Materials Transactions, Vol. 59, No. 2 (2018) pp.

297 to 302
©2017 The Japan Institute of Metals and Materials

Removal of Chloride Ions from an Aqueous Solution Containing a High Chloride

Concentration through the Chemical Precipitation of Friedel s Salt
Li Pang Wang1,*, Wei Hao Lee2, Shu Man Tseng2 and Ta Wui Cheng2
1
Institute of Environmental Engineering and Management, College of Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology,
Taipei 10608, Taiwan, Republic of China
2
Institute of Mineral Resources Engineering, College of Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology,
Taipei 10608, Taiwan, Republic of China

This study explored the feasibility of removing chloride ions from an aqueous solution containing a high chloride concentration through
the chemical precipitation of insoluble Friedel s salt, which was triggered by the addition of calcium and aluminum compounds. Calcium hy-
droxide (Ca(OH)2) and sodium aluminate (NaAlO2) were used as the reagents. Key factors for the removal of chloride ions, including the dos-
age of the reagents, reaction temperature, reaction time, initial pH, and initial chlorine concentration, were investigated.
The results indicated that an optimal chloride removal efficiency of 84.0% was obtained when the molar ratio of Ca:Al:Cl was 10:4:1.
The main crystal phases in the formed precipitates, confirmed through X-ray diffraction analysis, were Friedel s salt (Ca2Al(OH)6Cl·2H2O),
portlandite (Ca(OH)2), and katoite (Ca3(Al(OH)6)2). In addition, the chloride removal efficiency increased when the reaction temperature, ini-
tial pH, and initial chlorine concentration were higher. Chlorine removal could be further improved by conducting a second-stage treatment,
regardless of the residual concentrations of chloride, calcium, and aluminum ions after the first-stage treatment.
[doi:10.2320/matertrans.M2017273]

(Received September 4, 2017; Accepted November 7, 2017; Published December 8, 2017)

Keywords: chlorine, chloride removal, wastewater treatment, Friedel s salt, layered double hydroxides

