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RCSP-RDL-6000

Module-1: LTE System and Technology Overview

© Redline Communications Inc. 2021 All rights reserved.


RCSP-RDL-6000: Module-1 Contents*

ƒ Module-1.1: LTE Overview, Building Blocks and Operation


‰ Module-1.1.1: LTE Network-Basic Definitions
‰ Module-1.1.2: LTE Core: Evolved Packet Core (EPC)
‰ Module-1.1.3: E-UTRAN Operation and Parameters
‰ Module-1.1.4: LTE UEs and their Capabilities
ƒ Module-1.2: LTE QoS and Data Bearers
ƒ Module-1.3: E-UTRAN Protocol Stack Overview
ƒ Module-1.4: LTE PHY Overview and Basic Parameters
‰ Module-1.4.1: DL/UL Transmission Schemes
‰ Module-1.4.2: Multi-antenna Systems and Transmission Modes
‰ Module-1.4.3: Wireless Frame Structures and Signalling-FDD/TDD
ƒ Module-1.5: LTE SON Overview
ƒ Module-1.6: LTE Security Framework
ƒ Module-1.7: CBRS Overview and Building Blocks

• System features and capabilities referenced in this module are based


on RDL-6000-R1.3. update 2+ and FlexCore version 13.3.0-2

RCSP Certification Programs RCSP-RDL-6000 Module-1: LTE System and Technology Overview R1.3.2-V1.3a Slide-2
Module-1.1: LTE Overview and Building Blocks Operation

Module-1.1.1: LTE Network-Basic Definitions


LTE: QoE Through Enhancing Capacity and QoS Policy Mgmt

ƒ Capacity constraint between


MS’ and external networks
(PDNs) is bottleneck
ƒ Using more spectrum and
improving spectral efficiency
helps a bit only
ƒ QoS and policy mgmt
techniques can streamline
resources usage
‰ To ensure App quality,
allow differentiated
services, manage network
congestion, and monetize
resources usage

RCSP Certification Programs RCSP-RDL-6000 Module-1: LTE System and Technology Overview R1.3.2-V1.3a Slide-4
LTE Network: Flat Layer-3 and PS Only Network

E-UTRAN

eNB
Users

UE PDN
IMS
Packet processing
Signalling, Database
eNB
IP addressing…
Users

UE Evolved Packet Core (EPC)


eNB
Core Network (CN)
Access Network
ƒ EPC: Routing/computing brain of the LTE network - flat IP Platform
‰ Provides IP connectivity between the UE and PDN/IMS networks
ƒ E-UTRAN: an interconnected network of eNBs (LTE base station)
E-UTRAN: Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network
‰ Functionally, eNB acts as a layer-2 bridge between the UE and EPC
ƒ UEs: User Equipment connects to PDN/IMS through EPS with QoS
RCSP Certification Programs RCSP-RDL-6000 Module-1: LTE System and Technology Overview R1.3.2-V1.3a Slide-5
LTE Releases: Specifying Features and Capabilities

LTE-Advanced

Rel-8: LTE Rel-9: LTE Rel-10 Rel-11 Rel-12

▪ Introduced LTE ▪ SON ▪ Carrier aggregation (CA) ▪ CA enhancements ▪ MTC ecosystem


▪ 1Gbps DL, 500 Mbps ▪ FDD/TDD
▪ All IP core (EPC) ▪ MIMO Beamforming ▪ LTE unlicensed study
in UL with 5 CCs
▪ MIMO/FDD/TDD ▪ eMBMS ▪ CoMP ▪ D2D
▪ Worldwide roaming
▪ New frequency bands ▪ 8x8 MIMO
LTE-Pro

Rel-13 (more Rel-14 (start of 5G) Rel-15 Rel-16 (5G phase -2)
Throughput)
▪ LAA ▪ NB IoT
▪ Up to 32 CC in CA ▪ V2V Redline’s 5G focus
▪ D2D ▪ V2X (voice to
▪ NB IoT everything)
3GPP has a defined set of releases for the new versions of
▪ 64 antenna MIMO its specifications, each introducing new functionalities
▪ eMTC

ƒ Rel-8/9 defines the LTE systems (EPS)


‰ Subsequent releases add features, functionalities and enhancements
ƒ Rel-15 starts 5G specifications
RCSP Certification Programs RCSP-RDL-6000 Module-1: LTE System and Technology Overview R1.3.2-V1.3a Slide-6
LTE Rel # vs. Data Rates: Ideal Channel Conditions

Data Flow LTE LTE-A 5G NR


ƒ DL data rates assume Rel 8-9 Rel 10-14 Rel 15-16
spatial multiplexing DL 300 Mbps 1 Gbps 20 Gbps
‰ 2/4/8 layers MIMO
UL 75 Mbps 500 Mbps 1 Gbps
ƒ UL data rates are based
on a single Tx chain Latency (u-plane) 50ms 10ms 1ms
‰ Some UE categories C-plane latency 100 msec
support MIMO for
higher data rates 3G has a peak data rate of 384 kbps
ƒ Graceful performance
degradation as UE moves away
from cell center
‰ Techniques for cell edge
performance enhancing
ƒ 4G Performance Targets Are
Defined By IMT-Advanced

RCSP Certification Programs RCSP-RDL-6000 Module-1: LTE System and Technology Overview R1.3.2-V1.3a Slide-7
LTE: Aiming for Shannon Limit – Spectral Efficiency Pursuit

Shannon Limit

data rate

ƒ The fundamental channel capacity metric is the max


rate for which arbitrarily small Pe can be achieved
‰ Depends channel BW and SNR (noise and interference in the environment)
ƒ SNR degrades as BW increase because S is spread over larger BW!
ƒ Reliable communication: Pre-Shannon used repetition coding
‰ Shannon introduced “intelligent coding of information” – 1948 paper
ƒ What more can be done to increase data rate cost effectively?
‰ Capacity increase by increasing S is not a viable option – multiple constraints
‰ Spatial Multiplexing (2/4/8 layers) – multiple antenna systems
‰ Reduction of latency: 50-100 msec for C-plane (to establish U-plane)

RCSP Certification Programs RCSP-RDL-6000 Module-1: LTE System and Technology Overview R1.3.2-V1.3a Slide-8
Module-1.1: LTE Overview, Building Blocks Operation

Module-1.1.2: LTE Core: Evolved Packet Core (EPC)


LTE Architecture: Building Blocks
Mobility Management Entity
• Main signaling and control Node
• UE authentication Home Subscriber Server:
UICC: a smart card • Handovers UE security info database
storing personal data, • Session Mgmt and authentication server
security keys and apps • Selecting Other EPC nodes
IMEI- h/w ID Stores UE
IMSI: identifies a
subscription
subscriber globally
profile data
MME HSS SPR

