STS Group Report Slides Group 6

There is Grandeur in this View of Life:
The Darwin-Wallace Theory of Evolution

Analyzing Scientific Paradigm Shifts in Society
STS - WFR1
Group No. 6
Alvaro, Cacao, Galano, Lagman, Marquez, Natividad, Padilla, Roberto, Suboc
➔ Context
◆ Middle Ages - Renaissance - Age of Enlightenment
➔ Pre-Darwinian Theories
◆ Ussher, Linnaeus, Buffon, ...
➔ Charles Darwin and Alfred Wallace

◆ Background and History of Collaboration
➔ Theory of Natural Selection

◆ Definition, Key points
➔ Modern Impacts of Darwinian Thought

◆ Neo-Darwinism
➔ Summary
OUTLINE
Scientific
Religion Man
Revolution
Middle Ages Renaissance Age of Reason

(Medieval Period)
14th to 17th Century (Age of Enlightenment)
5th to 15th Century 18th to 19th Century
INTRODUCTION
➔ Context



◆ Neo-Darwinism
➔ Summary
OUTLINE
Jean-Baptiste
Lord Charles
James Lamarck
Monboddo Lyell
Ussher
Étienne
Erasmus Geoffroy
Carolus
Darwin Saint-Hilaire
Linnaeus
Georges
Robert Edmond
Buffon
Grant
1600’s 1735 1749 1773 1794 1809 1818 1830
PRE-DARWINIAN THEORIES OF EVOLUTION

adding generations
humans descended from
of the bible to modern
primates
history
plants and animals had a
common evolutionary
starting point
all warm-blooded animals

modern hierarchical
arose and differentiated
classification system
from a single form
constantly changing
theory of inheritance of popularized the doctrine
world in which species
acquired characteristics of uniformitarianism
change over time
PRE-DARWINIAN THEORIES OF EVOLUTION

➔ Context



◆ Neo-Darwinism
➔ Summary
OUTLINE
Charles Darwin
February 12, 1809 - April 19, 1882
● Wealthy family
● Edinburgh University & Christ’s College

(Cambridge)
● H.M.S. Beagle
○ The Voyage of the Beagle
● On the Origin of Species
DARWIN
Alfred Russel Wallace
January 8, 1823 - November 7, 1913
● Impoverished family
● Surveyor, Teacher and Professional

Collector
● Amazon & Spice Islands

○ The Malay Archipelago
○ Darwinism
WALLACE
● Victorian society rejected
revolutionary ideas that
suggested non-theological
explanations.
● At the conclusion of his

famous voyage on the
Beagle, in October 1836,
young Charles Darwin
(1809-1882) was welcomed
by this Victorian scientific
HMS Beagle
elite.
HISTORY OF THEIR COLLABORATION

● Wallace developed some of his most
important ideas about natural
selection during an eight-year
expedition to what was then the
Dutch East Indies — modern-day
Indonesia.
● By 1855, Wallace had come to the

conclusion that living things evolve.

● Wallace wrote his theory down in a
closely argued, eight- or nine-page
paper, says Tony Whitten, a Wallace
expert with British-based Flora & Fauna
International.

● It took over 20 years until, in
June 1858, an already
mature Darwin received a
letter from Alfred Russel
Wallace (1823-1913).
● On July 1, 1858, at the

Linnean Society of London,
a summary of a theory of
natural selection was
presented.
Linnean Society of London

● The following year, Darwin published his
book On the Origin of Species.
● Wallace, ultimately, faded into obscurity.
But Wallace was one of the great
defenders of Darwin’s ideas.
● “Darwinism” (1889), written by Wallace
himself, was the most recent and
complete version written on evolutionism
and the reference work.
On the Origin of Species

➔ Context



◆ Neo-Darwinism
➔ Summary
OUTLINE
The Theory of Natural Selection
best known and understood by the phrase,
“survival of the fittest”