1. Introduction Friedel s salt, triggered by the addition of calcium (Ca) and

Wastewaters generated from some industrial processes,
such as tanning, canning, pickling, and bottom ash washing,
often contain high concentrations of chloride ions1–5).
Wastewater containing a high chloride concentration cor-
rodes pipelines and exerts harmful effects on agricultural ir-
rigation and fisheries. Several methods to remove chloride
ions from aqueous solutions through either adsorption or ion
exchange using a synthetic adsorbent or resin have been re-
searched3,4,6–11). However, these methods are not suitable for
treating wastewater containing high chloride concentrations
because desorption and regeneration of the adsorbent and
resin is frequently required. Only a few studies have focused
on the treatment of wastewater containing high chloride
concentrations.
Friedel s salt, an insoluble chlorine salt first described by
Friedel in 1897, is produced from the reaction of calcium
oxide (CaO) and aluminum chloride (AlCl3)12). The chemi-
cal formula of Friedel s salt is 3CaO·Al2O3·CaCl2·10H2O or
Ca4Al2(OH)12Cl2(H2O)4. Its crystal structure is a type of lay-
ered double hydroxide where chloride ions enter the middle
of the layered structure of [Ca4Al2(OH)12]2+ to balance the
electrical charge. Friedel s salt is also an anion-exchange
mineral that has a high adhesion for anion ions and is used
as an adsorbent in the field of wastewater treatment13–15).
Based on the formation and characteristics of Friedel s salt,
we hypothesized that chloride ions in aqueous solutions can
react with added calcium and aluminum ions to form the in-
soluble Friedel s salt, thus enabling removal.
This study explored the feasibility of removing chloride
ions from aqueous solutions containing high chloride con-
centrations through the chemical precipitation of insoluble
*
Corresponding author, E-mail: kuniwang@ntut.edu.tw
aluminum (Al) compounds. Calcium hydroxides (Ca(OH)2)
and sodium aluminate (NaAlO2) were used as reagents. Key
factors for the removal of chloride ions, including the dos-
age of reagents, reaction temperature, reaction time, initial
pH, and initial chlorine concentration, were investigated.
The results were confirmed through an X-ray diffraction
(XRD) analysis of the produced precipitates.
2. Materials and Methods
An aqueous solution containing a high chloride concen-
tration was used in all experiments. The solution was pre-
pared using calcium chloride (CaCl2) (Ferak Berlin GmbH,
Germany). Unless stated otherwise, the chloride ion concen-
tration was set to 2,600 mg/L, which reflected the concen-
tration found in a bottom ash washing wastewater. Calcium
hydroxide (Ca(OH)2) (Scharlab, S.L., Spain) was used as the
Ca reagent and sodium aluminate (NaAlO2) (Taiwan
Organic Chemical, Co. Ltd., Taiwan) was used as the Al re-
agent. All chemicals were reagent grade. In this study, the
dosages of Ca(OH)2 and NaAlO2 were presented as the mo-
lar ratio of Ca:Al:Cl. The actual addition amounts of
Ca(OH)2 and NaAlO2 were calculated on the basis of the
chloride ion concentration, whereas the amount of Ca ions
already in the aqueous solution was deducted. In addition,
Ca(OH)2 and NaAlO2 were fed as powders.
All of the experiments were conducted as batch experi-
ments. For each, 600 mL of a chlorine solution were poured
into a 1,000 mL beaker equipped with a stainless magnetic
stirrer. After the addition of Ca(OH)2 and NaAlO2, the solu-
tion was mixed at 150 rpm for 1 h. Solid–liquid separation
was then performed using vacuum filtration. Filters with a
diameter of 55 mm and a pore size of 1 μm were used. The
concentrations of residual Ca and Al ions in the liquid frac-
298 L. P. Wang, W. H. Lee, S. Man Tseng and T. W. Cheng
tion were analyzed through inductively coupled plas-
ma-atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES) (SPS 7800,
Seiko Instruments Inc.). Next, the residual chloride ion con-
centration in the liquid fraction was determined using
Mohr s method, which is a precipitation titration method,