P-GW PDN
UE S-GW
eNB
PCRF
EPC
Packet Data Network Gateway
LTE Base Station Serving Gateway: Policy and Charging • Connects LTE to PDNs
• providing L2 • Main data plane Rules Function • Allocates IP addressing/release
Bridging between element/router • Rules and policies • Enforces OP policies
UE and EPC • Data paths between related to QoS • Filter DL packets
• all wireless/radio eNB and PGW • Charging, and • Interconnects with non-3GPP
related functions • Local mobility anchor access to network Networks
for UEs • IP anchor for bearers

ƒ EPC nodes can be co-located/distributed, each has specific tasks


‰ Nodes communicate via 3GPP interfaces
ƒ User-plane (U-plane) and control-plane (C-plane)

RCSP Certification Programs RCSP-RDL-6000 Module-1: LTE System and Technology Overview R1.3.2-V1.3a Slide-10
LTE Network Interfaces: Non-roaming

Gx
PCEF

ƒ Interface: conceptual IP-based link connecting functions in different nodes


ƒ Each interface is associated with a protocol stack
ƒ GPRS Tunneling Protocol (GTP) is the main communications protocol in LTE
General Packet Radio Service
‰ PMIP mobility protocol is also supported as an option
RCSP Certification Programs RCSP-RDL-6000 Module-1: LTE System and Technology Overview R1.3.2-V1.3a Slide-11
Multi-PDN Connectivity: Non-Roaming

MME SGi
P-GW1 APN1 PDN1

Default bearer for PDN1 S11


SGi

S5
UE eNB S-GW P-GW2 APN2 PDN2

Default bearer for PDN2

ƒ S5 to connect S-GW to (non-collocated) P-GW of same operator


ƒ A UE can connect with multiple PDNs concurrently-music/web/FTP
‰ USIM must be provisioned for multi-PDN connectivity
‰ UE IP address changes when UE moves from one PGW to another
‰ Concurrent PDN connectivity: one 3GPP access and one non-3GPP access
ƒ Traffic streams for a UE from all PDNs go through the same S-GW
‰ A UE can be served only by one SGW at a given time

RCSP Certification Programs RCSP-RDL-6000 Module-1: LTE System and Technology Overview R1.3.2-V1.3a Slide-12
LTE Roaming Network Architecture: Intra-LTE View

S6a
MME HSS SPR
S9
H-PCRF
S11
Rx
Gx
S8 PDN
SGW PGW
S1-U SGi
S5 V-PCRF HPLMN
Gx Rx
Home Routed Roaming
PGW PDN
SGi PGW is in HPLMN
VPLMN
Local Breakout : PGW is in VPLMN

ƒ S8 connects the SGW in the VPLMN to the HPLMN PGW


ƒ HSS is always in the HPLMN PMLN: Public Land Mobile Network
VPLMN: Visited PLMN
ƒ eNB, MME and S-GW are in the VPLMN HPLMN: Home PLMN
ƒ PGW can be HPLMN (home routed) or VPLMN (local breakout)
‰ UE can obtain an IP address from HPLMN or VPLMN based roaming profile
ƒ Roaming-out and Roaming-in must be configured in EPC
RCSP Certification Programs RCSP-RDL-6000 Module-1: LTE System and Technology Overview R1.3.2-V1.3a Slide-13
LTE Network Areas: Signaling Congestion Mitigation

LTE network is divided


into 3 different types
of geographical areas

ƒ MME pool area: UE can move around without changing serving MME
‰ A pool area is controlled by one or more MMEs – a UE is associated with one
‰ Each MME is identified by an MME Code within a pool
Reminder: UE are always
ƒ SGW service area: area served by one or more SGWs served by one SGW at a time.
‰ UE can move through this area without a change of serving S-GW
ƒ An eNB must set up S1 with all MMEs and SGWs in the respective pools
‰ Up to 16 S1 connections (3GPP S1-flex)
‰ The eNB selects the MME to service the UE – 3GPP specifications
RCSP Certification Programs RCSP-RDL-6000 Module-1: LTE System and Technology Overview R1.3.2-V1.3a Slide-14
Module-1.1: LTE Overview, Building Blocks Operation

Module-1.1.3: E-UTRAN Operation and Parameters


E-UTRAN Architecture: Interconnected Network of eNBs

ƒ eNB is the LTE base station


ƒ Provides bridging between UE and EPC
ƒ Access stratum (AS) functions
‰ RRM (Radio Resource Management)
‰ RoHC/ciphering/scheduling
‰ Mobility control
‰ Paging from MME to UE…..
(paging = waking up idle UE or requesting status)
ƒ eNB controls all its cell (manages all functions within a cell)
ƒ Neighbor NBs communicate on 3GPP X2 logical interface Multi-cell eNB
‰ X2 is not bandwidth demanding but requires very small latency
ƒ E-UTRAN: an interconnected network of eNBs through the X2 Interface
ƒ eNB as a critical U-plane element acts like an IP router and switch
ƒ eNB C-plane function is to select the MME and route NAS |
signaling to it
Non-Access Stratum
RCSP Certification Programs RCSP-RDL-6000 Module-1: LTE System and Technology Overview R1.3.2-V1.3a Slide-16
eNB Classification (TS36.141): Determined by eNB Range and Capacity

Min eNB to UE # of Cells


eNB Class Cell Type Max Tx power Cell Radius Antenna type
coupling los (common)

Wide Area Macro FCC/ETSI 70 dB 3-6 > 1 km 1200 Sector


(Operators)

Medium Area Micro ≤38 dBm 53 dB one 250 m ~ 1km Sector/Omni


(dense urban areas)

Local Area Pico ≤24 dBm 45 dB one 100 ~ 300 m Omni


(large indoor areas)

Home eNB
Femto ≤ 20 dBm (low) 45 dB one 10 ~ 50 m Omni
(HeNB)

ƒ Based on cell radius and Tx power (single antenna in eNB)


ƒ TS36.104 categorizes LTE BS’ using min coupling loss between eNB and UE
‰ Ellipse 4G HP: 39 dBm per RF port in B14 FCC and 39 km
ƒ Cells often overlapping- intra/inter-frequency neighbors
‰ An overloaded macro cell can offload to an overlapping micro/pico cell
ƒ HetNet: a network of low-power eNBs (small or pico cells) deployed
within the coverage area of high-power (macro) eNBs

RCSP Certification Programs RCSP-RDL-6000 Module-1: LTE System and Technology Overview R1.3.2-V1.3a Slide-17
E-UTRAN Deployment Architecture: Cells Within eNB

ƒ eNB can have 1-256 radio cards (cell)


‰ Lights a sector (1200 typically)
‰ Identified by cell ID (0-255) in the eNB
ƒ PCI (physical cell Identity)
‰ Distinguishes a cell from its neighbors on
UE - separating transmitters
‰ Serves as a resource allocator parameter
for DL and UL pilots (Reference Signals)

