SIP Report 23859 Ashikin Mastura Amirudin

STUDENT INDUSTRIAL REPORT
ASHIKIN MASTURA BINTI AMIRUDIN
STUDENT INDUSTRIAL PROJECT (SIP)
REPORT
The Design Analysis of Load Carrying Capacities of A Slender Column

For Roof Canopy System During Installation Process
KLCC PROJEKS SERVICES SDN. BHD. (249389-V)
3rd SEPT 2019 – 6th DEC 2019
NAME : ASHIKIN MASTURA BINTI AMIRUDIN
MATRIX ID : 23859
PROGRAMME : CIVIL & ENVIRONMENTAL

OF STUDY ENGINEERING (CEE)
Internal
KLCC Projeks Services Sdn Bhd
©2019
i) Verification Statement
Refer to next page
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©2019
VERIFICATION STATEMENT
I hereby verify that this report was written by ASHIKIN MASTURA BINTI
AMIRUDIN and all information regarding this company and the projects involved
are NOT confidential.
Host Company Supervisor’s
Signature & Stamp
Name En. Mohd. Naim Daud
Designation Executive Civil & Structure Engineer
Host Company KLCC Projeks Services Sdn. Bhd.
Date
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
In the Name of Allah, The Most Gracious and The Most Merciful.
Throughout the course of my Student Industrial Internship Project (SIIP) with KLCC
Projeks Services Sdn. Bhd., I had been given the opportunity for learning and
professional development. In my 7 months here with this company, I consider myself
as a very lucky individual to be a part of this team stationed at Universiti Teknologi
PETRONAS. I am grateful for having the chance to meet many wonderful people and
professionals who led me through this internship period.
I would like to express my deepest gratitude and special thanks to my Supervisor, Mr.
Mohd Naim Daud (Executive Civil & Structure), who guided, monitored and
supported me on the correct path and allowing me to carry out my training with ease.
Also, not forgetting my esteemed colleague, Mr. Mohd Yaz Mat Rashcid (Head of
Section), Ms. Nurhamiza (Admin & Document Control), Mr. Nor Azman Alang
(Executive Architect) and Mr. Mohd Zulhilmi Zainuddin (Executive Mechanical) who
also assisted me to sustain a positive atmosphere in KLCCPSB, I choose this moment
to acknowledge their contribution gratefully for they have given me careful and
precious guidance which are extremely valuable for my study both theoretically and
practically.
My appreciation also extends to the staffs in Career Development Office (CDO),

Centre for Student Development (CSD) of UTP for providing extensive career
preparations through various workshops, modules and invitations, ensuring that
interns, such as myself, are well-prepared to bring out our best during this industrial
engagement.
Lastly, I would like to thank my family and friends who endlessly showed support and
continuous encouragement. Your prayers and motivation pushed me to believe in my
passion and dream.
Thank you.
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KLCC PROJEKS SERVICES SDN. BHD. (248537-P)
STUDENT INDUSTRIAL PROJECT REPORT Date 15.11.2019

The Design Analysis of Load Carrying Capacities of a Slender Section Content
Column for Roof Canopy System During Installation Process Page No. iii.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Item Title Page
Host Company Verification Statement i.
Acknowledgement ii.
Table of Contents iii.
1.0 INFORMATION
1.1 List of Figures iv.
1.2 List of Table v.
2.0 ABSTRACT vi.
3.0 INTRODUCTION
3.1 General 1
3.2 Background of Study 3
3.3 Problem Statement 4
3.4 Objectives 4
3.5 Scope of Work 5
4.0 LITERATURE REVIEW
4.1 General Overview of Study 7
4.2 Column Characteristics 7
4.3 Overview of Column Theory 8
4.4 Modes of Failure 9
4.5 Overview of Column Deflection Problem 10
4.6 Function of Temporary Support Towers 11
5.0 METHODOLOGY
5.1 Introduction 12
5.2 Methods of Data Collection and Analysis 13
5.2.1 Documents Review Method 13
5.2.2 Observation and Hands on Practicality 14
5.2.3 Extraction of Information 14
5.2.4 Questionnaire Design 14
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Column for Roof Canopy System During Installation Process Page No. iii.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Item Title Page
5.3 Tools 15
5.4 Project Activities
5.4.1 Plan & Execute 19
5.4.2 Analyse & Data Collection 28
5.4.3 Design 35
5.5 Design of Project Activities 36
5.6 Key Milestone and Gantt Chart 37
6.0 DESIGN CALCULATION
6.1 Types of Loadings 39
6.2 Rainfall Intensity 42
6.3 Wind Actions 50
6.4 Circular Column Design 59
6.5 Temporary Support Towers Design 67
6.6 Stump & Footing Design 73
7.0 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
7.1 Results and Discussion 81
8.0 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
8.1 Conclusion 93
8.2 Recommendations 95
9.0 REFERENCES
10.0 APPENDICES
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Column for Roof Canopy System During Installation Process Page No. iv
INFORMATION
1.1 List of Figures
Figure 1 3D Concept Drawing of Finished Construction Project

Figure 2 AutoCAD Drawing of Proposed Construction Project
Figure 3 3D View of Main Canopy
Figure 4 The Breakdown of Zoning During Construction Process
Figure 5 Difference Between Short Column and Slender Column
Figure 6 Column During Installation Process is Free Standing
Figure 7 Sequence of Work
Figure 8 Total Station Theodolite
Figure 9 Shop Drawing for Roof Canopy Layout
Figure 10 Shop Drawing for Base Plate Canopy with Slender Column
Figure 11 Construction Drawing for Column Sectional Detail
Figure 12 Shop Drawing for Temporary Support Tower B
Figure 13 Shop Drawing for Temporary Support Tower B Plan View
Figure 14 Access Tower by Crab 60 with working platform
Figure 15 AutoCAD Drawing on Erection Zone 1
Figure 16 Flow Chart of Analyse & Data Collection
Figure 17 Request for Work Inspection form on Column Erection
Figure 18 Request for Work Inspection Form on Column Erection
Figure 19 Section A Respondent Details
Figure 20 Section B Column Questionnaire
Figure 21 Section C Importance of Coordination
Figure 22 Column CR3
Figure 23 Heavy Rainfall in Malaysia
Figure 24 Monthly Weather Forecast in Seri Iskandar
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Column for Roof Canopy System During Installation Process Page No. iv
INFORMATION
Figure 25 Satellite Imagery of Site

Figure 26 Construction Drawing of Site Plan
Figure 27 Graph of Rainfall Excess vs Time vs Discharge
Figure 28 Northeast Monsoon Cloud Dispersion
Figure 29 Meteorology Warning on Extreme Weather
Figure 30 Wind Direction in UTP
Figure 31 Recorded Wind Speed
Figure 32 Basic Wind Speed for Vs
Figure 33 Slender Column Segments
Figure 34 Column Geometry
Figure 35 Slender Column ANSYS Workbench
Figure 36 Load and Boundary Conditions
Figure 37 Segmented Column
Figure 38 Load Path Analysis for Segmented Column
Figure 39 Mesh Refinement
Figure 40 Result of Deflection
Figure 41 Shear Force of Slender Column
Figure 42 Bending Moment Diagram
Figure 43 Graph of Slender Column Deflection
Figure 44 Excerpt from SH Design Calculation for Temporary Support
Figure 45 Slender Column at IRC
Figure 46 Support Bracing
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Column for Roof Canopy System During Installation Process Page No. v.
INFORMATION
1.2 List of Tables
Table 1 Slender Column ID

