of
the entries in the body of the table are the values of the variable t (t-values).
283
284
By looking at the table, you can see
that the t-value for an area of 0.10 in the
right tail of the t-distribution with 10
degrees of freedom is 1.372. This is the
intersection of the row containing the 10
degrees of freedom and the column
containing the area of 0.10.
Similarly, the area to the right tail

of a t-distribution with 15 degrees of
freedom corresponding to the t-value of
2.249 is 0.02. Focus on the row
containing 15 degrees of freedom, then
look for the t-value of 2.249. The column
that you need is the column containing
the area of 0.02.
285
Identifying Percentiles Using the t-Table
A percentile is a value on a t-distribution that is less than the probability in
the given percentage. For example, the 90th percentile of the t-distribution is that t-
value whose left tail probability is 90% and whose right-tail probability is 10%. Since
the area under the t-distribution curve also represents the probability, the 90 th
percentile of the t-distribution is the t-value whose area on its left tail is 0.90 and
whose area on its right tail is 0.10.
Illustrative Example 1
Find the 95th percentile of a t-distribution with 6 degrees of freedom.

You can plot in a t-distribution and draw what you are looking for. The 95th
percentile is the value of the variable t that has an area of 95% or 0.95 to the left.
That value is somewhere roughly near the t-value of 2. You don’t need to get exactly
where it is on t-distribution when you are drawing it at this point, you are just looking
for the rough idea where it is.
And since the area of the entire curve is 1, this implies that the area to the
right of the 95th percentile is
0.05. Hence, the 95th
percentile is the value of the
variable t that has an area of
0.05 to the right. That means
finding the 95th percentile is
looking for the t-value with an
area to the right of 0.05 under
a t-distribution with 6 degrees
of freedom.
So, you are going to
focus on the 6 degrees of
freedom row, and in the
column containing the area to
the right of 0.05. (The appropriate row and column were highlighted in red).
286
From the figure above, you can see that the value that you need is 1.943.
Hence the 95th percentile is 1.943. That means the t-value of 1.943 has 95% of the
area to the left of it, or 0.95. Also, you can say that the t-value of 1.943 has an area
of 0.05 to its right. And so, using the t-table, you will find that the 95th percentile is
1.943.
Find the 5th percentile of a t-distribution with 6 degrees of freedom.

The 5th percentile is the value of the variable t that has an area of 5% or 0.05
to the left. And since the area of the entire curve is 1, you are convinced that the area
to the right of the 5th percentile is 0.95. Hence, the 5th percentile is the value of the
variable t that has an area of 0.95 to the right. Therefore, finding the 5th percentile is
the same as finding for the t-value with an area to the right of 0.95 under a t-
distribution with 6 degrees of freedom.
But if you look at the given areas in the first row of the t table, there is no
entry for an area of 0.95. There is no way you can find an area of 0.95 because your
table is a right-tailed t table. That means it is set to display only the areas under the
right tail of the t distribution.
Also, if you look at your illustration of the 5th percentile below you will realize
that the t-value that you are looking for lies between -1 and -2. Hence its value should
287
be a negative number. But if you observe the body of the table where t-values are
located, you cannot find any negative t-value. The table gives only positive values of
t.
At this point, you need to recall one of the properties of the t-distribution that
it is symmetric about zero. That means the right tail of the distribution is exactly the
mirror image of its left tail. So, you can easily find the values in the left tail by relying
on this “symmetry–about–zero” property. Hence, if you are going to find the value of
t such that the area to the left of it is 0.05, recall that the area to the right of 1.943
is also 0.05 (See Illustrative Example 1).
Therefore, you can say that since the t-distribution is symmetric about 0, the
t-value with an area to the left of 0.05 must be -1.943. So, you will find that the 5th
percentile is –1.943.
What is the area to the right of 2.4 under a t-distribution with 7 degrees of
freedom?
Remember that in the previous example, you found t-values using the given
areas under the t-distribution curve. But in this example, you will be doing the
opposite because in this problem you are given a t-value and you need to find the
area to the right of the t-distribution with 7 degrees of freedom.
You can illustrate the problem with the figure shown below. The t-value of 2.4
is somewhere between 2 and 3, and you are going to find the area to the right of it.
288
So, looking back at the table, you need to focus on the 7 degrees of freedom
line. You will observe that the t-value of 2.4 cannot be found in this row but you do
find these two values 2.365 and 2.517 that surround 2.4 (The t-value 2.4 is between
2.365 and 2.517).
The table tells you that the area to the right of 2.365 is 0.025 and the area to
the right of 2.517 is 0.02. You figure out earlier that our t-value of 2.4 falls in between
two values 2.365 and 2.517 and it tends to reason then, that the area to the right of
2.4 must be between those two values 0.025 and 0.02.
So, using the table you found that the area to the right of 2.4 under the t-
distribution with 7 degrees of freedom lies somewhere between 0.02 and 0.025.
If you need to get the exact value, you need to use software that easily
calculates the area under the t-distribution curve with the given t-value and number
of degrees of freedom. Using such software, you could find that the area to five
decimal places is 0.02373.
What if you needed to use the t-table to find the area to the left of 2.4?
Since the area under the entire curve is 1, the area to the left of 2.4 is equal
to 1 minus the area to the right of 2.4. So, based on the table the area to the left of
2.4 under the t distribution with 7 degrees of freedom must lie somewhere between
0.98 and 0.975 (1 – 0.02 = 0.98 and 1 – 0.025 = 0.975).
But since you already knew that the area to the right of 2.4 is 0.02373, you
could find the exact area to the left of 2.4 to five decimal places as 1 minus 0.02373
or 0.97627.
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What’s More
INDEPENDENT PRACTICE: “BLACKPINK in your Area”
Use the t-table to identify the area under the t-distribution given the t-value and the
number of degrees of freedom. Draw a t-distribution for each number then choose
from BLACK or PINK to shade the required area. (The first one is done for you).
Example:
Area to the right of 1.746 under a t-distribution with 16 degrees of freedom
START HERE
1. Area to the right of 1.323 under a t-distribution with 21 degrees of freedom
2. Area to the right of 2.821 under a t-distribution with 9 degrees of freedom
3. Area to the left of -2.179 under a t-distribution with 12 degrees of freedom
4. Area to the left of 0.889 under a t-distribution with 8 degrees of freedom
5. Area to the right of 1.25 under a t-distribution with 25 degrees of freedom?
INDEPENDENT ASSESSMENT: “Percen-TILES”

Use the table and the given
degrees of freedom to identify each
percentile.
What I Have Learned

1. What is a percentile? How does it differ from a percentage?
2. What does the 98th percentile of the t-distribution mean?
3. Give three important information found in a right-tailed t-table.
4. Why does the right-tailed t-table show only positive t-values?
5. Enumerate the steps on how to find the area to the right of 2.50 under the t-
distribution with 23 degrees of freedom.
6. Explain in your own words how to find the 90th percentile of the t- distribution
with 28 degrees of freedom.
290
What I Can Do
Answer the following problems.
1. Find the values of t for which the area on the right tail of the t-distribution is 0.05
and the number of degrees of freedom is equal to:
a. 15 b. 28 c. 100
2. Find the 99th percentile of the t-distribution with 18 degrees of freedom.
3. Find the 90th percentile of the t-distribution if the sample size is 25.
Assessment
1. It is a value in the t-distribution that is less than the probability of the given
percentage.
A. degrees of freedom C. t-value
B. percentile D. right-tailed value
2. If the area of the unshaded part of the t-distribution is 0.85, what is the area of
the shaded region?
A. 0.15 B. 0.75 C. 0.85 D. 85%
3. If the given t-value is 2.056 and the shaded region is on the right of the t-
distribution with 26 degrees of freedom, what is the area of the unshaded region?
A. 0.025 B. 0.15 C. 0.95 D. 0.975
4. What is the area on the left tail of the t-distribution with 14 degrees of freedom
corresponding to t-value of 3.787?
A. 0.001 B. 0.01 C. 0.975 D. 0.999
5. Which t distribution has an area of 0.10 to the right of 1.333?
A. A t-distribution with 5 degrees of freedom
B. A t-distribution with 11 degrees of freedom
C. A t-distribution with 17 degrees of freedom
D. A t-distribution with 23 degrees of freedom
6. The shaded region is on the right tail of the t-distribution. If the degree of freedom
A. -2.819 B. -2.831 C. 2.819 D. 2.831
7. The shaded region is on the left tail of the t-distribution. If the degree of freedom
A. 2.583 B. 2.120 C.-2. 120 D. -2. 583
8. What is the area to the right of 1.8 under the t-distribution with 5 degrees of
freedom?
A. between 0.20 and 0.15 C. between 0.15 and 0.10
B. between 0.10 and 0.05 D. between 0.05 and 0.025
9. Which of the following values is the 90th percentile of the t-distribution with 15
degrees of freedom?
A. 1.341 B. 1.345 C. 1.753 D. 1.837
10. What is the 95th percentile of the t-distribution when the sample size is 23?
A. 1.721 B. 1.717 C. 1.714 D. 1.703
11. If the degree of freedom is 29, what is the 95 th percentile of the t-distribution?
A. 2.048 B. 1.701 C 1.699 D. 1.547
12. If the 99 percentile of the t-distribution is 2.650, what is the degree of freedom?
th
A. 16 B. 15 C. 14 D. 13
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13. To what percentile of the t-distribution does 1.397 belong if the sample size is
9?
A. 90th B. 95th C. 97th D. 99th
14. What is needed in order to identify a percentile using the t table?
A. degrees of freedom only
B. degrees of freedom and the given percentage
C. degrees of freedom and the area to the left tail of the t-distribution
D. degrees of freedom and the area to the right tail of the t-distribution
15. Why does the right-tailed t-table display only positive values of t?
A. Because the area cannot be negative.
B. Because t-values are always positive.
C. Because t-values on the left tail are positive
D. Because t-values on the right tail are positive
Browse the internet and look for a site, a program or software that easily computes
for t-values and areas under the t-distribution. Answer the following questions using
the t-table then compare your answer using the software.
freedom?
freedom?
3. What is the area to the left of 2.8 under the t-distribution with 5 degrees of
freedom?
4. If the degree of freedom is 20, what is the 96 th percentile of the t-distribution?
5. In a t-distribution with 13 degrees of freedom, what is the 38th percentile?
292
Statistics and
Probability
Identifying the Length of a
Confidence Interval
Identifying the Length of a Confidence Interval
First Edition, 2020
them.

Writers: Maryquenn F. Reyes


Cainta, Rizal 1800
Telefax: 02-8682-5773/8684-4914/8647-7487
293
Week
8
What I Need to Know
The content of this module will open your mind that statistics plays an
important role in your daily life situations. The explanation and language used are
simple due to the diverse level of the learners. Each example has a step-by-step
process so that the learner can follow its flow and sequence.
In this module, you will study how to identify the length of a confidence
interval, the margin of error, confidence level, and the sample mean. You will also
solve problems involving the length of a confidence interval.

