Cal2 IU BT Chapter1 Multivariable Calculus 2016 - SLIDES

CALCULUS 2 (BA)
Assoc. Prof. N. N. Hai

DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS
INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY, VNU-HCM
September 16, 2016
Assoc. Prof. N. N. Hai CALCULUS 2 (BA)

References
Textbook:
R.N. Greenwell, N.P. Rithchey, M.L. Lial, Calculus
with Applications for the Life Sciences, Pearson
Education, 2003.

1 MULTIVARIABLE CALCULUS
1.1 FUNCTIONS OF SEVERAL VARIABLES
In the real world, many quantities often depend on

two or more variables, so in this chapter we study
functions of several variables and extend the basic
ideas of differential calculus to such functions.
• The temperature T at a point on the surface of

the earth at any given time depends on the
longitude x and latitude y of the point. We can
think of T as being a function of the two variables
x and y . We indicate this functional dependence by
writing T = f (x, y ).

1 MULTIVARIABLE CALCULUS
• In psychology, a person’s intelligence quotient

(IQ) is measured by the ratio
100m
IQ = ,
a
where a and and m are person’s actually age and
mental age, respectively. We say that IQ is a
function of m and a.

Definition 1.1
A function f of two variables is a rule that
assigns to each ordered pair of real numbers
(x, y ) in a set D a unique real number denoted
by f (x, y ). The set D is the domain of f and
its range is the set of values that f takes on,
that is, {f (x, y )| (x, y ) ∈ D}.
We often write z = f (x, y ). The variables x and y

are independent variables and z is the
dependent variable.
Domain convention
If a function f is given by a formula and no

domain is specified, we assume that the domain
of f is the set of all (x, y ) for which the
expression f (x, y ) is defined.

Example 1.1 Let x represent the number of
milliliters (ml) of carbon dioxide released by the
lungs in one minute. Let y be the change in the
carbon dioxide content of the blood as it leaves the
lungs (y is measured in ml of carbon dioxide per
100 ml of blood). The total output of blood from
the heart in one minute (measured in ml) is given
by C , where C is a function of x and y such that
100x
C = C (x, y ) = .
y
Find C (320, 6).
ANS. 5, 333 ml of blood per minute.
Example p 1.2 Find the domain and range of
g (x, y ) = 9 − x 2 − y 2 .
Solution The domain of g is

D = {(x, y )| 9−x 2 −y 2 ≥ 0} = {(x, y )| x 2 +y 2 ≤ 9}
which is the disk with center (0, 0) and radius 3.
The range of g is
p
{z| z = 9 − x 2 − y 2 , (x, y ) ∈ D}.
p √
We have 0 ≤ z = 9 − x 2 − y 2 ≤ 9 = 3. Thus,
the range is
{z : 0 ≤ z ≤ 3} = [0, 3].
Definition 1.2
If f is a function of two variables with domain
D, then the graph of f is the set of all points
(x, y , z) in R3 such that z = f (x, y ) and (x, y )
is in D.
FIGURE 1.1 A graph of a function of two variables

2
+y 2 )
FIGURE 1.2 The graph of f (x, y ) = (x 2 + 3y 2 )e −(x
sin x sin y
FIGURE 1.3 The graph of f (x, y ) = xy
To sketch such graphs, we need to construct a

three-dimensional coordinate system.
The plane determined by x and y -axes is called the

xy-plane. A third axis (the z-axis) goes through
the origin in the xy -plane and is perpendicular to
both the x-axis and the y -axis.
• The graph of a function f of two variables is a

surface.

The graph of
ax + by + cz = d
is a plane if a, b, and c are not all 0.
Example 1.3 Graph x + 3y + 2z = 6.

The graph of the equation
x2 + y2 + z2 = r2 (r > 0)
is the sphere with center the origin and radius r .

Example 1.4 Sketch the graph of

p
g (x, y ) = 9 − x 2 − y 2 .
Solution
p The graph has equation
z = 9 − x 2 − y 2 , or x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 9 with z ≥ 0.
This is an equation of the sphere with center the
origin and radius 3. But, since z ≥ 0, the graph of
g is just the top half of this sphere.

Level Curves
Definition 1.3
The level curves of a function f of two
variables are the curves with equations
f (x, y ) = k, where k is a constant (in the range
of f ).