Table 2 Gantt Chart
Table 3 Limit Stress
Table 4 Deflection Limits
Table 5 Fitting Constants
Table 6 Storm Duration
Table 7 Continuous Loss
Table 8 Site Wind Action
Table 9 Effective Length Factor (ke)
Table 10 Section Properties of Slender Column
Table 11 Slender Column Design
Table 12 Input Loading to Slender Column
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The Design Analysis of Load Carrying Capacities of a Slender Section 2.0
Column for Roof Canopy System During Installation Process Page No. vi.
ABSTRACT
This paper presents with analytical investigations and design studies on the structural
behaviour of hollow cylindrical, slender steel column during construction process
subjected to combined lateral loading transfer. The column analysis was designed and
tested to investigate the horizontal load path transfer of slender column to temporary
support towers with supporting braces between both structures to maintain stability
and achieve verticality. This paper also presents the effects of natural climate changes
on targeted site area which covers the Southeast Asian monsoon weather. This
seasonality is important in regulating rain regime and will give critical impact of
construction process. In relation to the subject title, columns are subjugated to swaying
while on “free-standing” position and prolonged abnormality in the weather will cause
column deflection. To proceed with the analysis, variety of software programmes are
developed to study the geometrical and arithmetical interactions to which affects the
column profiles and the surrounding weather changes are taken into account. A Finite
Elevation Analysis (“FEA”) model are then used to perform extensive numerical
parametric study on the ultimate load capacity transfer to the temporary support
towers. The comparisons between the results obtained with FEA analysis and Design
Codes shows that the use of BS 6399, BS 5950, BS 5328, MS 1553 and MS 1462
methods gives substantial outcome. Moreover, the test results indicated that all
columns showed stability. Thus, all outcomes are tabulated and a comprehensive
suggestion to overcome the problem statement are discussed.
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Column for Roof Canopy System During Installation Process Page No. 1
INTRODUCTION
3.1 General
The column was an architectural invention which allowed for the support of ceilings
or roofs without the use of solid walls, therefor increasing the space which could be
spanned by a ceiling, allowing the entrance of light and offering an alternative aesthetic
to building exteriors. The system of columns has been used in construction since
Ancient Egypt which lasted from about 3100 BC until it was finally absorbed into the
Roman Empire during 30 BC in Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome. During that era,
columns was already incorporated within walls or to be free standing that carry loads
and transfers to the ground. Free-standing columns became so much a part of the
aesthetic look of a building that the columns themselves began to become independent
artistic elements. Many of the ancient Persian columns are of 30 metres and above tall.
At present, more and more tall buildings are being constructed. Such as these tall
columns are also incorporated with wide span roof canopy for shade. As to meet large
space requirements of public commercial function in the bottom of buildings, some
bottom columns at the corner of floor opening in real buildings possess large length,
such as 14.3 m long circular column in Port Center of Guangzhou Harbor project.
These columns not only show large slenderness ratio, but also are fixed at the foot with
large column stump supported by pad footings. Similar as to the construction of Roof
Canopy System in Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, the columns are referred as to
bottom slender column. The bearing capacity of bottom slender columns will deeply
influence by the effective length. Many studies on the deflection analysis of free-
standing column were conducted. This paper studies the force transfer of a slender
column when under free standing mode
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Figure 1 3D Concept Drawing of finished construction project
CR 4 CR 1
CR 6
CR 5 CR 3 CR 2
Figure 2 AutoCAD Drawing of proposed construction project
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3.2 Background of Study
Slender columns are subjected to deflecting risk and their stability must be checked.
Instability is caused by the interaction between bending and the axial force. If the
deflection (∆) caused by the bending moment is important it will interact with the axial
force (Ρ) and cause an extra moment equal to Ρ. ∆.
The slenderness problem is also called P-delta effect. In linear elastic (first order)
analysis, the deflections are considered so small that this P-delta effect is neglected but
for slender members it is no longer true and thus, second order structural analysis with
stability check must be performed. Due to the coupling between the deflection, axial
force and bending moment, the second order structural analysis is nonlinear and
complex.
More often than not, in real-life situation, slender columns are exposed to different
elements – harsh wind, extreme sun ray, heavy rainfall and even thunder. Because of
these climate changes, we see to the fact that column may deflect or sway if not being
maintained accordingly. Also, column erected will be free standing only supported by
anchor bolt and column stump and the load transfers to the footings.
MS 1553 Code only specifies the practices of wind loadings for building structures.
The design of slender column signifies the importance of stability and verticality hence
the structure is to withstand various forms of wind. There are two different classes of
design considerations due to wind loading effect on slender column. Firstly, the static
forces from the wind-loading pressure against the column cause an overturning
moment. Next design consideration is the dynamic effect from vortex shedding of
wind passing around the column. The overturning moment generated due to the wind
is neutralized through proper anchor bolting which prevents excessive cantilever
swaying or bending.
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3.3 Problem Statement
Construction deficiencies such as poor workmanship and design deficiencies, likely

not according to the specifications, will lead to various types of defects in the new
slender column. In this project, defects in new slender column are too many unabated
and the impacts from any fault are high maintenance costs, poor user satisfactions,
dangerous to the workers hence, the slender column will defeat its purpose to construct
the extended continuation of roof canopy. A sustained wind pressure will lead to the
deflection of column. There are two types of deflection induced with the wind. Static
deflection, due to wind in the direction of the wind and Dynamic deflection, due to
vortex shedding perpendicular to the direction of wind. The Hollow Column is
considered a weakened design case as it produces the maximum uplift due to minimum
restraining weight. While there is Work Method Statement provided, information on
preventative measures such are not available. It is believed that through theoretical and
simulation analysis, the slender column should be free from defects. Therefore, this
research project aims to evaluate the causes defects in the new buildings.
3.4 Objectives
The objectives for this paper are to study and present the following:
1. To analyse critical loading points to maintain verticality of slender column;

2. To determine the stability of slender column; and
3. To present preventative measures and action plan to counter deflection of
slender column.
Above objectives are aimed to achieve by the end of this research paper and a
comprehensive discussion following the action plan will be explained thoroughly.
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3.5 Scope of Work
To summarize this project, the data collection and information sources are very crucial
in order to obtain the best and accurate result on the design analysis of load carrying
capacities of a slender column during construction process. On the other hand, there
are also other few sources on obtaining information and data throughout this research
project. Thus, in achieving the objectives of the research project, the data and
information has been practically collected from the various sources as follows:
 Discussion made within the department regarding all the working

sequence of structural elements.
 Presentation of Work Method Statement on the Erection Sequence for
Roof Canopy by Main Contractor’s Construction Manager (“CM”) and
Safety and Health Officer (“SHO”).
 Discussion and inspection done with Supervisor, Consultants and Clerk
of Work regarding all elements that are required to be in perfect
allowable condition before proceeding to casting and grouting.
 Self-study regarding detailed drawings and roof canopy layout,
especially on slender column, and consulted Civil and Structural (C&S)
Engineers regarding the progresses of these elements
 Participated in surveying works together with the guidance of Supervisor
in order to understand and practice hands-on setting out activities done
on site for verticality of slender column.
 The review on the some of the literature review and previous projects is
also being one of the sources for collecting the data and information as it
might be practically or motivationally different but just on the idea
purposes it might help in succeeding this research
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CR 6
CR 4
CR 5
CR 1
CR 3
CR 2
Figure 3 3D View of Main Canopy
CR 2 CR 3
CR 5
CR 6
CR 1 CR 4
Figure 4 The breakdown of zoning during construction process
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LITERATURE REVIEW
4.1 General Overview of Study
Literature review is the process of understanding and reading the similar topic journals
or articles with this research that had been published on the websites for the public to
refer. Besides that, the effort and the research shared by the author are helpful and
beneficial to this research. Therefore, by understanding and referring to their research
journals, much information that is related to this research can be found. In this
research, it will discuss about the behaviour of slender column during installation,
temporary towers as force transfer, the significance of coordination in logistic planning
and also the importance of stability and ways to achieve verticality.
4.2 Column Characteristics
So much so, behind all visual concepts, there are a lot of civil and structural
engineering (“C&S”) considerations that must be taken to practice. Column are
subjected to axial compressive forces and it carries lateral loadings down to the
foundation. However, all types of column may also resist bending moment due to
continuity of structure and loading eccentricity. Euro Code 2 (EC2) Clause 5.3.1(7)
explains that compression member where the greater cross-sectional dimension does
not exceed 4 times the smaller dimension (ℎ ≤ 4𝑏) and height is at least 3 times the
section depth. This further proves that columns are subjected to use slenderness ratio,
λ, to measure column vulnerability by elastic instability or deflection:
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𝑙 𝑙
𝜆= =
𝑖 𝐼
𝐴
𝑙 = 𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛

𝑖 = 𝑅𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑔𝑦𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑟
𝐼 = 𝑆𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠
𝐴 = 𝐶𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛
4.3 Overview of Column Theory
For a high-rise roof canopy system, long slender columns are incorporated to support
the roof alongside trusses, braces and purlins. All of which adds up to the structural
components for this project research. These are the common and vital structural
components that play the role of transferring the load of the roof system in the upper
part passing down the slender column and through the column stump and foundation.
Column can withstand vertical load bearing member which must be designed to carry
the compression load caused by the self-weight and other structural member as well.
A column either crushes (strength failures) or it buckles (a stability failure). Both
modes of failure must be considered for every column.
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Short Column (fail in crushing) Slender Column (fail in buckling)
Figure 5 Difference between short column and slender column
4.4 Modes of Failure
The British Standard for designing hollow column section offers three common
properties effects into account: second moment of area, radius of gyration and elastic
modulus (BS 5950-1:2000 3.3.1 A-9). The failure of the stability of slender columns
can occur before reaching the design resistance in the critical cross-section. In such
cases, it would be appropriate to define the partial reliability factor for the failure of
stability of a compression member. The recommended partial safety factor for the
failure of stability can only be found in the European Standard (EN 1992-1-1, 2004).
Column may fail in one of three conditions: a) Compression failure of concrete or steel
reinforcement; b) Buckling c) Deflection due to transverse forces. For this paper, the
focus is on the stability analysis of slender column under deflection due to transverse
forces.
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4.5 Overview of Column Deflection Problem
Deflection is characterised by a sudden failure of a structural member subject to high

lateral stress. A deflection analysis is particularly important for axial loaded members
because the subjected lateral stress at the point of failure is less than the materials
ultimate compressive stress. As a result, special consideration must be given to the
lateral load and the components geometry when designing a “fixed-free support”
column in order to ensure failure will not occur from elastic instability. This paper
shall determine the critical load, Pcr, of a transversely loaded column with several
commercial ANSYS FEA software programme and compare the results with Euler’s
theoretical critical deflection load for accuracy.
𝜋 𝐸𝐴
𝑃 =
( 2𝐿
𝑟)
Figure 6 Column during installation process is free standing with free-fixed support
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4.6 Function of Temporary Support Towers
To achieve a construction project’s aspirations, the basis on scaffolding plays a vital

role in constructing a well-structured and rigid body. Scaffolding are temporary
support system which holds permanent structure before it reaches stability and
maturity. For this project research, the use of two temporary support towers – Tower
A and Tower B are erected. The focal temporary structure in this report is on Tower B
which holds and position the slender column in place. The study of this tower is
important as it also acts as a passageway for ingress and egress; and to provide a
working platform for workers to walk about. The purpose of understanding the
functionality of temporary support towers is to ensure the stability of the structure
especially during construction process.
It is a common practice to use a minimum factor of safety between 2 – 4 in the design

of temporary support towers, meaning that scaffolds and their components can support
between 2 – 4 times the maximum design load without experiencing failure. For this
reason, the design load is multiplied by a factor of 2, before and determining limiting
strength and yield stress of the metal used in the engineering design of scaffolds and
their components. In accordance to Building Operations and Works of Engineering
Construction BOWEC (Safety) Regulations 1986 in MS 1462 Guidelines for Approval
of Design Scaffolding 2016.
Prior to the installation of the column, a crab 60 false work will be erected. Once the
column is installed and verticality are checked, the column will be tied to the crab 60
tower to held it in its position. In actuality, the erection of the roof canopy is not
complicated once the sequencing and method of installation is determined. For this
installation process, the focus is on the column support and Temporary Access Tower
B which is to maintain stability of the column throughout the lengthy roof installation
process and to provide access staircase for the works.
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The Design Analysis of Load Carrying Capacities of a Slender Section 5
METHODOLOGY
5.1 Introduction
To achieve the objectives and aim of this project within the desired and planned
timeframe, a careful planning is needed thus, choosing a methodology is crucial to
avoid extension of the deadline which would result in loss of time and cost.
Theoretically, a methodology is supposed to help in proper management of project as
early as from the planning of the project up until the closure of the project. The
methodology that the team decided to adopt for this specific project is Waterfall
Methodology. This method is mainly used for Sequential Type of Work, specifically
under C&S.
The erection methodology and sequence are based on Catonic Fabricators Sdn Bhd
(“CFSB”) as per approved Work Method Statement for The Erection Sequence for
Roof Canopy. The flow of work is as shown:
Setting up Column Stump
Erection of Temporary RWDP

Crab 60 Access Tower (8m)
Installation of M.S. Column
Fix GI Pipe at Base Plate
Tighten Anchor Bolt & Concrete infill

Verticality
Continue installation of access tower
Clamp column at different intervals
Figure 7 Sequence of Works

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Figure 7 shows the basic waterfall model that all installation work must comply. This
working sequence is made to ensure smooth and continuous work done to ensure all
elements are incorporated on site. Each structural element has its own targeted erection
days cycle calculated by Main Contractor hence, following the sequence of work shall
contribute in successfully achieving all the cycles.
5.2 Methods of Data Collection and Analysis
5.2.1 Documents Review Method
The methodology used for this study will be based solely on the objectives stated in
Section 1. Therefore, studies have been made beforehand which includes books,
journals and information from the Internet with regards to slender column on
construction site. All construction drawings and shop drawings are studies thoroughly,
which includes;
 Main Canopy Layout Plan

 Base Plate Canopy – with Slender Column Drawing
 Column Sectional Details
 Temporary Support Tower for Roof Canopy
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5.2.2 Observation and Hands-on Practicality
Throughout the project lifecycle, it was imperative, as a C&S trait, to get exposure to
most of the structural works including quality inspection checking. As for the stated
objectives, any work done or submissions related to roof canopy was assigned to
substantiate its approval before proceeding. Our main role is to ensure that all parties
must obliged to KLCCP’s Standard Operation Procedure (“SOP”) and to follow the
Work Method Statement for this procedure. Following up with this responsibility, all
potential risks and uncertainties are taken into consideration thus, minimising any
failure or loss. On the scheduled day of erection, all parties are included to witness and
observe the progress method of sequencing planning comes to life. There were a lot of
careful planning and thought prior to construction which comes to show, not only the
significance of coordination, but also allows all parties to be aware of owns tasks and
job scope.
5.2.3 Extraction of Information
Managed the task to handle Request for Work Inspection, RFWI, for all traits and
especially focusing on canopy type of work. Inspection form was readily available for
consultants to comment on and was given the chance to participate in the information
sharing between PMC, Consultants and Main Contractor.
5.2.4 Questionnaire Design
The purpose of this survey form is to assist and to understand better on The Sequencing
Work of Slender Column for Roof Canopy System during Installation Process. It also
serves as a guide when it comes to managing quality, risks and safety. The survey
consists of three (3) sections; Section A, Section B and Section C - all of which are
selection-based question which follows individual perspectives and opinions.
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This method of data collection is conducted via Google Form and a shareable link
forwarded to respective staff members to share among their department. This method
owns a purpose of gathering professions and their background expertise in
construction site.
The questionnaire covers up a lot of aspects in as follows:

i. PART A: Respondents’ Details
ii. PART B: To Study the Importance of Steel Column and Scaffolding
iii. PART C: To Study on the Efficiency and Effectiveness of Site Mobilisation
5.3 Tools
Throughout this project study, several beneficial software has been utilized to aid in
achieving the objective of this project. The software used acts as data collection points,
document reviewing and self-study purposes to further extend knowledge and
understanding with regards to slender column. Additionally, some few equipment and
instruments are used to verify, then said, data collection points which are primarily
done by specialist.
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5.3.1 Software
i) ANSYS Engineering Simulation
ANSYS is an engineering simulation software suite used for a variety of

engineering applications. ANSYS is capable of both pre and post
processing. This research shall provide details about the Finite Element
Model (“FEM”) that was used to determine the critical deflection of a
column with the geometry and material properties.
ii) AUTOCAD
AutoCAD is known as Commercial Computer-Aided Design and a drafting

software application. AutoCAD is widely used in the industry by all
construction professionals.
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iii) STAAD.PRO
Staad.Pro is a software application by Bently. Staad.Pro or Structural