1. differentiate confidence level from confidence interval;
2. identify the length of the confidence interval given the sample mean and
margin of error; and
3. solve problems involving the length of a confidence interval.
What I Know
Before studying this module, take this test to determine what you already know
about the topic covered.
Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet of
paper.
1. Which of the following values and percents illustrates the confidence
level?
A. 32.8
B. 30-39
C. 90%
D. 90% - 94%
2. Which of the following symbols is used to get the mean?
A. E
B. μ or 𝑋̅
C. n
D. 
3. Which of the following symbol stands for the margin of error?
A. E
B. Z𝛼 /2
C. n
D. 
4. For a 95% confidence level, the confidence coefficient is ± ____?
A. 1.645
B. 1.96
C. 2.33
D.2.58
5. What do you call the value resulting from subtracting the margin of error
from the sample mean?
A. point estimate
B. interval estimate
C. lower limit of the interval
D. upper limit of the interval
294
6. What do you call the value resulting from adding the margin of error from
the sample mean?
A. point estimate
For nos. 7 – 10
A survey on 200 HUMSS students of Bumasa Integrated High School shows that they
read on an average of 15. 7 hours per week. The margin of error is 2.2 hours at a
95% confidence level.
7. What is the sample mean?

A.200
B. 95
C. 15.7
D. 2.2
8. Which of the following values is the margin of error?
A.15.7
B. 2.2
C. 0.95
D. 0.05
9. Which of the following intervals is the confidence interval?
A. (13.5, 17.9)
B. (1.35, 1.79)
C. (135, 179)
D. (14.75, 16.65)
10. What is the upper limit of the interval?
A. 1.79
B. 13.5
C. 16.65
D. 17.9
For nos. 11 – 13:

A random sample of 36 scores from the Statistics examination of TVL learners is
taken and gives a sample mean of 68. At a 90% level of confidence, the interval
estimate of the population mean is between 67.18 and 68.82.
11. Which of the following values is the 𝑥̅ ?

A. 36
B. 67.18
C. 68
D. 68.82
A. 0.90
B. 0.82
C. 0.68
D. 0.05
13. What is the length of the confidence interval in the given problem?
A. from 67 to 68
B. from 671.8 to 688.2
C. from 67.18 to 68.82
D. from 6782 to 6882
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14. Which of the following terms describes the probability that the interval
estimate contains parameters and what percentage of intervals from
many different samples contains the unknown population parameter?
A. margin of error
B. confidence level
C. confidence interval
D. level of significance
15. Which of the following terms pertains to a range of values that is used to
estimate a parameter which may or may not contain the true parameter
value?
A. margin of error
B. confidence level
What’s In
For you to begin let us recall first the previous lessons which are very important for
you to succeed.
Rearranged the jumbled letters to get the correct answer.
∑𝑋
1. (NAME ) This formula : 𝑋̅ =
𝑁
,stands for______?
2. (SIGNACIFINEC VEELL) This symbol is for ______?
3. ( THUNDDHERS ) 98.7896 = 98.79 is rounded to the nearest ______?
4. ( LACITRIC SEULAV) This symbol Zc represents ______?
5. ( CONIFDENCE EVELL) It is represented by a percentage that refers to all
possible samples that can be estimated to contain the true population
parameter is called ______?
What’s New
FILL ME IN FILIPINO CITIZEN!
Complete the Preamble by answering the number that corresponds to the blank. You
may choose your answer from the given box.
We, the sovereign ____(1)_____ people, imploring the aid of Almighty God, in
order to build a ___(2)____ and humane society, and establish a ____(3)____ that shall
embody our ideals and aspirations, promote the common good, conserve and develop
our ______(4)_____, and secure to ourselves and our _____(5)____, the blessings of
____(6)____and _____(7)____ under the rule of law and a regime of truth, justice,
freedom, love, equality, and peace, do ordain and promulgate this Constitution.
Words to fill in Preamble Answers

administration Before of Lower Limit and after Upper
Limit
democracy 30%<𝜇<40%
Filipino 5%
Government Upper limit
independence 𝑋̅ − 𝐸
just margin of error
patrimony Middle of Lower Limit and Upper Limit
posterity 𝑋̅ + 𝐸
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right Mean
Sovereignty 30%>𝜇>40%
Here is the problem to answer the questions:

Supposed the school newspaper conducts an SSG election survey and reports
that the independent candidate will receive 35% of the vote. The school newspaper
stated that the survey had a 5% margin of error and a confidence level of 95%. These
findings resulted in the following confidence interval: a 95% confidence that the
independent candidate will receive between 30% and 40% of the vote.
1. What is the margin of error in the given problem? ____________
2. Based on the given problem, the difference of 35% and 30% is the ____________.
3. If 30% is the lower limit, 40% is the ________.
4. If 35% of the vote is the average vote that an independent candidate will
receive, and a limit of 30% and 40% where does the average (also known as
mean) lies? ______
5. What would be the formula in finding the upper limit? ____________
6. What would be the formula in finding the lower limit? ____________
7. If a problem has 95% confidence level and an average of 45 with a lower limit
of 40 and upper limit of 50 and margin of error of 5, the confidence interval is
(40,50) or 40<𝑋̅<50. Following this premise, what would be the confidence
interval of the given problem above?
Questions to ponder:
1. Are you able to complete the preamble?
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
2. What do you think is the symbol for the margin of error?
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
3. What do you think is the symbol for mean?

_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
4. What is the impact of identifying the confidence interval on SSG election?
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
5. If you are one of the independent candidates, what will be your reaction to the
result of the survey?
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
What is It
What is the difference between the Confidence Level and Confidence interval?
The Confidence level of an interval estimate of a parameter is the probability

that the interval estimate contains a parameter, it describes what percentage of
intervals from many different samples contains the unknown population parameter.
297
The confidence level has its corresponding coefficient which is called
confidence coefficients. These coefficients are used to find the margin of error, for
instance, the table below shows the corresponding coefficient confidence level
.
Confidence 99% 98% 96% 95% 92% 90% 85% 80% 70%
Level 0.99 0.98 0.96 0.95 0.92 0.90 0.85 0.80 0.70
Zc 2.58 2.33 2.05 1.96 1.75 1.645 1.44 1.28 1.04
Confidence interval or interval estimate is a range of values that is used to estimate

a parameter. This estimate may or may not contain the true parameter value.
For instance, we write it in this form
Lower limit < 𝜇< Upper limit
Or
(Lower limit, Upper Limit)
The Lower limit is obtained by using the formula LL= 𝑿 ̅ − 𝑬, while the Upper limit
is obtained by using the formula UL= 𝑿 ̅ + 𝑬, where E is the Margin of Error and 𝑿 ̅
is the sample mean.
As mentioned earlier, the confidence coefficient is used on finding the margin of
error, which is the range of values above and below the sample statistic. For
instance, Margin of error is obtained using the formula:
𝝈
𝑬 = 𝒁𝜶/𝟐 •
√𝒏
where, n = sample size
𝑧𝛼/2 = confidence coefficient
𝜎 = population standard deviation
E = margin of error
But with this lesson, the margin of error will be given as well as the sample
mean.
Example:
A random sample of 46 scores from the examination of ABM learners is
taken and it gives a sample mean of 78 with the interval scores between 77.18 and
78.82 having a 90% level of confidence.
Let’s answer the questions!
 Which of the following is the 𝑥̅ in the given statement?
Since it is given in the statement above, the sample mean is 78.
 What is the upper limit? What is the lower limit?
The upper limit is 78.82 while the lower limit is 77.18
 What is the margin of error in the given statement?
As we can see, the Margin of error is not directly mentioned, but the
lower limit and upper limit is there. As mentioned earlier the formula of
the upper limit and the lower limit includes the Margin of error.
LL= 𝑿̅–E
The Lower limit and mean are given so…
77.18 = 78 – E
E = 78-77.18
E = 0.82
Let’s see if we can get the same value of E if we use the formula for the
upper limit.
78.82 = 𝑿 ̅+E
The Lower limit and mean are given. So, we have
78.82 = 78 + E
E = 78.82-78
E = 0.82
298
Therefore, the margin of error is 0.82
 What is the confidence interval in the given statement? To find the
confidence interval, we have to use Lower limit < 𝝁< Upper limit and
substitute the given data. We have,
77.18 < 𝝁< 78.82 or (77.18, 78.82)
So, the Confidence interval is between 77.18 and 78.82.
 What is the confidence level? How will you conclude?
The confidence level is 90%. So, we are 90% confident that the mean score
lies between 77.18 and 78.82.
Note: Sometimes, you just need to convert the formula to find what is missing.
What’s More
In the following activities, read each situation carefully to solve each problem. Write
your answer on a separate sheet of paper.
Practice Activity 1
Online selling
An online seller of yema cake, which is very popular in Tayabas Quezon surveyed
several customers. Fifty-two percent (52) of the customers were satisfied with the
services that were offered with a 3.98% margin of error. Determine the confidence
interval using this information.
The average percentage of people who are satisfied with the product is
_______________.
The lower limit of confidence interval is _________________.
The upper limit of confidence interval is _________________.
The confidence interval is _______________________.
Independent Assessment 1
Online Schooling
You are planning to buy a cellphone with a good quality in order to attend
the online class. The average price of 50 cellphones is Php13,500 with a margin of
error of Php 273.65 and a confidence level of 99%.
What is the lower limit? _______________________

What is the upper limit? _______________________
What is the confidence interval? ________________
If you have ₱13,100.00, is the amount lies within the confidence interval? _________
Colored Wheel
A survey on 200 Senior High School learners on how much time they read per
week has a confidence interval of (13.5, 17.9) in hours at 95% confidence level.
What is the margin of error? _________________________

What is the average time they read per week? __________________
299
What I Have Learned
A. Complete the following statements by writing the correct word or words and
formulas.
1. The ______________________of an interval estimate of a parameter is the
probability that the interval estimate contains parameter, and it describes
what percentage of intervals from many different samples contains the
unknown population parameter
2.The confidence level has its corresponding coefficient which is called
________________. These coefficients are used to find the margin of error.
3. The ______________________ is a range of values that is used to estimate a
parameter. This estimate may or may not contain the true parameter
value.
3. The Lower limit is obtained by using the formula ____________while the Upper
limit is obtained by using the formula __________________.
What I Can Do
Make your own story!
Things to do:
Construct your own problem but put a little story on it using the data indicated
below, then answer it.
̅ = 𝟏𝟒𝟖
𝑿
𝑬 = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟏
95% Level of Confidence
Rubrics for the task:
CRITERIA
Accuracy of the solution 50%
Clarity and content of the problem 25%
Originality and creativity 25%
TOTAL 100%
Assessment
Multiple Choice. Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a
separate sheet of paper.
1. Which of the following values and percents illustrates the confidence
interval?
A. 30.8
B. (35,39)
C. 92%
D. 92% and 94%
300
2. Which of the following symbols is used for the population standard
deviation?
A. E
B. μ or 𝑋̅
C. n
D. 
3. Which of the following symbol stands for the margin of error?
A. E
B. Za/2
C. n
D. 
4. For a 95% confidence level, the confidence coefficient is ± ____?
A. 1.645
B. 1.96
C. 2.33
D.2.58
5. What do you call the value resulting from adding the margin of error from
the sample mean?
A. point estimate
6. What do you call the value resulting from subtracting the margin of error
from the sample mean?
A. point estimate
For nos. 7 – 10:

A survey of 200 Senior High School learners shows that they read on average 18.5
hours per week with a margin of error of 2.2 hours at a 95% confidence level.
7. What is the sample mean?
A.200
B. 18.5
C. 15.7
D. 2.2
A.15.7
B. 2.2
C. 0.95
D. 0.05
9. Which of the following intervals is the confidence interval?
A. (18.5, 17.9)
B. (16.3, 20.7)
C. (135, 179)
D. (14.75, 16.65)
10. What is the upper limit of the interval?
A. 16.3
B. 17.9
C. 18.7
D. 20.7
E.
301
For nos 11 – 13:
A random sample of 36 scores from the examination of TVL learners is taken and
gives a sample mean of 65. At a 90% level of confidence, the interval estimate of the
population mean is between 64.18 and 65.82.
11. Which of the following values is the 𝑥̅ ?
A. 364.18
B. 67.18
C. 65
D. 64.82
12. Which of the following is the margin of error?
A. 0.65
B. 0.68
C. 0.82
D. 0.90
13. What is the length of the confidence interval?
A. (65, 68)
B. (641.8, 658.2)
C. (64.18, 65.82)
D. (6482, 6582)
14. It is a range of values that is used to estimate a parameter. This
estimate may or may not contain the true parameter value. It is called
A. confidence level
B. margin of error
15. It is the probability that the interval estimate contains a parameter, and
it describes what percentage of intervals from many different samples
contains the unknown population parameter.
A. confidence level
B. margin of error
Martina reads that the average age of graduate students is 33 years old. She
wanted to estimate the mean age of the graduate students at her university, so
she took a random sample of 30 graduate students. She found that their mean
age was 𝑋̅=31.8 at a 95 % confidence level with 1.54 margin of error.
Questions:
1. What is the lower limit?

2. What is the upper limit?
3. What is the confidence interval?
4. Based on the interval you get, is it plausible that the mean age of
all graduate students at her university is also 33 years?
How well did you perform in this lesson?

Are you now ready for the next lesson?
If your answer is YES, I am HAPPY for you. Good luck and happy learning on
your next journey. 😊
302
Statistics and
Probability
Computing for the Length of the
Confidence Interval
Computing for the Length of the Confidence Interval
First Edition, 2020
them.

Writers: Reynante M. Velasco


Cainta, Rizal 1800
Telefax: 02-8682-5773/8684-4914/8647-7487
303
Week
8
What I Need to Know
Are you planning to put up your own business? How are you going to
determine whether you are gaining or losing in your desired business? How
important is the margin of error in the business sector or some real-life conditions?
Are you familiar with the length of the confidence interval and how it is applied in
true to life situations? What is a margin of error? The answers to these questions are
expected after studying this module. This will help you to understand, analyze, and
solve the given problems.
The content of this module will open our mind that statistics plays an
important role in our daily life situations. In this module, you will study how to
compute for the length of the confidence interval. The explanation and language used
are simple due to the diverse level of the learners. Each example has a step-by-step
process so that the learner can follow its flow and sequence.
1. apply the formula in determining the margin of error; and

2. compute for the length of the confidence interval.
What I Know
Before studying this module, take this test to determine what you already know
about the topic covered.
Direction: Read and analyze each item carefully. Shade the entire circle for each
statement that corresponds to your answer.
A B C D 1. Which of the following formulas is used to get the margin

O O O O of error?
𝝈
A. 𝐸 = 𝑧𝛼⁄2 () C. 𝐸 = ( )
√𝒏
𝜎 𝑧𝛼⁄2
B. 𝐸 = 𝑧𝛼⁄2 ( ) D. 𝐸 = ( )
√𝑛 √𝒏
A B C D 2. Which of the following symbols is used for critical values?

O O O O A. E C. n
B. 𝑧𝑐 D. 
A B C D 3. Which of the following symbols stand for the margin of

O O O O error?
A. n C. E
B. 𝑧𝛼⁄2 D. 
A B C D 4. Which of the following symbols is used for the population

O O O O standard deviation?
A. E C. n
B. 𝑧𝛼⁄2 D. 
304
A B C D 5. Given: n=60,  =0.7, level of confidence is 96%. What is
O O O O the margin of error in the given data?
A. 0.118 C. 0.158
B. 0.151 D. 0.185
A B C D 6. What is the critical value of having a 95% confidence level?

O O O O A. 1.28 C. 1.96
B. 1.44 D. 2.10
For items 7 – 9:
A sample size of 50 has a mean of 20. The population standard deviation is 18 and
the confidence level to be used is 95%.
A B C D 7. What is the sample size in the given statement?

O O O O A. 18 C. 50
B. 20 D. 98
A B C D 8. What is the margin of error in the given statement?

O O O O A. 3.67 C. 5.93
B. 4.99 D. 6.22
A B C D 9. What is the length of the confidence interval?

O O O O A. 1.44 C. 7.76
B. 5.45 D. 9.98
A B C D 10. Which of the following values is the critical value of a 98%

O O O O level of confidence?
A. 1.44 C. 2.10
B. 1.96 D. 2.33
For items 11 – 13:
A random sample of 150 stores of Atimonan Mall has an average daily income of
Php 25,000. The population standard deviation is Php 12,000 and a 95% confidence
level is to be used.
A B C D 11. What is the 𝑥̅ in the given statement?

O O O O A. 150 C. 25,000
B. 12,000 D. 37,000
A B C D 12. What is the 𝜎 in the given statement?

O O O O A. 150 C. 25,000
B. B. 12,000 D. 37,000
305
A B C D 13. What is the length of the confidence interval for the
O O O O average daily income of all stores in Atimonan Mall.
A. 3840.80 C. 3240.65
B. 3480.98 D. 3080.23
For items 14 – 15:
The average weight of 100 sold chicken is 150 kilos. The standard deviation of the
weights of all the chicken in the store is 90 kilos and an 85% level of confidence is to
be used.
A B C D 14. Which of the following values is the Zc for the given

O O O O confidence level?
A. 1.44 C. 1.75
B. 1.645 D. 1.96

O O O O A. 25.92 C. 29.96
B. 26.73 D. 32.90
Lesson 1 Computing for the Length of the

Confidence Interval
We are enjoying many things at present because of the past. Computers,
gadgets, foods, cars, medicines, and other things came up into reality because of
research which plays an important role in our life.
Computing for the length of the confidence interval is an important part of the
research. As much as possible, we should use a high level of confidence in estimating
our parameters to give us correct information that helps us build stronger tomorrow.
What’s In
Let us have a recall!
Use a calculator to simplify the following numbers, then round off your answer:
35
1. ( ) = ___________________ (nearest thousandths)
√150
2. (4.26)(2.432) = ___________________ (nearest hundredths)
3. 350 + (1.45)(30.875) = ___________________ (nearest hundredths)
4. 200 + (3.63)(42.236) =___________________ (nearest whole number)
50
5. 350 + (1.45) ( ) =___________________ (nearest whole number)
√250
306
What’s New
Business Matters
Read and analyze carefully the problem and answer the questions that follow.
Businessperson Jennifer Velasco uses an analog weighing scale in her fruit
store. She earns ₧45.00 per kilo in selling lanzones. One time, she managed to use
a digital scale and found out that she is giving a 1.1 kilo instead of 1 kilo. She also
found out that the digital scale is more accurate than the analog weighing scale.
Questions to ponder:
1. If you are Jennifer, would you rather use an analog than digital scale?
Why? ________________________________________________________________________
2. Out of 40 boxes that she has, 15 boxes weighs using analog scale and the rest is
by using the digital scale, how many boxes of lanzones she weighs correctly?
______________________________________________________________________________
3. How much kilo of lanzones did she lost in all?___________________________________
4. How much money did she earn for the correct weight of lanzones? ________________
5. How much money did she lost for weighing lanzones incorrectly?_________________
6. How much should be the earnings of Jennifer if she weighs all the 40 packs
correctly? _____________________________________________________________________
What is It
Confidence level is the likelihood measure of the confidence interval that is
represented by a percentage that refers to all possible samples that can be estimated
to contain the true population parameter. The most common values of the level of
confidence are shown in the Zc table below. Confidence coefficient or critical values
expressed as zc.
Confidence interval is also called the interval estimate. It is a range of values
that is used to have an approximate boundary or parameter. However, this
approximate may or may not contain the correct or true parameter value.
Level of Confidence and Zc Table
Confidence 99% 98% 96% 95% 92% 90% 85% 80% 70%
Level 0.99 0.98 0.96 0.95 0.92 0.90 0.85 0.80 0.70
Zc 2.58 2.33 2.05 1.96 1.75 1.645 1.44 1.28 1.04
The margin of error is the range of values above and below the given statistical
number or sample in a confidence interval. To compute for the margin of error, use
the formula given below:
𝝈
E = 𝒛𝜶/𝟐( )
√𝒏
307
Where, 𝒛𝜶/𝟐 means the critical values or confidence coefficients,  is the
population standard deviation and n as the sample size.
Consider the given example below.

Example 1: Isabel owns a shoe store. She used 160 pairs of shoes as her samples
for the different designs. The population standard deviation of the price of the shoes
is ₱75. Suppose that Isabel wants a 95% level of confidence to determine the mean
price of all her shoes she is selling. Compute for the margin of error of her estimate.
Solution:
Step 1: Write the given data.
n = 160  = ₱75
95% confidence level where zc = 1.96
Step 2: Apply the formula and substitute the given data.
𝜎
E = zα/2 ( )
√𝑛
75
E = (1.96)( )
√160
E = (1.96)(5.929) (use three decimal places for partial answer)
E = 11.62 (round off the final answer in two decimal places)
COMPUTING THE LENGTH OF CONFIDENCE INTERVAL
Computing for the margin of error and confidence interval were discussed in
the previous module. We will use the formulas presented in the previous module to
compute the length of the confidence interval.
Recall that the confidence interval can be written in the form of
Lower limit < 𝑋̅< Upper limit
or
(Lower limit, Upper Limit)
The lower limit is obtained by using the formula LL= 𝑿 ̅ − 𝑬, while the upper limit
is obtained by using the formula UL= 𝑿 ̅ + 𝑬, where E is the Margin of Error and 𝑿 ̅
is the sample mean.
Meanwhile, the margin of error is obtained using the formula:
𝝈
𝑬 = 𝒁𝜶/𝟐 ( )
√𝒏
where, n = sample size 𝑧𝛼/2 = confidence coefficient
𝜎 = population standard deviation E = margin of error