FIGURE 1.4 Level curves of f (x, y )

FIGURE 1.5 World mean sea-level temperatures

in January in degrees Celsius
Example 1.5 Researchers in Alaska have

developed models that can be used to estimate the
mass of a polar beer. For beers that are caught in
the spring of the year,
M(x, y ) = 0.000199x 1.2823 y 1.4874 ,
where M(x, y ) is the mass of the beer (in kg), x is

the straight-line body length (in cm), measured
from the tip of the nose to the base of the tail, and
y is the girth (in cm), measured directly behind the
shoulders. Find the level cure for a polar beer with a
mass of 250 kg.
1.2 PARTIAL DERIVATIVES
1.2.1 FIRST ORDER PARTIAL DERIVATIVES
Consider a function f (x, y ) near a point (a, b). If

we let only x vary while keeping y fixed, y = b,
then we are really considering a function of a single
variable x, namely, g (x) = f (x, b).
If g has a derivative at a, then we call it the partial
derivative of f with respect to x at (a, b) and
denote it by fx (a, b).

Thus
g (a + h) − g (a)
fx (a, b) = g 0 (a) = lim
h→0 h
and so
f (a + h, b) − f (a, b)
fx (a, b) = lim
h→0 h

Similarly, the partial derivative of f with respect

to y at (a, b), denoted by fy (a, b), is obtained by
keeping x fixed, x = a, and finding the ordinary
derivative at b of the function g (y ) = f (a, y ):
f (a, b + h) − f (a, b)
fy (a, b) = lim
h→0 h

Definition 2.1
If f (x, y ) is a function of two variables, its
partial derivatives are the functions fx and fy
defined by
f (x + h, y ) − f (x, y )
fx (x, y ) = lim
h→0 h
f (x, y + h) − f (x, y )
fy (x, y ) = lim
h→0 h

Notations for partial derivatives
If z = f (x, y ), we write
∂f ∂ ∂z
fx (x, y ) = fx = = f (x, y ) =
∂x ∂x ∂x
∂f ∂ ∂z
fy (x, y ) = fy = = f (x, y ) = .
∂y ∂y ∂y

RULE FOR FINDING PARTIAL DERIVATIVES OF z = f (x, y )
1. To find fx , regard y as a constant and

differentiate f (x, y ) with respect to x.
2. To find fy , regard x as a constant and
differentiate f (x, y ) with respect to y .

Example 2.1 Find the values of ∂f /∂x and

∂f /∂y at the point (4, −5) if
f (x, y ) = x 2 + 3xy + y − 1.
Solution To find ∂f /∂x, we regard y as a

constant and differentiate with respect to x:
∂f ∂ 2
= (x +3xy +y −1) = 2x+3y +0−0 = 2x+3y .
∂x ∂x
The value of ∂f /∂x at (4, −5) is
2(4) + 3(−5) = −7.
To find ∂f /∂y , we regard x as a constant and

differentiate with respect to y :
∂f ∂ 2
= (x +3xy +y −1) = 0+3x +1−0 = 3x +1.
∂y ∂y
The value of ∂f /∂y at (4, −5) is 3(4) + 1 = 13.

Interpretations of partial derivatives
Partial derivatives can also be interpreted as rates of

change. If z = f (x, y ), then ∂z/∂x represents the
rate of change of z with respect to x when y is
fixed. Similarly, ∂z/∂y represents the rate of
change of f with respect to y when x is fixed.

Functions of more than Two Variables
A function of three variables f is a rule that

assigns to each ordered triple (x, y , z) in a domain
D ⊂ R3 a unique real number denoted by f (x, y , z).

Partial derivatives can also be defined for functions

of three or more variables. For example, if f is a
function of three variables x, y , and z, then its
partial derivative with respect to x is defined as
f (x + h, y , z) − f (x, y , z)
fx (x, y , z) = lim
h→0 h
and it is found by regarding y and z as constants
and differentiating f (x, y , z) with respect to x.
• If w = f (x, y , z), then fx = ∂w /∂x can be

interpreted as the rate of change of w with respect
to x when y and z are held fixed.
1.2.2 HIGHER DERIVATIVES
If f is a function of two variables, then its partial

derivatives fx and fy are also functions of two
variables,
so we can consider
their partial derivatives
fx x , fx y , fy x , and fy y , which are called the
second partial derivatives of f .
If z = f (x, y ), we use the following notation:
∂ ∂f ∂ 2 f ∂ 2z
fx x = fxx = f11 = = 2= 2
∂x ∂x ∂x ∂x
2
∂ ∂f
∂ f ∂ 2z
fx y = fxy = f12 = = =
∂y ∂x ∂y ∂x ∂y ∂x
2
∂ ∂f
∂ f ∂ 2z
fy x = fyx = f21 = = =
∂x ∂y ∂x∂y ∂x∂y
The two partial derivatives fxy and fyx are

sometimes called the mixed second-order partial
derivatives of f .