Analysis and Designing Program is a software for civil engineering design.
This powerful tool aids in structural analysis and design application for
more than 90 international steel, concrete, aluminium and timber design
codes.
iv) Google Forms
Google Form is used for surveys and data collection for this project.
Reading various journal articles online has helped in conducting a
comprehensive survey from which then auto-generated pie chart and
graphical presentation on the designed questionnaire survey by respondents
of varying background for the construction project site.
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5.3.2 Equipment and Instruments
Tools used for this specific type of work mainly involves surveying equipment. The
importance of surveying is crucial to the part of job, which follows a continuous line
of work. Meaning to say, carrying out surveying activities is a prime necessity to
determine the verticality of the column. During this project research, participation in
observation and discussion is coordinated with C&S and Surveying trait.
i) Total Station Theodolite
Figure 8 Surveying Works
Total Station is a lightweight, compact and fully integrated electronic

instruments for surveying and building construction. The TST transmit
information through integrated electronic distance measurement (EDM) to
be able to read slope from the theodolite to a particular point. It is also able
to collect data and perform advance coordinate-based calculations hence,
this is the main instrument used in setting out gridlines and also offsetting
work can be done through the usage of this instrument. Offsets are
important as we are setting up lines for slender column to be installed.
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5.4 Project Activities
The project activities that are initiated throughout this project research mainly focuses
on how to extract information on the slender column and temporary support tower;
with evidence that deflection occurs and ways to overcome this issue. A lot of initiative
were taken in order to understand the whole process and sequence of work under C&S
trait. For this section, the project activities are executed according to the phases as
follows:
5.4.1 Plan & Execute
Understanding the fundamentals and practicality of steel structural works, this is to

expose self in hands-on working experience which then can be used as an opportunity
to gather visual evidence and progress works for project report. In order to execute this
research properly and effectively, it is best fit to understand all of the latest revisions
of Construction Drawings and plan activities beforehand and thus be able to sync
properly with structural works that will be carried out on scheduled date. This section
is fairly important to understand all steelwork elements that applies to this analysis
design of load path before installation process.
Slender Column with rainwater downpipe CR 1, CR 2, CR 4 & CR 5
Slender Column without rainwater downpipe CR 3 & CR 6
Temporary Support Access Tower B Crab 60 Huatraco and Working Platform
Table 1 Slender Columns ID
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The following pages will explain in detail regarding the installation process based on
the approved Work Method Statement on the Erection Sequence for Roof Canopy in
our project site which includes its layout and construction drawing.
Please refer to Figure 9 for Main Canopy Layout Plan

Please refer to Figure 10 for Base Plate Canopy with Slender Column Drawing
Please refer to Figure 11 for Column Sectional Details
Please refer to Figure 12 & 13 for Temporary Support Tower for Roof Canopy
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Internal
KLCC Projeks Services Sdn Bhd Figure 9 Shop Drawing for Roof Canopy Layout
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Internal Figure 10 Base Plate Canopy with Slender Column Drawing

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Internal Figure 11 Construction Drawing for Column Sectional Detail

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Figure 12 Shop Drawing for Temporary Support Tower B

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KLCC Projeks Services Sdn Bhd Figure 13 Shop Drawing for Temporary Support Tower B Plan View
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1. Erection of Access Tower. This tower will install of half the

height (at about 8 m in height) in U-shape to secure the
column manually, by competent workers.
2. Only after the installation of CR, anchor bolted to the stump,
workers are to continue installation of temporary tower up
until the working platform level as per construction drawing.
3. To secure the column with interval bracings to increase
support and hold column in place.
Figure 14 Access Tower by Crab 60 with working platform
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CR 1
CR 3
CR 2
Internal Figure 15 AutoCAD Drawing on Erection Zone 1

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5.4.2 Analyse & Data Collection
Having the advantage of being on-site, observation on all roof canopy related was
called to observe on all progress including concreting stump to pile cap, FDT testing
on compacted soil, base plate and installation of G.I. pipe. Henceforth, the observation
gathered was fully utilised to perform extensive analysis on slender column and
temporary support tower for each sequence of work. Extraction of information from
third parties was also carried out for respondents to participate using Google Form
Based on the above activities, a summary was done in a basic Water Flow diagram
where in between each process information was able to gather that is required and
beneficial for the project research; Data Collection are grouped into 3 parts which are
Survey Questionnaire, Wind Action and Column Stability.
Coordination Planning 1st data collection

Meeting
On-Site Progress Updates
Surveying Works
Base Plate Canopy
Erection of Temporary 2nd data collection

Access Tower B
Surveying Works
Installation of CR3
3rd data collection

Tighten Anchor Bolt
Continue erection of Surveying Works

Temporary Access Tower B
Verticality and
Stability Check
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For 1st Data Collection, in the next page, will further explain on the design
Figure 16 Flow chart of Analyse & Data Collection
questionnaire.
For 2nd and 3rd Data Collection, are design calculation and can be found in Section
6.0.5.4.1.2 Installation of Column Inspection
After understanding the drawings and method of erection, it was time to observe and
witness the column installation. To note that surveying work was done throughout the
installation process. A Request for Work Inspection (RFWI) Form was given and
commented by Senior Steelwork Consultant.
Please refer to Figure 17 & 18 for the RFWI form
For the Survey Questionnaire, the purpose of this survey form is to assist The Author
to better understand The Sequencing Work of Slender Column for Roof Canopy
System during Installation Process. It also serves as a guide to The Author when it
comes to managing quality, risks and safety. This survey consists of three (3) sections;
Section A, Section B and Section C - all of which are selection-based question which
follows individual perspectives and opinions. There are NO right or wrong answers.
Please refer to Figure 19 for Section A of Respondent Details

Please refer to Figure 20 for Section B of Column Questionnaire
Please refer to Figure 21 for Section C of Importance of Coordinatio
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Figure 17 Request for Work Inspection Form on Erection of CR1, 2 & 3
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Figure 18 Request for Work Inspection Form on Erection of CR1, 2 & 3
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Figure 19 Section A of Respondent Details
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Figure 20 Section B of Column Questionnaire
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Figure 21 Section C Importance of Coordination
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5.4.3 Design
During this phase, a list and functionality of modules, correlation between these
modules, research progress diagrams, and idea execution are taken into consideration
to fulfil requirements mentioned in Analyse & Data Collection Phase. The Process
Flow is explained in Section 5.5 Design of Project Activities which shows the step-by-
step elaboration and understanding.
Please refer to Section 6.0 Design Calculation for further detail.
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5.5 Design of Project Activities
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5.6 Key Milestone and Gantt Chart
Student Industrial Project: The Design Analysis of Load Carrying Capacities of a

Slender Column for Roof Canopy System During
Installation Process
Project Period : 3rd September 2019 – 15th November 2019
Sequence : Start
End
3/9/2019  IDENTIFYING PROBLEM

13/9/2019  GATHERING NECESSIRY INFORMATION
9/9/2019  PROPOSED RESEARCH PROJECT TITLE

23/9/2019  PROJECT TITLE CONFIRMATION
v 16/9/2019  LITERATURE REVIEW

30/9/2019  PROJECT PEPERATION & PLANNING
1/10/2019  COLLECTING INTERNAL DATA (CID)

19/10/2019  COLLECTING EXTERNAL DATA (CED)
21/10/2019
 CID – DATA COLLECTION/SCREENING
28/10/2019  CED – OBSERVATION & INSPECTION ON SITE
14/10/2019  CID & CED (Cont.)

31/10/2019  ANALYZING & ARRANGEMENTS OF DATA
28/10/2019  DATA & INFORMATION VALIDATION

8/11/2019  REPORT DRAFTING & IMPROVISATION
11/11/2019  SUBMISSION & EVALUATION OF FINAL REPORT

15/11/2019  SIP ASSESSMENT & ORAL PRESENTATION
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Table 2 Gantt Chart

Week No/Date
DESCRIPTION
NO 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
Self-Study on Construction
1
Drawing
2 Project Proposal
3 Project Discussion
Literature Review & Initial
4
Execution
Questionnaire Preparation &
5 Data Collection for External
Projects
Preparation for Column
6
Arrival
7 Rectification on Column
8 Erection of CR1, CR2, CR3
Data Collection for Internal
9
Project
Data Validation &
10
Finalizing
11 Project Presentation
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DESIGN CALCULATIONS
6.1 Types of Loadings
Structural loads or actions implies that forces, such as deformations, are

applied on the surface of slender column. Loads causes shear stresses, deformations
and displacements in slender column. Assessment of their effects is carried out by the
methods of structural analysis. Whereby, in this research, is aimed to study the
underlining forces, primarily from wind actions and rainfall intensity. The use of
MSMA design code and MS 1553 are fully utilised in accordance to Malaysian
Standard. These two codes concurrently compliment with each other to produce a load
combination of: -
i. Rainfall Intensity
ii. Wind Action
Figure 22 Column CR3