Therefore, the length of the confidence interval (L) is simply:
L = UL – LL
where, UL is the upper limit and LL is the lower limit of the confidence interval.
However, if the sample mean is not given, we cannot compute for the upper
and lower limit of the confidence interval, the following formula can be used:
𝝈
L = 𝟐𝒛𝜶/𝟐 ( ) or L=2E
√𝒏
where E is the margin of error, 𝑧𝛼/2 is the confidence coefficient, 𝜎 is the population
standard deviation, n is the sample size and 𝑛 0
308
Example 2: The population of Sulu Hornbill (one of the endangered bird species in
the Philippines) has a standard deviation of 40. Compute for the length of the
confidence interval for a 90% confidence level having a sample size of 150 and a
sample mean of 65.
Solution:
Step 1: Write the given data.
n = 150 𝑥̅ = 65  = 40 90% confidence level where zc = 1.645
Step 2: Compute for the margin of error.
𝜎
E = 𝑧𝛼/2 ( )
√𝑛
40
E = (1.645)( )
√150
E= (1.645)(3.266) (use three decimal places for partial answer)
E = 5.37(round off final answer to two decimal places)
Step 3: Compute for the upper and lower limit of the confidence interval.
̅ +𝑬
UL = 𝑿 LL = 𝑿̅−𝑬
= 65 + 5.37 = 65 − 5.37
= 𝟕𝟎. 𝟑𝟕 = 𝟓𝟗. 𝟔𝟑
Step 4: Compute for the length of the confidence interval.
L = UL – LL
= 70.37-59.63
= 10.74
Knowing that the length of the confidence interval is just twice the margin of error,
𝝈
a shorter solution can be used using the formula: L = 𝟐𝒛𝜶/𝟐( ) = 2E. Therefore, L =
√𝒏
2 (5.37) =10.74
Example 3: Jennifer wanted to know the average price of shoes that her customer
purchased. She sampled 160 pairs of shoes that were sold and found out that the
mean average price is ₱800 with a standard deviation of ₱75. Construct a 95%
confidence interval for the mean price of all shoes that were sold. Compute for the
length of the confidence interval.
Solution:
Step 1: Write the given data,
n = 160 𝑥̅ = ₱800  = ₱75 95% confidence level where zc = 1.96

Step 2: Compute for the margin of error,
𝜎
E = 𝑧𝛼/2 ( )
√𝑛
75
E = (1.96)( )
√160
E= (1.96)(5.929) (use three decimal places for partial answer)
E = 11.62 (round off final answer to two decimal places)
309
Step 3: Compute for the upper and lower limit of the confidence interval.
̅+𝑬
UL = 𝑿 LL = 𝑿̅−𝑬
= 800 + 11.62 = 800 − 11.62
= 811.62 = 788.38
Step 4: Write the confidence interval.
788.38<𝜇 < 811.62 or (788.38, 811.62)
This means that we are 95% confident that the true mean lies between 788.38 and
811.62. In the context of this problem, Jennifer can state that she is 95% confident
that the average price of a pair of shoes purchased by her customers lies between
₱788.38 to ₱811.62 or ₱788 to ₱812 when rounded to the nearest peso.
Step 5: Compute for the length of the confidence interval.

L = UL – L
= 811.62 – 788.38
= 23.44
Or since 𝐸 = 11.62, 𝐿 = 2(11.62) = 23.24
What’s More
In the following activities, read each situation carefully to solve each problem. Write
your answer on a separate sheet of paper.
Independent Activity 1:
A random sample of size 70 has a standard deviation of 15. What is the

margin of error for a 92% confidence level?
Write all the given data based on the problem statement and show the
complete solution.
n = __________ formula to be used: ________________
 = __________ solution:
zc = __________
Independent Assessment 1:
A random sample of size 100 has a standard deviation of 25. What is the
margin of error for a 90% confidence level?
Compute the length of the confidence interval for estimating the population
mean using a sample size of 300 and with a standard deviation 84. Use a 92%
confidence level.
complete solution.
n = __________ formula to be used: ________________
 = __________ solution: zc = __________
310
Compute the length of the confidence interval with a sample size of 240 and
with a standard deviation 60 having an 80% confidence level.
The average price of 350 cellphones is ₧13,500 with a sample standard deviation
of ₧750.
a. Find the 99% confidence interval of the true average price of the
cellphones. Interpret your answer in the context of this problem.
b. Find the length of the confidence interval.
complete solution.
n = __________ formula to be used: a. ________ b. _________
 = __________ solution:
𝑥̅ =___________
zc = __________
The average price of 60 Philippine-made shirts is ₧150 and the population

standard deviation is ₧55. Find the length of the confidence interval of the true
average price of the shirts using a 95% confidence level.
Compare your answers with those found in the Answer Key on the last part of
this module. Did you get all items correct? Great! If you did, you learned the lesson
well. If you were not able to get the correct answer, review your computations.
What I Have Learned

A. Complete the following statements by writing the correct word or words and
formulas.
1. ________________ is the likelihood measure of the confidence interval that is
represented by a percentage that refers to all possible samples that can be
estimated to contain the true population parameter.
2. Confidence coefficient or ______________ is expressed as z c.
3. ___________________ is a range of values that is used to estimate a parameter.
4. To compute for the margin of error, use the formula ______________________
5. 𝑧𝛼⁄ means the ____________________ or _____________________.
2
6.  is a symbol for __________________.
7. n is the symbol used for the __________________________.
8. To compute the length of confidence interval, there are two formulas to
consider. These are: __________________ and _______________________.
9. To compute for margin of error, the formula to be used is _________________.
10. Complete the Level of Confidence and Zc Table
Confidence 99% 98% 96% 95% 92% 90% 85% 80% 70%
Level
Zc 2.58 2.05 1.75 1.44 1.04
311
What I Can Do
HAVE CONFIDENCE AND MAKE A MATH VLOG!
Materials needed:
Cellphone
Short bond paper
Calculator
Pen or pencil
Things to do:
1. Make your problem statement about computing the length of the

confidence interval. Use the two formulas for the comparison of the
answer.
2. Write down all the data and write your solution in a short bond paper.
3. Create a video using your cellphone while writing the data and the
solution.
4. Make sure to capture the explanations in your video as you write your
data and solution.
5. Focus only on writing the solution during the video filming. (showing
your face is not necessary). However, make your vlog unique.
VLOG CRITERIA
TOTAL 100%
Assessment
Direction: Read and analyze each item carefully. Shade the entire circle for each
statement that corresponds to your answer.

O O O O A. E B. 𝑧𝑐 C. n D. 
A B C D 2. Which of the following symbols is used for the population

O O O O standard deviation?
A. E B. 𝑧𝛼⁄ C. n D. 
2
312
A B C D 3. Which of the following symbols stand for the sample size?
O O O O A. E B. 𝑧𝛼⁄ C. n D. 
2
A B C D 4. Which of the following formulas is used to find L of the

O O O O confidence interval?
𝜎 1
A. L= 2𝑧𝛼⁄ ( ) C. L = 2𝑧𝛼⁄ ( )
2 √𝑛 2 √𝑛
𝜎 𝜎
B. L = 2𝑧𝛼⁄ ( ) D. L= 2( )
2 √𝑥 √𝑛
A B C D 5. Which of the following formulas is used to find the margin

O O O O of error?
𝜎 𝑥
A. E = 𝑧𝛼⁄ ( ) C. E = 𝑧𝛼⁄ ( )
2 √𝑛 2 √𝑛
𝑡 𝜎
B. E = 𝑧𝛼⁄ ( ) D. E = 𝑧𝛼⁄ ( )
2 √𝑛 2 √𝑠
A B C D 6. Given: n=130,  = 25, level of confidence is 92%. What is

O O O O the margin of error in the given data?
A. 3.73 B. 3.84 C. 3.99 D. 4.25
(for items, 7 – 8) Edward owns a meat store and he wants to find out the average
amount of his daily sale. He randomly recorded his sales for 16 days and found the
average to be ₱ 8,500. It is known from last year’s record that the standard deviation
of his sales is ₱150 and a 99% level of confidence is to be used.
A B C D 7. What is the sampling size in the given problem?

O O O O A. 150 B. 100 C. 50 D. 16
A B C D 8. What is the margin of error for his estimate?

O O O O A. 96.75 B. 58.7 C. 48.7 D. 38.7
A B C D 9. Given: n= 200,  = 35, and a 96% confidence level. Which

O O O O of the following values is the length of the confidence
interval?
A. 10.15 B. 14.54 C. 15.23 D. 18.25
A B C D 10. Given a sample size of 125 and a population standard

O O O O deviation of 88 having an 80% level of confidence. Which
of the following values is the length of the confidence
interval?
A. 16.15 B. 18.15 C. 20.15 D. 24.15
313
(For items, 11 – 12) Given a sample size of 200 with a mean of 80 and the population
standard deviation is found to be 35 having a 96% confidence level.
A B C D 11. Which of the following values is the critical value or

O O O O confidence coefficient to be used?
A. 1.96 B. 2.05 C. 2.33 D. 2.58

O O O O A. 10.15 B. 14.54 C. 15.23 D. 18.25
(For items, 13 – 14) The average amount by purchasing products of 255 customers
in JYEL store is ₧150. The population standard deviation is ₧65 with an 85% level
of confidence.
A B C D 13. Which of the following values is the critical value to be

O O O O used in the given problem?
A. 1.44 B. 1.64 C. 1.75 D. 1.96
A B C D 14. The customers of JYEL store purchases products in the

O O O O average amount _________.
A. between ₧189.87 to ₧194.67
B. between ₧160.23 to ₧178.45
C. between ₧154.87 to ₧162.49
D. between ₧144.14 to ₧155.86
A B C D 15. The average weight of sold tilapia in 205 stores is 100

O O O O kilos. The population standard deviation is 80 kilos. Find
the length of the confidence interval for a 95% level of
confidence.
A. 30.45 B. 29.67 C. 27.38 D. 21.90
Study and analyze each situation. Apply the formula to solve the stated problems.
1. In a sample of 100 cars of a population having a standard deviation on the speed

of 25km/h, find the margin of error if the level of confidence to be used is 90%.
2. Jennifer has sampled 300 persons for her survey project. If she uses a 99%
confidence level with a population standard deviation of 400, help her to
compute for the length of the confidence interval that she needs.
3. Mr. Velasco wanted to know the average weight (in kilos) of students at LAO
University. He took a random sample of 300 students and discovered that their
average weight is 55kg. The population standard deviation is 0.8kg. Construct
a 95% confidence interval for the mean weight of students in the University.
How well did you perform in this lesson?

Are you now ready for the next lesson?
If your answer is yes, I am HAPPY for you! Good luck and happy learning on your
next journey!
314
Statistics and
Probability
Computing Appropriate Sample
Size Using the Length of the
Interval
Computing Appropriate Sample Size Using the Length of the Interval
First Edition, 2020
them.

