ENERGY--DEPTH RELATIONSHIP

ENERGY
S
Specific
ifi Energy
E
V2
H = z + y cos2θ + α
2g
If datum coincides with
channel bed,
bed
V2
E = y cos2 θ + α
2g
where E = Specific energy

For cos θ = 1 V2 Q2
E = y + = y +
α =1 2g 2 g A2
Specific Energy …
For known channel geometry: E = f ( y, Q)
For Q = Const., E = f ( y )

Const .
E − y =
A2
A∝ y
Ec (Min.
(Min Specific Energy)
As y → 0, E → ∞
As y → ∞, E → y
Specific Energy …

E > Ec y1, y2 (Alternate depths)

y 2 2
(E - y1),
) (E - y2) (Velocity heads)
V1 , V 2
2g 2g
V > Vc and F > 1 → Supercritical flow
V < Vc and F < 1 → Subcritical flow
Critical Flow

C
Critical
l state off flow:
fl The flflow at minimum specific
Th f energy
(E = Ec)
Critical depth: The depth corresponding for critical state
of flow

Criterion for the critical state of flow:

dE Q 2 dA where dA
= T = topwidth
= 1− 3
=0 dy
dy g A dy

Q2 T c 1 ⎛⎜ Q ⎞⎟ 1
2
V c2 Vc
= 1 → = = 1 → = F =1
g Ac3 ⎜ 2 ⎟
g ⎝ Ac ⎠ Ac T c g Ac T c g Dc

where F = Froude number

D c = Ac = Hydraulic Depth
Tc
→
Critical Flow …

2
Vc
• If α ≠ 1, criterion becomes α =1
g Ac T c
• If α ≠ 1 and
d cos θ ≠ 11, criterion becomes
b
αV
F = c
2
g Dc cos θ

Section Factor for Critical Flow Computation

2 Q A3c
Q Tc
=1 = = z = Section Factor
3
g Ac g
Tc
 Critical Flow …

Hydraulic Exponent for Critical Flow Computation

Since Z = f ( y ), it may be assumed that z 2 = C y M

where C = coefficient,
M = hydraulic exponent for critical flow computation.

From the above equation, d (ln z )

2 ln z = ln C + M ln y → M = 2
d (ln y )

z⎛ A dT ⎞
A general equation for the hydraulic exponent, M= ⎜⎜ 3T − ⎟⎟
A⎝ T dy ⎠

For a trapezoidal section, For any channel section

[ ] − 2m ( y B)[1+ m( y B)]
between depths y1 and y2,
3 1+ 2m( y B )
2

M= ln⎛⎜ z1 ⎞⎟
[1+ 2m ( y B )][1+ m( y B )] M =2
⎝ z2⎠
⎛y ⎞
ln⎜ 1 ⎟
⎝ y2 ⎠
Computation of Critical Depth

Rectangular section
¾y
V c2
T=B E c = yc +
2g 2
yc = E c
y F=
Vc
=1 3
g yc

A = By ,
T=B Q 2 T c V c2
= =1 1 3
⎛ q2 ⎞
yc = ⎜ ⎟
3
g Ac g y c
⎜ g⎟
q=
Q ⎝ ⎠
B
 Computation of Critical Depth …

Non rectangular Channels

• Triangular Channel
Q2
Ac = m y c
2 Ec = y c +
2 g Ac2
T c = 2m y c 1 y m2 y5c
2θ m Ec = y c +
4 m 2 yc 4
Q 2 Tc 4
=1 yc = E c
gA 3
c 5
,

2 3 3 6
; Q Ac m yc
= =
g TC 2myc
V 2
1 F=
⎛ 2Q 2 ⎞ 5 gy
yc = ⎜⎜ 2
⎟⎟
⎝ gm ⎠
 Computation of Critical Depth …
Circular Channel

x x
ro d = 2 ro
2θ y
,

A = area of the sector + area of the triangular

trian lar portion
ortion

r 0 2θ + . 2 r0 Sin (π − θ ) r0 Cos (π − θ )
1 2 1
A=
2 2
( )
2
1 2
= r0 2θ − r0 Sin 2θ =
2 d
(2θ − Sin 2θ )
2 8
 Computation of Critical Depth …
Circular Channel …

T = 2r0 Sin ( π − θ ) = 2r0 Sin θ = d Sin θ

3
⎡d 2 ⎤
⎢ (2θ c − Sin 2θ c )⎥
Q 2 Ac
3
⎢⎣ 8 ⎥⎦
= =
g Tc d Sin θ c

⎛ 2y ⎞
−1 ⎛ y ⎞
2θ = 2 Cos ⎜1 − ⎟ = f ⎜ d⎟
⎝ d ⎠ ⎝ ⎠

A non-dimensional
,
representation is:

0.044104 (2θ c − Sin 2θ c )

3
= f ⎛⎜ c ⎞⎟
Q 2 y
=
g d 2. 5 (Sin θ c )
1
2 ⎝ d⎠
 Computation of Critical Depth …

• Trapezoidal Channel
A = (B + my ) y
T = (B + 2my )

At critical state:
Q 2 Ac
3
(B + m y c )3 y c 3
= =
g Tc (B + 2 m y c )

Non-dimensional representation:
3
3⎛ my c ⎞
B ⎜⎜1 + ⎟⎟ yc 3
Q2 ⎝ B ⎠
, 5
B (1 + ξ c )3 ξ c 3 myc
= =
g ⎛ 2myy c ⎞ m3 1 + 2ξ c where ξ c =
B ⎜⎜1 + ⎟⎟ B
⎝ B ⎠

(1 + ξ c ) ξ c (1 + ξ c ) 3 2 ξ c 3 2
3 3 3
2 3 2
Q m Qm
= ; =α =
gB 5 (1 + 2ξ c ) g B
5
2 (1 + 2ξ c ) 21
 Computation of Critical Depth …

Example

Given:
Gi
- Rectangular broad-crested weir
- Channel of width (b) - Overflow depth (y1)
- u/s velocity head (Negligible)
- Frictional losses ((Negligible)
g g ) y1

Required:
b
-Theoretical
Th i l equation
i (Q vs y1)
- Assumptions
 Computation of Critical Depth …
Solution:

A l i Bernoulli’s
Applying B lli’ equation
i b/n
b/ pts 1 and
d 2:
2
2 2
v vc 1
1
+ y1 + h = + yc + h ⎛ q2 ⎞
3

=⎜ ⎟
2g 2g 2 2
= Ec = y1
⎜g⎟
yc
, 3 3
v
2
vc
2
⎝ ⎠
1
+ y1 = + yc = Ec 3
2g 2g q2 ⎛ 2 ⎞ 3
⇒ = ⎜ ⎟ y1
2 2 g ⎝3⎠
v vc
< < y1 ⇒ y1 = + yc =Ec
1 3
⎛ 2⎞ 2 3
⇒ Q = b g .⎜ ⎟
2
2g 2g y1
⎝ 3⎠