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Other than that, the use of BS 5950 Structural Use of Steelwork in Building is being
referred to the most on steelwork with relation to circular hollow section (“CHS”).
Structures should be designed by considering the limit state at which they would
become unfit for their intended use, by applying appropriate factors for the ultimate
and the serviceability limit state.
Table 3 Limit Stress
 Stability Limit State
The factored loads, considered separately and in combination should not cause the
structure or any part of the structure, including the foundation, to overturn or lift
off its seating. The combination of dead, imposed and wind loads should be such
as to heave the most severe effect on overall stability. Account should be taken of
probable variations in dead load during construction or other overall stability.
 Serviceability limit state – Deflection
The deflection under serviceability loads of abuilding or part should not impair
the strength or efficiency of the structure or its components or cause damage to
the finishings. When checking for deflections the most adverse realistic
combinations and arrangements of serviceability loads should be assumed, and the
structure may be assumed to be elastic.
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Table 4 Deflection limits
Generally, the serviceability loads may be taken as the unfactored imposed loads.
When considering dead loads plus imposed load and wind load, only 80% of the
imposed load and wind load need be considered. Table 4 shows that for the case of
part (b) horizontal deflection of columns other than portal frames due to unfactored
imposed loads and wind loads – in each storey of a building with more than one storey
is adapted as recommended limitation. Hence, the importance of defining the design
codes for deflection under serviceability loads of a slender column should not impair
the strength or efficiency of that said column or cause any damage to the finishings.
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6.2 RAINFALL INTENSITY
Flood contribute to significant danger in a construction site. Especially during

monsoonal flood and flash flood occur respectively during the Northeast Monsoon and
heavy rains cause property damages. All those rain rates will be applied in rainfall
forecasting model, by equation, given by Urban Stormwater Management Manual for
Malaysia (MSMA 2nd Edition).
Figure 23 Heavy Rainfall in Malaysia
For this research project, the evaluation of rainfall capacity affects the free-standing
slender column in a way that the rain might cause the deflection hence, the verticality
of the column will be off. This motivation of study induces to investigate the
relationship between the Rainfall Excess on project site and the tendency of slender
column to deflect.
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Figure 24 Monthly Weather Forecast in Seri Iskandar
Rainfall estimation falls under rainfall data and characteristics. They are the driving
forces behind all stormwater studies and designs. For this research, the adequacy and
significance of rainfall design is a necessity pre-requisite for preparing satisfactory
stormwater management projects. The estimation involves: -
i) Frequency,
ii) Duration and;
iii) Intensity Analyses of Rainfall Data.
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According to MSMA design Chapter 2.2.3, the most common form of design rainfall
data required for use in peak discharge estimation is from relationship represented by
the intensity-duration-frequency (IDF) curves. The IDF can be developed from the
historical rainfall data and they are available for most geographical areas, especially
on our designated project area. Empirical equation can be used to minimize error in
estimating the rainfall intensity values from the IDF curves, expressed as: -
𝜆𝑇
𝑖=
(𝑑 + 𝜃)
Where,
𝑖 = Average rainfall intensity (mm/hr);
T = Average recurrence interval – ARI
d = Storm duration (hours)
𝜆, 𝜅, 𝜃 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜂 = Fitting constants
Figure 25 Satellite imagery of site
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Figure 26 Construction drawing of site plan
Table 5 Fitting Constants
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Table 6 Storm Duration
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Solution Output
𝜆𝑇
𝑖=
(𝑑 + 𝜃)
(56.121)(100) . 167.5524mm/hr
=
(0.5 + 0.211) .
Total Rainfall = 167.5524 mm/hr x (30/60)

83.78 mm
Rainfall temporal pattern is obtained from fraction

Region 3:
for 30-min storm duration as follows :
Perak
0-5 : 0.158 x 83.78 mm =

13.2372 mm
5-10 : 0.161 x 83.78 mm =
13.4886 mm
10-15 : 0.210 x 83.78 mm =
17.5938 mm
15-20 : 0.173 x 83.78 mm =
14.4940 mm
20-25 : 0.158 x 83.78 mm =
13.2372 mm
25-30 : 0.141 x 83.78 mm =
11.8130 mm
Total Rainfall should be deducted by losses, initial

or continuous, to calculate the rainfall excess (RE),
which will result in the surface runoff hydrograph.
The rainfall losses can be assumed.
Table 7
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To assume the losses, in decay form as follows :

0-5 : 3.5 mm
5-10 : 3.0 mm
10-15 : 2.5 mm
15-20 : 2.0 mm
20-25 : 1.5 mm
25-30 : 1.0 mm
Rainfall Excess (RE) = Rainfall Temporal Pattern –

Losses
0-5 : 13.2372 mm - 3.5 mm = 9.7372 mm
5-10 : 13.4886 mm - 3.0 mm = 10.4886 mm
10-15 : 17.5938 mm - 2.5 mm = 15.0938 mm
15-20 : 14.4940 mm - 2.0 mm = 12.4940 mm
20-25 : 13.2372 mm - 1.5 mm = 11.7372 mm
25-30 : 11.8130 mm - 1.0 mm = 10.813 mm
Results are tabulated in a graphical method.
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Graph of Rainfall Excess vs Time

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
20 16
18
14
16
12
14
Rainfall Excess (mm)
Discharge, Q (m3/s)
10
12
10 8
8
6
6
4
4
2
2
0 0
[0,5) (5,10) (10,15) (15,20) (20,25) (25,30]
Time (min)
Figure 27 Graph of Rainfall

Rainfall IntensityExcess vslosses
Time vs Discharge
RE
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6.3 WIND ACTIONS
The importance of determining site wind actions is to understand include horizontal

forces acting on the surface of the slender column. Other than that, Malaysia is
experiencing Northeast Monsoon season which spans throughout November to March.
Our project site is not foreign to heavy wind. As a matter of fact, the strong wind comes
along in open area to which will result in the movement or swaying of slender column.
Figure 28 Northeast Monsoon Cloud Dispersion
Figure 29 Meteorology Warning on Extreme Win
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Figure 30 Wind Direction in UTP
Figure 31 Recorded Wind Speed
This Section gives procedure for determining wind actions, W, on structures and
elements of structures or buildings as follow, in accordance to MS 1553:
a) Determine site wind speeds; and

b) Calculate wind actions
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6.3.1 Site Wind Speed
Site wind speed is used in design calculation for wind direction, protect and maintain
slender column integrity and to preserve the design life. The site wind speeds, Vsit, is
defined at the level of the average roof height above ground:
𝑉 = 𝑉 (𝑀 )(𝑀 , )(𝑀 )(𝑀 )
Where,
Vs 32.5m/s zone II;
Md 1;
Mz, cat terrain/ height multiplier as given in Section 4;
Mh hill shape multiplier as given in Section 4; and
Ms shielding multiplier as given in Section 4.
NOTES:
1. For buildings higher than 25mm and for frames, design wind speeds for other
levels up to roof height may need to be considered.
2. The wind speeds given in Section 3 are establishes for each particular region
and are related to standard exposure (i.e. 10m height in Terrain Category 2),
peak gust, annual probability of exceedance (or return period) and wind
direction.
3. The site exposure multipliers given in Section 4 correct the gust wind speeds
for conditions around the site of the structure due to:
a. The height above ground level;
b. The roughness of the terrain;
c. The shape and slope of the ground contours in undulating terrain; and
d. The shielding effect of surrounding structures.
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4. Vs reference is based on 50 years return period and has been recommended

for Zone 1 and Zone II. For specific location/ station or for other return
period (20 and 100 years) the designer may refer to Table 3.1
Figure 32 Basic Wind Speed for Vs
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Solution Output
To determine Part (a);
𝑉 = 𝑉 (𝑀 )(𝑀 , )(𝑀 )(𝑀 )
Figure ? 𝑉 = 32.5 𝑚/𝑠

𝑀 =1
Table 4.1 𝑀 , = 1.08
𝑀 =1
𝑀 = 0.868
Calculate value for Ms

Shielding Parameter, 𝑠 =
10
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒, 𝐼 = ℎ ( + 5)
𝑛
10
= (55.00𝑚 − 31.95𝑚)( + 5) = 126.775
20(1)
126.775
𝑠=
(23.05𝑚)(27𝑚) = 5.08
Table 4.3 Shielding Multiplier, Ms = 0.868
Plug in data,
𝑉 = 𝑉 (𝑀 )(𝑀 , )(𝑀 )(𝑀 )