Writers: Dhojie N. Yanto, Jerson Jolo and Reynante M. Velasco


Cainta, Rizal 1800
Telefax: 02-8682-5773/8684-4914/8647-7487
315
Week
8
What I Need to Know
This module was designed and written collaboratively to help you in
computing for an appropriate sample size using the length of the interval.
Understanding how to determine the appropriate sample size will be a great help in
conducting a research study. A sufficient number of samples will give you enough
and unbiased pieces of evidence to claim about the parameter.
These will serve as your guide in computing for a sufficient number of
respondents needed in your investigation about a certain topic of your interest and
coming up with a reliable result. The scope of this module permits it to be used in
many different learning situations. The language used recognizes the diverse
vocabulary level of students. The lesson is arranged to follow the standard sequence
of the course.
In this module, you will compute for an appropriate sample size using the
length of the interval.
The module consists of only one lesson entitled Computing Appropriate
Sample Size Using the Length of the Interval.
1. derive the formula for computing the appropriate sample
size; and
2. compute for an appropriate sample size using the length of
the interval.
What I Know
Let us see how far you will go and how much you know about this pretest.
Please answer all questions with all your best and utmost honesty so that we can
gauge your learning in the target competency of this lesson.
If you obtain 100% or a perfect score, you may skip the module and
immediately move to the next module. While in the event you missed a point, please
proceed with the module as it will enrich your knowledge in computing for an
appropriate sample size using the length of the interval. Let’s get started!
Direction: Read and analyze each item carefully. Choose the letter of the best
answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet of paper.
1. Which of the following coefficients are the 90% confidence coefficients?
A. ±1.645
B. ±1.96
C. ±2.40
D. ±2.58
2. What do you call a subset of a population?
A. estimation
B. interval
C. proportion
D. sample
3. Which of the following values illustrates confidence level?
A. 90 - 100
B. 65.0
C. 90%
D. 35.75
4. When alpha is 0.05, confidence level is equal to _________.
A. 10%
B. 95%
C. 90%
D. 99%
316
5. Confidence interval is also known as _____________________.
A. interval estimate
B. confidence coefficient
C. interval coefficient
D. confidence interval
For numbers 6-11, refer to the following values:
90% confidence level, 𝜎 = 3.5 and 𝐸 = 0.5.
6. What is the given confidence level?
A. 90%
B. 0.10
C. 0.01
D. 0.05
7. What is 𝛼?
A. 95%
B. 0.10
C. 0.01
D. 0.05
8. What are the confidence coefficients?
A. ±1.645
B. ±1.96
C. ±2.20
D. ±2.58
9. Which of the following values is the given population standard deviation?
A. 0.01
B. 3.5
C. 0.5
D. 90%
10. What is the margin of error?
A. 0.01
B. 3.5
C. 0.5
D. 90%
11. Compute for the appropriate sample size.
A. 131
B. 132
C. 133
D. 134
12. What is the sample size needed if the margin of error is 30 and the standard
deviation of 45 with a 98% confidence level?
C. 10
D. 11
E. 12
F. 13
13. Calculate the sample size of the given data: 𝐸 = 5,  = 20, with a 95%
confidence level.
A. 59
B. 60
C. 61
D. 62
317
14. Which of the following variables is NOT needed in computing the minimum
sample size for the estimation of the population mean?
A. confidence level
B. sample mean
C. population standard deviation
D. margin of error
15. Which of the following formulas is used is used to get the sample size of the
population?
𝑍𝛼⁄ 𝐸
A. 𝑛 = ( 2
)2
𝜎
𝑍𝛼⁄ 𝐸
B. 𝑛 = ( 2
)2
𝜎
𝐸𝜎 2
C. 𝑛 = ( )
𝑍𝛼⁄
2
𝑍𝛼⁄ 𝜎
D. 𝑛 = ( 2
)2
𝐸
Lesson 1 Computing Appropriate Sample Size

Using the Length of Interval
In the previous lessons, you learned how to identify and compute for the
length of the confidence interval. This time, using the length interval, you will learn
how to compute for an appropriate sample size.
Your knowledge in determining the sample size is essential particularly in
conducting a research study. A researcher does not just declare a number to
represent the number of respondents he/she wants to include in the investigation.
An appropriate sample size and sampling techniques must be implemented to come
up with the best estimate of the parameter. Therefore, it is one of the requirements
so that the findings of the study can be generalized to every member of the
population.
What’s In
LET’S REVIEW
Direction: Use your calculator to evaluate the following, then round off your answer
as indicated.
40
1. 65 − (1.645) ( ) = _________ (rounded to the nearest hundredths)
√150
15
2. (2.58) ( ) = _________________(rounded to the nearest tenths)
√70
3. (1.96)2 = _________________ (rounded to the nearest thousandths)
4. (1.96) 2 (2.5)2
=_________________(rounded to the nearest whole number)
(1.96)2 (25)2
5. = __________________ (round up the nearest whole number)
52
B. Complete the table below given the sample data and confidence level. Determine
the confidence coefficient, margin of error, and the confidence interval.
𝑛 = 280, 𝑥̅ = 70, 𝜎 = 20 𝑎𝑛𝑑 95% 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑓𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑙
Lower Confidence Upper Confidence
Confidence Margin of Error Limit Limit
𝝈
coefficient 𝑬 = 𝒛𝜶 ∙ 𝝈 𝝈
𝟐 √𝒏 ̅ − 𝒛𝜶 ∙
𝑳𝑳 = 𝒙 ̅ + 𝒛𝜶 ∙
𝑼𝑳 = 𝒙
𝟐 √𝒏 𝟐 √𝒏
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How was the review? Did you answer all the items? I believe you got it all correctly.
You are now ready to learn new concepts. Good luck!
What’s New
Priming Activity:
Analyze the steps provided in the example below to solve for the variable x in terms
of y. Fill in the blanks with the correct mathematical expressions in the next part to
derive the formula for computing the appropriate sample size.
3
Example: Given the equation 𝑦 = where 𝑥 ≥ 0
√𝑥
√𝑥
Step 1: multiply both sides of the equation by
𝑦
where √𝑥 ≥ 0 and 𝑦 > 0
√𝑥 √𝑥 3
(𝑦) = ( )
𝑦 𝑦 √𝑥
3
√𝑥 =
𝑦
Step 2: Square both sides of the equation

3
(√𝑥)2 = ( )2
𝑦
3
𝑥 = ( )2
𝑦
Step by step sample size formula derivation:
Step 1: The formula for the Margin of error is_________________
√𝑛
Step 2: Multiply both sides of the equation by , where 𝑛 ≥ 0 and 𝐸 ≠ 0
𝐸
Step 3: Square both sides of the equation______________
How was the activity? Where you able to get the correct expression in each
step? If yes, what helps you solve each required expression? If no, what hinders you?
What difficulty did you encounter during the activity? What mathematical concepts
have you applied to do the activity? The formula you just derived will be used in
computing for appropriate sample size using the length of the interval.
What is It
To make an accurate estimate of the parameter, it is vital to determine the
appropriate size of the sample. The factors that affect the sample size are the
maximum error of estimate, the population standard deviation, and the confidence
level.
You must also consider the table below in computing for an appropriate
sample size.
Level of Confidence of 𝑧𝛼 Table

2
99% 98% 96% 95% 92% 90% 85% 80% 70%

Confidence
Level
0.99 0.98 0.96 0.95 0.92 0.90 0.85 0.80 0.70
𝑧𝛼 2.58 2.33 2.05 1.96 1.75 1.645 1.44 1.28 1.04

2
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EXAMPLE 1.
A HUMSS student is conducting a research on the awareness of SHS

learners on the names of the Philippine Presidents. Given a margin of error of
4 with a standard deviation of 9 having a 99% confidence level. What should
be the minimum sample size that the student-researchers need to estimate
the population mean?
SOLUTION:
Let us identify the given in the problem:
 Confidence level is 99% then 𝑧𝛼 = 2.58
2
 𝐸=4
 𝜎=9
𝑍𝛼⁄ 𝜎
Use the formula: 𝑛=( 2
)2
𝐸
(2.58)(9)
Substitute the given: 𝑛 = [( )]2
4
Evaluate: 𝑛 ≈ 33.70
Round off to the nearest whole number: 𝑛 = 𝟑𝟒
Therefore, to be 99% confident that the estimate differs from the true mean by 4,
the minimum sample size needed is at least 34.
Note: When determining sample size, we always round off the resulting value to the
next whole number.
EXAMPLE 2.
An Environmentalist is making a survey on the number of households

that applies the principles of Waste Management in a certain community.
Given the standard deviation of 2.6, how large a sample must be selected if
we want to be 95% confident of finding whether the true mean differs from
the sample mean by 1.5 hour?
SOLUTION:
To answer the question, let us identify the given:
 For a 95% confidence level, 𝑧𝛼 = 1.96
2
 𝐸 = 1.5
 𝜎 = 2.6
𝑍𝛼⁄ 𝜎
)2
𝐸
(1.96)(2.6) 2
Substitute the given: 𝑛 = [ ]
1.5
Round off to the nearest whole number: 𝑛 = 𝟏𝟐
Therefore, to be 95% confident that the estimate differs from the true mean by
1.5, we need a sample size of at least 12.
EXAMPLE 3.
Compute for the appropriate sample size if the margin of error is

6, with a sample standard deviation of 25 and a 90% level of confidence.
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SOLUTION: Identify the given.
2
 𝐸=6
 𝜎 = 25
𝑍𝛼⁄ 𝜎
)2
𝐸
(1.645)(25) 2
6
Round off to the nearest whole number: 𝑛 = 𝟒𝟕
Therefore, to be 90% confident that the estimate differs from the true mean by 6, we
need a sample size of at least 47.
EXAMPLE 4.
Compute for the appropriate sample size if the margin of error is 6,

with a sample standard deviation of 25 and a 92% level of confidence.
SOLUTION: Identify the given data,

2
 𝐸=6
 𝜎 = 25
𝑍𝛼⁄ 𝜎
)2
𝐸
(1.75)(25) 2
6
Round off to the nearest whole number: 𝑛 = 𝟓𝟒
Therefore, to be 92% confident that the estimate differs from the true mean by 6, we
need a sample size of at least 54.
What’s More
Independent Activity 26.1
Complete Me
Complete the table below by supplying the needed information and solve for the
appropriate sample size n.
1. Confidence level 99%,
Population standard deviation = 30,
margin of error = 2.5

Population standard deviation σ = 27,
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margin of error = 3

No. Confidence 𝑍𝛼⁄ E 𝜎 n

2
Level
1
Independent Assessment 26.1
Solve Me
Determine the minimum sample size for each of the following:
a. 95% confidence level, E = 4.8 , σ = 30
b. 96% confidence level, E = 5 , σ = 45
c. 99% confidence level, E = 8.5 , σ = 55

Solve Me
𝑍𝛼⁄ 𝜎
Using the formula for computing the appropriate sample size, 𝑛 = ( 2 )2 derive the
𝐸
formula for the margin of error (E) and population standard deviation(𝜎).

Solve Me
1. A random sample of size 70 was used with a population standard deviation
of 15. Assuming that there is a 92% confidence level, what is the margin of
error?
𝑛 = __________
 = __________
𝑍𝛼⁄ =__________
2
formula to be used: ________________
solution:
322
2. Compute for the appropriate sample size needed if the margin of error is 15,
with a population standard deviation of 43 and a 98% level of confidence.
𝐸 = __________
 = __________
𝑍𝛼⁄ =__________
2
formula to be used: ________________

solution:
What I Have Learned

Let us summarize what you have learned by completing the following table. Write the
correct answer in a separate sheet of paper.
Write the formulas here.

