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Operation Cherry Blossoms at Night,

The WW2 Japanese Plan to Wage
Biological Warfare on the USA
FEATURED INSTANT ARTICLES WORLD WAR II May 21, 2016 Heather Fishel
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1. The Day North

Korea Fired A
Missile At SR 71
Blackbird
2. The Biggest
SHARE: Facebook Twitter Petrol V8 Ever
Built That
Powered The
World War II introduced the international community to a host of
Sherman Tank
new horrors: Adolf Hitler’s concentration camps dedicated to
death, Japan’s air-led destruction that turned Pearl Harbor into a 3. PANERIAL – The
scene of fiery explosions and death, and bombings that Silent Forest
decimated entire cities, monuments, and landscapes throughout
Europe. 4. When A British
Destroyer
Yet one of the most unforgettable moments of the war came Rammed a
during its final days. As the Allied Forces accepted Germany’s German Cruiser
https://www.warhistoryonline.com/featured/need-medic-heroic-life-harold-ackroyd.html 1/28
surrender, attention turned to Japan, the one enemy still standing. In World War
Two
The world’s first nuclear bombs brought Japan to its own
surrender and showed nations around the world just how deadly
5. US Hercules
a single bomb could be. Plane Lands On
& Takes Off
Although the United States was responsible for unleashing these
From An Aircraft
new and terrifying weapons, it wasn’t the only nation prepared to Carrier
use an ultimate means of destruction.
6. Exhibition shows
the dark side of
the Nazi Youth
Movement
7. Footage taken at
The Tomb of The
Unknown Soldier
8. Jack Hinson: A
Civil War Sniper
Hell Bent on
Revenge
9. Museum
Uncovers
Remarkable
Account of the
Fray Bentos
Boys’ Three
Days of Hell in
WWI
10. WWII-era Plane

Crashes at Naval
Air Station, Killing
Two
Example of patogen.
Like the United States in the years and months before the
bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan was also preparing Report Advertisement
for the possibility of waging an entirely new type of war on its

enemies. However, Japan didn’t want to target just any Allied
nation – its political and military leaders wanted to strike on U.S.
territory yet again, this time on its mainland.
Upon the request of Japan’s Emperor, military experts developed

a plan named Operation Cherry Blossoms at Night, a plan that
would devastate Southern California with biological warfare.
Though the intended operation was never enacted, its
development was careful and its intentions severe.
The secrets of Operation Cherry Blossoms at Night detail what

might just have happened had World War II come to a different
end, one in which Japan was named the victor.
The Plan for Biological Destruction Begins
Urban aerial of San Diego and Tijuana, Mexico.
After Japan’s successful attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941, war was

no longer a possibility; it was a certainty, and it was one that
Japan eagerly anticipated. The nation, its leaders, and its military
were all prepared to wage war on the United States – and
biological warfare was at the heart of those plans. In the months
that followed Pearl Harbor, the Japanese began readying
different plans for biological-based attacks meant to cripple the
U.S. population.
As Japanese troops took to the battlefield against American

forces, military leaders had prepared biological attacks for any
scenario. Japan was not a nation afraid of striking the enemy’s
health. In March of 1942, as the Battle of Bataan raged on,
Japanese forces were ready to unleash 200 pounds of plague-
ridden fleas in 10 different attacks on U.S. soldiers.
The American troops surrendered at Bataan, and the fleas were

never used. Two years later, in July 1944, the Japanese again
readied the exact same biological weapon during the Battle of
Saipan. Fortunately for the U.S. forces, the fleas were killed on
their way to the battlefield when the American submarine
Swordfish sank a Japanese submarine. The Japanese tried once
more to use a biological weapon during the Battle of Iwo Jima,
during which the troops were planning to drop pathogens on
invading U.S. forces.
One Japanese pilot, Shoichi Matsumoto, recalled that orders

were to send two gliders over the invaders and release disease
that would shower the American troops – yet once again, this
plan failed when the gliders took off and never reached their
intended destination.
The men of Unit 731.
Though each one was shelved or never succeeded, these