where chloride ions in aqueous solutions are titrated with
silver nitrate16,17). Subsequently, the chloride removal effi-
ciency was calculated on the basis of the difference between
the initial and residual chloride ion concentrations. Finally,
the solid fraction (precipitate) was dried and the crystal
phases in the precipitate were analyzed using an XRD
(DMX-2200, Rigaku).
3. Results and Discussion
3.1 Effect of the dosages of Ca(OH)2 and NaAlO2 on
the removal of chloride ions
The chemical reaction of the formation of insoluble
Friedel s salt in this study, triggered by the addition of
Ca(OH)2 and NaAlO2 to an aqueous solution containing a
high chlorine concentration, was as follows:
CaCl2 + 3Ca(OH)2 + 2NaAlO2 + 8H2 O
(1)
→ 2Ca2 Al(OH)6 Cl · 2H2 O + 2NaOH
According to the chemical formula of Friedel s salt, the
theoretical molar ratio of Ca:Al:Cl is 2:1:1. In this study, the
dosages of Ca and Al compounds were set at 1 to 5 times the
theoretical molar ratio (i.e., Ca/Cl  =  2, 4, 6, 8, 10 and Al/
Cl  =  1, 2, 3, 4, 5). The effect of the various dosages of
Ca(OH)2 and NaAlO2 on the removal of chloride ions is il-
lustrated in Figs. 1 and 2. Specifically, in Fig. 1, the Al/Cl
molar ratios are presented on the horizontal axis to demon-
strate the effect of the Ca(OH)2 dosage, whereas in Fig. 2,
the Ca/Cl molar ratios are presented on the horizontal axis
to demonstrate the effect of the NaAlO2 dosage.
According to Fig. 1, when the molar ratio of Al/Cl was 1,
increasing the Ca(OH)2 dosage barely affected the removal
of chloride ions. The chloride removal efficiency was ap-
proximately 54% at the most. It is thought that the Al ions in
the solution fully reacted under this condition. No extra Al
ions could react with chloride ions and the introduced Ca
Fig. 1 Effects of the dosages of Ca(OH)2 and NaAlO2 on the removal of
chloride ions; the Al/Cl molar ratios are presented on the horizontal axis
(experimental conditions: initial chloride concentration  =  2,600 mg/L,
reaction temperature = 25 C, reaction time = 1 h).
ions. Hence, the chloride removal efficiency could not be
further improved, regardless of increases in the Ca(OH)2
dosage. This can also explain the results of chloride removal
at the molar ratio of Al/Cl of 2 when Ca/Cl is higher than
four. In these cases, the chloride removal efficiency was ap-
proximately 70% at the most. By contrast, when the molar
ratio of Al/Cl ≥  3, the effect of the Ca(OH)2 dosage on the
removal of chloride ions became significant. Specifically, the
chloride removal efficiency increased with the Ca(OH)2 dos-
age. The optimal chloride removal efficiency was 84.0%
when the molar ratio of Ca:Al:Cl = 10:4:1.
As indicated in Fig. 2, when the molar ratio of Ca/Cl was
2, the chloride removal efficiency decreased with an increase
in the dosage of NaAlO2. Conversely, when the molar ratio
of Ca/Cl ≥  4, the increase in the NaAlO2 dosage improved
the chloride removal efficiency. However, when the molar
ratios of Ca:Al:Cl were higher than 4:2:1, 6:2:1, or 8:4:1, the
chloride removal efficiency could not be further improved
and actually decreased. It is thought that when excess
NaAlO2 was added, NaAlO2 and Ca(OH)2 react with each
other as follows:
3Ca(OH)2 + 2NaAlO2 + 4H2 O
(2)
→ Ca3 (Al(OH)6 )2 + 2NaOH
which leads to a reduced production of Friedel s salt; thus,
the chloride removal efficiency decreased.
These results suggest that higher dosages of Ca(OH)2 and
NaAlO2 than those theoretically predicted are required to
improve the chloride removal efficiency. It is because the
Ca(OH)2 introduced to the aqueous solution cannot com-
pletely dissolve and the NaAlO2 introduced can also react
with the Ca(OH)2.
The XRD analysis results of the precipitates produced at
molar ratios of Ca:Al:Cl =  4:1:1–4:5:1 are shown in Fig. 3.
Notably, the main crystal phases in the precipitates detected
by XRD were Friedel s salt (Ca2Al(OH)6Cl·2H2O), portland-
ite (Ca(OH)2), and katoite (Ca3(Al(OH)6)2). The XRD anal-