Variation
Inheritance
High Rate Population Growth
Different Survival Reproduction

Herbert Spencer
➔ Context



◆ Neo-Darwinism
➔ Summary
OUTLINE
● The Emergence of Evolutionary Biology
1. Non-Constancy
2. Single Unique Origin
3. Gradual
4. Theory of Natural Selection
● “Darwinian Zeitgeist”
○ Natural Selection as a school of thought
● Time Factor in Biology
MODERN IMPACTS OF DARWINIAN THOUGHT

“To borrow Darwin’s phrase, there is grandeur in this view of life.
New modes of thinking have been, and are being, evolved. Almost
every component in modern man’s belief system is somehow affected
by Darwinian principles.” (Mayr, 2009)
MODERN IMPACTS OF DARWINIAN THOUGHT

An example -- NEO-DARWINISM
the state-of-the-art in evolutionary biology
WHAT?
● Modification of Darwin-Wallace’s Theory -- addition of:
○ Mendelian Genetics
○ Molecular Biology
○ Population Genetics
NEO-DARWINISM
WHAT?
Basically, Darwin-Wallace’s Theory (Darwinism) + other ideas!
NEO-DARWINISM
WHAT?
Basically, Darwin-Wallace’s Theory (Darwinism) + other ideas!
Darwinism contributed to the development of Neo-Darwinism!
NEO-DARWINISM
SO WHAT?
● Explains reason for variation!

○ Mutation -- can be good or bad (random)
○ Genetic Recombination
NEO-DARWINISM
SO WHAT?

○ Reproductive Isolation
NEO-DARWINISM
SO WHAT?

○ Reproductive Isolation
○ Natural Selection*
*Neo-Darwinism has a more detailed definition
NEO-DARWINISM
NATURAL SELECTION
DARWINISM NEO-DARWINISM
NEO-DARWINISM
NATURAL SELECTION
“Natural Selection is the
survival of the fittest and
removal of the unfit ones
during the course of time”
NEO-DARWINISM
NATURAL SELECTION
“Natural Selection is the “Amplification of fittest genes
survival of the fittest and that is best suited to an
removal of the unfit ones environment”
NEO-DARWINISM
NATURAL SELECTION
NEO-DARWINISM
NATURAL SELECTION
DARWINISM IS THE FRAMEWORK!

NEO-DARWINISM
➔ Context



◆ Neo-Darwinism
➔ Summary
OUTLINE
Why was Darwin-Wallace’s theory a turning point in the
timeline of evolutionary thought?
BEFORE OBSTACLES
● All aspects of nature were considered fixed ● Overcome the concept of “fixity of species”
● Change was inconceivable ● Establish a theory of long geological timeline
● Shaped by powerful religious system
● Speculations
Darwin and Wallace presented a concrete perspective to overcome the

obstacles of evolutionary thought.
NATURAL and OBSERVABLE way of life to change
SUMMARY
Why was Darwin-Wallace’s theory a turning point in the
timeline of evolutionary thought?
It would take the discovery of genes and mutations in the 20th