planned attacks wouldn’t have been Japan’s first foray into
biological warfare. In fact, the Japanese military had relied on
biological weaponry years before World War II broke out – the
nation had a special military unit named Unit 731 created for and
solely devoted to biological and chemical warfare that dated back

to the early 1930s.
Unit 731 began its work in Manchukuo when Japan took control
of the Chinese state. The Unit was tasked with researching
potential biological and chemical weapons, and the effects they
would have when unleashed on enemy populations. So, Unit 731
got to work under the leadership of Shirō Ishii, experimenting
various diseases and dangerous chemicals on men, women,
children, and even infants. The Japanese didn’t just conduct
these cruel experiments on captured prisoners or injured enemy
soldiers; instead, they ran the potentially deadly tests on anyone
they could find.
Unit 731 Complex.
Thanks to the efforts of Unit 731, the Japanese military was

quickly ready to put all of the research to use and wreak
biological havoc. The Second Sino-Japanese War provided the
perfect opportunity: Japanese soldiers placed the bubonic
plague, cholera, smallpox, botulism, anthrax, and even more
varied, dangerous diseases inside bombs that were meant for
use against the Chinese military.
As the war and its conflicts pitted the Japanese and Chinese
against one another, Japan unleashed it’s biological weapons –
and the effects were deadly. In 2002, researchers estimated the
number of Chinese individuals, both in war and during Unit 731’s
human experimentation, at approximately 580,000. With this
astounding and effective new type of warfare, the Japanese were
eager to enact similar damage upon the United States during

World War II.
Continues on Page 2
00:10
A New Target: The Shores of the U.S.
Shiro Ishii, commander of Unit 731, which performed

live human vivisections and other biological
experimentation.
Of course, the battles Japan faced throughout World War II

proved more challenging and riddled with problems, and the
opportunities to use biological warfare seemed to fail at every
turn. That didn’t deter Japan’s leaders, military experts, or Shirō
Ishii himself.
Instead, Ishii took on a new task: as Germany surrendered and

Japan prepared to face the full attention of the United States, Ishii
was asked to develop a long-distance, large-scale attack that
would cripple the enemy nation. Operation Cherry Blossoms at
Night was born, and Ishii spent the final months of World War II
planning and preparing the details for this intended kamikaze
mission.
The plan for Operation Cherry Blossoms at Night required

submarines, aircraft, and men to man these carriers of biological
weapons. The men who would bring the weapons to their final
destination weren’t going to survive. On March 25, 1945, Ishii’s
operation was finalized. Five I-400 long-range submarines would
leave Japan’s shoreline and travel across the Pacific Ocean, with
each sub carrying three Aichi M6A Seiran aircraft.
The Aichi M6A Seiran.
The aircraft onboard the submarines held bombs with plague-

carrying fleas, the weapons that would unleash hell in Southern
California. Once the submarines got close to San Diego, they
would surface and launch their airplanes towards the coastline.
While in the air, the planes would drop their flea-filled bombs.
With this done, Operation Cherry Blossoms at Night would be

nearly complete – all that would be left was the spread of
infection and death through San Diego and beyond. After the
bombs detonated and the fleas carried the plague from person to
person, household to household, the Japanese expected that
tens of thousands of people living in California would die.
Japanese submarine I-400.
The Japanese military approved Ishii’s plans and set a date for
the operation: September 22, 1945. Yet misfortune befell Japan’s
biological warfare plans once more before World War II drew to a
close. Once the operation was announced, the Imperial Japanese
Navy decided that the entire plan was far too risky and
impractical to carry out.
The Navy wanted to instead devote its efforts to protecting and

defending Japan’s nearby islands, and officials didn’t want to
potentially lose any of the brand new I-400 submarines for such a
mission. Operation Cherry Blossoms at Night was destined never
to see the light of day, as Japan surrendered to the United States
on August 15 that year.
So, although the Japanese dedicated great effort and research to

bringing enemies to their knees with biological destruction, it was
an entirely different new breed of weapon that brought World War
II and Japan’s grand plans to an end.
Starving Their Own Men: Britain’s Epic

