TRAINING DIRECTORATE

Module 5
Digital Techniques/Electronic Instrument Systems
BASIC TRAINING CENTER
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 5.2 NUMBERING SYSTEMS

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Numbering System
Many number systems are used in digital technology. The most common are:
 Decimal system: system of positional notation based on powers of 10. 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9
Example: 32510 ,5796710 , 726380110
 Binary system: system of positional notation based powers of 2. 0,1
Example: 102 , 111002, 110110012
 Octal system: system of positional notation based on powers of 8. 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7
Example: 5678 ,3456710 , 70123410
 Hexadecimal system: system of positional notation based powers of 16. 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, A, B,
C, D, E, F
Example: 3F16 ,29BC16 , F76216

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Numbering System
Why binary?

Binary values are also represented

by voltage levels

Positive going pulse Negative going pulse

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Numbering System

For example, the decimal number 3121 is equal to

(3 x 103) + (7 x 102) + (2 x 101) + (1 x 100).

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Numbering System
Conversion table

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Numbering System
Binary Conversion

Divide by two, keep track of the remainder

Binary First remainder is bit 0 (LSB, least-significant bit)
Second remainder is bit 1, etc.
The solution is always read from the most significant bit (MSB)
to the least significant bit (LSB

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Numbering System
Binary-coded decimal BCD conversion
Binary coded decimal (BCD) is a Conversion of decimal to BCD or BCD to decimal is similar to the
system of writing numerals that conversion of hexadecimal to binary and vice versa.
assigns a four-digit binary code to For example, let’s go through the conversion of 26410 to BCD. We’ll use
each digit 0 through 9 in a the block format that you used in earlier conversions. First, write out
decimal (base-10) numeral. the decimal number to be converted; then, below each digit write the
BCD equivalent of that digit:
0 = 0000
1 = 0001
2 = 0010
3 = 0011
4 = 0100
5 = 0101
6 = 0110
7 = 0111 Note:
8 = 1000 A 12-bit word can represent (binary) decimal 0 – 4095
9 = 1001 A 12-bit (BCD) can only represent decimal 0 – 999

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