Example 2.2 Find the second partial derivatives

of f (x, y ) = x cos y + ye x .
Solution
∂f ∂ 2f
= cos y + ye x 2
= ye x
∂x ∂x
∂f ∂ 2f
= −x sin y + e x = −x cos y
∂y ∂y 2
2
∂ f ∂ 2f
= − sin y + e x = − sin y + e x .
∂x∂y ∂y ∂x

Notice that fxy = fyx in Example 2.3. This is not

just a coincidence. It turns out that the mixed
partial derivatives fxy and fyx are equal for most
functions that one meets in practice.
• Thus, when we want to calculate a mixed second

order derivative we may differentiate in either order.

1.3 MAXIMUM AND MINIMUM VALUES
1.3.1 LOCAL MAXIMUM AND MINIMUM VALUES
Definition 3.1
A function f (x, y ) has a local maximum (or
relative maximum) at (a, b) if
f (x, y ) ≤ f (a, b) when (x, y ) is near (a, b). The
number f (a, b) is called a local maximum
value. If f (x, y ) ≥ f (a, b) when (x, y ) is near
(a, b), then f has a local minimum (or
relative minimum) at (a, b) and f (a, b) is a
local minimum value.

The word extremum is used for either a local

maximum or a local minimum.
Local extrema are also called relative extrema.
If the inequalities in the above definition hold for

all points (x, y ) in the domain of f , then f has
an absolute maximum (or absolute
minimum) at (a, b).

FIGURE 3.1 Extrema of a function of two variables

Theorem 3.1 (First Derivative Test)

If f has a local maximum or minimum at (a, b)
and the first-order partial derivatives of f exist
there, then
fx (a, b) = 0 fy (a, b) = 0.

Definition 3.2
An interior point (a, b) of the domain of a
function f (x, y ) is called a critical point of f if
fx (a, b) = 0 and fy (a, b) = 0, or if one or both
of these partial derivatives does not exist.

Example 3.1 Find the extreme values of

f (x, y ) = y 2 − x 2 .
Near the origin the graph has the shape of a saddle

and so (0, 0) is called a saddle point of f .

FIGURE 3.2 The graph of f (x, y ) = y 2 − x 2

Theorem 3.2 (Second Derivative Test)

Suppose the second partial derivatives of f are
continuous on a disk with center (a, b), and
suppose that fx (a, b) = 0 and fy (a, b) = 0. Let
D = D(a, b) = fxx (a, b)fyy (a, b) − fxy2 (a, b).
(a) If D > 0 and fxx (a, b) > 0, then f (a, b) is a

local minimum.
(b) If D > 0 and fxx (a, b) < 0, then f (a, b) is a
local maximum.
(c) If D < 0, then (a, b) is a saddle point.
(d) If D = 0, then the test is inclusive at (a, b).
Example 3.2 Find the local maximum and

minimum values and saddle points of
f (x, y ) = x 4 + y 4 − 4xy + 1.
Solution We first locate the critical points.

Solving
fx = 4x 3 − 4y = 0, fy = 4y 3 − 4x = 0
gives x = 0, x = 1, x = −1. The three critical

points are (0, 0), (1, 1), and (−1, −1).

Next we calculate the second partial derivatives and

D(x, y ):
fxx = 12x 2 , fyy = 12y 2 , fxy = −4
2
D(x, y ) = fxx fyy − fxy = 144x 2 y 2 − 16.
Since D(0, 0) = −16 < 0, the origin is a saddle
point.
Since D(1, 1) = 128 > 0 and fxx (1, 1) = 12 > 0,
f (1, 1) = −1 is a local minimum.
Similarly, we have D(−1, −1) = 128 > 0, and
fxx (−1, −1) = 12 > 0, so f (−1, −1) = −1 is also a
local minimum.
Example 3.3 A pharmaceutical company is

developing a new antibiotic. The cost in thousands
of dollars to develop an antibiotic is approximated by
C (c, y ) = 2, 200 + 27x 3 − 72xy + 8y 2 ,
where x is the number of employees working in