Supply Failure in the Crimea
HISTORY INSTANT ARTICLES May 21, 2016 Andrew Knighton
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The very least a soldier expects when sent on a campaign is to

be fed, clothed and given the necessary equipment to carry out
their mission. Without these basics of survival, combat becomes
even more difficult than it might already be. Yet one of the most
successful armies of the nineteenth century, the British, could not
provide these necessities for their own troops fighting in the
Crimean War (1853-1856). The failures were so terrible and so
avoidable that it became something of a national scandal.
An Imbalanced Diet
Food supplies for British troops in the Crimea were poor. Half
rations were common, and it was not unknown for men to receive
no food at all, as happened to Colonel Bell’s troops on Christmas
Day 1854.
Much of the food that was provided consisted of biscuits and salt
meat. This diet ravaged digestive systems, and some men could
not eat the meat because it gave them such bad diarrhoea. When
fresh meat could be found, salt meat was sometimes given out
instead as those distributing it found this less hassle. Most men’s
ration of vegetables for the month was two potatoes and an
onion.
The biscuits were little more pleasant to eat than the salt meat,
being so hard that they caused pain to troops whose gums were
inflamed from scurvy. The French, Britain’s allies, had started
providing their troops with bread by setting up military bakeries.
The British, who had bakers among their troops, never seem to
have considered the option.
The diet of these soldiers was worse than that of Scottish

prisoners at the same time, who received more generous rations,
including milk, vegetables and fish.
Delivery Failures
Valley of the Shadow of Death, by Roger Fenton. One of the most

famous pictures of the Crimean War.
Lack of supplies was made worse by the pedantic behaviour of

some supply officers. 150 tons of vegetables were shipped out in
November 1854 and arrived at Balaclava without the right
paperwork. Without the correct forms, no-one would take
responsibility for the cargo. The food rotted and had to be thrown
overboard.
At one point, Lord Raglan tried to help the troops’ troubled bowels
by ordering that each man be given two ounces of rice a day.
Nobody remembered to renew the order when it came to its end,

and so the rations stopped. The Commissariat, which still had
rice at Balaclava and Scutari, claimed to have no way of getting it
to the troops, and so the rice remained uneaten.
Scurvy Strikes
Russo-French skirmish during the Crimean

War.
The problems with food supplies are exemplified by the example

of Commissary-General Filder and 278 cases of lime juice.
For a century, the British navy had countered the risk of scurvy by
providing the men on ships with lime juice, which gave them the
vitamins to avoid the disease. Short of supplies, the British troops
in the Crimea started succumbing to the ailment. Nearly 20,000
pounds of lime juice was shipped out to tackle the problem.
A small amount of lime juice had been obtained from the navy in
the previous month and distributed to the troops. Despite this,
Filder ignored the newly arrived cargo, claiming that it was not his
job to tell troops it was there. For two more months, men were
ravaged by scurvy while all 278 cases of lime juice remained
untouched.
The Dreaded Green Coffee
Enjoying coffee, painting by unknown artist in the Pera Museum.
Another of Filder’s failings came in the supply of coffee. To avoid

problems with damp and mould, he ordered that coffee beans
should be sent unroasted to the Crimean troops. Lacking
equipment to roast or grind the beans themselves, the men

brewed foul concoctions of green beans that made them ill. The
more ingenious found ways around the problem, grinding them in
shell cases and roasting them over fires of the loathed dried
meat.
Meanwhile, 2,075 pounds of tea remained unissued at Balaclava.
The Wrong Boots
Two French Zouaves officers and one private.
When marching and fighting, decent footwear is of critical