ƒ LTE defines only 504 PCIs (0-503)


‰ PCI reuse is inevitable – proper planning is required
ƒ PCI is used to seed many E-UTRAN algorithms
‰ UE must obtain PCI first, so it read other cell parameters
ƒ Ellipse-4G eNB has only one cell - supports up to 128 UEs

RCSP Certification Programs RCSP-RDL-6000 Module-1: LTE System and Technology Overview R1.3.2-V1.3a Slide-18
PCI Planning: Avoiding PCI Collision and Confusion

PCI Collision T-eNB


S-eNB
ƒ PCI collision: UE detects two
eNBs having the same PCI
‰ N-eNBs at the same frequency
must not have the same PCI PCI = X PCI = X

ƒ No unambiguous way to notify the UE which eNB it must HO to


‰ UE may stay with its S-eNB and eventually lose service

ƒ PCI confusion: no eNB has PCI Confusion


two N-eNBs at the same
frequency using the same PCI ??
‰ S-eNB cannot notify UE to
PCI = X PCI = X
N-eNB: Neighbouring eNB which N-eNB it must HO
ƒ UE may Ho to wrong eNB

) PCI allocation must pass mod3,


mod6(SISO) and mod30 tests
PCI = Y
(PCI confused eNB)

RCSP Certification Programs RCSP-RDL-6000 Module-1: LTE System and Technology Overview R1.3.2-V1.3a Slide-19
Grouping eNBs: Tracking Idle-state UE Location
Tracking Area
|
ƒ TA is a logical grouping of cells
‰ Managed by MME, TAs can overlap
‰ Typically 100s of eNBs in OP networks
ƒ UE moves freely in a TA or a list of TAs
Tracking Areas (TA)
TA List => (TAL) without having to send a TA

update (TAU) to its serving MME


‰ TAL1 = {TA1,TA3} and TAL2 = {TA2,TA3}
‰ UE-A sends TAU on moving to TA2
‰ UE-B must send a TAU at each cell
ƒ MME sends to UE TAL and TAU timer (T3412)
ƒ eNB broadcasts a TA code (TAC) in SIB1
‰ PLMN + TAC = TA Identity (TAI)
‰ UE is registered at the TAL level not TAC
ƒ Idle UE is known to MME at the TA granularity => The MME knows in which TA each UE is located,
even when they are idle.
ƒ RRC-connected UL location (cell it is registered with) is known to MME
RCSP Certification Programs RCSP-RDL-6000 Module-1: LTE System and Technology Overview R1.3.2-V1.3a Slide-20

RRC-Connected (Radio Resource Control Connected): status of a (non-idle) radio fully connected to the LTE system.
Closed Subscriber Group (CSG) and Cell Access Modes

Closed Access
ƒ CSG is a set of UEs allowed
to access a CSG cell
ƒ CSG Cell allows access only
to CSG UEs
‰ SIM must have the CSG info
‰ SIB1 tells a UE whether cell
is CSG or not
SIB1: System Information Block type 1
SIB1 with the CSG information is broadcast by
Hybrid Access
the eNB; the UE checks the SIM to see if that
CSG is known or not.
ƒ Open Access Mode: any UE’s meeting cell selection criteria
‰ All cells are in this mode by default
ƒ Closed Access Mode: cell allows only CSG UEs
ƒ Hybrid: CSG and non-CSG UE’s are allowed access to the cell
‰ Ellipse-4G controls number of each UE type-16/32/64/128

RCSP Certification Programs RCSP-RDL-6000 Module-1: LTE System and Technology Overview R1.3.2-V1.3a Slide-21
Active Network Sharing: RAN and Spectrum (TS 22&23.251)

OP-A EPC OP-A EPC


OP-B EPC OP-A EPC

S1-Flex MME (Pool)


S1-Flex

Shared RAN

MOCN (multi-operator CN): each Shared RAN


operator has a dedicated core (EPC) GWCN (Gateway CN): operators
also share the MME node
ƒ eNB broadcasts up to 6 PLMN IDs in SIB1
CN: Core Network
‰ eNB selects MME based on PLMN ID from UE RAN: Radio Access Network
PLMN: Public Land Mobile Network
‰ eNBs exchange PLMN info on X2 for HO
ƒ Ellipse-4G supports 3GPP RAN sharing
RCSP Certification Programs RCSP-RDL-6000 Module-1: LTE System and Technology Overview R1.3.2-V1.3a Slide-22
Module-1.1: LTE Overview, Building Blocks Operation

Module-1.1.4: LTE UEs and their Capabilities


UE Categories: UE Radio Access Capabilities (TS36.306 table 4.1-1)
CAT-M NB-IoT
UE Category Cat 1 Cat 2 Cat 3 Cat 4 Cat 5 6 7 8
Cat 0 (CAT-M1) (CAT-M2/NB/NB1)
LTE Release 8-9 10 12 13 13
MIMO DL 1x2 2x2 4x4 2x2 (CA) or 4x4 8x8 1x1
1x1 HD
1x2 FD/HD-FDD
MIMO UL No No 2x2 4x4 (single layer)
TDD

# of CCs (BW) 20 MHz 40 MHz (2 CCs) 100 (5 CCs) 20 MHz 1.4 MHz 200 KHz
••• 800 Kbps
Peak Data DL 10 50 100 150 300 300 300 1200 1 ≈ 200 Kbps
(FD-FDD)
Rate (Mbps)
UL 5 25 50 50 75 50 150 600 1 1 (FD-FDD) ≈ 200 Kbps

Rx Diversity Yes Yes No (1 Rx antenna)

DL Modulation QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM ( 256QAM in CAT 11 onwards)


16QAM max
64QAM in UL No Yes No No Yes No
UE complexity Example: CAT 4=100 % (complexity increases with UE category, MIMO…) 40% 30% < 15%
Support for 256QAM in UL comes in CAT-16 (Rel 14 specs)+

ƒ Category specifies a UE’s DL/UL radio access capabilities- declares it to eNB


‰ Enabling eNB to communicate effectively with its connected UEs
‰ CAT-6 will save half the time compared to CAT-4 for same file size
‰ CAT-M (LTE-MTC, LTE-M) has one oscillator for DL/UL frequency –Half-Duplex Type B
ƒ 22 different UE categories in Rel-13 with focus on IoT devices
‰ Battery life, low cost, coverage, range and massive device connectivity
ƒ LTE-M and NB-IoT are also referred to as Mobile IoT
RCSP Certification Programs RCSP-RDL-6000 Module-1: LTE System and Technology Overview R1.3.2-V1.3a Slide-24
LTE UE Power Class: LTE Band Specific
Power
Max Output Tolerance
PC2 Class
Power (dBm) (dB)
(PC)
1 31 +1/-3
2 26 ±2
3 23 ±2
4 21 +/-2
5 20 +/-2
6 14 +/-2