𝑉 = (32.5)(1)(1.08)(0.868)(1) = 30.47 m/s
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6.3.2 Site Wind Actions
According to MS 1553, wind actions are values used in design to establish an

appropriate type of structural element and its intended use. In continuation with the
statement, wind action on this project research are evaluated to pre-determine the
horizontal forces acts on the surface of slender column. This is vitally important to
avoid any potential design failure or extreme deflection that the slender column might
experience.
In this research, the column will be divided part-by-part accordingly to determine the
critical length the wind may cause swaying the most. Figure 33 was developed using
ANSYS FEA modelling.
20 m
Figure 33 Slender Column Segments
To determine the action effects, W, the forces, F, in Newton, on a slender structural

element shall be calculated from the pressures applicable to the assumed areas as
follows:
𝐹 = Σ𝑝 𝐴
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Where,
pz the design wind pressure at height z, in Pascals
Az area of a structure of a part of a structure, in
meters squared, at height z, upon which the
pressure at that height (pz) acts.
Column
Segments p P Az F
Intervals
(m) Ρair Vdes Cdyn pz kN/m2 (m2) kN
1 0–5 0.613 30.47 1 569.122 0.569 77.31275 43.99
2 5 – 10 0.613 30.47 1 569.122 0.569 154.6255 89.98
3 10 – 15 0.613 30.47 1 569.122 0.569 231.9389 131.97
4 15 – 20 0.613 30.47 1 569.122 0.569 309.25100 175.96
Table 8 Site Wind Action
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Summary of Design Analysis
Gravity Loading
Dead Load (DL) : Self-weight of elements
Superimposed Dead Load : 453.8 kN
Live Load (LL) : 262.4 kN
Lateral Loading
Wind Speed : 30.47 m/s
Wind Load Pressure : Please refer to Table 8 for Site Wind Action
Deflections
Max. Allowable : Length of Span/ 360 = 5.3472 mm
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6.4 COLUMN DESIGN
A Hollow Non-Alloy Steel Structure Column (CHS) which has a fixed-free support at
the bottom is subjected to horizontal forces. These columns are usually transferred
vertical loads but also transfer moments as well. Therefore, in this section, it is aimed
to determine the column under:
a) First order moments;

b) Second order moments; and
c) Total moments
Column will be checked using stability equation to determine pass or fail.
CHS column, according to BS 5950-1-1990, has a slenderness ratio greater than 250.
For this CHS column, it is considered to be unbraced slender column due to its on-site
condition to which also is designed to resist lateral loads and provides stability by CHS
column only.
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Table 9 Effective length factor (ke)
6.4.1 Sectional Properties of Circular Hollow Structural Column and Sections
Circular hollow structural sections are metal profiles with circular tube section. They
are also known as round steel tubes. ASTM A501 is the standard for hot formed steel
tubing.
Figure 34 Column Geometry
Please refer to Table 10 for Section Properties of Slender Column
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BS 5950-1:2000, BS EN 10210-2: 1997
CHS Section Properties – Dimensions and Properties
Section
Dimensions and Properties
Designation
Outside Ratio for Second
Mass per Area of Radius of Elastic Plastic Torsional
diameter local moment of Density
meter Section gyration modulus modulus Constant
Thickness buckling area
D t A D/t I r Z S J ρ
mm mm kg/m cm2 cm4 cm cm3 cm3 cm4 g/cm3
800 25.0 62.37 309.251 32 239789.952 278.458 47959.904 2.0171
Table 10 Section Properties of Slender Column
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6.4.2 ANSYS Simulation
The following sections shall provide details about the Finite Element Model (“FEM”)
that was used to determine the critical load of a column with the geometry and material
properties as defined in Table 10 Section Properties of Slender Column. The physics
for the subject FEM were modeled by dragging and dropping the static structural and
linear ‘pre-buckling’ or deflection modules into the project schematic window within
ANSYS Workbench.
Figure 35 Slender Column ANSYS Workbench
In order to model the geometry described in Figure 34 Column Geometry, the first step
is to open the geometry window within the project schematic window and create a
vertical line with a length of 19.25 meters. Next, a circular cross section within a
diameter of 25mm can be created. Once completed, the line body can be selected from
the tree outline is created and the circular cross section within the detail window is
extruded. With so, this will apply the cross section along the entire length of the line.
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Wind Actions loadings applied

throughout the length of the
column’s free end
Fixed boundary condition applied

at the center vertex of the column’s
fixed end (Stump & Footing)
Figure 36 Load and Boundary Conditions

Loads and boundary conditions must be applied to the cylinder geometry in order to
accurately model a column with fixed-free boundary conditions. This is done by
opening the model step within the project schematic and applying the appropriate load
and boundary conditions the column geometry. The 1 Newton compressive point load
can be applied by adding a force to the static structural step within the project outline
and selecting the vertex at the free end of the column. Similarly, the fixed boundary
condition can be applied by adding a remote displacement to the static structural step
within the project outline and selecting the vertex at the fixed end of the column. The
constrained degrees of freedom (U1, U2, U3, UR1, UR2, and UR3) will need to be set
to 0 within the details window of the remote displacement boundary condition. Figure?
Illustrates the applied load and boundary conditions applied to the FEM.
Figure 37 Segmented Column Figure 38 Mode of Deflection
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Table Result Calculation Sheet for Ansys Simulation

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CHS
Base Plate
Stump
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As column gets taller, wind-induced dynamic response starts to dictate the design.
20 m
175.96 kN
15 m
131.96 kN
10 m
89.98 kN
5m
43.99 kN
0m
Figure 38 Load Path Analysis for Segmented Column

Along-Wind
Torsional-Wind
Cross-Wind
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6.6 DESIGN OF STUMP & FOOTING
The purpose of a foundation is to transmit the load from the column and the temporary
support towers to the ground without causing failure to the foundation or the soil which
supports the foundation. The footings will discharge the loads to the soil beneath it.
Therefore, to avoid excessive soil settlements, the bearing capacity of the footing based
on the working load should not exceed the safe bearing capacity of the soil. Whereas
excessive settlement would cause damage to the structures and its utilities. Footing
could be designed to resist the combination of axial load and bending moments
depends on the assumptions of the joint between the column and footing. In the case
of the stiffness of the column is larger than flexural stiffness of the footing, the
connection between the column and the footing is a fixed support and only axial
loading is transferred to the footing.
6.6.1 Bearing Pressure from Stump to Footing
The actual distribution of earth pressure beneath a pad footing depends on the
flexibility of the footing and the type of the soil. To simplify the design calculations;
BS code assumes that for axially loaded footing pressure is uniformly distributed.
6.6.2 Size of the Footing Base
The size of the footing base is to be determine from working loads. The loading is to
be considered as the maximum loading on the column and the self-weight of the
footing. In other words, the column loading and moments which have been used in the
design of the column are not the loading and moments required to determine the
footing size (working loads). The calculated bearing pressure due to maximum loading
should not exceed the allowable bearing pressure of the soil.
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6.3.3 Maximum Shear
The maximum shear force at the column face, NEd should not exceed maximum shear
resistance force, VRd, max at the perimeter of the column:
𝑉 , = 0.5𝛾 𝑓 𝑢𝑑
Where,
u the perimeter of the column
d the effective depth of the footing
𝛾 the strength reduction factor = 0.6(1-fck/250)
6.3.4 Punching Shear
In RC footing, punching shear should be checked and to ensure that the footing’s
thickness is suitable to resist the punching shear. The punching shear calculation:
i) If 𝑣 ≤𝑣 , h of footing is suitable
ii) If 𝑣 >𝑣 , have to increase h of footing
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The structural design of stump foundations can be carried out by two methods; the
conventional rigid method and the approximate flexible method. In this section only
the rigid method will be covered. Design of stump footings is detailed in the following
steps.
To check for a) Bearing Capacity

b) Max Shear
c) Punching Shear
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Given data
Axial permanent load, Gk
Total Dead Load = 453.8 kN
Axial variable load, Qk
Load of Total Scaffold Assembly = 256.2 kN
Load from Working Platform = 6.2 kN
Column size = 2700 mm x 2460 mm
Safe Bearing Pressure = 250 kN/m2
Characteristic material = 40 N/mm2
strength for concrete, fck
Characteristic material = 275 N/mm2
strength for steel, fyk
Main concrete cover, C = 50mm
Main diameter, Ø = 20 mm
Height of footing, h = 1600 mm
1) Find footing size given selfweight of temporary support tower B, slender
column and footing as 0.0671 kN/m, 0.6117 kN/m and 100 kN.
Item Step by Step Output

i. Total Permanent Load = = 716.2 kN
453.8 kN + 256.2 kN + 6.2 kN
ii. Serviceability Limit = Total Combined Load

= 1.0Gk + 1.0Qk = 716.2 kN
= 1.0(453.8 kN) + 1.0(262.4 kN)
iii. Checking for earth pressure = = 107.83 kN/m2
.
(< SBC)
= . × . ∴ Acceptable
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iv. Determine Ultimate Limit State, Ned = 1006.23 kN

𝑁 = 1.35𝐺 + 1.50𝑄
= 1.35(453.8 kN) + 1.50(262.4 kN)
v. Earth Pressure in ULS =

.
=151.50 kN/m2
=
. × .
Find maximum shear

Assume thickness, h = 600 mm;
Column and Temporary

Support Tower forces
h = 1600 mm
∅
𝑑=ℎ−𝑐−
2
20 𝑚𝑚
= 1600 𝑚𝑚 − 50 𝑚𝑚 − = 1540 mm
2
Maximum shear resistance force,