quality assurance and y is the number of scientists
working in the laboratory. Find the number of
employees in each area that results in the minimum
cost to develop the antibiotic. What is the
minimum cost?
Solution The partial derivatives are
Cx (x, y ) = 81x 2 −72y and Cy (x, y ) = −72x+16y .
Set each of these equations to 0.
81x 2 − 72y = 0 −72x + 16y = 0
Solving gives two solutions x = 0, y = 0 and

x = 4, y = 18.
The point (0, 0) cannot be a minimizer of C (x, y )
since, for example, C (1, 1) < C (0, 0).
At (4, 18),
Cxx = 162x = 162(4) = 648, Cyy = 16 and
Cxy = −72 D = (648)(16) − (−72)2 = 5, 184.
Since D > 0 and Cxx (4, 8) > 0, the cost at (4, 18) is
a minimum.
The minimum cost is
C (4, 18) = 2, 200+27(4)3 −72(4)(18)+8(18)2 = 1, 336.
Thus the minimum cost for developing a new
antibiotic is $1, 336, 000 when four employees work
in quantity assurance and 18 scientists work in the
laboratory.
1.4 TOTAL DIFFERENTIALS AND APPROXIMATIONS
1.4.1 TOTAL DIFFERENTIALS
Definition 4.1
Let z = f (x, y ) be a function of two variables x and
y . Let dx and dy be real numbers. Then the total
differential of z is
∂z ∂z
dz = fx (x, y )dx + fy (x, y )dy = dx + dy
∂x ∂y
• Sometimes the notation df is used in place of dz.

• If we take dx = ∆x = x − a and
dy = ∆y = y − a, then the differential of z is
dz = fx (x, y )(x − a) + fy (x, y )(y − b).
Example 4.1 Consider the function

z = f (x, y ) = 9x 3 − 8x 2 y + 4y 3 .
(a) Find dz.
(b) Evaluate dz when x = 1, y = 3, dx = 0.01, and
dy = −0.02.
Solution Fist find fx (x, y ) and fy (x, y ):
fx (x, y ) = 27x 2 −16xy and fy (x, y ) = −8x 2 +12y 2 .
(a) By the definition,
dz = (27x 2 − 16xy )dx + (−8x 2 + 12y 2 )dy .

(b) Hence

dz = 27(1)2 − 16(1)(3) (0.01)
+ − 8(1)2 + 12(3)2 + (−0.02)

= (−21)(0.01) + (100)(−0.02)
= −2.21.
This result indicates that an increase of 0.01 in x
and a decrease of 0.02 in y , when x = 1 and y = 3,
will produce an approximate decrease of 2.21 in
f (x, y ).

Example 4.2 The base radius and height of a

right circular cone are measured as 10 cm and 25
cm, respectively, with a possible error in
measurement of as much as 0.1 cm in each. Use
differentials to estimate the maximum error in the
calculated volume of the cone.

Solution The volume V of a cone with base

radius r and height h is V = πr 2 h/3. So the
differential of V is
∂V ∂V 2πrh πr 2
dV = dr + dh = dr + dh.
∂r ∂h 3 3
Since each error is at most 0.1cm, we have
|∆r | ≤ 0.1, |∆h| ≤ 0.1. Taking dr = 0.1 and
dh = 0.1 along with r = 10, h = 25 gives
500π 100π
dV = (0.1) + (0.1) = 20π.
3 3
Thus the maximum error in the calculated volume is
about 20π cm3 ≈ 63cm3 .
1.4.2 APPROXIMATIONS
The functions of two variables that arise in science

and mathematics can be complicated, and we
sometimes need to replace them with simpler
functions that give the accuracy required for specific
applications without being so hard to work with.
For small values of ∆x and ∆y ,
∆z ≈ dz,
where ∆z = f (x + ∆x, y + ∆y ) − f (x, y ).

√
Example 4.3 Approximate 2.982 + 4.012 .
Solution Notice p that 2.98 ≈ 3 and 4.01 ≈ 4. Let

z = f (x, y ) = x 2 + y 2 , x = 3, y = 4,
dx = 2.98 − 3 = −0.02 and dy = 4.01 − 4 = 0.1.
x y
fx (x, y ) = p , fy (x, y ) = p
x2 + y2 x2 + y2
3 4
fx (3, 4) = , fy (3, 4) = .
5 5
So
3 4
dz = fx (3, 4)dx+fy (3, 4)dy = (−0.02)+ (0.1) = −0.004.
5 5
Thus
p
2.982 + 4.012 = f (2.98, 4.01) = f (3, 4) + ∆z
≈ f (3, 4) + dz
p
= 32 + 42 + (−0.004)
= 5 − 0.004 = 4.996.
√
A calculator gives 2.982 + 4.012 = 4.996048. The
error is approximately 0.0000048.