century to make Theory of Natural Selection
not just attractive, but unavoidable.
SUMMARY
How did this paradigm shift change society’s worldviews?
The Theory of Natural Selection
politics economics religion
SUMMARY
SUMMARY
Wallace & Darwin
1. https://www.npr.org/2013/04/30/177781424/he-helped-discover-evolution-and-then-became-extinct
2. https://undertheskin.co.uk/journal/the-darwin-wallace-theory/
3. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Charles-Darwin
4. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Alfred-Russel-Wallace
5. Hodge, R. 2009. Evolution: The History of Life on Earth. Facts on File, Inc. New York. pp. 34-62
Timeline of Evolutionary Thought
6. https://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/article/history_14
7. https://philosophynow.org/issues/71/The_Evolution_of_Evolutionary_Theory
History of Darwin - Wallace Collaboration
8. https://www.bbvaopenmind.com/en/wallace-and-darwin-a-pact-for-evolution/
9. https://www.npr.org/2013/04/30/177781424/he-helped-discover-evolution-and-then-became-extinct
“Paradigm Shift”
10. http://www.pnas.org/content/106/Supplement_1/10040
11. https://www.wired.com/2011/07/0701darwin-wallace-linnaean-society-london/
12. https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/f860/c47299fcda9ed474aac197a0c001565975c3.pdf
13. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.4161/cib.17702?needAccess=true
14. https://openlab.citytech.cuny.edu/seto-bio1lc/2012/12/17/darwin-a-paradigm-shift/
Neo-Darwinism
15. https://www.panspermia.org/neodarw.htm
16. https://www.majordifferences.com/2013/02/difference-between-darwinism-and-neo.html#.VmO8p7grLIU
Pre-Darwinian Theories of Evolution
17. https://www2.palomar.edu/anthro/evolve/evolve_1.htm
18. http://extendedevolutionarysynthesis.com/resources/timeline-of-evolutionary-theory
REFERENCES
There is Grandeur in this View of Life:
Analyzing Scientific Paradigm Shifts in Society
STS - WFR1
Group No. 6
Alvaro, Cacao, Galano, Lagman, Marquez, Natividad, Padilla, Roberto, Suboc

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There is Grandeur in this View of Life:

The Darwin-Wallace Theory of Evolution

➔ Charles Darwin and Alfred Wallace

➔ Theory of Natural Selection

➔ Modern Impacts of Darwinian Thought

Middle Ages Renaissance Age of Reason

➔ Charles Darwin and Alfred Wallace

➔ Theory of Natural Selection

➔ Modern Impacts of Darwinian Thought

1600’s 1735 1749 1773 1794 1809 1818 1830

PRE-DARWINIAN THEORIES OF EVOLUTION

all warm-blooded animals

PRE-DARWINIAN THEORIES OF EVOLUTION

➔ Charles Darwin and Alfred Wallace

➔ Theory of Natural Selection

➔ Modern Impacts of Darwinian Thought

● Edinburgh University & Christ’s College

● On the Origin of Species

● Surveyor, Teacher and Professional

● Amazon & Spice Islands

● At the conclusion of his

HISTORY OF THEIR COLLABORATION

● By 1855, Wallace had come to the

HISTORY OF THEIR COLLABORATION

HISTORY OF THEIR COLLABORATION

● On July 1, 1858, at the

Linnean Society of London

HISTORY OF THEIR COLLABORATION

On the Origin of Species

HISTORY OF THEIR COLLABORATION

➔ Charles Darwin and Alfred Wallace

➔ Theory of Natural Selection

➔ Modern Impacts of Darwinian Thought

“survival of the fittest”

High Rate Population Growth

Different Survival Reproduction

➔ Charles Darwin and Alfred Wallace

➔ Theory of Natural Selection

➔ Modern Impacts of Darwinian Thought

MODERN IMPACTS OF DARWINIAN THOUGHT

MODERN IMPACTS OF DARWINIAN THOUGHT

Basically, Darwin-Wallace’s Theory (Darwinism) + other ideas!

Basically, Darwin-Wallace’s Theory (Darwinism) + other ideas!

Darwinism contributed to the development of Neo-Darwinism!

● Explains reason for variation!

● Explains reason for variation!

● Explains reason for variation!

*Neo-Darwinism has a more detailed definition

“Natural Selection is the

survival of the fittest and

removal of the unfit ones

during the course of time”

“Natural Selection is the “Amplification of fittest genes

survival of the fittest and that is best suited to an

removal of the unfit ones environment”

during the course of time”

“Natural Selection is the “Amplification of fittest genes

survival of the fittest and that is best suited to an

removal of the unfit ones environment”

during the course of time”

“Natural Selection is the “Amplification of fittest genes

survival of the fittest and that is best suited to an

removal of the unfit ones environment”