ysis confirmed that adding Ca and Al compounds to a chlo-
ride solution triggered a reaction between chloride ions and
Ca and Al ions to form the insoluble Friedel s salt and thus
enable the removal of chlorine. In addition, the presence of
Fig. 2 Effect of the dosages of Ca(OH)2 and NaAlO2 on the removal of
chloride ions; the Ca/Cl molar ratios are presented on the horizontal axis
(experimental conditions: initial chloride concentration  =  2,600 mg/L,
reaction temperature = 25 C, reaction time = 1 h).
 Removal of Chloride Ions from an Aqueous Solution Containing a High Chloride Concentration through the Chemical Precipitation
portlandite, owing to the unreacted Ca(OH)2, confirms that
the introduced Ca(OH)2 is not entirely contribute to the for-
mation of Friedel s salt. Hence, higher dosages of Ca(OH)2
are required to improve the chloride removal efficiency.
Meanwhile, the katoite is the reaction product of NaAlO2
and Ca(OH)2, which confirms that these compounds react
with each other as indicated in eq. (2). Furthermore, higher
dosages of NaAlO2 reduced the production of Friedel s salt.
As indicated in Fig. 3, the intensity of the main characteris-
tic peaks of the Friedel s salt are reduced when Ca:Al:Cl =  Figure 5 shows the effect of the reaction time on the chlo-
4:5:1. Therefore, the chloride removal efficiency is reduced.
3.2 Effect of reaction temperature on the removal of
chloride ions
The effect of the reaction temperature on the chloride re-
moval efficiency is shown in Fig. 4. The temperature was
variously set at 25 C, 45 C, and 60 C, and the molar ratio of
Ca:Al:Cl was 4:2:1 and 10:3:1. The results showed that with
an increase in reaction temperature, the chloride removal ef-
ficiency increased from 69.0% at 25 C to 80.0% at 60 C
when Ca:Al:Cl was 4:2:1. Similarly, the chloride removal
efficiency increased from 81.2% at 25 C to 87.5% at 60 C
Fig. 3 XRD analysis of the precipitates that were produced through the
addition of Ca(OH)2 and NaAlO2 with molar ratios of Ca:Al:Cl set at
4:1:1–4:5:1 (experimental conditions: initial chloride concentration  = 
2,600 mg/L, reaction temperature = 25 C, reaction time = 1 h).
Fig. 4 Effect of the reaction temperature on the chloride removal effi-
ciency (experimental conditions: Ca:Al:Cl  =  4:2:1 and 10:3:1, initial
chloride concentration = 2,600 mg/L, reaction time = 1 h).
299
when Ca:Al:Cl was 10:3:1. These results suggest that the re-
moval of chloride ions through the addition of Ca(OH)2 and
NaAlO2, which forms Friedel s salt, can be improved by in-
creasing the reaction temperature. Specifically, the solubility
of Ca(OH)2 increases with the temperature, enhancing the
formation of Friedel s salt.
3.3 Effect of reaction time on the removal of chloride
ions
ride removal efficiency. The molar ratio of Ca:Al:Cl was al-
ternately set at 4:2:1 and 10:3:1. The results showed that at
both ratios, the chloride removal efficiency increased rapidly
within the first 20 min and reached equilibrium after 1 h.
This indicates that chloride ion is rapidly removed through
the formation of Friedel s salt.
The XRD analysis results of the precipitates produced at
different reaction times at the molar ratios of Ca:Al:Cl  = 
4:2:1 are presented in Fig. 6. The crystal phases of Friedel s
salt, portlandite, and katoite were detected in the precipitate
produced at 20 min; this further confirms the quick synthesis
reaction of Friedel s salt. In addition, the intensity of the
characteristic peaks of portlandite and katoite decreased as
the reaction time increased, signifying that the introduced
Fig. 5 Effect of the reaction time on the chloride removal efficiency (ex-
perimental conditions: Ca:Al:Cl =  4:2:1 and 10:3:1, initial chloride con-
centration = 2,600 mg/L, reaction temperature = 25 C).
Fig. 6 XRD analysis of the precipitates that were produced at various re-
action times (experimental conditions: Ca:Al:Cl =  4:2:1, initial chloride
concentration = 2,600 mg/L, reaction temperature = 25 C).
300 L. P. Wang, W. H. Lee, S. Man Tseng and T. W. Cheng