1.5 DOUBLE INTEGRALS
1.5.2 ITERATED INTEGRALS
To find partial derivative of a multivariable function

with one variable, we hold constant other variables.
A similar process is used in this section to find
antiderivaties of functions of two or more variables.
Example 5.1 Find each indefinite integral

(a) x(x 2 + y )dx
R
(b) x(x 2 + y )dy .
R

Example 5.2 Evaluate each definite integral

R5
(a) 3 (6xy 2 + 12x 2 y + 4y )dx
R2
(b) 1 (6xy 2 + 12x 2 y + 4y )dy .
ANS. (a) 48y 2 + 400y (b) 18x 2 + 14x + 6.

In general, an integral of the form

Z b
f (x, y )dx
a
produces a function of y , while

Z d
f (x, y )dy
c
produces a function of x. The resulting functions of

one variable can themselves be integrated.

Example 5.3 Evaluate integrals

R2R5
(a) 1 3 (6xy 2 + 12x 2 y + 4y )dx dy
R5R2
(b) 3 1 (6xy 2 + 12x 2 y + 4y )dy dx.
ANS. 712.

Remark For a large class of functions, including

most functions that occur in applications, the
following equation holds
Z b Z d Z d Z b
f (x, y )dy dx = f (x, y )dx dy
a c c a
Each of these integrals is called an iterated

integral.
Rb Rd
The iterated integral a c f (x, y )dy dx is
obtained by first integrating with respect to y ,
holding x constant, and then with respect to x.
1.5.2 DOUBLE INTEGRALS OVER A RECTANGULAR REGION
Definition
RR 5.1 The double integral
R f (x, y )dA over the rectangular region
R = {(x, y ) : a ≤ x ≤ b, c ≤ y ≤ d}
is given by
ZZ Z b Z d Z d Z b
f (x, y )dA = f (x, y )dy dx = f (x, y )dx dy .
R a c c a
Other notations for double integrals are

ZZ ZZ
f (x, y )dxdy or f (x, y )dydx.
R R
Example 5.4 Evaluate the double integral

ZZ
xe −y dA,
R
where R is the rectangle region

−2 ≤ x ≤ 1, 0 ≤ y ≤ 5 using
(a) x integration first;
(b) y integration first.
ANS. 32 (e −5 − 1).
Volume
Definition 5.2
Let z = f (x, y ) be a function that is

nonnegative a the rectangle region R. The
volume of the solid under the graph of f and
over the region R is
ZZ
f (x, y )dA.
R

Example 5.5 Find the volume of the solid under

the surface z = x 2 + y 2 and above the region
0 ≤ x ≤ 4, 0 ≤ y ≤ 4.
ANS. 512/3.

1.5.3 DOUBLE INTEGRALS OVER GENERAL REGIONS
Definition 5.3
If R is the region given by
a ≤ x ≤ b, g (x) ≤ y ≤ h(x) and if f (x, y ) is
defined on R, then
ZZ Z b Z h(x)
f (x, y )dA = f (x, y )dy dx.
R a g (x)
If R is the region defined by

c ≤ y ≤ d, r (y ) ≤ x ≤ s(y ) and if f (x, y ) is
defined on R, then
RR R d h R s(y ) i
R f (x, y )dA = c r (y ) f (x, y )dx dy .

Example 5.6 Let I be the double integral

Z 1Z y
I = y 2 e xy dxdy .
0 0
(a) Sketch the region of integration and rewrite the

integral with the order of integration reversed.
(b) Evaluate I using either order of integration.
1
ANS. 2e − 1.

RR
Example 5.7 Evaluate R (x + 2y )dA, where R
is the region bounded by the parabolas y = 2x 2 and
y = x 2 + 1.
Solution The parabolas intersect when
2x 2 = x 2 + 1, that is, x 2 = 1, so x = ±1. We write
R = {(x, y )| − 1 ≤ x ≤ 1, 2x 2 ≤ y ≤ x 2 + 1}.

ZZ
(x + 2y )dA
R
Z 1 Z x 2 +1 Z 1 y =x 2 +1
2
= (x + 2y )dydx = (xy + y ) dx
−1 2x 2 −1 y =2x 2
Z 1h i
2 2 2 2 2 2
= x(x + 1) + (x + 1) − x(2x ) + (2x ) dx
−1
Z 1
= (−3x 4 − x 3 + 2x 2 + x + 1)dx
−1
3 1 4 2 3 1 2 1 32
5
= − x − x + x + x +x = .

