1) Suppose the information content of a packet is the bit pattern 1110 0110 1001 1101 and an

even parity scheme is being used. What would the value of the field containing the parity
bits be for the case of a two-dimensional parity scheme? Your answer should be such that a
minimum-length checksum field is used.

The minimum length checksum field should be 4*4 matrix. For our data, two dimensional (even)
parity:
11101
01100
10010
11011
11000
Note: Two‐dim Parity = Generalization of the simple (one ‐dim) parity scheme:
1. Form an MxN matrix of bits, then
2. Add a (even or odd) parity bit to each row and to each column

2) Consider the 7-bit generator, G=10011, and suppose that D has the value 1010101010. What
is the value of R?

Given data:

G =10011

D =1010101010

The polynomial expression of G: = x4 xl+ x3 * x0 + x1 * 1 + x0 *1

= x4 + x1+1

Here, the degree of the expression is 4. So, r=4.

Thus, D+r becomes 10101010100000.

Calculating the value of R:

101101110

10011) 10101010100000
10011
1100
0000
11001
10011
10100
10011
 1111
0000
11110
10011
11010
10011
010
000
0100
0000
0100

Therefore, the value of R = 0100

So, the 7-bit generator, G=10011, and  D has the value 1010101010. then the value of R is 0100.

3) Understating the working of ARP (Address Resolution Protocol):

a) What is the use of ARP?

b) Can ARP be used in a network other than Ethernet?
c) How does ARP resolve an IP address to an Ethernet MAC address?
d) When is an ARP request packet generated?
e) What happens when a host receives an ARP request packet?

ANS

(a)The Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) is a communication protocol used for discovering the link layer
address, such as a MAC address, associated with a given internet layer address, typically an IPv4
address. This mapping is a critical function in the Internet protocol suite.

(b) Can ARP be used in a network other than Ethernet? ARP is a general protocol, which can be used in
any type of broadcast network. The fields in the ARP packet specifies the type of the MAC address and
the type of the protocol address. ARP is used with most IEEE 802.

(c) How does ARP resolve an IP address to an Ethernet MAC address? When ARP needs to resolve a
given IP address to Ethernet address, it broadcasts an ARP request packet. The ARP request packet
contains the source MAC address and the source IP address and the destination IP address.
(d) When an ARP request packet is received by a host: If the IP address to be resolved is for this host,
then the ARP module sends an ARP reply packet with its Ethernet MAC address And updates
its ARP cache with the source Ethernet MAC address to source IP address mapping present in the ARP
request packet.

(e) What happens when a host receives an ARP request packet? The ARP request is received and
processed by all the hosts in the network, since it is a broadcast packet. ... If the IP address to be
resolved is for this host, then the ARP module sends an ARP reply packet with its Ethernet MAC address.

4) We have a channel with a 4-MHz bandwidth. The SNR for this channel is 163. What are
the appropriate bit rate and signal level?

BitRate = 2 * Bandwidth * log2(L)

BitRate = 2 * 4 * log2(163)
BitRate = 8 * 7.3487
BitRate = 58.78

Signal level = (2* Bandwidth) / BitRate

Signal level = (2* 4) / 58.78

Signal level = (8) / 58.78

Signal level = 0.1361

5) Assume that SNRdB = 42 and the channel bandwidth is 6 MHz. Calculate the theoretical
channel capacity?

Theoretical channel capacity formula

Capacity=BW* SNRdB / 3

Capacity = 6 * 42 / 3

Capacity = 84 Mbps