𝑓 𝑓 = 26009371.24kN
𝑉 , = 0.5𝑢𝑑 [0.6(1 − )]
1.5 250 (> Ned=1006.23
40 40
= 0.5 2𝜋 (400) (1540) [0.6(1 − )] kN)
1.5 250
∴ h is acceptable
for max shear
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Find Punching Shear

To check stability of footing’s thickness
a
a
= 21865.4850mm
a) Control perimeter = Column perimeter + 4πd
= 2𝜋 (400) + 4𝜋(1540)
= 1344304.55mm
b) Area within perimeter=(𝑎 + 4𝑑 ) − (4 − 𝜋)(2𝑑 )
(1.34 x 106 mm2)
= (1100 + 4(1540)) − (4 − 𝜋)(2(1540))
c) Punching shear, VEd

= (𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑡ℎ 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑈𝐿𝑆)
= 803.25 kN
× (𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔
− 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑛 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟)
d) Punching shear stress, VEd = × = 0.02 N/mm2

803.25
=
21865.485 × 1540
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200
𝑘 = 1+ ≤ 2.0 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑛 𝑑 𝑖𝑛 𝑚𝑚 = 0.64 ≤ 2.0
𝑑
∴ Passed
200
= 1+ ≤ 2.0 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑛 𝑑 𝑖𝑛 𝑚𝑚
1540
𝐴 = 0.00175
𝜌 = ≤ 0.002
𝑏 𝑑
6642
= ≤ 0.002
(2460)(1540)
= 4 9946 982.82N
e) Max. shear force at the critical section, VRd,c
= 4946.98 kN
𝑉 , = 0.12𝑘(100𝜌 𝑓 ) (𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑙 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟. 𝑑) (> VEd)
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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
7.1 Results and Discussion
This section discusses on the results and data obtained in continuation from
Section 6.0. Such information obtained and gathered previous section is to provide a
comprehensive analysis and observation.
7.1.1 Design of Rainfall Intensity
Referring to Figure 27 Graph of Rainfall Excess vs Time vs Discharge, the

graph shows the hydrograph analysis for on-site condition. The duration of the
direct runoff due to rainfall excess of certain duration is the same for rainfalls
of any intensity. Assuming the statement’s assumption is correct, the base
length will be shorter when the intensity is greater because the velocity of flow
will increase, and the concentration time will decrease. The hydrograph of a
flow cause by rainfall intensity is 167.55 mm/hr. With this value, it is derived
that the rainfall excess from duration 0 – 5 minutes is 9.73 mm. The time to
peak or rising limb shows a value of 10.50 mm during the next 5 – 10 minutes
duration. From there, the crest at the peak with the highest value shows 15.10
mm during the following 10 – 15 minutes of rainfall. This sudden steep raise
proves the intensity of rainfall thus indicates the discharge rainfall capacity will
give impact on the verticality of the column. This further proves that as the
rainfall intensity peaks, the slender column will experience reflux.
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7.1.2 Design of Wind Action
The deflection behaviour of CHS subjected to wind action was analysed

according to MS 1553 hence, the obtained values are plugged in into ANSYS
FEM software. These values will be later explained in 7.1.3 Slender Column
Analysis. Nevertheless, for Table 8 Site Wind Action and the Summary of
Design Analysis tells many numerical investigations that proves the wind site
condition is strong and will impact the free-standing steel column. According
to the same table, it is shown that the empty slender column structure is highly
sensitive to the basic wind velocity, under which the maximum allowable
deflection is 5.3472 mm, has wind velocity, Vsit, of 30.47 m/s.
7.1.3 Slender Column Design
The deflection of a slender column member is subject to high induced wind

pressure. Moreover, the strong wind action proves that horizontal forces does
give serious impact on slender column.
Figure 39 Mesh Refinement Figure 40 Result of Deflection
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Segmented
0-5 5-10 10-15 15-20
Length (m)
Cumulative
5 10 15 20
Height (m)
Critical Wind
30.47 30.47 30.47 30.47
Velocity, m/s
Strong Wind Blow
Forces on
Critical Length, 43.99 89.98 131.96 175.96
kN
Deflection Limit 0.0138 0.0278 0.0417 0.0555
Table 11 Slender Column Design
Table 12 Input Loading to Slender Column
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Figure 41 Shear Force of Slender Column Figure 42 Bending Moment Diagram
Graph of Slender Column Deflection

0.06
0.05
0.04
Deflection
0.03
0.02
0.01
0
0 5 10 15 20 25
Distance (m)
Figure 43 Graph of Slender Column Deflection
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Please refer to Figure ? for Revised Temporary Support for Roof Canopy
Working Platform Plan View
Rev. 02 added bracing to hold slender column at every 4 m intervals
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7.1.4 Temporary Support Towers
Figure 44 Excerpt from Shop Drawing Design Calculation for Temporary Support
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7.1.5 Design of Stump and Footing
The importance for this step is to verify the stability of the slender steel column,
especially when it comes to loading transfer. From subsequent design analysis, it
shows how with constant horizontal load, the free-standing steel column will
experience minor deflection. Even so, the combined loading must compensate and
transfer from the deflected column, supported by the temporary support tower B, and
finally through the anchor bolt, base plate, stump and pile cap of the slender column.
From Section 6.6 Design of Stump & Footing, the calculated combined loading comes
from total dead load of 453.8 kN; load of total scaffold assembly of 256.2 kN; and
load from working platform of 6.2 kN. These makes up the serviceability limit or total
combined loads to a value of 716.2 kN. Through the step-by-step design, it is proven
that all parametric values are plugged in correctly and provides acceptable or PASS
numerical investigations. This shows that the pile cap for slender column can
compensate the varying load and need not any design alterations.
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7.1.6 Online Questionnaires

Section A
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Section B
Part I
Part II
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Section C
Part I
Part II
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In addition, when on site, it is also best to carry out surveying works to further ensure
the verticality and stability of slender column. The method used are as follows:-
1. Setting up the digital Theodolite to free coordinate at 0°00’00’’

2. Taking the readings of two positions – LHS and RHS
3. Taking Horizontal Angle and Vertical Angle
4. Taking the readings of two positions at the same level on both top
and bottom level of the column anchor bolt and top of column lip
5. Taking a tangential reading from center-to-center
6. Results are tabulated as follows:-
To Stn. Horizontal Angle Vertical Angle H. Dist

LHS 0°00’00’’
Center 01°57’31’’ 11.363
RHS 03°55’02’’
359°59’16’’ 11.365
Results tabulated shows the verticality are off by 2’’ NS and 4’’ EW. It is derived that
1’’ = 6mm and 10” = 1mm
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Question: Since the design analysis of slender column fails under deflection due to
induced wind actions, give recommendation to countervail this issue?
A bracing system is a secondary but essential part of a slender column structure. A

bracing system serves to stabilize the structure during construction process, to
contribute to the distribution of load effects and to provide restraint to any compression
forces where they would otherwise be free to sway and deform horizontally. As
reference in Figure 45 and Figure 4, UTP’s very own Information Research Center
(“IRC”) has permanent pipe bracing attached from the segmented glass steel frame to
the slender column. This idea may be adopted in-site and can be made temporary up
until the slender column achieves maturity in axial and horizontal loadings.
Figure 45 Slender Column at IRC Figure 46 Support Bracing
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CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
8.1 Conclusion
In conclusion, the three (3) objectives that has been stated in Section 3.0 has been
successfully achieved. The deflection analysis is particularly important for lateral
loaded forces because the subjected horizontal wind actions at the point of failure are
less then the materials ultimate compressive stress, Young’s Modulus and moment of
inertia. As a result, special consideration must be given to the critical load when
designing laterally loaded members. The analytical critical loads determined by design
codes – hand calculations and ANSYS software, was compared with Euler’s
theoretical deflection critical load.
8.2 Recommendations
In my opinion, carrying out this project research is extremely significant, not only for
me but for all stakeholders as well. As a future civil engineer, one should consider very
accurately all loads affecting structures. One of the very important loads acting on
structures includes wind loads, whose determination is important to decide the degree
of safety ad economy of said structure. Especially in a constant weather changing in
Malaysia, having readily available information for all stakeholders may benefit in the
long run.