5 4 3 2 −1 15

Exercises and Assignments
Text book: R.N. Greenwell, N.P. Rithchey, M.L. Lial, Calculus

with Applications for the Life Sciences, Pearson Education,
2003.
Pages Exercises Assignments

(corrected in class) (to be submitted)
484–489 5, 10, 14, 16, 4, 9, 11, 22, 33, 34,
38, 41
495–500 19, 20, 22, 27, 33, 12, 14, 25, 34, 36, 39
42, 47, 50, 65 46, 49, 51, 57
506–509 13, 16, 7, 10, 22, 26, 36, 37
512–514 2, 13, 17 4, 8, 20, 21, 26
524–530 6, 15, 26, 30, 31, 39, 41, 8, 14, 21, 22, 24, 27,
37, 40

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CALCULUS 2 (BA)

Assoc. Prof. N. N. Hai

September 16, 2016

Assoc. Prof. N. N. Hai CALCULUS 2 (BA)

Assoc. Prof. N. N. Hai CALCULUS 2 (BA)

In the real world, many quantities often depend on

• The temperature T at a point on the surface of

Assoc. Prof. N. N. Hai CALCULUS 2 (BA)

• In psychology, a person’s intelligence quotient

Assoc. Prof. N. N. Hai CALCULUS 2 (BA)

We often write z = f (x, y ). The variables x and y

If a function f is given by a formula and no

Assoc. Prof. N. N. Hai CALCULUS 2 (BA)

Solution The domain of g is

FIGURE 1.1 A graph of a function of two variables

To sketch such graphs, we need to construct a

The plane determined by x and y -axes is called the

• The graph of a function f of two variables is a

Assoc. Prof. N. N. Hai CALCULUS 2 (BA)

is a plane if a, b, and c are not all 0.

Example 1.3 Graph x + 3y + 2z = 6.

Assoc. Prof. N. N. Hai CALCULUS 2 (BA)

The graph of the equation

is the sphere with center the origin and radius r .

Assoc. Prof. N. N. Hai CALCULUS 2 (BA)

Example 1.4 Sketch the graph of

Assoc. Prof. N. N. Hai CALCULUS 2 (BA)

Assoc. Prof. N. N. Hai CALCULUS 2 (BA)

FIGURE 1.4 Level curves of f (x, y )

Assoc. Prof. N. N. Hai CALCULUS 2 (BA)

FIGURE 1.5 World mean sea-level temperatures

Example 1.5 Researchers in Alaska have

M(x, y ) = 0.000199x 1.2823 y 1.4874 ,

where M(x, y ) is the mass of the beer (in kg), x is

Consider a function f (x, y ) near a point (a, b). If

Assoc. Prof. N. N. Hai CALCULUS 2 (BA)

Assoc. Prof. N. N. Hai CALCULUS 2 (BA)

Similarly, the partial derivative of f with respect

Assoc. Prof. N. N. Hai CALCULUS 2 (BA)

Assoc. Prof. N. N. Hai CALCULUS 2 (BA)

Notations for partial derivatives

Assoc. Prof. N. N. Hai CALCULUS 2 (BA)

RULE FOR FINDING PARTIAL DERIVATIVES OF z = f (x, y )

1. To find fx , regard y as a constant and

Assoc. Prof. N. N. Hai CALCULUS 2 (BA)

Example 2.1 Find the values of ∂f /∂x and

Solution To find ∂f /∂x, we regard y as a

To find ∂f /∂y , we regard x as a constant and

Assoc. Prof. N. N. Hai CALCULUS 2 (BA)

Interpretations of partial derivatives

Partial derivatives can also be interpreted as rates of

Assoc. Prof. N. N. Hai CALCULUS 2 (BA)

Functions of more than Two Variables

A function of three variables f is a rule that

Assoc. Prof. N. N. Hai CALCULUS 2 (BA)

Partial derivatives can also be defined for functions

• If w = f (x, y , z), then fx = ∂w /∂x can be

If f is a function of two variables, then its partial

The two partial derivatives fxy and fyx are

Assoc. Prof. N. N. Hai CALCULUS 2 (BA)

Example 2.2 Find the second partial derivatives

Assoc. Prof. N. N. Hai CALCULUS 2 (BA)