D C Circuits.

4
By Saurabh Bhaiya
JEE-2022
Solve DTS 122 of level 9- & 2

Read
=

Galvanometer Voltmeter

Ammeter Potentiometer

meter Bridge
i
-_d¥
3
fdq-fio.lt
q=f2t -131-2
2

Tempt thermal vet T

Vd =
c- Tempt 71-1
¥ slope =

¥
1- T RT slope I

-12 > IT
 -
HI , -0.21 1-5=0 -
①
I F-
It

5}Ri = ys2
It

(I-Ii) ②
§
-

6 + 4-1-1=0 -

solve ① & ② to get o.sn

}rL
1

R2 - 652
&
" I
I
-7 I -

It ^ ,
<
I -
I,
 ✓

In series
equivalent emf = ME
In series
equivalent ores = nor

I =

n÷a
I =

Eg independent of n
É =)
= =
"

internal resistance
Xp -

Vq = 404 -

Xp -
5I + 6 -
QI -
12 -
QI
.
-
OI = VQ

Xp -
Va =
171+6

40 = 17 It 6

17 I = 34
I = 2A -

Terminal
Voltage = E- In
a
•- mum

252 -11-
b

= 6 -
2×2 611

= 2 Volts .

Az
 ✓

12 -

1211 -
GI = 0 -
① 1211

Fit
'
>
6ft ID -112 -112--11 0

y
- -
=

"

GI -118-1-1-112=0
{
12¥
}

Gs
-

-1181--1-61--4=0
-|+so±t=0
12

{ §
②
{
"
-

I
12 -

12-1-1 -
GI = 0

!
VA -

1211 = VB ¥¥¥ 124

VA -
VB =
0 &
 C.
n
So /
=
-
IR -

ins 1- E -

irl -
E = 0

i
£Ér2
=

P D= E- in
,
.

P
- ☐
hey =
E= im
¥r¥Ezz= E

R =
G- 92 the
 Wheatstone
Bridge

¥%E§É
-
"
This structure Is known as

and it Is
Wheatstone
bridge
said to be balanced if

%fE.ge
÷ : a

^
the
bridge will be said that
"
I
it Is balanced when 0
Ig
=

means current In branch BD is

¥11
Zero .

G Is the resistance
of thegalvanometer .

hoof ABDA

(I Ii R ①
I
1) P IgG +
- -
- -
loop BCDB

(I (Iit Ig) S
Ii
Ig)Q 1- +
IgG 0
-
-

-
=

②
Is balanced
as the
bridge so
Ig = 0

from -9^10
(I -

ID P = I, R -
③
from of ② c-

(I -

IDQ = I, s -
⑨
Divide ③ by ④

1- =

3-
condition for balaned Wheatstone
bridge .
⇐
1- =3
%ÉÑps2
hence current In branch }
Izzy
no 552 \

1*64
Equivalent resistance =

¥52
Total current 4- 5A
15¥
=
=

1--11 -

15¥

*
¥52 55L

M] ¥r^*
17<=4
-

It
1511
=ie
:*
⇐
Favoring
-11¥
 Alternative
forms @ wheat stonebridge
-

_É÷§gÉ
1 Timmy
Q.rs
my
/
-

L-wum-l-i.nl
-1¥
÷¥¥¥i
L
 Combination of cells
1- Series combination .

-11 mm

-11 nm

ftnmn
1-meet
-
- - - - - -
- -

or or
E E

In Series net emf =

NE

net Internal resistance = nor

Total resistance = net R

current I =

nm÷K
if polarity of one cell Is reversed
e

im-ltmm-ltmnyf-ii-mm.fm
E E
E

-1mm
¥
myym-TI-nnnn-E-lir-E-Ir-E-Ir-IR-o-E-t.IR
or or or
'
E
R
+ E + Ior -
E -1

In -1 IR = 0
-1-(39-112) = 3E
ICR -13m) = E

±=}÷r=Er÷- I =

¥3m
Emet =3 E
Emet = E
Rnet = R -13h .