ƒ Four Power class specifies the max Tx power of a UE in UL


‰ Broadband power (for all RBs)
‰ Max Power Reduction (MPR) defined for each power class and modulation
ƒ Min UE power is set to -40 dBm
ƒ PC-3 is the main UE power class – single Tx chain and used universally
‰ Backward compatibility with UMTS/GSM systems
ƒ PC-1: B14 (public safety with additional requirements)
ƒ PC-2: B41(to compensate for higher frequency propagation losses)
ƒ Max UE power is modified for MIMO, CA….
RCSP Certification Programs RCSP-RDL-6000 Module-1: LTE System and Technology Overview R1.3.2-V1.3a Slide-25
LTE Identifiers: Network and eNB (3GPP TS 23.003 )

ƒ An LTE entity is assigned one


or more IDs to identify it
locally or globally MCC: Mobile Country Code
MNC: Mobile Network Code

ƒ eNB ID: uniquely identifies eNB in a PLMN (20 or 28 bits)


ƒ LTE cell IDs
‰ Cell ID: (0-255) uniquely identifies a cell within an eNB
‰ ECI (E-UTRAN Cell ID): identifies a cell within a PLMN
ƒ Short eNB: 20 bits allowing 256 cell per eNB – macro/micro base stations
ƒ Long eNB: 28 bit, only 1 cell per eNB – pico/nano/femto cells
‰ ECGI (E-UTRAN Cell Global ID): identifies a cell globally = PLMN+ECI
‰ PCI: a number from 0 to 503 identifying a cell at the air interface
ƒ Network planning is based on PCI not ECGI (complex detection process)
ƒ Radio Network Temporary Identifiers (RNTIs) assigned by eNB
‰ UE specific - used to scramble messages of a channel type (data/control)
RCSP Certification Programs RCSP-RDL-6000 Module-1: LTE System and Technology Overview R1.3.2-V1.3a Slide-26
LTE Identifiers*: UE and LTE Core

UE Mobile Equipment (ME) UICC (universal integrated circuit card) – h/w token
(hosts the mobile OS (runs Java APP or USIM and contains security
and LTE radio system) Keys. USIM interfaces with eNB and EPC)

IMEI (Int’l ME ID) identifies device to the


LTE network, 8 digits assigned by the IMSI (int’l mobile subscriber (MS) ID)
Manufacturer, stored in operator database Globally and uniquely identifies a user
MSISDN: MS integrated Service Digital
Network number
PLMN ID (6 digits max) MSIN (MS Identity number) 9-10 digits
operator global ID operator assigned, uniquely identifies
an MS in the PLMN

GUTI (temp UE ID by MME – 80 bits): Identifies


HSS ID Subscriber ID
UE to MME and the MME that the UE is parking on

GUMMEI 48 bits or less M-TMSI (32 bits): identifies MS


(Globally Unique MME ID) within its serving MME S-TMSI (SAE -TMSI): 40 bits identifying MS within
an MME group/pool, used for paging

PLMN ID MMEI (MME ID) 24 bits MMEC (MME code) 8 bits M-TMSI (mobile TMSI)
identifying MME within PLMN identifying MME in a group unique within an MME

S-TMSI is the shortened form of the GUTI to enable more efficient


MMEGI (MME group ID-16 bits) MMEC (MME Code): 8 bits radio signalling procedures (paging and Service Request)
16 bits unique MME ID Identifying MME in a pool
in a group TMSI: Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity

*ITU-T Recommendation E.213

RCSP Certification Programs RCSP-RDL-6000 Module-1: LTE System and Technology Overview R1.3.2-V1.3a Slide-27
UE IDs: The Big 5

ƒ IMSI: permanent, globally unique OP assigned


‰ Stored in UICC and HSS
‰ Valid when UE service is active
ƒ M-TMSI: MME assigned to void sending IMSI OTA after first transaction
‰ Local significance only (identifies UE within MME)
(sim)
ƒ IMEI: permanent, manufacturer assigned-stored in UICC and HSS
ƒ C-RNTI: serving eNB assigns it to a UE-stored in UE and eNB
CRNTI: Cell Radio Network Temporary Identifier
‰ Valid until UE disconnects from the serving eNB
ƒ GUTI: dynamically assigned by the MME-stored in UE and MME
‰ One part identifies MME and the other the UE GUTI: Globally Unique Temporary Identity

ƒ IP Address: dynamic and assigned by the PGW


‰ Stored in UE and PGW and any other node "north" of the PGW
‰ Valid as long as the UE is Registered with the EPC
ƒ UE also gets IDs from S1 (S1AP ID) and X2AP (X2AP ID)
RCSP Certification Programs RCSP-RDL-6000 Module-1: LTE System and Technology Overview R1.3.2-V1.3a Slide-28
Module-1.2: LTE QoS and Data Bearers
QoS Class Identifier
|
LTE QCI Characteristics
QCI Attributes (QoS Metric)
QCI Resource Type PELR Typical Application (intent)
Priority PDB (msec)
(PER loss rate)
1 2 100 1.00E-02 Conversation voice (such as ViLTE voice and VoLTE)
2 4 150 1.00E-03 Conversational video
3 3 50 1.00E-03 Real-time gaming
4 GBR 5 300 1.00E-06 Non-conversational video (ViLTE video)
65 0.7 75 1.00E-02 MCPTT (user plane voice)
66 2 100 1.00E-02 Non-MC user plane Push To Talk voice
75 2.5 50 1.00E-02 V2X messages
5 1 100 1.00E-06 IMS signalling
6 6 300 1.00E-06 buffered Video, www, email, ftp
NON-GBR

7 7 100 1.00E-03 Voice, live streaming video, Interactive gaming


8 8 300 1.00E-06
Video, www, email, ftp (TCP based traffic) etc.
9 9 300 1.00E-06
69 0.5 200 1.00E-06 MC sensitive signalling ( MCPTT signalling)
70 5.5 60 1.00E-06 MC Data (same as QCI 6/8/9)
79 6.5 50 1.00E-02 V2X messages

ƒ QCI identifies resource type, PELR, PDB and packet handling priority
‰ U-plane treatment for IP packets transported on a bearer
ƒ QCI priority, PELR and delay (20 msec between PCEF and eNB is assumed)
ƒ PELR: % of higher layer packets lost during non-congestion periods
PELR: Packet Error Loss Rate
ƒ GBR: resources reservation in every EPS node dealing with GBR packets
RCSP Certification Programs RCSP-RDL-6000 Module-1: LTE System and Technology Overview R1.3.2-V1.3a Slide-30
GBR: Guaranteed Bit Rate
EPS Bearer: User Traffic Transport PCEF UE
E-UTRAN EPC PDN

