Chapter 3 Change of State

3.1 Latent heat

A State of matter
1 A substance can exist in different states.

Solid Liquid Gas

2 A substance changes from one state to another at particular temperatures.

solid liquid gas

Refer to the above figure.

Process Name of process Temperature of occurrence

at __________ point

at or below __________ point

condensation

New Senior Secondary Physics at Work (Second Edition) 14 Lesson Worksheets 1

Oxford University Press 2015
B Heating curve
1 When a solid substance X is heated continuously, its temperature changes like this:

temperature

T2

T1

time

This is the __________ curve of the substance.

2 The curve in the above figure consists of the following stages:

Energy of the
Stage Description State of matter Temperature
substance
The substance becomes
hotter and hotter.

solid-liquid remains at
The substance melts.
mixture melting point T1

The substance becomes

hotter and hotter.

The substance
_______________.

The substance becomes

hotter and hotter.

3 Refer to the above table. The substance is absorbing __________ from the heat source
continuously. Therefore, the energy of the substance keeps on _______________
throughout the process.
4 When a substance changes its state, its energy _____________ but its temperature
_______________________.

New Senior Secondary Physics at Work (Second Edition) 15 Lesson Worksheets 1

Oxford University Press 2015
C Cooling curve
1 Similar things happen when a gaseous substance is cooled (_______________ energy)
continuously. Sketch the cooling curve for the same substance X to show how its
temperature changes as it cools down from the gaseous state to the solid state. Label
the freezing point (T1) and boiling point (T2).

Checkpoint 1
The following figure shows the cooling curve of a liquid.
temperature

P
Y Z

(a) Determine whether each of the following statements is correct.

(i) The liquid releases energy in stage XY.
(ii) The liquid releases energy in stage YZ.
(iii) The liquid condenses in stage YZ.
(iv) The liquid solidifies in stage YZ.

(b) P represents the ____________________ of the liquid.

(c) The physical quantity S can be _______________.

New Senior Secondary Physics at Work (Second Edition) 16 Lesson Worksheets 1

Oxford University Press 2015
D Latent heat
1 When a substance changes its state, it absorbs or releases ___________ which is called
the latent heat.

latent heat latent heat

fusion vaporization
solid liquid gas
solidification condensation

latent heat latent heat

A substance absorbs latent heat of fusion during _______________ and releases it

during _______________.
A substance absorbs latent heat of vaporization during _______________ and releases
it during _______________.

3 Recall the heating and cooling curves:

Heating curve Cooling curve

T T
solid gas gas solid

t t
absorbing absorbing releasing releasing
latent heat of latent heat of latent heat of latent heat
fusion vaporization vaporization of fusion

New Senior Secondary Physics at Work (Second Edition) 17 Lesson Worksheets 1

Oxford University Press 2015
E Specific latent heat of fusion
1 The specific latent heat l of a substance is the energy transferred by _______________
to change the state of _____ kg of substance with / without a change in temperature.

2 A substance of mass m absorbs energy Q to change from one state to another. Then the
specific latent heat l of the substance is:

The unit of l is __________.

3 Specific latent heat of fusion of ice

= energy needed to change 1 kg of __________ to __________ without a change in

temperature

= _______________ J kg–1

Experiment: Measuring the specific latent heat of fusion of ice

Put equal amounts of crushed, _________ ice in both funnels.

Switch on the heater for a period of time. Measure the ___________ supplied (Q) to
the heater with the joulemeter.

Measure the masses mA and mB of the water in beakers A and B respectively.