importance. Yet manufacturers, looking to save money and add to
their profits on a government contract, had made the boots of the
British soldiers as cheaply as they could. Not only were these
shoddy shoes not up to the cold and damp of the Crimea, but
they start to fall apart after a week’s hard use. On one occasion,
the soldiers of the 55th Regiment lost the soles of their shoes, as
they stuck better to the mud of the parade ground than to the
uppers of the shoes.
Not only were the shoes poorly made, but they had been ordered
in unsuitable sizes. In the cold and damp of the Crimea, men’s
feet swelled up, and they wore extra pairs of socks to try to stay
warm and dry. But the Commissariat had set ideas about what
sizes were needed and didn’t send the larger boots that would
now fit the men.
Many British officers switched to wearing boots taken off dead

and captured Russians, rather than suffer in their regulation
footwear.
Exposed to the Cold
Winter warfare.
The failure to equip the troops for Russian weather extended to

the rest of their uniforms. In the wet winter at the Siege of
Sevastopol (October 1854 – September 1855) uniforms became
soaked trudging around the trenches. With only a single blanket
and a greatcoat each to sleep in, the men found the damp rising
into their clothes even at night, as they slept on the muddy floors
of their tents.
In response, huge quantities of warm clothes were sent from

Britain. But on November 14th the ship carrying many of them
sunk, taking 40,000 new greatcoats with it. Over 9,000
greatcoats, having arrived, were kept in storage because of
regulations. By January, 25,000 rugs had arrived, but only 800
were issued, no-one thinking that they would be useful as
blankets. The palliasses that would have saved soldiers from
sleeping on the ground were not issued because there wasn’t
enough straw to stuff them.
Men died of cold, hunger and exposure due to a lack of

organization and initiative. A commission sent to investigate
found that a shocking number of deaths were directly linked to
supply failures.
The Death of Erwin Rommel: The Last

Hours Of The Desert Fox
INSTANT ARTICLES WORLD WAR II May 21, 2016 Ovidiu Popa
Photo Credit
Erwin Rommel was, for a time, Hitler’s favorite general. After his
success in 1940, as the commander of a Panzer division,
Rommel was appointed to the command of the German forces in

Africa – Afrika Korps. Here, his tactical genius was recognized
even by the enemy, and the ability to inspire his soldiers and
make maximum use of limited resources convinced Hitler to
promote him to the rank of Field Marshall.
In 1943, Hitler charged Rommel to coordinate the fortification of

the “Atlantic Wall” along the French coast, the defensive line that
the Germans wanted to use to repel the inevitable Allied invasion
in Europe (which would take place in June 1944).
Rommel in North Africa (June 1942). Photo Credit
By the beginning of the war, Rommel was confident in Germany’s

power. But at the start of 1943 his trust in Germany’s ability to win
the initiated conflict began to crumble as days went by, and so did
his faith in Hitler. Traveling in Germany, Rommel was outraged by
the devastation caused by Allied air raids and the eroded public
morale was not a good sign for him.
He also found out about the concentration camps, the forced

labor, the extermination of the Jews and other atrocities
committed by the regime that he was serving. Gradually, he
reached the conclusion that the German victory was a lost cause
and that the extension of this war would only do more damage to
Germany. The field marshal came into contact with members of a
group who planned to overthrow Hitler and negotiate a separate
peace with the Allies. Rommel did not agree with the
assassination of Hitler, believing that such a gesture would
transform the Führer into a martyr. He believed that arresting
Hitler and placing him under trial would be the best solution.
Photo Credit
On July the 17th 1944, Rommel was seriously injured when the
car he was in was attacked by a British plane. He was
immediately carried to the hospital and then sent to Germany for
medical treatment and recovery. Three days later the famous

assassination attempt against Hitler took place (July 20’s Plot).
The attempt failed, and during the investigations and reprisals
that followed someone mentioned Rommel’s name, involving him
in this plot.
Though there are chances that Rommel was never aware of the
plot, the defeatist attitude he adopted was enough to arouse the
Führer’s anger and suspicion. For Hitler, it was clear that Rommel
had to be removed. But how can you eliminate the most popular
and appreciated soldier in the German army without letting the
people know that you ordered his death? The solution was
simple: Rommel was forced to commit suicide and propaganda
announced that the marshal died because of the injuries he
suffered on July the 17th.
Photo Credit
The death of a German hero told by his