UE eNB SGW PGW PS


Network
Data Radio Bearer (DRB) S1 Bearer S5/S8 Bearer External Bearer

E-RAB
EPS Bearer (realizes negotiated Service QoS)

End to End Service

UE S1 S5/S8 SGi
Bearer: Packet flow that receives a common QoS treatment.
ƒ Uniquely identifies data flows requiring same QoS on PGWÅÆUE path
‰ Service QoS is attached to a bearer–U-plane path or connection
ƒ The “DRB-S1 bearer-S5 bearer” together make the LTE U-plane
ƒ UE gets one default bearer from each specified PDN-tied to UE IP
‰ One or multiple dedicated bearers - can be released when not needed
ƒ Eleven bearers per UE: 3 SRB and 8 data
‰ SRBs are used to carry RRC and NAS signalling on Uu (SRB0/1/2)
RCSP Certification Programs RCSP-RDL-6000 Module-1: LTE System and Technology Overview R1.3.2-V1.3a Slide-31
Dedicated Bearers: Providing Service-specific QoS

E-UTRAN EPC PDN

UE eNB SGW PGW


Data Radio Bearer (DRB) S1 Bearer S5/S8 Bearer External Bearer
E-RAB PS
Network
EPS Bearer (realizes negotiated Service QoS)

End to End Service


S1 S5/S8 SGi
Uu

ƒ Each dedicated bearer has an associated TFT - tied to UE’s IP add


ƒ EPS bearer spans S5/S1/Uu interfaces-cannot be implemented directly
‰ One-to-one mapping between DRB, S1 and S5/S8 bearers EPS bearers are the main data
bearers.
‰ S1 and S5/S8 bearers are implemented using GTP-U tunnels
ƒ E-RAB is deactivated when UE has no context in eNB –UE enters Idle mode
E-RAB: E-UTRAN Radio Access Bearer
ƒ S5 bearer is always enabled – to maintain UE IP address
ƒ Bearer establishment Order: S5ÆDRBÆS1
RCSP Certification Programs RCSP-RDL-6000 Module-1: LTE System and Technology Overview R1.3.2-V1.3a Slide-32
Bearer Types” GBR and Non-GBR

EPS Bearers
ƒ GBR bearers are used for real
time services
‰ Reserve a min amount of BW Dedicated Default
on per bearer basis with an Bearer Bearer
MBR limit (Maximum Bit Rate limit)
Non-GBR
‰ Do not release at any time GBR Non-GBR (best effort)
(even if there is no traffic on the GBR bearers, the
bandwidth is never made available for non-GBR
bearers)
BE: Best Effort
ƒ Non-GBR bearers are BE and have no per bearer reserved bit rate
ƒ An AMBR is defined per a group of non-GBR bearers of a single user
AMBR: Aggregated Maximum Bit Rate
‰ APN-AMBR - per APN limit-DL/UL – saved in HSS
APN: Access Point Name (identifies the PDN, and can also identify the type of service)
‰ UE-AMBR – for all PDNs UE may connect to – saved in HSS
ƒ Each Non-GBR bearer can utilize the entire UE-AMBR when other bearers silent
ƒ ARP policy rules applies on per bearer basis

RCSP Certification Programs RCSP-RDL-6000 Module-1: LTE System and Technology Overview R1.3.2-V1.3a Slide-33
SDF Filters/Templates

ƒ IP flows are the network traffic


for a UE
‰ Packets with same IP header
ƒ SDF (service data flow): IP
flows to a UE and having the
same QoS attributes
ƒ SDF mapping to EPS bearers
uses operator defined filters
called TFTs (Traffic Flow Template)
‰ 5-tuple IP header
ƒ PGW processes QoS at SDF
level first and then at EPS
bearer level

RCSP Certification Programs RCSP-RDL-6000 Module-1: LTE System and Technology Overview R1.3.2-V1.3a Slide-34
SDF to Bearer Mapping: DL Example

UE eNB SGW PGW PDN


IP APN IP

Traffic Flow Templates (TFT)


IP flow 1

Dedicated EPS Bearer SDF1 QoS Policy


IP flow 2

E-RAB IP flow 3

IP flow 4
Default EPS Bearer SDF2 QoS Policy
IP flow 5

Dedicated EPS Bearer SDF3 QoS Policy IP flow 6

Data RAB S1 Bearer S5 Bearer SDF

ƒ IP flows are classified to SDFs based on applicable TFT


‰ SDF: a group of IP flows associated with a Service that the UE is using
‰ SDFs matching a TFT are mapped to an EPS bearer
ƒ Initial bearer-level QoS of the default bearer is assigned by MME
‰ Based on subscription data from HSS PCRF: Policy and Charging Rules Function (one of the EPC blocks)
PCEF: Policy Control Enforcement Function (part of PCRF)
ƒ PCEF may change it in interaction with PCRF or based on local configuration
RCSP Certification Programs RCSP-RDL-6000 Module-1: LTE System and Technology Overview R1.3.2-V1.3a Slide-35
QoS and Policy Mgmt: Per EPS Node View
PCRF: Policy and Charging Rules Function (one of the
EPC blocks) Uses dynamic info and OP-configured
PCEF: Policy Control Enforcement Function (part of PCRF) policies to define PCC rules 1 PCRF 2

PCEF

5 4
3

ƒ TFTs are used in DL (PCEF) and UL (UE) to map SDFs to bearers


ƒ P-GW maps bearers to underlying transport (e.g., ethernet)
‰ Transport is not aware of the bearer concept and may use IP QoS (DiffServ)
ƒ MME sets UE-AMBR = sum of APN-AMBRs up to the subscribed limit
RCSP Certification Programs RCSP-RDL-6000 Module-1: LTE System and Technology Overview R1.3.2-V1.3a Slide-36
GTP: A 3GPP Protocol Delivering IP packets within EPC
GTP: GPRS Tunneling Protocol

ƒ GTP-C to deliver signalling on


S11/S5 and GTP-U to deliver
UE traffic over S1 and S5
‰ The GTP tunnel is identified
in each node with a Tunnel
Endpoint Identifier (TEID),
an IP address and a UDP
port number
ƒ TEID (unidirectional) are
assigned to each UE
‰ Generated by each node
during initial UE attach

ƒ The receiving side of GTP locally assigns a TEID that the Tx side must use
‰ In DL, eNB assigns the DL TEID that the SGW will use

RCSP Certification Programs RCSP-RDL-6000 Module-1: LTE System and Technology Overview R1.3.2-V1.3a Slide-37
Packets From UE To Internet (UEÆPGW): An Example