Ca(OH)2 fully reacted and contributed to the formation of ranging from pH 4 to pH 12, the chloride removal efficiency
Friedel s salt during a longer reaction time. Eventually, the at the molar ratios of Ca:Al:Cl of 2:1:1, 4:2:1, and 8:4:1 in-
produced katoite, which is the reaction product of NaAlO2 creased from 25.4% to 80.1%, from 33.5% to 84.2%, and
and Ca(OH)2, dissolved again. The results imply that the from 50.1% to 88.5%, respectively. In short, a higher chlo-
formation of Friedel s salt as presented in eq. (1) is superior ride removal efficiency was obtained at a higher initial pH;
to that of the katoite presented in eq. (2); in short, a reversed this occurs because Friedel s salt is formed and exists stably
eq. (2) reaction occurred. above pH 1218). Therefore, a higher initial pH is beneficial
for chloride removal. However, chloride removal from a
3.4 Effect of initial chloride concentration on the re- solution with a low initial pH can be improved by increasing
moval of chloride ions the dosages of Ca(OH)2 and NaAlO2, as demonstrated by a
The effect of the initial chloride concentration on the solution that had an initial pH of 4 where the chloride re-
chloride removal efficiency is shown in Fig. 7. The initial moval efficiency at a molar ratio of 8:4:1 was higher than
concentration was set at 2,600 mg/L, 5,000 mg/L, and that at a ratio of 2:1:1 and 4:2:1. Furthermore, the pH of the
10,000 mg/L, and the molar ratio of Ca:Al:Cl was 4:2:1 and chloride solution increased to more than pH 12 after the ad-
10:3:1. The results indicated that for both molar ratios, the dition of Ca(OH)2 and NaAlO2. It is because NaOH is also
chloride removal efficiency increased with the initial chlo- produced when Friedel s salt forms, as shown in eq. (1). This
ride concentration; a linear relationship was observed be- result suggests that Ca(OH)2 and NaAlO2 are suitable re-
tween the two. Specifically, when the initial chloride con- agents for the formation of Friedel s salt and that an addi-
centration increased from 2,600 to 5,000 mg/L and then to tional pH adjustment of the chloride solution to maintain the
10,000 mg/L, the chloride removal efficiency increased stability of the produced Friedel s salt is not required.
from 69.0% to 71.5% and then to 76.6%, when Ca:Al:Cl =  Nevertheless, the solution after chloride removal needs to be
4:2:1, and from 81.4% to 84.5% to 90.0%, respectively, adjusted to a neutral pH before being discharged to meet
when Ca:Al:Cl = 10:3:1. most of the effluent standards on pH values.
The XRD analysis results of the precipitates produced
from the various initial chloride concentration solutions at
the molar ratio of Ca:Al:Cl = 10:3:1 are shown in Fig. 8. The
main crystal phases in the precipitates were Friedel s salt,
portlandite, and katoite. Notably, higher initial chloride con-
centrations corresponded with the higher-intensity character-
istic peaks of Friedel s salt and the lower-intensity peaks of
katoite. This finding suggests that at higher initial chloride
concentrations, the reaction among Ca, Al, and Cl (which
produces Friedel s salt) is superior to that between Ca and Al
(which forms katoite). Hence, Friedel s salt became the ma-
jor product and the chloride removal efficiency increased,
similar to the effect of increased reaction time described in
Section 3.3.