son
Rommel’s son, Manfred, was 15 years old in 1944 and was

enrolled in an antiaircraft crew near home. On October 14,
Manfred received permission to go home, where his father was
still recovering, being under house arrest.
Manfred recounted those last moments spent with his father.
“I arrived in Herrlingen at 7 am. My father was having breakfast.

They quickly brought a cup for me and we ate together, then we
took a walk in the garden.
«At 12 o’clock two generals will come here to discuss my future»,

my father said. «So today I will see what is planned for me, the
People’s Court or a new command post in the East.»
«Would you accept such a job? », I asked him. He took my arm

and replied: «My dear boy, our enemy in the East is so horrifying
that any other matter goes to second place. If the enemy
manages to conquer Europe, even temporarily, it would be the
end of everything that makes life worth living. Of course I would
go. »
Photo Credit
Shortly before 12 o’clock, my father went up to his room on the

first floor and changed his civilian clothes which he usually wore
over his riding pants and put on the Afrika tunic, his favorite
uniform because of its open collar.
Around 12 o’clock a dark green car with a Berlin registration plate

stopped in front of the gate. The only men in the house, besides
my father, were captain Aldinger, a corporal, war veteran, badly
wounded and I. Two generals – Burgdorf and Maisel – stepped
out of the car and entered the house. They were respectful and
courteous and they asked for the permission to speak with my
father in private. Me and Aldinger left the room. «So they will not
arrest him.», I told myself with relief while I was going up stairs to
look for a book.
A few minutes later I heard my father coming upstairs, entering

my mother’s room. Eager to find out what happened, I stood up
and followed him. He was staying in the middle of the room with a
pale face «Come outside with me. », he told me with a tense
voice. We went into my room. «I just had to tell your mother that
in a quarter of an hour I will be dead. » He then calmly continued:
«It is hard to be killed by your own people. But the house is
surrounded and Hitler is accusing me of treason. Taking into
consideration the period I served in Africa, they will give me the
chance to die by poisoning. The two generals brought the poison
with them. It is fatal in three seconds. If I accept this, the usual
measures will not be taken against my family, that is against you.
Also, they will leave my staff alone. »
Image Courtesy of Wikipedia- Bundesarchiv CC BY-SA 3.0
«Do you believe all of this? », I interrupted him. «Yes, I think. It is

in their interest not to leave this whole affair to light. By the way, I
was instructed to make you promise that you will keep silence. If
a single word of this comes to light, they will no longer feel bound
to this agreement. »
I tried again, asking if we could not defend ourselves. He told me:

«There is no point. It is better for one man to die than all to be
killed in an uproar shooting. And anyway, we virtually have no
ammunition. » We said goodbye to each other and then he told
me to call Aldinger.
Meanwhile, Aldinger was talking to the General’s escort so that

he could not approach my father. At my call he went upstairs
running. He was shocked when he found out what was going on.
My father spoke faster now. Once again, he told us how useless it
would be to defend ourselves. «Everything has been prepared
down to the smallest details. They will give me a state funeral. I
asked that it will take place in Ulm. In a quarter of an hour, you
Aldinger, will receive a phone call from Wagnerschule hospital in

Ulm and they will inform that I suffered cerebral seizures on the
way to a conference. » He checked his watch. «I have to go.
They only gave me ten minutes. » He said goodbye once again.
Then we went downstairs together.
Photo Credit
I helped my father put on his leather jacket. All of a sudden he

pulled out his wallet. «There are 150 marks here. Should I take
the money with me? » «It doesn’t matter anymore, Herr Field
Marshal. », Aldinger said.
My father put his wallet back in his pocket. While he was entering
the hall, the little dachshund he received when it was just a
puppy, a few months ago, jumped at him with joy. «Lock the dog
in the office, Manfred. » he told me and he waited in the lobby
while me and Aldinger pushed the enthusiastic dog in the office.
Then we left the house together. The two generals were standing
at the gate. We slowly walked along the alley…
Approaching the generals, they lifted their right arm as a greeting