Margin of Error Minimum Sample Size
𝐸 = ________________ 𝑛 = ________________
where:
𝑛= ________________________
𝐸= ________________________
𝜎= ________________________
𝑍𝛼⁄ = ________________________
2
What I Can Do
MAKE YOUR SURVEY NOW!
Materials needed:
Bond paper, calculator, pen and pencil
Things to do:
6. Make a problem statement anchored in any of the following issues:
a. Public Health like COVID – 19 pandemic
b. Climate change
c. Overpopulation
d. Gender Inequality
e. Bullying
f. Poverty
7. Identify a random variable related to your selected issue. For example, the
number of facemasks used for Public Health issues, volume of waste disposal
for climate change, the number of children in a family for overpopulation, etc.
8. Survey all of your classmates.
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9. Compute for the population mean, standard deviation, and the margin of
σ
error. Use the formula: E = zα ∙ and a confidence level of 90%, 95%, and
2 √n
99%.
10. Compute for the appropriate sample size using the computed values in
𝑍𝛼⁄ 𝜎
number 4. Use the formula: 𝑛 = ( 2 )2 and a confidence level of 90%, 95%,
𝐸
and 99%.
11. Interpret your results in the context of your problem statement.
12. How important is sampling in the survey? Is sampling necessary in your
survey? Justify your answer.
13. What can you suggest solving the problem stated in your output?
SURVEY CRITERIA
TOTAL 100%
Assessment
1. Which of the following coefficients are the 95% confidence coefficients?

𝐴. ±1.65 C. ±2.40
𝐵. ±1.96 D. ±2.58
2. When alpha is 0.01, confidence level is equal to _________.
A. 10% C. 90%
B. 95% D. 99%
3. Which of the following values illustrates confidence coefficients?
A. 99% C. 0.05
B. 1.96 D. 35.75
4. Confidence interval is also knowns as _____________________.
A. Interval estimate C. interval coefficient
B. confidence coefficient D. alpha
For numbers 5-11, refer to the following given values:
99% confidence level, 𝜎 = 7 and 𝐸 = 2.
5. What is the given confidence level?
A. 99% C. 0.01
B. 0.10 D. 0.05
6. What is 𝛼?
A. 95% C. 0.01
B. 0.10 D. 0.05
7. What are the confidence coefficients?
𝐴. ±1.645 C. ±2.20
𝐵. ±1.96 D. ±2.58
8. Which of the following is the given population standard deviation?
A. 2 C. 7
B. 2.58 D. 99%
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9. What is the margin of error?
A. 2 C. 7
B. 2.58 D. 99%
10. Compute for the appropriate sample size.
A. 80 C. 82
B. 81 D. 83
11. If the confidence level is lowered to 90% what will be the appropriate sample
size?
A. 34 C. 36
B. 35 D. 37
12. What is the sample size needed if the margin of error is 30 and the standard
deviation of 45 with a 98% confidence level?
A. 16 C. 14
B. 15 D. 13
13. Calculate the sample size of the given data: E = 5,  = 20, with a 95%
confidence level.
A. 65 C. 63
B. 64 D. 62
14. Which of the following is NOT needed in computing the minimum sample size
for the estimation of the population mean?
A. sample mean C. margin of error
B. confidence level D. population standard deviation
15. Which of the following formulas is used to get the sample size of the
population?
𝑍𝛼⁄ 𝜎 𝐸𝜎 2
A. 𝑛 = ( 2
)2 C. 𝑛 = ( )
𝐸 𝑍𝛼⁄
2
𝑍𝛼⁄ 𝐸 𝑍𝛼⁄ 𝐸
B. 𝑛 = ( 2
)2 D. 𝑛 = ( 2
)2
𝜎 𝜎
To deepen your knowledge on computing for the appropriate sample size using the
length of interval you can visit the following websites,
https://youtu.be/XO9NtHvRQTQ and http://youtu.be/uMILjv6Fs94.
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Statistics and
Probability
Solving Problems Involving
Sample Size Determination
Solving Problems Involving Sample Size Determination
First Edition, 2020
them.

Author: Elmer C. Potes, Rolly Q. Suaverdez and Reynante M. Velasco

Layout Artist: Edna E. Eclavea

Cainta, Rizal 1800
Telefax: 02-8682-5773/8684-4914/8647-7487
326
Week
8
What I Need to Know
This module was designed and written with you in mind on how you can solve
problems involving sample size determination. This will also help you analyze real-
life situated problems statistically in terms of relevant questions for you to better
understand them. Your adept at analysis will help you appreciate the richness, and
beauty of Statistics which will motivate you to apply to similar events and create
statistical measures of your own.
problems. Your ability to interpret, reason–out, and make a judgment or even
In previous modules, you learned that sample statistics can estimate the
population parameter. You also learned how to compute for an appropriate sample
size using the length of the interval. This time, you will focus on solving problems
involving sample size determination for you to better estimate the population
parameter.

1. illustrate the factors which affect the sample size determination;
2. compute for the required sample size using the formula; and
3. solve problems involving sample size determination.
What I Know
Let us see how far you will go and how much you know about this pretest.
Please answer all questions with all your best and utmost honesty so that we can
gauge your learning in the target competency of this lesson. Let’s get started!
NOTE: For students with online connections and want to have a paperless
assessment, please go to the link given by your teacher.
Direction: Choose the letter of the correct answer for each item. Shade/blacken the
circle that corresponds to your chosen answer.
A B C D 1. Which of the following factors is not considered in the
O O O O determination of sample size?
A. margin of error
B. level of confidence
D. variance or standard Deviation
A B C D 2. The value of confidence coefficient (  ) of 1.645 is used
z
O O O O 2
in sample size determination if a researcher wants to be
_______% confident that the parameter is within the
estimate.
A 99 B. 95 C. 92 D. 90
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A B C D 3. How does the level of confidence affect the sample size?
O O O O (Consider that other factors are constant)
A. The higher the level of confidence, the smaller the
sample size required.
B. The lower the level of confidence, the larger the sample
size required.
C. The lower the level of confidence, the smaller the
D. The sample size remains constant in every level of
confidence.
A B C D 4. Which of the following is the correct equation for sample
O O O O size determination?

2
(𝑍𝛼⁄ )+(𝜎)
A. n  x  z 2 ( ) C. 𝑛 = [ 2
]
𝐸
n
2
(𝑍𝛼⁄ )(𝜎)
B. n = 𝑋̅+ E D. 𝑛 = [ 2
]
𝐸
A B C D 5. How does the margin of error and sample size affect one
O O O O another? (Assume that the other factors are constant)
A. A smaller sample size reduces the margin of error.
B. A higher margin of error requires a larger sample.
C. A lower margin of error requires a larger sample size.
D. A small sample size results in a lower margin of error.
A B C D 6. How does standard deviation 𝜎 affect the sample size?

O O O O (Assume that the other factors are constant)
A. The sample size is constant for all values of 𝜎.
B. Lower 𝜎 reduces the required sample size.
C. Lower 𝜎 increases the required sample size.
D. Higher 𝜎 decreases the required sample size.
A B C D 7. A researcher wants his estimate with a minimum margin

O O O O of error. Which of the following is suggested?
A. Reduce the sample size.
B. Use a sample size of 30.
C. Increase the sample size.
D. Use a sample size of less than 25.
A B C D 8. How large is the sample size required so that a researcher

O O O O is 98% confident with the estimate of a sample, of
standard deviation 5, that the error will not be more than
2?
A. 6 B. 34 C. 42 D.
84
A B C D 9. If a 95% level of confidence is applied by the researcher in

O O O O the condition given in item # 8, what sample size shall be
obtained?
A. 8 B. 17 C. 24 D.
34
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For questions 10 to 15, refer to the situation that follows.
The diameter of the coconuts harvested in a local farm in Quezon Province is

normally distributed with a population standard deviation of 8 mm. At a 95% level
of confidence, a researcher wants to have an estimate that will not be more than
3 mm from the TRUE population average diameter of the coconuts.
A B C D 10. What correct confidence coefficient should be applied to

O O O O determine the required sample size?
A. 2.576 B. 2.33 C. 1.96 D. 1.645
A B C D 11. What is the given population standard deviation from the

O O O O situation?
A. 8 B. 16 C. 24 D. 64
A B C D 12. What is the desired margin of error for the estimate of the
O O O O population parameter?
A. 2 B. 3 C. 4 D. 16
A B C D 13. What minimum sample size shall be used by a researcher

O O O O to meet the expected results? (Round up to the nearest
whole number)
A. 16 B. 28 C. 62 D. 107
A B C D 14. If the researcher wishes to reduce the error of the
O O O O estimate, what should be done?
I Consider a larger sample.
II Reduce the level of confidence
III Increase the level of confidence.
A. I only C. I and II only
B. II only D. I and III only
A B C D 15. What sample size is needed for the situation to have a

O O O O margin of error not more than 1? (Round to the nearest
whole number)
A. 87 B. 102 C. 246 D. 425
How do you find the pre-test? Did you encounter both familiar and unfamiliar
terms, symbols, and notations? Kindly compare your answer in the Answer Key on
the last part of this module.
to the next module. While in the event you missed a point, please proceed with the
module as it will enrich your knowledge in the normal distribution, especially in
solving problems involving sample size determination
Lesson 1 Solving Problems Involving Sample
Size Determination
You can be a great problem solver. You may not be aware of it but from time
to time, you are dealing with different problems. And every time you are thinking of
any possible solution, you are actually solving it.
Solving problems involving sample size determination is just like any other
problem you are facing every day. In dealing with it, you need to identify all possible
information given on the problem. This is important because the solution depends
329
on the quantities you plug in to your formula. Of course, correct computation is
equally important.
This lesson will help you in analyzing and solving problems that involve the
sample size determination.
What’s In
Let’s have this first for a review.
Use the given information to compute the sample size.
1. 𝑍𝛼⁄ = 2.576, 𝜎 = 12 𝐸=3 n=?
2
2. 𝑍𝛼⁄ = 1.96, 𝜎 = 25 𝐸=2 n=?
2
3. level of confidence = 90% 4. level of confidence = 99%
standard deviation = 23 standard deviation = 15
margin of error = 5 margin of error = 4
sample size = ? sample size = ?
5. Compute for the sample size if the margin of error is 6, with a sample standard
deviation of 20 and a 95% level of confidence.
What’s New
In each of the situations below, identify the values of the following:
A. confidence level C. standard deviation, (𝜎)
B. critical value, (𝑍𝛼⁄ ) D. margin of error, (𝐸)
2
Situation 1
A researcher would like to estimate the mean weight loss of people one year
after using a specific weight loss program. How many people on the weight loss
program must be surveyed in order to be 95% confident that the sample mean weight
loss is within 0.75 pounds of the true population mean? Assume the population
standard deviation is known to be 10.4 pounds.
Situation 2
An investigator wants to estimate the mean birth weight of infants born full-
term to mothers who are 19 years of age and under. The mean birth weight of infants
born full-term to mothers 20 years of age and older is 3,510 grams with a standard
deviation of 385 grams. How many women 19 years of age and under must be
enrolled in the study to ensure that a 90% confidence on interval estimate of the
mean birth weight of their infants has a margin of error not exceeding 100 grams?
Situation 3
A medical practitioner wants to estimate the mean systolic blood pressure in pre-
school children with inborn heart disease. He plans on using a 99% confidence
interval and a margin of error of 5 units. The standard deviation of systolic blood
pressures in pre-school children with inborn heart disease is 20. How many children
should be enrolled in the study?
What is It
In the previous module, you equipped yourself with a formula in determining
the sample size. It is expected that you have learned very well the steps in using the
formula because you will still use it in this module. Also, in the previous lesson, the
values needed in the computation were already given. But since you are dealing with
worded problems in this module, you are going to identify first the given values from
330
the problem before you can use the formula. Hence, it is important to correctly
identify those values.
The Sample Size Determination in Estimating Population Mean
Let us imagine that you own a fast-food company. You are doing a survey to
get an idea of how long customers stay in a restaurant. In the past two years, it was
observed that the standard deviation of the time they stay in a restaurant is 12
minutes. How many people do you need to observe so that the desired margin of error
will not be more than three (3) minutes with a confidence level of 95%?
Let us identify first the given in the problem
Confidence Level = 95%
Critical Value (𝑍𝛼⁄ ) = 1.96
2
Margin of Error (𝐸) =3
Standard Deviation (𝜎) = 12
Then using the formula, you will have,

2
(𝑍𝛼⁄ )(𝜎) (1.96)(12) 2 23.52 2
𝑛= [ 2
] = [ ] = [ ] = [7.84]2 = 61.47
𝐸 3 3
The formula always gives you the minimum number of sample sizes needed to
ensure the specified precision. Hence, if you round down 61.47 to 61 (like what we
usually do in rounding off numbers), it will be less than the minimum. Therefore,
you should always round up whatever the decimal part is. Thus, the required
sample size is 62.
What if you wish to minimize the error to at most 2 (E ≤ 2)? Will it affect the
sample size? Let’s find out. Your given values will be
2

2
(𝑍𝛼⁄ )(𝜎) (1.96)(12) 2 23.52 2
𝑛= [ 2
] = [ ] = [ ] = [11.76] 2 = 138.30
𝐸 2 2
Thus, the sample size required is 139.

