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    This document provides instructions for identifying different cations and anions through a series of chemical tests. For cations, tests include adding dilute NaOH solution to check for NH4+ and Na+, adding Ba(NO3)2 solution to check for SO42-, and adding various reagents to produce characteristic colored precipitates for certain cations. For anions, tests include checking if litmus turns blue with OH- and CO32-, adding AgNO3 and NH3 to check for Cl- and I-, and adding Ba(NO3)2 to check for SO42-. The results of each test are used to determine which cations or anions are present in a given sample.

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    This document provides instructions for identifying different cations and anions through a series of chemical tests. For cations, tests include adding dilute NaOH solution to check for NH4+ and Na+, adding Ba(NO3)2 solution to check for SO42-, and adding various reagents to produce characteristic colored precipitates for certain cations. For anions, tests include checking if litmus turns blue with OH- and CO32-, adding AgNO3 and NH3 to check for Cl- and I-, and adding Ba(NO3)2 to check for SO42-. The results of each test are used to determine which cations or anions are present in a given sample.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    Download as pdf or txt
    83 views4 pages

    Che 21 Equations

    Uploaded by

    ppe63
    This document provides instructions for identifying different cations and anions through a series of chemical tests. For cations, tests include adding dilute NaOH solution to check for NH4+ and Na+, adding Ba(NO3)2 solution to check for SO42-, and adding various reagents to produce characteristic colored precipitates for certain cations. For anions, tests include checking if litmus turns blue with OH- and CO32-, adding AgNO3 and NH3 to check for Cl- and I-, and adding Ba(NO3)2 to check for SO42-. The results of each test are used to determine which cations or anions are present in a given sample.

    Copyright:

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    of 4

    Identifying Cations NH4+, Na+, Mg2+, Ag+, Fe2+, Fe3+, Cu2+, Al3+, Pb2+, Zn2+, Ba2+

    litmus stays
    red Na+
    add 2 drops of dilute no precipitate add NaOH solution, heat,
    NaOH solution. NH4+, Na+ test gas with red litmus. litmus goes
    blue NH4+
    Al(OH)3 + OH → [Al(OH)4]
    - -

    Zn(OH)2 + 2OH → [Zn(OH)4]


    - 2-

    Pb(OH)2 + 2OH → [Pb(OH)4]


    - 2-

    white precipitate forms add excess precipitate disappears


    Al3+, Zn2+, Pb2+, Mg2+, Ba2+ NaOH solution Al3+, Zn2+, Pb2+
    Al + 3OH → Al(OH)3
    3+ -
    new sample
    Zn + 2OH → Zn(OH)2
    2+ -

    Pb + 2OH → Pb(OH)2
    2+ -

    Mg + 2OH → Mg(OH)2
    2+ -
    precipitate remains add 2 drops, then
    Ba + 2OH → Ba(OH)2
    2+ -
    Mg2+, Ba2+ excess NH3 solution

    new sample

    add dilute H2SO4 solution white precipitate forms


    and disappears, Zn2+
    Zn + 2OH → Zn(OH)2
    2+ -

    Zn + 4NH3 → [Zn(NH3)4]
    2+ 2+

    white precipitate forms


    colourless solution white precipitate Al3+, Pb2+
    Mg2+ Al + 3OH → Al(OH)3
    3+ -
    Ba2+
    Pb + 2OH → Pb(OH)2
    2+ -

    → BaSO4
    2+ 2-
    Ba + SO4 new sample

    add dilute H2SO4 solution

    green precipitate forms


    Fe2+
    Fe + 2OH → Fe(OH)2
    2+ -

    colourless solution white precipitate


    Al3+ Pb2+
    Pb + SO4 → PbSO4
    2+ 2-

    orange precipitate forms new add 2 drops dark red solution


    Fe3+ sample KSCN solution confirms Fe3+
    Fe + 3OH → Fe(OH)3
    3+ -
    Fe + SCN → FeSCN2+
    3+ -

    new add 2 drops, then excess blue precipitate then


    blue precipitate forms
    deep blue solution
    Cu2+ sample NH3 solution
    Cu2+
    Cu + 2OH → Cu(OH)2
    2+ -