«Herr Field Marshal» said Burgdorf as he was making way for my
father to come through the gate. A group of villagers was
standing beside the road.
Photo Credit
The car was ready. The SS driver opened the door. Father put his
marshal baton under his left arm and shook hands with me and
Aldinger before getting into the car. The two generals quickly took
their seats and the doors were slammed. Father did not turn his
head when the car left and disappeared after a curve. After he
left, me and Aldinger walked back home in silence.
Twenty minutes later the phone rang. Aldinger answered and my

father’s death was reported to him.
At that point it was not clear what happened to him after he left
us. Later I found out that the car stopped a few hundred meters
away from our house, in an open space, at the edge of the forest.
Gestapo people, who came in force from Berlin in that morning,
were watching the scene and they were instructed to shoot my
father and storm the house if he resisted. Maisel and the driver
got out of the car, leaving my father and Burgdorf inside. When
the driver was allowed to return, about 10 minutes later, he saw
my father collapsed with his marshal baton falling from his hand.”
Photo Credit
According to official statements, Rommel had died because of

suffered injuries. In order to support the tragic death of the
general, Hitler declared a day of mourning to commemorate
Rommel, burying him with full military honors.
Much of this article was first published as “The Forced Suicide of

Field Marshall Rommel, 1944,” EyeWitness to History,
www.eyewitnesstohistory.com (2002).
Harold Ackroyd – A Selfless WWI Medic

with More than 20 Separate VC
Recommendations
FEATURED INSTANT ARTICLES WORLD WAR I May 21, 2016 David Herold
Life in war is never easy. Watching your fellow soldiers and

friends fighting for their lives and suffering serious wounds –
physically and mentally – can be incredibly difficult. For medics

and doctors on the front line, however, there’s another element to
these hardships. They have try and treat those wounds, to carry
the burden of someone else’s life in their hands.
For Harold Ackroyd, however, the struggle was worth the reward.
Using his medical knowledge and expertise, not to mention his
empathetic nature, Ackroyd served as a medical officer during
WWI, doing everything in his power to save lives and contribute
to the greater good.
Discovering his Passion for Medicine

Harold Ackroyd, born in 1877, was blessed early in life with a
wealthy family and parents willing to grant him anything to
improve his upbringing. Coming from a comfortable background,
Ackroyd was able to get a private education, attending Mintholme
College in Southport, his hometown. He went on to attend
Shrewsbury School, where he developed a love of sports and
physical activities, and joined the Student Officers Training Corps.
Following his older brother Edward, Ackroyd was accepted into

the Gonville and Caius College at Cambridge in 1896, completing
his bachelor’s degree. Focusing on his interest in medical
studies, he pursued a career in medicine at Guy’s Hospital in
London.
Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge

Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge
It was there that he was appointed as a House Officer, and he

also took on jobs at the Birmingham General Hospital and the
David Lewis Northern Hospital in Liverpool. Finally, in 1908,
Ackroyd received a British Medical Association Scholarship and
became a Research Scholar at Downing College, Cambridge. He
worked in both the Pharmacological Laboratory and the Institute
for the Study of Animal Nutrition. Working alongside the
Professor of Biochemistry, Sir Frederick Gowland Hopkins,