DL

Uu

UE eNB
UL

3. SGW modifies GTP-u header and sends the


1. UE sends a packet to Google
packet to PGW
2. eNB encapsulates it inside GTP-u
4. PGW removes GTP header and shoots the
‰ Sends it to SGW
packet to the internet
RCSP Certification Programs RCSP-RDL-6000 Module-1: LTE System and Technology Overview R1.3.2-V1.3a Slide-38
QoS Management in LTE: QCI Mapping
|
QoS Class Identifier

ƒ QCI to DSCP mapping in eNB (UL traffic) and PGW (DL traffic)
‰ To control the per hop behaviors (PHBs) in the transport network
Queuing and packet dropping/forwarding
‰ eNB: extending LTE QoS to the transport network in UL
‰ PGW: extending LTE QoS to transport in DL
ƒ QCI to Media type mapping in PCRF
RCSP Certification Programs RCSP-RDL-6000 Module-1: LTE System and Technology Overview R1.3.2-V1.3a Slide-39
Module-1.3: E-UTRAN Protocol Stack Overview
LTE Radio Protocol Stack: Resides in eNB and UE
Non-Access Stratum UE
| IP traffic
ƒ NAS: UE and MME signalling eNB
NAS NAS
‰ PLMN selection, TAU,
paging, authentication and RRC L3 RRC
MME

EPS bearer control S1-U


PDCP PDCP
ƒ Access stratum (AS) SGW PGW

Access Stratum
‰ Signalling on Uu RLC RLC

L2
ƒ RRC (L3) procedure OTA
‰ RRC-signaling and MAC MAC

connection
PHY PHY
‰ UEÅÆ EPC NAS signalling L1
U-plane C-plane C-plane U-plane
‰ HO (S1AP, X2AP, SCTP)
‰ SRBs and DRBs
ƒ U-plane: uses UDP to carry user traffic – eNB to SGW and eNB to UE
ƒ C-plane: handles signaling - TCP or SCTP
ƒ LTE security applies to both C-plane and U-plane
RCSP Certification Programs RCSP-RDL-6000 Module-1: LTE System and Technology Overview R1.3.2-V1.3a Slide-42
E-UTRAN L2 Building Blocks (TS 36.321/322/323)

UE eNB
ƒ PDCP: one instance per bearer Uu
NAS NAS
‰ RoHC/Ciphering/duplicate-discard RRC RRC MME

‰ Add a header (2-3 bytes) data PDCP PDCP


Radio
ƒ Used in UE for deciphering Bearers

L2
RLC RLC
ƒ RLC: one instance per bearer
‰ eNB configures RLC for each QCI MAC MAC

‰ Segmenting and concatenation PHY PHY


ƒ RLC Transparent mode (TM) U-plane C-plane C-plane U-plane

‰ Used when PDU sizes are known a priori


ƒ Signalling/Broadcasts/paging messages and eeffectively uses no header
ƒ RLC Unacknowledged Mode (UM): real time services-unidirectional
‰ RLC header: enables in sequence delivery of data and error detection
‰ Used typically VoLTE (QCI1 and QCI2): delay sensitive but PER tolerant
PER: Packet Error Rate
ƒ RLC ACK mode (AM)- suitable for non-real time bidirectional services
ARQ: Automatic Repeat reQuest
‰ Interactive/background services allowing ARQ due to delay tolerance
RCSP Certification Programs RCSP-RDL-6000 Module-1: LTE System and Technology Overview R1.3.2-V1.3a Slide-43
E-UTRAN L2 Building Blocks: MAC
UE eNB
IP traffic
ƒ Multiplexing/demultiplexing of RLC PDUs Uu
NAS NAS
ƒ Error correction through HARQ RRC RRC MME
HARQ: Hybrid ARQ
ƒ Logical channel prioritization and PDCP PDCP
Radio
Scheduling information reporting Bearers

L2
RLC RLC
ƒ Mapping between the logical and the
transport channels MAC MAC

ƒ Transport format selection PHY PHY


C-plane U-plane
ƒ Once MAC instance per cell/eNB U-plane C-plane

RACH: Random Access CHannel


ƒ UL functions include RACH scheduling, and transport format selection
ƒ LTE L2 supports two levels of retransmissions for providing reliability
‰ HARQ at the MAC layer and outer ARQ at the RLC layer
ƒ Achieving low latency and low overhead without sacrificing reliability
ƒ IP packet for UE is encapsulated by an EPC-specific protocol and
tunneled between the P-GW and eNB for transmission to UE
RCSP Certification Programs RCSP-RDL-6000 Module-1: LTE System and Technology Overview R1.3.2-V1.3a Slide-44
LTE Transport Block (TB): MAC PDU

ƒ MAC builds the TB


‰ 188 TB sizes (40-6144 bits) depends
on data rate
‰ RLC segments/concatenates RLC
SDUs to fit into TBs
ƒ Scheduling decision per TTI (1msec)
TTI: Transmission Time Interval
ƒ 2 TBs per TTI in all MIMO modes
‰ One for non-MIMO mode
ƒ MAC sends TBs to the PHY layer
‰ PHY segments TBs > 6144 bits
‰ Adds a 24 bits CRC to each TB and
performs channel coding
ƒ PHY outputs a “codeword”
BLock Error Rate
|
ƒ BLER for LTE link (PHY = 10%) - 90% success rate is required
RCSP Certification Programs RCSP-RDL-6000 Module-1: LTE System and Technology Overview R1.3.2-V1.3a Slide-45
UE-eNB Connectivity: RRC-Modes – AS Parameter

Radio Resource Control


|
ƒ RRC-Connected UE
‰ Known to eNB/EPC
‰ Tx/Rx data
‰ Reports CQI (Channel Quality Indicator)
HO: Handover
‰ Can do HO – handled by eNB
DRX: Discontinuous Reception
‰ DRX can be configured to save
batter power
ƒ RRC-Idle UE: No NAS connection
‰ A PDN connection exists
‰ Registered with MME - known at TA granularity
‰ Not known to eNB, no RNTI, no RRC -UE does not maintain UL sync
RNTI: Radio Network Temporary Indicator
ƒ The only Tx in UL the UE can do is RACH
P-RNTI: Paging RNTI
‰ Monitors PDCCH for paging (P-RNTI) - specific subframe in a specific frame
PDCCH: Physical Downlink Control CHannel
‰ UE handles mobility through Cell reselection
ƒ U-plane latency is ≤ 10 msec
RCSP Certification Programs RCSP-RDL-6000 Module-1: LTE System and Technology Overview R1.3.2-V1.3a Slide-46
LTE Protocol Stack and EPC: Summary

NAS Node Selection Function


|
NNSF is located in the eNB to determine and establish an association between a UE and an MME
node in an MME pool to which the eNB belongs. It enables proper routing via the S1-MME interface