3.5 Effect of initial pH on the removal of chloride ions

The effect of initial pH on the chloride removal efficiency
is depicted in Fig. 9. The results showed that for all tested
Fig. 8 XRD analysis of the precipitates that were produced from each ini-
molar ratios, the chloride removal efficiency increased with tial chloride concentration solution (experimental conditions: Ca:Al:Cl = 
an increase in the initial pH. Specifically, for an initial pH 10:3:1, reaction temperature = 25 C, reaction time = 1 h).

Fig. 7 Effect of the initial chloride concentration on the chloride removal Fig. 9 Effect of the initial pH on the chloride removal efficiency (experi-
efficiency (experimental conditions: Ca:Al:Cl  =  4:2:1 and 10:3:1, reac- mental conditions: Ca:Al:Cl =  2:1:1, 4:2:1, and 8:4:1; reaction tempera-
tion temperature = 25 C, reaction time = 1 h). ture = 25 C; reaction time = 1 h).
 Removal of Chloride Ions from an Aqueous Solution Containing a High Chloride Concentration through the Chemical Precipitation
3.6 A second-stage treatment for residual chloride ions
To further improve chloride removal, a second-stage treat-
ment for residual chloride ions was conducted. The dosage
of the molar ratio of Ca:Al:Cl was set at 10:3:1. The actual
amounts of Ca(OH)2 and NaAlO2 added were calculated on
the basis of the residual chloride ion concentration, whereas
the amount of Ca and Al ions already in the aqueous solu-
tion were deducted. The experimental conditions were the
same as those for the first-stage treatment (i.e., stirred at
150 rpm for 1 h at 25 C). The experimental results are sum-
marized in Table 1. For comparison, two types of residual
chloride solutions after the first-stage treatment were used.
The first one was obtained at the molar ratio of Ca:Al:Cl of
10:2:1, with a chloride removal efficiency of 69.8% and a
residual chloride ion concentration of 785.0 mg/L; the resid-
ual concentrations of Ca and Al were 457.5 mg/L and
31.5 mg/L, respectively. After the second-stage treatment,
the residual chloride ion concentration in this solution de-
creased to 148.6 mg/L and a chlorine removal efficiency of
81.1% was achieved. The overall chlorine removal efficiency
was increased to 94.3%. The residual concentrations of Ca
and Al after the second-stage treatment were 138.1 mg/L
and 14.3 mg/L, respectively. The second solution was cre-
ated at the molar ratio of Ca:Al:Cl =  2:4:1, with a chloride
removal efficiency of 35.2% and a residual chloride ion con-
centration of 1,686 mg/L; the residual concentrations of Ca
and Al were 138.6 mg/L and 1,494 mg/L, respectively.
After the second-stage treatment, the residual chloride ion
concentration in this solution decreased to 356.7 mg/L and a
chloride removal efficiency of 78.8% was achieved. The
overall chlorine removal efficiency increased to 86.3%. The
residual concentrations of Ca and Al after the second-stage
treatment were 296.7 mg/L and 30.6 mg/L, respectively.
The aforementioned results suggest that a second-stage
treatment can further improve chloride removal efficiency,
regardless of the residual concentrations of Cl, Ca, and Al
ions after the first-stage treatment. In addition, the dosages
of Ca and Al reagents substantially affect not only the chlo-
ride removal efficiency but also the residual concentrations
of Ca and Al ions after chloride removal. Under optimal dos-
age conditions of Ca and Al reagents obtained in this study,
a higher chlorine removal efficiency as well as lower resid-
ual concentrations of Ca and Al ions after treatment can be
achieved.
Table 1 Results of the second-stage treatment.
Ca:Al:Cl
Initial chloride concentration (2600 mg/L)
10:2:1
First-stage Residual chloride concentration (mg/L) 785.0
treatment Chloride removal efficiency (%) 69.8
Second-stage Residual chloride concentration (mg/L) 148.6
treatment Chloride removal efficiency (%) 81.1
Overall chloride removal efficiency (%) 94.3
(Experimental conditions: reaction temperature = 25 C; reaction time =  (Experimental conditions: reaction temperature = 25 C; reaction time =
1 h)
301
3.7 Practical application to real high-chloride
wastewater
The method proposed in this study was applied to a bot-
tom ash washing wastewater generated from a municipal
solid waste incinerator in Taiwan. The concentrations of Cl,
Ca, and Al ions as well as the pH of the wastewater are
shown in Table 2. The wastewater contains chloride ions at
2,600 mg/L with a pH of 12.2. The experimental conditions
were the same as those in the fundamental investigations,
namely stirring at 150 rpm for 1 h at 25 C. Two molar ratio
dosages, Ca:Al:Cl  =  4:2:1 and 10:4:1, were tested. The ac-
tual amounts of Ca(OH)2 and NaAlO2 added were also cal-
culated on the basis of the chloride ion concentration, and
the amounts of Ca and Al ions already in the wastewater
were deducted. The wastewater originally contains a high Ca
ion concentration (1,077.4 mg/L), and the actual amount of
Ca reagent added can be reduced. The results are shown in
Table 3. In the case of Ca:Al:Cl  =  4:2:1, the chloride ion
concentration in this wastewater decreased to 858.0 mg/L,
and a chloride removal efficiency of 67.0% was obtained.
The residual concentrations of Ca and Al were 172.7 mg/L
and 19.8 mg/L, respectively. In the case of Ca:Al:Cl  = 
10:4:1, the chloride ion concentration decreased to
390.4 mg/L, and a chloride removal efficiency of 85.0% was
achieved. The residual concentrations of Ca and Al were
282.0 mg/L and 23.7 mg/L, respectively. The final pH of
the wastewater of the two dosage cases both slightly in-
creased to pH 12.7. The results were similar to those shown
in the fundamental investigations, which confirmed the fea-
sibility of this method.
4. Conclusions
This study explored the feasibility of removing chloride
ions from an aqueous solution containing a high chloride
concentration through the chemical precipitation of Friedel s
salt, which was triggered by adding Ca(OH)2 and NaAlO2.
Specifically, the following results were obtained:
(1) Higher dosages of Ca(OH)2 and NaAlO2 than the the-
oretical molar ratio of Friedel s salt (i.e., Ca:Al:Cl  =  2:1:1)
were required for optimal chloride removal efficiency, be-
cause of the lower solubility of Ca(OH)2 as well as the reac-
tion between Ca(OH)2 and NaAlO2. Overall, an optimal
chloride removal efficiency (84.0%) was obtained when the
Table 2 Concentrations of Cl, Ca, and Al as well as pH in the bottom ash
washing wastewater.
Cl Ca Al pH
2600 mg/L 1077.4 mg/L 0.8 mg/L 12.2
2:4:1
1686.0 Table 3 Chloride removal results for the bottom ash washing wastewater.
35.2 Residual chloride Chloride removal
Ca:Al:Cl Final pH
356.7 concentration (mg/L) efficiency (%)
78.8 4:2:1 858.0 67.0 12.7
86.3 10:4:1 390.4 85.0 12.7
 
1 h)
302 L. P. Wang, W. H. Lee, S. Man Tseng and T. W. Cheng
molar ratio was Ca:Al:Cl = 10:4:1.
(2) The main mineralogical crystal phases in the formed
precipitates were Friedel s salt, katoite, and portlandite,
which were confirmed through XRD analysis.
(3) The chloride removal efficiency increased with the re-
action temperature, initial pH, and initial chlorine concentra-
tion of the solution.
(4) The chloride removal efficiency can be further im-
proved by conducting a second-stage treatment on residual
chloride ions, regardless of the residual concentrations of Cl,
Ca, and Al ions that remain after the first-stage treatment.
The method proposed in this study is effective for the
treatment of an aqueous solution containing a high chloride
concentration and can be integrated with other chloride
treatment methods, such as adsorption and ion exchange, to
further remove chloride, if stricter effluent standards need to
be met.
Acknowledgments
This work was financially supported in part by the R.O.C.
Ministry of Science and Technology under Grant No. MOST
105-2221-E-027-001 as well as the R.O.C. Ministry of
Economic Affair, Water Resources Agency under Grant No.
206F11.
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