ASSIGNMENT

NAME: SAIMA SIDDIQUI

PROGRAM: BS(MBM)

SUBJECT: MARINE INSURANCE AND

REGULATORY FRAMEWORK OF MARITIME
ORGANIZATION

DATE: 0 -JAN-2021

SUBMITTED TO: MAM SADIA SHERAZ

  UNITED NATIONS CONVENTION ON
THE LAW OF THE SEA (UNCLOS):

 INTRODUCTION:
Article 192 of UNCLOS states that each one country has an overall
commitment "to ensure and protect the climate." in spite of the fact that UNC-
LOS wasn't carefully proposed to be a natural deal, it's had a profound effect on
environmental regulation within the oceans. The magnitude of those activities
also had a profound effect on the environment as dwindling fish populations and
increased pollution destroyed coastal ecosystems. UNC-LOS addressed the
territorial limits of states over the ocean, economic rights to the ocean’s
resources, and rights of transit. Technological advancements during the last
century led nations to compete for and exploit the ocean and its resources at an
unprecedented level.

 BACKGROUND:
UNCLOS replaces the more seasoned 'opportunity of the oceans' idea, dating
from the seventeenth century. As indicated by this idea, public rights were
restricted to a predetermined belt of water stretching out from a country's
coastlines, generally 3 nautical miles (5.6 km; 3.5 mi) (three-mile limit), as per
the 'gun fired' rule created by the Dutch law specialist Cornelius van Bynker
shoek.
By 1967, just 25 countries actually utilized the old three nautical mile limit,
while 66 countries had set a 12-nautical-mile (22 km) regional cut off and eight
had set a 200-nautical-mile (370 km) limit.
UNCLOS I:
Territorial waters claim by coastal states in 1960
Breadth claim Number of states
3-mile limit 26
4-mile limit 3
5-mile limit 1
6-mile limit 16
9-mile limit 1
10-mile limit 2
12-mile limit 34
More than 12-miles 9
Unspecified 11

In 1956, the United Nations held its first Conference on the Law of the Sea
(UNCLOS I) at Geneva, Switzerland.
UNCLOS II:
In 1960, the United Nations held the second Conference on the Law of the Sea
("UNCLOS II"); nonetheless, the six-week Geneva meeting didn't bring about
any new arrangements. As a rule, non-industrial countries and underdeveloped
nations took an interest just as customers, partners, or wards of the United
States or the Soviet Union, with no huge voice of their own.
UNCLOS III:
The main issues covered were setting limits, route, archipelagic status and travel
systems, restrictive financial zones (EEZs), mainland rack ward, profound
seabed mining, the abuse system, insurance of the marine climate, logical
examination, and settlement of questions.
The regions are as per the following: Inner waters Covers all water and streams
on the landward side of the benchmark.
  TERRITORIAL WATER:
Territorial waters expand upto 12 Nautical miles from the standard. This piece
of the ocean is claimed by the nation. They have all the rights here as they
would on the land.
 CONTIGUOUS ZONE:
Contiguous zone broadens upto 12 Nautical miles from the Territorial waters
(24 NM from the baseline).
In the Contiguous zone, the nation’s rights are restricted to
• Customs
• Taxation
• Immigration and
• Pollution
This implies that a nation has the privilege in these zones to forestall exercises
identified with these four matters.
 Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ):
Which implies that despite the fact that the nation doesn’t possess this piece of
the ocean, every nation claims the characteristic assets upto EEZ.

 CONTINENTAL SHELF:
The continental shelf that borders a nation's shoreline is viewed as a
continuation of the country's property region.