Rut = R -13h
=L polarity of m cells is reverted then the
E NE 2m E (n 2m) E
net
=
-

= -

R net = nor + R

I =
( n -2m) E

In emf
series
grouping ifEmet are

=
not
EE i
equal than
if r Is not
equal
A net = Eri

In
polarity of cell Is reversed use Kirchoff lane
 E
,
hi
⑧ Parental Grouping ±
,
A-11-mnn-t.FI
ABCDEFA L E2 h2
-

IR -

Illy -181=0
B
g
IZ
-

/ 1-mum -
Iz
<
E

-1 Ez his ~

IR -11--104=9 Iz -

/ 1- MMM -
IS
NI
X
Ii
÷ ¥ ①
= -
-
I
R
C
#
D
similarly I

EE -

¥2 -

Is =

E÷ -÷+ - -

③
Adding eqn ① ② & ③

Iii + is +
is =

⇐ ¥2 %-)
+ + -
IR
feat tent ¥☒
I +±
Raf Eat ,
+ =

¥ +
East :-,

÷÷÷¥÷
Now lets
genadise it .
 ¥:÷
Divide
by 5-
(G)

Ink
:¥÷¥ Into

Eeg =

¥%÷ Reg =
R
-1¥,
 Note :

If n cells of equal emf and

equal internal resistance are

connected in
parietal
Reg
^E¥
Emt = = 1- +
R
E
÷
=

i =
E-
r
torn
=

nL,÷
 mixed
grouping
There are n cells in a hood

There rows
l-ii-I-pm.tw
e-wmttmn .
- -

ftmm

-1
are m

emf
nhmt-ttnm-li-mn-Y.im
net me •
=
.
I
total internal resistance =

-1
.

Total resistance = R
-1m¥ 1- E or

mum

R .

I = NE

R t
norm
 be
rearranged
I =
nE_ this can as

Rtmrm
I =
.
mm E

f-
-
Fmr -

Tnr) +2Rr nm .

From the above that

expression we can See

I will be maximum TMR = Tnr

R=
n÷
Total external resistance = Total Internal
resistance .

when current Is maximum

maximum
power transferred In toad Is
.
 Maximum Power
Transfer Theorem
when the total internal resistance is to the
equal .

load ( external) resistance then the current is maximum

and
power transferred In the load is also maximum this
is known maximum
as
power transfer theorem .

This Is
completely discussed .
 Eeg
.IN-1-1 %F÷÷
so
-1 -
=

,
_mm-
1- •

V2 U2 .

Eeg =

8- ✗ G-
'
=

Eeg =
¥ +
¥2
¥-122 Eeg ¥ = = 3-3352

JaEgg
e b- t 's =

, II.
=

252
Deff =
 _ÑÉm_¥y
and
Ques : Find
Egg hoof
Sot :

Egg =

I§ñ¥ Lii
↳ 1-may
-

Edf =
mm

1- -1
-

15h
c. ×

mm

÷÷;=÷=
Eef = 1. 652
£8 "

'T -12--1 'T Egg =

I i.
biff =

¥52
 64
1282
Que: 1-www.G

pt-C-mn n-F.io/-.=nmn-li-H4S2y . IZ
52

Find cis Xp Va =
?
So In
-

ciiz Ii =
?

¥¥-+÷_2
Emt =

Cup ?
3- x
=
=

Civ) I =
?
f- =

out
¥ -1¥ =
¥2 }
=

Geert = 352
 1.511
352

+ 1- mum
I =

};÷= f- A
1
-

p-yrmrm-l.gl/p-T-x6--Vq 652
Not
.

Xp -
Va =
f- ✗ 6 =

In upper hoof BE
Xp -16 -

12-1-1 = Va
6"
Xp -

VQ -16-1211=0 1282

w F- 1- .t
-16-12-1-1=0 w w
1=1--7-2 b- pmmn_¥a 652

hoof
|_wmn_|tx
In lower
Xp -14¥ -

4 = Va
482 Iz
Up -
VQ -14-1-2-4 = 0
4,1
&
.

l -14-1-2-4 = 0 -1-2 =
3/4 A
 AItmethod-GVF-il-mi i.co
pt.E-mmn-ft.at#*1i-.f
52

Iz
41.1
.

emt=÷÷÷÷-=÷= "

f- at -1%-1,1-2=21
=
reff =
252
.
 p
• -

/ 1- Mmm

252
-

Q
1 Volt

This is
open hence Vpa Emf 1 Volt
ekt
battery
an = =
-
: