Lecture by : Dr.

Rose Farahiyan Munawar

 What is work?
 Work, in physics, occurs when a force acts on an object to
move it some distance from the start point.
 Work is calculated as the force times the distance. The
following equation is used to describe work:

(Note: In the direction of the displacement)

 How to Measure Work?
 The standard unit for work is the joule (J).
 The joule is the same as a newton-meter where the
newton is the force and the meter is the distance.
 The force and movement are measured in the same
direction.
 So any force that is sideways to the movement is not
included.
 So, in the case of horizontal distance/displacement:

 Here are some other angles:

 Determine the amount of work done by the applied force in
each of the three situations described below:
 Diagram A Answer:
 W = (100 N) * (5 m)* cos(0 degrees) = 500 J
 The force and the displacement are given in the problem
statement. It is said (or shown or implied) that the force and
the displacement are both rightward. Since F and d are in the
same direction,the angle is 0 degrees.
 Diagram B Answer:
 W = (100 N) * (5 m) * cos(30 degrees) = 433 J
 The force and the displacement are given in the problem
statement. It is said that the displacement is rightward. It is
shown that the force is 30 degrees above the horizontal. Thus,
the angle between F and d is 30 degrees.
 Diagram C Answer:
 W = (147 N) * (5 m) * cos(0 degrees) = 735 J
 The displacement is given in the problem statement. The
applied force must be 147 N since the 15-kg mass (Fgrav=147 N)
is lifted at constant speed. Since F and d are in the same
direction, the angle is 0 degrees.

Fgrav = mg
= 15 x 9.8
= 147 N
 For each questions below:
 Sketch the free body diagram (FBD)
 Determine the Forces Doing Work on the Object
 Calculate the Amount of Work Done by Each Force

1. A 10-N force is applied to push a block across a friction free

surface for a displacement of 5.0 m to the right.
2. A 10-N frictional force slows a moving block to a stop after a
displacement of 5.0 m to the right.
3. A 10-N force is applied to push a block across a frictional
surface at constant speed for a displacement of 5.0 m to the
right.
4. An approximately 2-kg object is sliding at constant speed
across a friction free surface for a displacement of 5 m to
the right.
5. An approximately 2-kg object is pulled upward at constant
speed by a 20-N force for a vertical displacement of 5 m.
Question 1
 FBD

 Forces Doing Work on the Object:

 Only Fapp does work. Fgrav and Fnorm do not do work since a
vertical force cannot cause a horizontal displacement.
 Amount of Work Done by Each Force:
 Wapp = (10 N) * (5 m) * cos (0 degrees) = +50 Joules
 2
3

4 5
 Work = Mass x Gravity x Height
 W = m.g.h
 measured in Joules.
 It is called the “gravitational work”, or potential energy.
 the work done by a force on a body of mass m, against the
force of gravity g, when the mass is raised though a
distance of height h.
 Second law of motion, which states that a force F acting on a body
equals the product of the mass m of the body and the acceleration a
of the body.
F = ma
 The definition of work as force times distance:
W = Fd
 Substitution of Newton's second law into work principle yields the
following formula:
W = (ma)d
 In the case of a weight lifted through a height or conversely
descended through a height, the distance d becomes a measure of
height h, and the acceleration a becomes the gravitational
acceleration of earth g, whereby with substitution:
W = mgh
W = mgh cos θ
W = mgh (cos 0°)
W = mgh
1. Imagine you find a 2 -Kg book on the floor and lift it
0.75 meters and put it on a table. Remember, that
“force” is simply a push or a pull.
2. If you lift 100 kg of mass 1-meter, you will have done
980 Joules of work.

3. While the book sits on the table, no work is being done

because no object is moving, even though forces are
involved. If a force (like gravity) is applied to an object
(like the book) but it does not move, no work has been
done.
 Which of the following will result in more work? Running
straight up hill, or taking a zigzag path up the hill?
 The work will be the same for both paths. The direct path
requires more force, but less distance, while the zigzag
path requires less force but more distance.
 Work = Mass x Gravity x Height
 The equation above shows how to calculate the work done.
As you can see, your work will be the same – no matter
which path you take - because your mass doesn’t change
during the trip. Gravity doesn’t change. The final height is
the same. Therefore, work is the same.
 So remember:
 Without movement there is no work
 Force and movement in the same direction
 Work = Force × Distance × cos θ

 No work:
 If the net force is perpendicular to the motion then no work is
done.
 If you push on an object and it doesn’t move, then no work is
done.
 If an object’s kinetic energy doesn’t change, then no work is
done. (Note: Kinetic energy is the energy of motion).
 Energy is the capacity to do work.
 It is like energy is stored up work:
 When work is done by something it loses energy
 When work is done on something it gains energy