Column for Roof Canopy System During Installation Process Page No.
INFORMATION
Beeman, A (2014). Column Deflection Analysis.
Benko, V., Dobry, J., & Chuak, M. (2019). Failure of Slender Concrete Columns Due to a Loss
of Stability. Slovak Journal of Civil Engineering, 27(1), 45–51.
Cao, Q. S., Zhao, Y., & Zhang, R. (2019). Wind Induced Buckling of Large Circular Steel Silos
with Various Slenderness. Thin-Walled Structures.
Hang, H. C. (2016). Investigation of Defects in New Buildings in Malaysia. Construction

Management.
Klasson, A., Björnsson, I., Crocetti, R., & Hansson, E. F. (2018). Slender Roof Structures -
Failure Reviews and a Qualitative Survey of Experienced Structural Engineers. Structures .
Li, D., Huang, Z., Uy, B., Thai, H.-T., & Hou, C. (2019). Slenderness Limits for Fabricated
S960 Ultra-High-Strength Steel and Composite Columns. Journal of Constructional Steel
Research.
Nazri, F. M., Kassem, M. M., Shahidan, S., & Zuki, S. M. (2018). Assessment for the
Progressive Collapse of Moment Resisting Frame Structures Using a Practiced-Oriented
Method. ASM Science Journal, 11(3).
Pan, J. L., Xu, T., & Hu, Z. J. (2007). Experimental Investigation of Load Carrying Capacity of
the Slender Reinforced Concrete Columns Wrapped with FRP. Construction and Building
Materials .
Ullah, K., Khan, M. S., Lakhiar, M. T., Vighio, A. A., & Sohu, S. (2018). Ranking of Effects of
Construction Delay: Evidence From Malaysian Building Projects. Journal of Applied
Engineering Sciences , 8(1), 79–84.
Yan, B., Zhou, X., & Liu, J. (2017). Behavior of Circular Tubed Steel-Reinforcement-Concrete
Slender Columns Under Eccentric Compression. Journal of Constructional Steel Research.
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APPENDIX
List of Appendices
Appendix 1 Literature Review Matrix Analysis

Appendix II Site Photos
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The Design Analysis of Load Carrying Capacities of a Slender Column for Roof Canopy Section 10.0
System During Installation Process Page No. Appendix I
NAME : ASHIKIN MASTURA BINTI AMIRUDIN MATRIX ID : 23859

TITLE : THE DESIGN ANALYSIS OF A LOAD CARRYING CAPACITIES OF A SLENDER COLUMN FOR A SLENDER COLUMN FOR ROOF CANOPY SYSTEM
DURING INSTALLATION
ITEMS ARTICLE 1 ARTICLE 2 ARTICLE 3 ARTICLE 4 ARTICLE 5

Experimental
Wind Induced Investigation of Load
Investigation of Failure of Slender
Journal/Conference Buckling of Large Carrying Capacity of Ranking of Effects
Defects in New Concrete Columns
Circular Steel Silos the Slender of Construction
Paper Buildings in Malaysia Due to a Loss of
with Various Reinforced Concrete Delay
Stability
Slenderness Columns Wrapped
with FRP
Ullah, K., Khan, M.

S., Lakhiar, M. T.,
Author(s) as in-text Hang, H. C. (2016) Benko, V., Dobry, J., & Cao, Q. S., Zhao, Y., Pan, J. L., Xu, T., & Hu, Vighio, A. A., &
citation Chuak, M. (2019) & Zhang, R. (2019) Z. J. (2007) Sohu, S. (2018)
(Ullah, K., et al.,

2018)
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Malaysia is a growing The European Large steel silos are To study the stability Effects of
country with vast standard for designing thin-walled coefficient, mostly construction
construction slender concrete structures with a interested in load delays are always
development thus columns offers large diameter to carrying capacity debilitating on
proves that new methods for taking thickness ratio and is when developed in construction
structures are poorly second-order effects particularly the FEM analysis. industry
built and hence, an into account vulnerable to performance
extensive study on the therefore said, the buckling under wind hence a survey
Main ideas
defects will curb any failure of the stability pressure, especially questionnaire
potential failures in of slender concrete when the inside is was designed to
the future. columns can occur hollow. develop
before reaching the comprising
design resistance in analysis.
the critical cross-
section.
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- Construction - Follows the graph of - Wind pressure on the - This research uses - Delay is one of the
deficiencies main the effects of exterior of cylindrical stress-strain curves of main problems in
problem is the column slenderness on the shells are still ‘new’ in confined concrete from building
and especially in high- deformation and research. test to reflect the construction
rise/ superstructure resistance of columns. - To measure the quantity of material. projects.
building. - Predicting the failure distribution and - Loading was applied in - several factors
- Poor workmanship of columns by using magnitude of wind a force control mode to contribute in the
contributes to this non-linear analysis and pressure from site stimulate the loading delay is poor quality
deficiency. comparing outcomes measurements, and mechanism. of work, litigation,
- Exposure of column to with theoretical studies. model tests. - Considering all factors, decrease in the
Sub ideas
the harsh Malaysian - Proves that as the - Wind loads show eccentric distances of owner’s financial
weather greatly impact height of the column that pre-buckling loadings are assigned as commitment
the strength and increase, the more deflection is extremely a guideline to produce a creating stress to
durability of structure. tendency for column to sensitive to wind more realistic the Clients.
- Constant supervision is deflect. pressure distribution deformation.
required at all time while buckling - The smaller the
throughout the project. pressure is less slenderness ratio, the
sensitive to it. lower the stability
coefficient.
Unifying Theme The potential and high credential for the study on the design analysis of load carrying capacities of a slender column
for roof canopy system during installation process will aid in future construction building project.
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STUDENT INDUSTRIAL REPORT

ASHIKIN MASTURA BINTI AMIRUDIN

STUDENT INDUSTRIAL PROJECT (SIP)

The Design Analysis of Load Carrying Capacities of A Slender Column

KLCC PROJEKS SERVICES SDN. BHD. (249389-V)

3rd SEPT 2019 – 6th DEC 2019

NAME : ASHIKIN MASTURA BINTI AMIRUDIN

PROGRAMME : CIVIL & ENVIRONMENTAL

Refer to next page

are NOT confidential.

Host Company Supervisor’s

Signature & Stamp

Name En. Mohd. Naim Daud

Designation Executive Civil & Structure Engineer

Host Company KLCC Projeks Services Sdn. Bhd.

My appreciation also extends to the staffs in Career Development Office (CDO),

STUDENT INDUSTRIAL PROJECT REPORT Date 15.11.2019

STUDENT INDUSTRIAL PROJECT REPORT Date 15.11.2019

STUDENT INDUSTRIAL PROJECT REPORT Date 15.11.2019

1.1 List of Figures

Figure 1 3D Concept Drawing of Finished Construction Project

STUDENT INDUSTRIAL PROJECT REPORT Date 15.11.2019

Figure 25 Satellite Imagery of Site

STUDENT INDUSTRIAL PROJECT REPORT Date 15.11.2019

1.2 List of Tables

Table 1 Slender Column ID

STUDENT INDUSTRIAL PROJECT REPORT Date 15.11.2019

STUDENT INDUSTRIAL PROJECT REPORT Date 15.11.2019

STUDENT INDUSTRIAL PROJECT REPORT Date 15.11.2019

Figure 1 3D Concept Drawing of finished construction project

Figure 2 AutoCAD Drawing of proposed construction project

STUDENT INDUSTRIAL PROJECT REPORT Date 15.11.2019

3.2 Background of Study

STUDENT INDUSTRIAL PROJECT REPORT Date 15.11.2019

3.3 Problem Statement

Construction deficiencies such as poor workmanship and design deficiencies, likely

1. To analyse critical loading points to maintain verticality of slender column;

STUDENT INDUSTRIAL PROJECT REPORT Date 15.11.2019

3.5 Scope of Work

 Discussion made within the department regarding all the working

STUDENT INDUSTRIAL PROJECT REPORT Date 15.11.2019

Figure 3 3D View of Main Canopy

Figure 4 The breakdown of zoning during construction process

STUDENT INDUSTRIAL PROJECT REPORT Date 15.11.2019

4.1 General Overview of Study

4.2 Column Characteristics

STUDENT INDUSTRIAL PROJECT REPORT Date 15.11.2019

𝑙 = 𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛

4.3 Overview of Column Theory

STUDENT INDUSTRIAL PROJECT REPORT Date 15.11.2019

Short Column (fail in crushing) Slender Column (fail in buckling)

Figure 5 Difference between short column and slender column

4.4 Modes of Failure

STUDENT INDUSTRIAL PROJECT REPORT Date 15.11.2019

4.5 Overview of Column Deflection Problem

Deflection is characterised by a sudden failure of a structural member subject to high

STUDENT INDUSTRIAL PROJECT REPORT Date 15.11.2019

4.6 Function of Temporary Support Towers

To achieve a construction project’s aspirations, the basis on scaffolding plays a vital