Suppose the margin of error is further reduced to at most 1 (E ≤ 1), the
sample size will be
2
(𝑍𝛼⁄ )(𝜎) (1.96)(12) 2 23.52 2
𝑛= [ 2
] = [ ] = [ ] = [23.52] 2 = 553.19 or 554
𝐸 1 1
What does it imply? As the margin of error gets smaller, the sample size gets
larger. Or you can say that one way to minimize the error is by increasing the sample
size. The same variation will be applied if the margin of error increases.
Moreover, if you reduce the level of confidence to 90% it will surely affect the
sample size. Upon changing the level of confidence to 90%, the critical value will
change also.
331
2
Then using the formula to compute for the sample size, you have
2
(𝑍𝛼⁄ )(𝜎) (1.645)(12) 2 19.74 2
𝑛= [ 2
] = [ ] = [ ] = [6.58]2 = 43.33 or 44.
𝐸 3 3
If we further reduce the level of confidence to 80%, the sample size will
be computed as follows:
2
2
(𝑍𝛼⁄ )(𝜎) (1.28)(12) 2 15.36 2
𝑛= [ 2
] = [ ] = [ ] = [5.128] 2 = 26.21 or 27.
𝐸 3 3
The changes in the level of confidence in the computation above tell you that
as the sample size gets smaller as your level of confidence decreases.
Factors Affecting Sample size Determination
There are three factors that influence the sample size determination; (1) the
level of confidence, (2) the population standard deviation, and (3) the margin of error.
Among these factors, only two are under the researcher’s control.
These are:
• Margin of Error. Since no sample will be perfect, you need to decide how much
error to allow. The confidence interval determines this. The less error you’re willing
to accept, the bigger the sample size needs to be.
• Confidence Level. This determines how certain you want to be that the parameter
falls within your confidence interval. Most common confidence intervals are 90%,
95% or 99%. The more confident you want to be, the bigger the sample size needs to
be.
Table 1:
The table below shows the confidence coefficient (critical values, 𝑍𝛼⁄ )
2
for a different level of confidence.
Level of
Confiden 99.73 99 98 96 95.45 95 90% 80 68.27 50%
ce % % % % % % % %
z 2
3.00
2.5 2.3 2.0 2.00 1.9 1.64 1.2 1.00 0.674
8 3 5 6 5 8 5
An investigator wants to estimate the caffeine consumption of senior high
school students. How many students would be required to ensure that a 95%
confidence interval estimate for the mean caffeine intake (measured in mg) is within
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15mg of the true mean? Assume that the standard deviation in caffeine intake is
68mg
Let us identify first the given in the problem

2
Margin of Error (𝐸) = 15
2
(𝑍𝛼⁄ )(𝜎) (1.96)(68) 2 133.28 2
𝑛= [ 2
] = [ ] = [ ] = [8.89]2 = 78.03
𝐸 15 15
Hence, at least 79 students are required to participate to ensure a 95%

level of confidence.
A nurse at Lucena United Medical Center is interested in estimating the birth
weight of infants. How large a sample must be if she desires to be 98% confident that
the true mean is within 3 ounces of the sample mean? The standard deviation of
birth weights is known to be 6 ounces.
Given in the problem are the following:
2
Standard Deviation (𝜎) =6

2
(𝑍𝛼⁄ )(𝜎) (2.33)(6) 2 13.98 2
𝑛= [ 2
] = [ ] = [ ] = [4.66]2 = 21.72
𝐸 3 3
Therefore, the nurse needs at least 22 infants to be enrolled in the study to be

98% confident that the true mean weight of newborn infants is within 3 ounces of
the sample mean.
What’s More
Apply the knowledge you obtained from the discussion by solving the given problems
below.
1. A 99% confidence interval has to be created to estimate the mean volume of
contents in the bottles of Honey-Z. Assume that the population standard
deviation is 20 ml. Calculate the sample size needed if the margin of error is no
more than:
a. 6 ml
b. 5 ml
c. 4 ml
d. 3 ml
333
2. How large sample size is required to determine the mean IQ of seventh graders of
Luis Palma National High School within +3 points, population standard deviation
of 15, and with the following confidence level?
a. 98%
b. 95%.
c. 90%.
d. 80%.
What I Have Learned
To summarize what you have learned from this module try completing the following
statements. Write the correct word or phrase in a separate sheet of paper.
1. _________________________ is a process of finding the number of elements to be

drawn from a population to create sub-group called sample, subject for a study.
2. The sample size is determined by the equation ___________________.
3. In the formula/equation for the sample size, n is the required sample size,  is
z 2
the _____________________,  represents the __________________,
and ___________ is the margin of error.
4. The factors which influence the sample size determination are
____________________, ____________________ and ____________________.
5. As the sample size gets larger, the margin of error gets __________________.
6. The level of confidence determines how certain you want to be that the parameter
fall within your confidence interval. The more confident you want to be, the
______________ the sample size needs to be.
What I Can Do
Read the following problems carefully. Apply your skills in solving the following cases.
1. A researcher found that the IQ scores of the ALS students in the Division of Quezon
Province are normally distributed with a mean of 110 and a standard deviation of
10.
a. How many ALS students are needed to test so that the estimate will not be more
than 5 from the population mean with a 99% level of confidence?
b. Due to limited contact with ALS students, the researcher tested a small number
of ALS students. Explain the effect of this small sample on the estimate of the
parameter?
2. A confidence interval estimate has a maximum error of 2.50. If the distribution of
the data where the estimate is obtained is normal with a standard deviation of 9,
a. How many samples are considered in 98% confidence interval estimate for the
mean?
b. What must be done to the sample size to reduce the margin of error of the
confident interval estimate? Support your answer.
Assessment
Direction: Choose the letter of the correct answer for each item. Shade/blacken the
circle that corresponds to your chosen answer.
A B C D 1. The following are the factors to consider in the

O O O O determination on sample size EXCEPT for the __________.
A. Margin of error C. confidence interval
B. Level of confidence D. variance or standard deviation
334
A B C D 2. The value of confidence coefficient ( z ) of 1.96 is used in
O O O O 2
sample size determination if a researcher wants to be
_______% confidence level that the parameter is within the
estimate.
A 99 B. 95 C. 92 D.
90
A B C D 3. How does the level of confidence affect the sample size?

O O O O (Consider that other factors are constant)
A. The higher the level of confidence, the smaller the
B. The lower the level of confidence, the larger the sample
size required.
C. The lower the level of confidence, the smaller the
D. The sample size remains constant in every level of
confidence.
A B C D 4. Which of the following is the correct equation for sample

O O O O size determination?

2
(𝑍𝛼⁄ )(𝜎)
A. n  x  z 2 ( ) C. 𝑛 = [ 2
]
n 𝐸
B. n = X + E D. n = df + 1
A B C D 5. How does the margin of error and sample size affect one
O O O O another? (Assume that the other factors are constant)
A. A smaller sample size reduces the margin of error.
B. A higher margin of error requires a larger sample.
C. A lower margin of error requires a larger sample size.
D. A small sample size results in a lower margin of error.
A B C D 6. How does the standard deviation (𝜎) affect the sample size?
O O O O (Assume that the other factors are constant)
A. The sample size is constant for all values of 𝜎.
B. Lower 𝜎 reduces the required sample size.
C. Lower 𝜎increases the required sample size.
D. Higher 𝜎 decreases the required sample size.
A B C D 7. A researcher wants his/her estimate with a minimum

O O O O margin of error. Which of the following is suggested?
A. reduce the sample size.
B. use a sample size of 30.
C. increase the sample size.
D. use a sample size of less than 25.
A B C D 8. How large is the sample size required so that a researcher

O O O O is 99% confident with the estimate of a sample, of
standard deviation 5, that the error will not be more than
2?
A. 6 B. 13 C. 42 D. 84
335
A B C D 9. If a 90% level of confidence is applied by the researcher
O O O O in the condition given in item # 8, what sample size shall
be obtained?
A. 8 B. 17 C. 27 D.
34
For questions 10 to 15, refer to the situation that follows.
The diameter of the coconuts harvested in a local farm is normally distributed with
a population variance of 64 mm. At a 99% level of confidence, a researcher wants
to have an estimate that will not be more than 2 mm from the TRUE population
average diameter of the coconuts.
A B C D 10. What correct confidence coefficient should be applied to
O O O O determine the required sample size?
A. 2.58 B. 2.33 C. 1.96 D. 1.645
A B C D 11. What is the given population standard deviation from the

O O O O situation?
A. 8 B. 16 C. 24 D. 64
A B C D 12. What is the desired margin of error for the estimate of the
O O O O population parameter?
A. 2 B. 3 C. 4 D. 16
A B C D 13. What sample size shall be used by a researcher to meet the

O O O O expected results? (Round up to the nearest whole number)
A. 16 B. 32 C. 62 D. 107
A B C D 14. If the researcher wishes to reduce the error of the estimate,

O O O O what should be done?
I Consider a larger sample.
II Reduce the level of confidence
III Increase the level of confidence.
A. I only C. I and II only