Mass of ice melted due to the heater =

Specific latent heat of fusion of ice lf =

New Senior Secondary Physics at Work (Second Edition) 18 Lesson Worksheets 1

Oxford University Press 2015
4 The following are some precautions of the previous experiment. Would the
experimental value of lf become larger or smaller than the theoretical value if the
precautions were not taken?
Precaution
(a) Crush the ice
(b) Use melting ice
(c) Put wire gauze in the
neck of the funnels
(d) Use control apparatus
(e) After switching off the
heater, do not remove
the beakers until the
drip rate of the
experiment funnel is
about the same as that
of the control funnel.
New Senior Secondary Physics at Work (Second Edition)
Oxford University Press 2015
If precaution was not taken,
would the experimental value Reason
be larger or smaller?
larger / smaller Uncrushed ice has a
__________ area in contact
with the heater. Therefore,
energy from the heater
cannot be transferred
effectively to the ice.
larger / smaller Some energy from the heater
is used to raise the
temperature of the ice to the
______________________.
May be larger or smaller Some ice may drop into the
beakers directly without
__________. The influence
on the experimental value
depends on which beaker
contains more ice dropping
from the funnel.
larger / smaller Some ice melts due to the
energy transferred from the
___________________.
This amount of ice is not
deducted in finding the
experimental value.
larger / smaller Some energy may still be
transferred from the heater
to the ice after the beaker is
removed.
19 Lesson Worksheets 1
Checkpoint 2
The following set-up is used to measure the specific latent heat of fusion of ice. The reading
of the joulemeter changes from 20 300 J to 39 994 J during the experiment.

heater to unconnected
joulemeter heater

joulemeter

funnel containing
curshed ice

experiment control
beaker beaker

The mass of each beaker is measured before and after the experiment:

Before experiment After experiment

experiment control experiment control

beaker beaker beaker beaker

110.5 g 109.8 g 173.9 g 121.1 g

Find the specific latent heat of fusion of ice from the above results.

Solution
Mass of water collected in the experiment beaker
=
Mass of water collected in the control beaker
=
Mass of ice melted by the heater
=
Energy supplied to the heater
=
Specific latent heat of fusion of ice
=

New Senior Secondary Physics at Work (Second Edition) 20 Lesson Worksheets 1

Oxford University Press 2015
Checkpoint 3
A glass containing 200 g of melting ice is put inside a
room. How much energy is absorbed by the ice when half
of it turns into water?
A 0.2 4200 100 J
B 3.34 104 J
C 0.2 3.34 105 J
D Undetermined because the temperature of the water
is not given

Checkpoint 4
The following graph shows how the temperature of 1 kg of ice changes as it is heated. What
is the total energy absorbed by the ice from P to S?
Given: specific heat capacity of water = 4200 J kg–1 C–1
specific heat capacity of ice = 2050 J kg–1 C–1
specific latent heat of fusion of ice = 3.34 105 J kg–1

temperature / C

25 S

Q
R time

–10
P

Solution
Energy absorbed from P to Q
= mc T =
Energy absorbed from Q to R
=
Energy absorbed from R to S
=
Total energy absorbed from P to S
=

New Senior Secondary Physics at Work (Second Edition) 21 Lesson Worksheets 1

Oxford University Press 2015
F Specific latent heat of vaporization
1 Specific latent heat of vaporization of water

= energy needed to change 1 kg of __________ to __________ without a change in

temperature
= _______________ J kg–1

Experiment: Measuring the specific latent heat of vaporization of water

Switch on the heater. When the water boils, take the reading mA from the electronic
balance. Also take the initial reading of the kilowatt-hour meter.
Switch off the heater after a period of time. Take the reading mB of the electronic
balance when the water becomes __________.
Find the energy supplied (Q) to the heater according to the readings of the
kilowatt-hour meter.

Mass of water vaporized =

Specific latent heat of vaporization of water lv =

New Senior Secondary Physics at Work (Second Edition) 22 Lesson Worksheets 1

Oxford University Press 2015
2 How will the experimental result of lv be affected if the following situations occur in
the previous experiment?

The experimental result

Situations Reason
of lv will…
(a) The heater is not totally Some energy from the heater
immersed into water. is not transferred to the
water.

(b) Some water splashes out More / Less energy is

during boiling. required for the same
decrease in the mass of
water in the cup.

(c) The cup is covered with Some steam condenses on

a lid. the lid and drips back into
the cup. Additional energy
from the heater is required to
_______________ the water
again.