Ackroyd published numerous medical papers on Purine
metabolism.
It was at Cambridge that Ackroyd also met his future wife, Mabel
Smythe. A matron at Strangeways Hospital, she also had a
passion for medical care. They were married in August 1908 and
went on to have three children together.
In time, Ackroyd enlisted in the military, his fierce sense on

patriotism spurring him into action when Britain entered WWI.
Burning with a strong sense of loyalty to his country, it was in this
war that Ackroyd would give everything he had for the cause –
including his own life.
Doing His Part on the Front Lines of

the Somme
Despite being heavily immersed in his scientific research at
Cambridge, Ackroyd joined the army in 1915 and became a
temporary Lieutenant in the Royal Army Medical Corps. Later, he
was also attached as the Medical Officer to the 6th Battalion of
the Royal Berkshire Regiment in the 18th Division. It was with this
division that Ackroyd and his fellow soldiers sailed to France,
where they would be positioned on the Somme’s front line.
By the end of the year, the unit has already accrued over 1,200
casualties. While attending to those wounded in this area,
Ackroyd was temporarily promoted to Captain.
A stalemate between the Allied forces and the Germans occurred

for a brief period in 1916. The British forces were preparing for
their own attack on the Somme, which would take place in July
of that year. By the end of their first advances on the Somme,
they had covered over 3,000 yards, seizing Montauban Ridge.
While they had taken 695 prisoners even under heavy fire, the
Division had also suffered 3,300 casualties.
Continues on Page 2
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4/22/2019 Harold Ackroyd – A Selfless WWI Medic with More than 20 Separate VC Recommendations

Monday, April 22, 2019

NEWS GUEST BLOGGERS WORLDWIDE REVIEW MEDIA MILITARY VEHICLES VIDEO

Operation Cherry Blossoms at Night,

1. The Day North

10. WWII-era Plane

for the possibility of waging an entirely new type of war on its

Upon the request of Japan’s Emperor, military experts developed

The secrets of Operation Cherry Blossoms at Night detail what

The Plan for Biological Destruction Begins

Urban aerial of San Diego and Tijuana, Mexico.

After Japan’s successful attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941, war was

As Japanese troops took to the battlefield against American

The American troops surrendered at Bataan, and the fleas were

One Japanese pilot, Shoichi Matsumoto, recalled that orders

The men of Unit 731.

Though each one was shelved or never succeeded, these

solely devoted to biological and chemical warfare that dated back

Unit 731 Complex.

Thanks to the efforts of Unit 731, the Japanese military was

eager to enact similar damage upon the United States during

A New Target: The Shores of the U.S.

Shiro Ishii, commander of Unit 731, which performed

Of course, the battles Japan faced throughout World War II

Instead, Ishii took on a new task: as Germany surrendered and

The plan for Operation Cherry Blossoms at Night required

The Aichi M6A Seiran.

The aircraft onboard the submarines held bombs with plague-

With this done, Operation Cherry Blossoms at Night would be

Japanese submarine I-400.

The Navy wanted to instead devote its efforts to protecting and

So, although the Japanese dedicated great effort and research to

Starving Their Own Men: Britain’s Epic

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The very least a soldier expects when sent on a campaign is to

The diet of these soldiers was worse than that of Scottish

Valley of the Shadow of Death, by Roger Fenton. One of the most

Lack of supplies was made worse by the pedantic behaviour of

Nobody remembered to renew the order when it came to its end,

Russo-French skirmish during the Crimean

The problems with food supplies are exemplified by the example

The Dreaded Green Coffee

Enjoying coffee, painting by unknown artist in the Pera Museum.

Another of Filder’s failings came in the supply of coffee. To avoid

equipment to roast or grind the beans themselves, the men

Meanwhile, 2,075 pounds of tea remained unissued at Balaclava.

The Wrong Boots

Two French Zouaves officers and one private.

When marching and fighting, decent footwear is of critical

Many British officers switched to wearing boots taken off dead

Exposed to the Cold

The failure to equip the troops for Russian weather extended to

In response, huge quantities of warm clothes were sent from

Men died of cold, hunger and exposure due to a lack of

The Death of Erwin Rommel: The Last

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Rommel was appointed to the command of the German forces in

In 1943, Hitler charged Rommel to coordinate the fortification of

Rommel in North Africa (June 1942). Photo Credit