 Energy can be in many forms, i.e:

 A coiled spring has elastic energy.
 A battery contains electrical energy. We can drain that energy
out to do work.
 Fuel contains chemical energy. An engine can turn that fuel
(with oxygen) into work, making your car go.
 A hammer has mechanical energy:
 when raised up it has potential energy (the energy of position)
 when falling down it has kinetic energy (the energy of motion)
 Energy goes from one storage to another, or goes to heat:

 Heat is a type of energy, too. In fact the total amount of energy

stays the same:

 This is called Conservation of Energy: energy just gets

transformed and the total stays constant.
 Energy is lost to a system when it leaves it. A battery loses
energy when it powers a light. Our bodies lose heat all the
time.
 And when we say "energy is lost as heat" we really mean the
energy is dissipated (spread out) into the environment, it is
not gone from the Universe.
 Work is force times distance (in the same direction!)
 W = F d cos θ
 Energy is the ability to do work
 Energy goes from one storage to another, or goes to heat
 Energy can't be created or destroyed (Conservation of
Energy)
 The basic unit of energy is 1 Joule (J)
1J=1Nm
 The quantity work has to do with a force causing a
displacement.
 Work has nothing to do with the amount of time that this
force acts to cause the displacement.
 Sometimes, the work is done very quickly and other times
the work is done rather slowly.
 Power is the rate at which work is done.
 It is the work/time ratio.
Power = Work / Time
P=W/t
 Power is energy flowing! It is measured as energy per unit
of time.
 Energy is the capacity to do work.
 Energy is in Joules (J).
 Power is in Joules per second (J/s) which has the special
unit of Watts (W)
 𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊 𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹 𝑥𝑥 𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷
Power = =
𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇

𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷
Power = Force x
𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇

Power = Force x Velocity

 Question:
 Two electric motors are used to lift a 2 N weight through a
vertical height of 10 m. Motor one does this in 5 seconds.
Motor two does this in 10 seconds. Which motor more
powerful?
 Answer:
 For both motors; W = F x d = 2 x 10 = 20 J
 For motor one; P = W/t = 20/5 = 4 W
 For motor two; P = W/t = 20/10 = 2W
 Hence, motor one is twice as powerful as motor two.
 Question:
 A hair dryer transfers 48,000 J of energy in one minute. What
is the power rating of the hairdryer?
 Answer:
 P = W/t
 P = 48,000/60
 P = 800 W
1. A tired squirrel (mass of approximately 1 kg) does push-
ups by applying a force to elevate its center-of-mass by 5
cm in order to do a mere 0.50 Joule of work. If the tired
squirrel does all this work in 2 seconds, then determine
its power.

2. When doing a chin-up, a physics student lifts her 42.0-

kg body a distance of 0.25 meters in 2 seconds. What is
the power delivered by the student's biceps?
3. An escalator is used to move 20 passengers every minute
from the first floor of a department store to the second.
The second floor is located 5.20 meters above the first
floor. The average passenger's mass is 54.9 kg.
Determine the power requirement of the escalator in
order to move this number of passengers in this amount
of time.
4. These guys pull with a combined force of 4000 N, and
manage a velocity of 0.4 m/s, what power are they
using?
1. P = 0.25 Watts
2. P = 51.5 Watts
3. P = 933 W
4. P = 1600 W
Disclaimer

The information in this presentation was compiled from

sources believed to be reliable for informational and non-
commercial educational purposes, that will benefit learners
comprehension during the lecture session.
References
 Textbook, Giancoli - Physics Principles with Applications Pearson, 7th ed.

 Textbook, Giancoli, Physics for Scientists and Engineers Pearson, 4th ed.

 Textbook, Physics For Scientists and Engineers With Modern Physics, Serway/Jewett, Thomson Higher Education, 7th ed

 Textbook, Stan Gibilisco, Physics Demystified.

 Physics For Dummies, Steven Holzner, Wiley Publishing, Inc., 2006.

 https://www.ducksters.com/science/physics/work.php

 https://www.mathsisfun.com/physics/energy-work.html

 https://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/energy/Lesson-1/Definition-and-Mathematics-of-Work

 https://www.mansfieldct.org/Schools/MMS/staff/hand/work=fxd.htm

 http://www.eoht.info/page/W+%3D+mgh

 https://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/energy/Lesson-1/Power

 https://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/energy/Lesson-1/Calculating-the-Amount-of-Work-Done-by-Forces

 https://www.bbc.com/bitesize/guides/z8pk3k7/revision/2

 https://www.bbc.com/bitesize/guides/zwjrsrd/revision/4

 https://www.mathsisfun.com/physics/power.html

 Lecture note; https://www.asu.edu/courses/kin335/documents/Work,%20Power,%20and%20Energy.pdf