RCSP Certification Programs RCSP-RDL-6000 Module-1: LTE System and Technology Overview R1.3.2-V1.3a Slide-47
LTE Communication Channels: Inter-Layer Data Flow
DL UL

PBCH

ƒ Logical (7 DL, 3 UL): what type of data they carry - traffic/control


ƒ Transport (4 DL, 3 UL): how is the data transferred OTA- MCS, MIMO..
ƒ Physical (DL/UL): where is data sent OTA – UE is the destination
‰ Defined by the time-frequency resources for actual transmission of data
ƒ e.g. first N symbols in the DL frame and where UE must look for data
‰ Physical signals are not physical channels (do not carry MAC PDUs)
ƒ eNB uses rate control in DL – different power levels on different channels
RCSP Certification Programs RCSP-RDL-6000 Module-1: LTE System and Technology Overview R1.3.2-V1.3a Slide-48
LTE Control Signals Overhead

ƒ PBCH: vital system parameters - QPSK PBCH: Physical Broadcast CHannel

‰ System BW, PHICH info, SFN and eNB Tx antenna configuration


ƒ PDSCH: DL data for multiple UEs from multiple logical channels
‰ QPSK, 16/64QAM/256QAM and all LTE TM modes PDSCH: Physical Downlink Shared CHannel
ƒ PDCCH: DL grants data to a UE (C-RNTI)-1st symbol in each subframe
‰ DL: applies to current subframe-26% of total overhead PDCCH: Physical Downlink Control CHannel
‰ UL: applies to the 4th subframe from the one carrying PDCCH
‰ Uses DCI: info about RB allocation and MCS to enable UE decode PDSCH
ƒ DCI format (0, 1, 2…) indicates its purpose such as TM mode etc.
ƒ PCFICH: symbols used for PDCCH (1-3)-in 1st symbol of each subframe
PCFICH:
‰ PCI is used to calculate PCFICH frequency offset among cells Physical Control Format Indicator CHannel
ƒ PHICH: eNB DL ACK/NACK (BPSK) – UL ACK/NACK comes on PUSCH or PUCCH
PHICH: Physical Hybrid-ARQ Indicator CHannel
ƒ PRACH: used by UE for RAP to sync with eNB in UL PRACH: Physical Random Access CHannel
ƒ PUCCH: Scheduling Requests (SR), DL data ACK/NACK and CQI PUCCH: Physical Uplink Control CHannel
ƒ PBCH, PCFICH, PDCCH, and PHICH are Tx diversity coded
‰ Transmi ed at −3 dB compared to the configured value in eNB

RCSP Certification Programs RCSP-RDL-6000 Module-1: LTE System and Technology Overview R1.3.2-V1.3a Slide-49
System Information (SI): eNB (L3) Sends Control Data to UE
Master Information Block System Information Block
| |
ƒ SI consists of fixed part (MIB) and dynamic part (SIB)
ƒ MIB carries essential info about the cell, enabling UE to achieve DL sync
ƒ SIBs carry information to indicate to UE how the cell is configured
‰ SIB1, SIB2… SIB13… carry specific info from eNB for UEs and sent on DLSCH
ƒ SIBs are mapped to the SI - SI size cannot exceed a transport block
|
System Information
DL channel size, timing reference, antenna config (1, 2 or 4), system
MIB frame number (SFN) and PHICH config (duration and resources). Sent
(mandatory) on PBCH with QPSK modulation and has a 40 msec periodicity

SIB1 PLMN, TAC, cell ID, cell baring status, min Rx level for cell selection
Tx time and periodicity of the other SIBs – 80 msec periodicity
(mandatory)
Cell’s radio resources, physical channels, Tx power, UL carrier
SIB2 frequency and channel BW, RACH data, transmit time, UL power
(mandatory) control and UL channel related parameters – 160 msec periodicity
Contains info for intra/inter-frequency, and/or inter-RAT cell
SIB3 reselection –received in Idle mode only
Intra-frequency neighboring cell info for Intra-LTE intra-frequency
SIB4 cell reselection.
Information regarding inter-frequency neighboring cells (E-UTRA) –
SIB5 received in idle mode only
SIBs are sent on the LTE data channel (PDSCH)

RCSP Certification Programs RCSP-RDL-6000 Module-1: LTE System and Technology Overview R1.3.2-V1.3a Slide-50
LTE C-Plane and U-Plane Protocols

ƒ C-Plane: signalling and NAS control


‰ Network attachment, security bearers and
mobility mgmt
ƒ S1-AP: directly mapped on SCTP
‰ UE is assigned S1-AP ID at both end
ƒ U-Plane: GTP-U on S1/S5
SGi PDN
APP
APN

RCSP Certification Programs RCSP-RDL-6000 Module-1: LTE System and Technology Overview R1.3.2-V1.3a Slide-51
X2 Functionality (TS36.423): U-plane and C-plane

Radio E-UTRAN
Network
layer

eNB
Transport

X2 X2
layer

eNB
X2

eNB
ƒ X2-AP: C-plane signalling between eNBs
‰ HO preparation phase
‰ Mobility load balancing (MLB)
ƒ X2 has stringent latency requirements
‰ Using a VLAN, X2 interface can be prioritized over the backhaul
ƒ SON enables the eNBs to get each other’s IP address from the EPC
SON: Self-Optimizing Networks
ƒ U-plane: S-eNB sends UE data to T-eNB while UE is completing X2 HO

RCSP Certification Programs RCSP-RDL-6000 Module-1: LTE System and Technology Overview R1.3.2-V1.3a Slide-52
Module-1.4: LTE PHY Overview and Basic Parameters

Module-1.4.1: E-UTRAN Transmission Schemes


DL OFDMA and UL SC-FDMA
LTE Spectrum Usage: Sub-6 GHz-Region Specific

ƒ Coverage/Capacity/Convergence
ƒ Device availability/Roaming
ƒ Paired spectrum: FDD bands FDD: Frequency Division Duplex
TDD: Time Division Duplex
‰ High DL and low UL frequencies
ƒ Unpaired spectrum: TDD bands
ƒ LTE carrier raster is 100 KHz
‰ Carrier frequency = n∗ 100
ƒ Two frequencies using BW1 and
BW2 are separated by
(BW1+BW2)/2 MHz
EARFCN: E-UTRAN Absolute Radio Frequency Channel Number
ƒ EARFCN designates DL/UL carrier frequency: integer value 0 – 65535
‰ Uniquely identifies the LTE band and carrier frequency (TS36-101, section 5.7.3)
ƒ Spectrum allocation and applicable rules are specified by regulatory bodies

RCSP Certification Programs RCSP-RDL-6000 Module-1: LTE System and Technology Overview R1.3.2-V1.3a Slide-54
LTE Operating Bands: Region Specific Rules