B. II only D. I and III only
A B C D 15. What sample size is needed for the situation to have a

O O O O margin of error not more than 1? (Round to the nearest
whole number)
A. 87 B. 102 C. 347 D. 427
336
How well did you perform in this lesson? Are you ready for the next lesson?
If you are, then answer the following situation.
As a researcher, you were hired by MNG Clinic to estimate the average BMI
of the adult population of Lucena City. A previous survey indicates a standard
deviation of 15.50. How many adults should be visited as samples in order to be 95%
confident that the confidence interval estimate will not differ from the true population
mean by more than 3? What type of random technique will you use to get your
sample? State your procedure in conducting the survey.
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
___________________
337
375
What I have Learned What I can do
1. small, population variance/ 1. normal
standard deviation distribution
2. William S. Gosset 2. both
3. bell, zero, 1 3. both
4. horizontal axis 4. normal
5. zero distribution
6. degrees of freedom 5. t-distribution
7. lower, thicker 6. both
8. normal distribution 7. t-distribution
9. greater 8. t-distribution
10. v/v-2 9. both
10. both
Assessment What's More What I Know
1. C 1. REAL
1. C
2. C 2. REAL
2. A
3. A 3. FAKE
3. C
4. D 4. REAL
4. B
5. A 5. REAL
5. A
6. C 6. FAKE
6. A
7. C 7. REAL
7. C
8. D 8. FAKE
8. C
9. A 9. REAL
9. A
10. B 10. REAL
10. D
11. A
11. A
12. C
12. C
13. A
13. A
14. B
14. D
15. D
15. C
Module 21
376
What I Know
1. D
What’ More 2. D
Assessment ACTIVITY 1
3. B
1. B
4. C
2. A
5. D
3. D 1.
6. C
4. D
7. C
5. C
8. D
6. C
2. 9. B
7. D
10. C
8. B
11. A
9. A
12. D
10. B
3. 13. A
11. C
14. C
12. D
15. B
13. A
14. D 4.
What I can do
15. D
1. a 1.753
b. 1.701
5. c. 1.660
1. 0.0779 or 7.79%
ACTIVITY 2 2. 2.552
2. 0.0052 or 0.52%
1. 1.321 3. 1.318
3. 0.9810 or 98.10% 2. 0.700
3. -2.150
4. 1.844
4. -1.108
5. -0.312 5. -0.861
6. 1.740
7. 2.528
8. 2.145
9. -0.684
Module 22
377
What's More
What I Know
Assessment Practice Activity 1
The average percentage of people
1. C
1. B who are satisfied with the
product is 52%
2. B
2. D The lower limit of confidence
interval is 48.02% or 0.4802.
The upper limit of confidence
3. A
3. A
interval is 55.98% or 0.5598.
The confidence interval is
4. B
4. B
(48.02%,55.98%) or
(0.4802,0.5598). 5. C
5. D
6. D
6. C Independent Assessment 1
What is the lower limit? 7. C
7. B 13226.35
8. B
8. B What is the upper limit?
13773.65 9. A
9. B
What is the length of confidence 10. D
10. D interval?
(13 226.35,13773.65)
If you have P13,100.00, is that
amount lies within the
confidence interval?
NO.
What is the margin of error? 2.2
What is the average time they
read per week? 15.7 hours
What is the lower limit? 30.26
What is the upper limit? 33.34
What is the confidence interval?
(30.26,33.34)
Based on the interval you get,
is it plausible that the mean
age of all graduate students at
her university is
also 33 years? Yes
Module 23
378
What's More
What I Know Assessment
Independent Activity 1
23.B n=70 9. B
=15
24.D Zc = 1.75 10.B
𝝈
Formula: E =𝒛𝜶⁄𝟐 ( )
25.C √𝒏 11.C
𝟏𝟓
Solution: E = (1.75) ( )
√𝟕𝟎
26.A E = 3.14
12.D
27.A Independent Assessment 1 13.D
28.B n=100 14.C
=25
29.D Zc = 1.64 (90%) 15.C
𝝈
Formula: E = za/2( )
30.A √𝒏 16.B
𝟐𝟓
Solution: E = (1.645) ( )
√𝟏𝟎𝟎
31.A E = 4.11
17.D
32.C 18.D
33.B 19.C
n=300
34.A =84 20.B
Zc = 1.75
35.A 𝝈 21.A
Formula: L = 2𝒛𝜶/𝟐 ( )
√𝒏
36.D 𝟖𝟒 22.A
Solution: L = 2(1.75) ( )
√𝟑𝟎𝟎
37.D L = 16.97 23.A
n=240
=60
Zc = 1.28
𝝈
Formula: L = 2𝒛𝜶/𝟐 ( )
√𝒏
Additional Activities 𝟔𝟎
Solution: L = 2(1.28) ( )
√𝟐𝟒𝟎
L = 9.91
1. 4.11 n=350
=750
2. 119.17 𝑥̅ =13,500
Zc = 2.58
3. 54.91 < μ < Formulas: a. 𝑥̅ − 𝐸 < 𝜇< 𝑥̅ + 𝐸
𝜎
b. L = 2𝑧𝛼/2( )
√𝑛
55.09 or 750
Solution: a. E=2.58( )
√350
(54.91,55.09) =103.43
The confidence interval is
𝑥̅ − 𝐸 < 𝜇< 𝑥̅ + 𝐸
13,500-103.43<𝜇 < 13500 + 103.43
13,396.57<𝜇 <13603.43
This means that we are 99% confident that the
average price of all cellphones lies between
₱13,396.57 and ₱13603.43
b. L = 2E=2(103.43) =206.86
n=60
=55
𝑥̅ =150
Zc = 1.96 (95%)
𝜎
Formula: L =2za/2( )
√𝑛
𝟓𝟓
Solution: L = 2(1.96) ( )
√𝟔𝟎
L =27.84
Module 24
379
𝜎
a. 𝑛 = 70, 𝜎 = 15, 𝑍𝛼⁄2 = 1.75, 𝐸=𝑧 ∙ 𝛼 𝐸 = 3.14
2 √𝑛
𝑍𝛼⁄ 𝜎
2
b. E= 15, 𝜎 = 43, 𝑍𝛼⁄2 = 2.33, 𝑛 = ( 𝐸
)2, 𝑛 = 45
What’s More
No. Confidence 𝑍𝛼⁄ E 𝜎 n
2
Level
1 99% or 0.99 2.58 2.5 30 959
2 90% or 0.90 1.645 7.5 27 36
3 95% or 0.95 1.96 4.5 9 16
4 92% or 0.92 1.75 3 45 690
5 98% or 0.98 2.33 2.5 30 782
What’s More
What’s New
Independent Assessment 26.1 𝜎
Step 1: 𝐸 = 𝑧𝛼 ∙
2 √𝑛
a. 151 b. 341 c. 279
𝑍𝛼⁄ 𝜎
Independent Activity 26.2 2
Step 2: √𝑛 =
𝐸
𝝈 √𝒏•𝑬 𝑍𝛼⁄ 𝜎
𝑬 = 𝒛𝜶 ∙ 𝝈= 2
𝟐 √𝒏 𝒁𝜶⁄ Step 3: 𝑛 = ( )2
𝟐 𝐸
What’s In Assessment What I Know
A.1. 59.63
2. 4.6 1. B 1. A
2. D 2. D
3. 3.842 3. B 3. C
4. 24 4. A 4. B
5.97 5. A 5. A
B. 6. C 6. A
7. D 7. B
Lower Upper
Margin Confidence Confidence 8. C 8. A
Confidence of Error
𝝈 Limit Limit 9. A 9. B
coefficient 𝑬 = 𝒛𝜶 ∙ 𝝈 𝝈
𝟐 √𝒏 𝑳=𝒙
̅ − 𝒛𝜶 ∙ 𝑳=𝒙
̅ + 𝒛𝜶 ∙
𝟐 √𝒏 𝟐 √𝒏
10. C 10. C
11. A 11. C
1.96 2.34 67.66 72.34 12. D 12. D
13. D 13. D
14. A 14. B
15. A 15. D
Module 25
380
What I have Learned What’s More
1. Sample size determination 1.
2
(𝑍𝛼⁄ )(𝜎) a. 74
2
2. 𝑛= [ ] b. 107
𝐸
c. 167
3. critical value,
d. 296
population standard deviation,
E
4. Level of Confidence,
2.
standard deviation,
a. 136
margin of error
b. 97
5. smaller
c. 68
6. larger/bigger
d. 41
Assessment What’s New What I
Know
1. C Situation 1
a. 95% 1. C
2. B
b. 1.96
2. D
3. C c. 10.4 lbs
d. 0.75 lb s 3. C
4. C
4. D
5. C Situation 2
a. 90% 5. C
6. B b. 1.645
c. 385 grams 6. B
7. C
d. 100 grams 7. C
8. C
Situation 3 8. B
9. B
a. 99% 9. C
10. A b. 2.58
c. 20 10. C
11. A
d. 5 11. A
12. A
12. B
13. D
What’s In 13. B
14. C
1. 107, 2. 601, 3. 58, 4. 94 14. C
15. D
5. 43 15. C
Module 26
381
What I can do
1.a. 27
b. A sample size that is too small reduces the power to estimate the
IQ scores of IQ students in the Division of Quezon. It also
increases the margin of error of the estimate.
2a. 71
b. increases the number of samples. As the sample size gets larger,
the margin of error gets smaller.
103, The students may choose from different types of random
sampling discussed in the previous modules.

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Statistics and

Published by the Department of Education

Development Team of the Module

Writers: Gilberto M. Delfina

Department of Education – Region IV-A CALABARZON

Office Address: Gate 2 Karangalan Village, Barangay San Isidro

1. illustrate the t-distribution and enumerate its properties; and

For numbers 9 to 11,

__________1. The z-distribution is a normal distribution with a mean of 0 and

2 Is there a given population

You have here a plot of standard normal distribution in black and t-

2. The t-distribution is bell-shaped like the normal distribution but has

t-distribution has Normal distribution

Published by the Department of Education

Development Team of the Module

Writers: Gilberto M. Delfina

Department of Education – Region IV-A CALABARZON

Office Address: Gate 2 Karangalan Village, Barangay San Isidro

A. 0.15 B. 0.75 C. 15% D. 0.85

The distribution is symmetric

The standard deviation is

It has heavier tails than

As the degrees of freedom increases,

It has higher peak than

The total area under the

Answer the following questions.

Similarly, the area to the right tail

Find the 95th percentile of a t-distribution with 6 degrees of freedom.

Find the 5th percentile of a t-distribution with 6 degrees of freedom.

INDEPENDENT ASSESSMENT: “Percen-TILES”

What I Have Learned

5. In a t-distribution with 13 degrees of freedom, what is the 38th percentile?

Published by the Department of Education

Development Team of the Module

Writers: Maryquenn F. Reyes

Department of Education – Region IV-A CALABARZON

Office Address: Gate 2 Karangalan Village, Barangay San Isidro

After going through this module, you are expected to:

7. What is the sample mean?

For nos. 11 – 13:

11. Which of the following values is the 𝑥̅ ?

Words to fill in Preamble Answers

Here is the problem to answer the questions:

3. What do you think is the symbol for mean?

The Confidence level of an interval estimate of a parameter is the probability

Confidence interval or interval estimate is a range of values that is used to estimate

What is the lower limit? _______________________

What is the margin of error? _________________________

Accuracy of the solution 50%

Clarity and content of the problem 25%

Originality and creativity 25%

For nos. 7 – 10:

1. What is the lower limit?

How well did you perform in this lesson?

Published by the Department of Education

Development Team of the Module

Writers: Reynante M. Velasco

Department of Education – Region IV-A CALABARZON

Office Address: Gate 2 Karangalan Village, Barangay San Isidro

1. apply the formula in determining the margin of error; and

A B C D 1. Which of the following formulas is used to get the margin

A B C D 2. Which of the following symbols is used for critical values?

A B C D 3. Which of the following symbols stand for the margin of