    Cu + 2OH → Cu(OH)2
    2+ -

    Cu + 4NH3 → [Cu(NH3)4]
    2+ 2+

    brown precipitate
    brown precipitate forms new add 2 drops, then excess then colourless
    Ag+ sample NH3 solution solution Ag+
    2Ag + 2OH → Ag2O + H2O
    + -

    2Ag + 2OH → Ag2O + H2O


    + -

    Ag + 2NH3 → [Ag(NH3)2]
    + +
    Identifying Anions CO32−, Cl−, I−, SO42−, NO3−, OH−

    bubbles of gas
    CO32−
    add red litmus litmus goes blue add dilute HCl
    OH−, CO32− solution
    no bubbles
    OH−

    litmus remains red


    SO42−, Cl−, I−, NO3−

    white precipitate
    add Ba(NO3)2 solution
    SO42−
    → BaSO4
    2+ 2-
    Ba + SO4

    no precipitate

    new sample

    precipitate disappears
    Cl−
    Ag + 2NH3 → [Ag(NH3)2]
    + +
    add AgNO3 precipitate add dilute NH3
    solution Cl−, I− solution
    Ag + Cl → AgCl
    + -
    precipitate remains
    Ag + I → AgI I−
    + -

    no precipitate
    NO3−
    Formation of precipitates with either 2 drops of NaOH (or 2 drops of ammonia solution) (*)
    Metal ion + hydroxide ion → metal hydroxide precipitate
    Al3+ + 3OH- → Al(OH)3 (*) Ba2+ + 2OH- → Ba(OH)2
    Zn2+ + 2OH- → Zn(OH)2 (*) Fe2+ + 2OH- → Fe(OH)2
    Pb2+ + 2OH- → Pb(OH)2 (*) Fe3+ + 3OH- → Fe(OH)3
    Mg2+ + 2OH- → Mg(OH)2 Cu2+ + 2OH- → Cu(OH)2 (*)

    BUT 2Ag+ + 2OH- → Ag2O + H2O (yes silver is different)

    White hydroxide precipitates that dissolve in excess NaOH forming complex ions
    Metal hydroxide + hydroxide ion → soluble complex ion
    M(OH)X + yOH- → [M(OH)4]y-
    x + y = 4
    Al(OH)3 + OH- → [Al(OH)4]-
    Zn(OH)2 + 2OH- → [Zn(OH)4]2-
    Pb(OH)2 + 2OH- → [Pb(OH)4]2-
    Precipitates that dissolve in excess ammonia solution
    Precipitates of zinc hydroxide, copper hydroxide, silver oxide** and silver chloride**
    Zn2+ + 4NH3 → [Zn(NH3)4]2+
    HINT BOX
    Cu 2+
    + 4NH3 → [Cu(NH3)4] 2+
    Write the equations for formation of
    Ag + 2NH3 → [Ag(NH3)2] (** same equation)
    + +
    precipitates backwards
    • Product
    • Reactants
    Test to confirm Fe3+ • Balance it

    Eg → Pb(OH)2
    Fe3+ + SCN- → FeSCN2+ Or write as [FeSCN]2+ Pb2+ + OH- → Pb(OH)2
    Pb2+ + 2OH- → Pb(OH)2
    Test to identify barium ion / test to identify sulfate ion Write the equations for formation of
    Ba2+ + SO42- → BaSO4 (yes – the same equation!) the complexes backwards
    • Product
    Test to identify lead ion • Reactants
    • Balance it
    Pb2+ + SO42- → PbSO4 Eg
    → [Cu(NH3)4]2+
    Cu2+ + NH3 → [Cu(NH3)4]2+
    Test to identify chloride or iodide ion
    Cu2+ + 4NH3 → [Cu(NH3)4]2+
    Ag+ + Cl- → AgCl Ag+ + I- → AgI

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