Chapter 2 Heat and Internal Energy

2.1 Internal energy

A Internal energy of a body
1 Matter in different states has different molecular arrangements and movements.

_________ about move freely at high

Molecular
move freely
movement a fixed position speeds

State of
matter

solid liquid gas

________ packed ________ packed far apart

Molecular
arrangement fixed in positions ____________ in ____________ in
positions positions

2 The total energy stored by a body is called the ________________________. It is the

sum of total _______________ energy (KE) and total potential energy (PE) of all the
molecules of the body.

3 The temperature of a body is a measure of the _______________ kinetic energy due to

the motion of its molecules.

T molecules move more ______________ KE of molecules _____

4 The temperature of a body cannot be lower than __________________ ( ______ C).

Checkpoint 1
Which of the following must increase when the temperature of a body increases?
(a) Internal energy of the body
(b) Kinetic energy of the body
(c) Total kinetic energy of the molecules of the body
(d) Average kinetic energy of the molecules of the body

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B Heat
1 Heat is the energy transferred from a body of _______________ temperature to

another of _______________ temperature.

2 Unit of heat (unit of energy): ____________ (J)

3 ____________ is the rate of energy transfer. Unit: ____________ (W)

Q
Power = or P =
t

4 Kilowatt-hour (kW h) is a larger unit of ____________.

1 kW h = 1 kW 1h

= ________ W ________ s
= __________________ J

5 A ____________________ or a kilowatt-hour meter can be used to measure the

_______________________ supplied to an electrical appliance.

Checkpoint 2
(a) A total of 45 kJ of energy is supplied to an electric
fan in 10 minutes. What is the power of the fan?
(b) How much energy is consumed by the electric fan in
3 hours? Give your answer in kW h.

Solution
Q
(a) Power of the fan P = =
t

(b) Energy consumed Q = Pt =

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 2.2 Specific heat capacity
A Heat capacity and specific heat capacity
Experiment: Relationship between energy transferred, temperature
change and mass

Set up the apparatus as shown.

Keep the ______________ m of water constant. See how the energy transferred Q
varies with the change in temperature T of water.

Measure the energy transferred Q to the water for its temperature to rise by 10 C.

Repeat with a larger _____________ m of water but the same temperature increase T.
See how the energy transferred to water varies with its ______________.

Results:

Q _______ (constant m)

Q _______ (constant T)

1 The __________________________ of 2 The __________________________ of

a body is the energy transferred by a substance is the energy transferred by
heating needed to raise the temperature heating needed to raise the temperature

of that body by ______. of ______ of the substance by ______.

Q Q
C= or Q = ________ c= or Q = ________
T m T

3 Relationship between heat capacity C and the specific heat capacity c:

C
c= or C = mc
m

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Checkpoint 3
A 2-kg iron block is heated from 25 C to 80 C. The total energy transferred to the block is
measured to be 51.8 kJ.
(a) Find the specific heat capacity of iron.
(b) Find the heat capacity of the block.
(c) How much energy is needed to heat a 5-kg iron block from 25 C to 50 C?

Solution
Q
(a) Specific heat capacity = =
m T

(b) Heat capacity =

(c) Energy needed =

Checkpoint 4
Two bodies X and Y are heated at the same power. The graph below shows how their
temperature T varies with time t.
T/ C

80
X
60

20
10
t
0

Compare different quantities of X and Y by completing the following table.

Specific heat capacity Heat capacity Mass
(a) If X and Y are of
cX ______ cY CX ______ CY mX ______ mY
the same material…
(b) If X and Y are of
cX ______ cY CX ______ CY mX = mY
the same mass…
(c) If mass of Y is twice
cX ______ cY CX ______ CY mX mY
that of X…

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Experiment: Measuring the specific heat capacity
Measuring the specific heat capacity of a liquid

Measuring the specific heat capacity of a metal block

Set up the apparatus as shown.

Measure the mass m of the liquid / metal block.

Heat up the liquid / metal block by about 10 C. Record the temperature change T.
Record the energy supplied Q by the heater.

Specific heat capacity c =

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 1
4 The typical value of the specific heat capacity of water is ______________ J kg C 1.
1
The specific heat capacity of metal usually has a magnitude of _________ J kg C 1.
5 Sources of error in the previous experiment and how they affect the experimental value
of c:

Energy is lost to the _________________.

Effect: Larger Q ________________ experimental value of c

Energy is absorbed by the apparatus (e.g. the cup and the _________________).

Effect: ________________ Q ________________ experimental value of c

The temperature throughout the liquid or the metal block is not uniform.

Effect: The experimental value of c may be ______________ or ______________

6 The table below lists the precautions taken to reduce the above errors.

Source of Precaution in measuring c (liquid) Precaution in measuring c (metal)

error

Immerse the heating part of the Insert the heating part of the heater

heater completely in ___________ completely in the block

Use a _____________ cup Place the block on a ___________

tile

Wrap the block with cotton wool

Use a _____________ cup

Keep _____________ the liquid Record the _____________

after switching off the heater and temperature reached after the

record the _____________ heater is switched off

temperature reached

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Checkpoint 5
An experiment is used to measure the specific heat capacity of water. The masses of an
empty polystyrene cup and the cup filled with water are measured:

empty polystyrene cup polystyrene cup

filled with water

107.4 g 315.1 g

The cup of water is then heated as shown below.

The following measurements change as follows after a certain time. Find the specific heat
capacity of water from the above results.

Initial reading of joulemeter = 77 540 J

Final reading of joulemeter = 92 570 J
Initial temperature = 20 C
Final temperature = 37 C

Solution
Mass of water heated
=
Energy transferred to the water
=
Temperature change of the water
=
Specific heat capacity of water
=

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B Mixture and thermal equilibrium
1 When two bodies at different temperatures are put in contact with each other, they will
eventually reach the same ______________, i.e. become thermal equilibrium. In this
case,

energy lost by the __________ body = energy gained by the __________ body

* Assume no loss of energy to the surroundings.

2 The result agrees with the law of conservation of energy, which states that:

The total amount of energy in a closed system is conserved, i.e. always kept
constant. Energy cannot be created or destroyed.

Checkpoint 6
A metal block of mass 1.5 kg at 150 C is immersed metal block
in 2 kg of water at 25 C. Find the final temperature
of the metal block.
Specific heat capacity of water = 4200 J kg C 1
water
1
Specific heat capacity of the metal = 500 J kg C

Solution
Let T C be the final temperature.

Energy ____________ by the metal block = energy ____________ by the water

The final temperature is __________ C.

Checkpoint 7
Water of mass 0.5 kg at 80 C is added to water of mass 0.4 kg at 20 C. The final
temperature of the mixture is 48 C. Complete the following calculation.
Take the specific heat capacity of water to be 4200 J kg 1 C 1.

Some energy is gained from / lost to the surroundings.

This amount of energy =

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C Importance of high specific heat capacity of water
1 Water has a very high specific heat capacity. It can absorb a large amount of energy

without a great change in ______________. This explains the following applications

and phenomena.

(a) Water is widely used as a coolant to carry away a large amount of heat from a
body.

Water cools the engine by

taking in energy from it.

(b) Water helps keep our body temperature steady.

About 60 70% of the mass of a

person is made up of _________.

(c) Coastal areas have _______________ temperature change daily and yearly than
inland areas.

Nagpur
(inland area) high specific heat capacity of
water

T changes more _________

Hong Kong
(coastal area)

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