(d) The initial reading of the Energy used to raise the

electronic balance is temperature of the water to
taken before the water the __________________ is
boils.
included in the measurement
of Q.

(e) The final reading of the Some energy is still

electronic balance is transferred from the heater to
taken before the water the ________ after the final
becomes steady. reading is taken.

New Senior Secondary Physics at Work (Second Edition) 23 Lesson Worksheets 1

Oxford University Press 2015
Checkpoint 5
The following set-up is used to measure the specific latent heat of vaporization of water.

heater to power heater disconnected heater disconnected

supply from power supply from power supply

5 minutes 2 minutes

512.1 g 398.6 g 386.4 g

The power of the heater is 1000 W. Find the specific latent heat of vaporization of water
from the above results.

Solution
Mass of water vaporized
=

Energy supplied to boil the water

= Pt
=

Specific latent heat of vaporization of water

=

New Senior Secondary Physics at Work (Second Edition) 24 Lesson Worksheets 1

Oxford University Press 2015
Checkpoint 6
Joan prepares a glass of iced milk tea. Firstly, she puts some ice cubes at –10 C into a glass.
Then she adds 0.15 kg of tea at 85 C and 50 g of fresh milk at 4 C into the glass. If all the
ice just melts after all the ingredients mix together, how much ice does Joan put into the
glass initially?

Given: specific heat capacity of ice = 2050 J kg–1 C–1

specific heat capacity of tea = 4200 J kg–1 C–1
specific heat capacity of fresh milk = 3900 J kg–1 C–1
latent heat of fusion of ice = 3.34 105 J kg–1

Solution
Since all the ice just melts, the final temperature of the mixture is _____ C.

Energy gained by the ice

= mici Ti + milf
=

Energy lost by the tea and the fresh milk

= mtct Tt + mmcm Tm
=

Energy gained by the ice = energy lost by the tea and the fresh milk

Joan puts ___________ of ice into the glass.

New Senior Secondary Physics at Work (Second Edition) 25 Lesson Worksheets 1

Oxford University Press 2015
G Internal energy, molecular KE and molecular PE
1 Internal energy, kinetic energy (KE) and potential energy (PE) are commonly used
terms in Heat.

(a) KE of molecules (c) Internal energy of a substance

average KE of molecules is related to the equals the __________ of KE and PE
_______________ of the substance of all the molecules
temperature increases when
- temperature
molecules move more ____________
- state changes as follows:
KE of molecules _____
________ liquid; or
(b) PE of molecules liquid ________
arises due to the attractive ____________
between molecules
increases when the state of the substance
changes in the following ways:
solid liquid or liquid ________

2 Internal energy
= total molecular KE + total molecular PE
= (no. of molecules __________ KE) + (no. of molecules average PE)
= _________________________ ( average KE + average PE)

3 According to the above equation, internal energy depends on:

(a) mass of the substance
(b) _______________ of the substance
(c) _______________ of the substance

New Senior Secondary Physics at Work (Second Edition) 26 Lesson Worksheets 1

Oxford University Press 2015
Checkpoint 7
temperature

time
solid melting liquid boiling gas

Describe the changes of different kinds of energy in each of the stages shown above.

Stage KE of molecules PE of molecules Internal energy of substance

unchanged

Checkpoint 8
Consider substances A and B, and compare different kinds of energy.
with greater with more with more with more
A B
mass average KE average PE internal energy
1 kg water 1 kg water molecules
(a) same same B
at 20 C at 60 C of B
1 kg water 2 kg water
(b)
at 10 C at 10 C
1 kg steam 1 kg water
(c)
at 100 C at 100 C
2 kg water 1 kg water
(d)
at 80 C at 20 C

New Senior Secondary Physics at Work (Second Edition) 27 Lesson Worksheets 1

Oxford University Press 2015
 3.2 Evaporation
A Evaporation

1 Evaporation occurs when a liquid vaporizes at a temperature ________ than its boiling
point.

2 Evaporation and __________ are processes of vaporization. In both processes, the

liquid absorbs _______________ of vaporization.

3 Examples of evaporation:
(a) The water in the wet clothes evaporates after
absorbing _______________ of vaporization
from the _______________. Therefore, the
clothes become dry.

(b) The surroundings (e.g. the sun) provide

_____________________________ to the
water in the reservoir. The water evaporates
and the reservoir contains less water.

Checkpoint 9
Which process(es) does each of the following statements describe, boiling or evaporation?

(a) It may occur in the central part of the liquid.

(b) It occurs only at boiling point.

(c) It may occur when the liquid is heated.

(d) It requires latent heat of vaporization.

(e) It occurs when the liquid is calm.

New Senior Secondary Physics at Work (Second Edition) 28 Lesson Worksheets 1

Oxford University Press 2015
B Cooling effect
1 Evaporation produces cooling effect.
Examples:

Apply alcohol sanitizer to our We feel cold when getting out

skin and it feels cold. of water.

2 The cooling effect can be explained from the microscopic view.

In a liquid, molecules move at different

speeds and have different __________
energy.

When the molecules at the liquid surface

gain enough kinetic energy, they may escape
and become molecules of ____________.

The molecules remaining in the liquid have

lower __________ kinetic energy.
Therefore, the temperature of the liquid
__________.

New Senior Secondary Physics at Work (Second Edition) 29 Lesson Worksheets 1

Oxford University Press 2015
C Factors affecting evaporation
1 There are several factors that affect the rate of evaporation.

Factor Explanation
(a) Temperature Liquid has a higher temperature
molecules have higher average
_________________________
molecules move ____________ on
average
more molecules can escape

hotter colder
higher rate lower rate

(b) Surface area Liquid has a larger surface area

more molecules at the liquid _________
more molecules can escape

larger surface area smaller surface area

higher rate lower rate

(c) Density of vapour Lower density of vapour in the environment

fewer vapour molecules
smaller chance for them to return to the
humidity = 30% humidity = 80%
__________

Besides, wind can carry away excess vapour

to increase / reduce the density of vapour.

lower vapour density higher vapour density

higher rate lower rate

New Senior Secondary Physics at Work (Second Edition) 30 Lesson Worksheets 1

Oxford University Press 2015
Checkpoint 10
Determine whether each of the following is an example of evaporation.

(a) Wet clothes are dried by ironing.

(b) Wet floor is left to dry up.

(c) A wet hand feels cool in the wind.

(d) A can of soft drink gets wet soon after it is taken out from a refrigerator.

Checkpoint 11
A glass of liquid at 70 C is left in a room. After a period of time, 20 g of water in the liquid
evaporates.

(a) How much energy is taken away from the liquid due to evaporation?

(b) Given that the heat capacity of the liquid is 6500 J C–1, estimate the decrease in
temperature of the liquid due to evaporation.

Take the specific latent heat of vaporization of water to be 2.26 106 J kg–1.

Solution
(a) Energy taken away
= mlv
=

(b) T =

The decrease in temperature is __________.

New Senior Secondary Physics at Work (Second Edition) 31 Lesson Worksheets 1

Oxford University Press 2015
D Condensation

1 Condensation is the process in which a vapour turns into a ____________. This

process can happen at or below the _______________ point.

2 When condensation occurs, a gas releases latent heat of ____________________.

3 Examples of condensation:

Your glasses get foggy when you drink The mirror in the bathroom gets foggy
a hot tea. after you take a shower in hot water.

Checkpoint 12
There are two glasses, one containing cold water and the other containing hot water. Some
water droplets form on both glasses. How do you know which is which?

Solution
Check whether the water droplets form on the ____________ surface or the ____________
surface of the glass. If the water droplets form on the ____________ surface, the glass of
water is cold; otherwise, the glass of water is hot.

New Senior Secondary Physics at Work (Second Edition) 32 Lesson Worksheets 1

Oxford University Press 2015