ƒ 3GPP specifies bands when spectrum becomes available

On each carrier, the UE


must use the entire cell BW

ƒ Bands 66-71 as well as B252 and 255 (unlicensed bands)


ƒ Some bands have reversed duplexing: B13, B14, B20 and B24
ƒ B48: 3550-3700 MHz – CBRS using FCC certified SAS (Spectrum Access System)
RCSP Certification Programs RCSP-RDL-6000 Module-1: LTE System and Technology Overview R1.3.2-V1.3a Slide-55
Carrier Aggregation (R10): Increasing Channel Size

Intra-band contiguous BW (easiest)


ƒ Grouping several LTE ‘‘component
carriers’’ (CCs) – FDD and TDD
ƒ Based on R8/9 carriers
‰ To maintain backward compatibility
ƒ 5 CC (R10) and 32 CC (R12)
CC: Component Carrier
ƒ FDD: different number of CCs in DL/UL Intra-band non-contiguous BW
‰ # of UL CCs ≤ # of CCs in DL
‰ Each CC can use different channel BW
ƒ TDD: # of UL CCs = # of CCs in DL
‰ All CCs normally have same BW

Inter-band non-contiguous BW

RCSP Certification Programs RCSP-RDL-6000 Module-1: LTE System and Technology Overview R1.3.2-V1.3a Slide-56
LTE RF Channel Characteristics: Multipath and Doppler Effect

RF Channel

Users
Shadowing
(slow fading)

Path Loss

Fast Fading

ƒ Multipath: frequency selective fading – channel coherent BW Maximum coupling loss (LCL)
Loss between eNM and UE before which
ƒ Doppler Effect due to mobility – channel coherence time communication is cut off (typically 142 dB)
‰ Causes fast fading and hence needs fast channel estimation capability
ƒ Fading, pathloss and signal distortions
ƒ LTE uses coherent detection- Rx needs channel amplitude and phase characteristics
‰ Reference signals (pilots) are used in LTE
RCSP Certification Programs RCSP-RDL-6000 Module-1: LTE System and Technology Overview R1.3.2-V1.3a Slide-57
LTE PHY Air Interface: Enabling Technologies

OFDMA: Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing Access


ƒ OFDMA-DL: parallel Tx of data symbols
ISI: Inter-Symbol Interference
‰ Robust against ISI and simple UE Rx design
ƒ Single tap equalization at the UE
‰ Efficient eNB resources utilization
‰ PAPR is the main issue
eNB
ƒ SC-FDMA: UL SC-FDMA: Single-Carrier Frequency
Division Multiplexing Access
‰ Pre-coded OFDMA UE
‰ Serial transmission of data symbols
‰ No PAPR issue
ƒ More efficient use of UE battery power
ƒ Multiple channel sizes
‰ Flexible spectrum allocation and data rate
ƒ Multiple antenna system in DL and UL
‰ Different antenna configurations
ƒ Efficient error handling mechanisms
‰ FEC, ARQ and HARQ

RCSP Certification Programs RCSP-RDL-6000 Module-1: LTE System and Technology Overview R1.3.2-V1.3a Slide-58
OFDM: Prolonging Data Bit Duration
OFDM
Rb /N bps

f1 ∆f = 15 kHz
Serial to parallel conversion
OFDM
Input Data Stream Signal
(from higher layers)
f2
+

• •

Rb bps Rb /N bps •

fN

ƒ A multi-carrier scheme using overlapping orthogonal narrowband


subchannels (subcarriers)
subcarrier
‰ Each subscriber
////////////////////// in LTE is 15 kHz and is fixed for all channel sizes

ƒ Input data is divided into N streams, each carried on a subcarrier


‰ Makes the channel flat fading and reduces ISI but does not eliminate it
ƒ OFDM subcarriers are generated using FFT technology (pure DSP)
‰ The FFT size varies based on channel size
ƒ 128, 256, 512, 1024 and 2048 in LTE
‰ Many of the outer subcarriers in a channel are used as guard bands
RCSP Certification Programs RCSP-RDL-6000 Module-1: LTE System and Technology Overview R1.3.2-V1.3a Slide-59
OFDM Signal: Time and Frequency View
OFDM Symbol Duration (active time + CP)
CP: Cycllic Prefix
≫ Tu = Useful Symbol = 1/∆f = 66.7 μsec
ƒ A guard time (CP) eliminates ISI
due to multipath CP Active time = TU = 1/∆f time

‰ Depends on channel delay spread


(≈1000 nsec in urban areas)
ƒ Normal CP: 4.7 μs
‰ Max path difference of 1.5 km
‰ Consumes about 7.5% of the PHY capacity
ƒ Extended CP: 16.67 μs (path difference of 5 km)
‰ Used large cell ranges, e.g., 100 km
ƒ Subcarriers are added to create the OFDM signal
PAPR: Peak to Average Power Ratio
‰ OFDM signal can have high PAPR in time domain
‰ Requires PA power reduction in the Tx
ƒ Pilot signals (reference signal): channel estimation
and coherent carrier demodulation at the Rx

RCSP Certification Programs RCSP-RDL-6000 Module-1: LTE System and Technology Overview R1.3.2-V1.3a Slide-60
LTE PHY: Scalable OFDM (∆f = 15 KHz Fixed)
Channel BW (MHz) 1.4 3 5 10 15 20
FFT Size 128 256 512 1024 1536 2048 FFT size is varied
based on channel
Used Subcarriers +DC 73 181 301 601 901 1201 size to keep ∆f
Guard Subcarriers 55 75 211 423 635 847 fixed = 15 KHz
Subcarrier spacing 15 KHz
Basic time in LTE PHY Ts = 1/(Δfx2048) = 1/(15000*2048) = 32.6 nsec
Active OFDM time 66.7 μsec = 2048 Ts
Frame Structure Frame =10 msec, subframe = 1 msec, slot 0.5 msec
Cyclic Prefix (CP) Normal CP = 144Ts = 4.7 μs, Extended CP = 512 Ts= 16.67 μs
OFDM Symbols/slot 7 with normal CP 6 with extended CP

ƒ LTE time parameters are expressed


as multiples of the basic time (Ts)
ƒ LTE headline data rates are based
on 20 MHz channel size and normal
CP with DL MIMO
‰ 8x8 for UE Cat-8
RCSP Certification Programs RCSP-RDL-6000 Module-1: LTE System and Technology Overview R1.3.2-V1.3a Slide-61
Data Mapping in OFDM: QPSK Modulation Symbols

Each data symbol occupies 15 KHz


for an OFDM symbol duration

QPSK data symbols

ƒ OFDMA transmits the four QPSK data symbols in parallel


‰ One symbol per 15 KHz subcarrier
ƒ Allows channel condition-based scheduling
ƒ DL OFDMA makes it easy to equalize the channel at the Rx
ƒ A single carrier transmission must clock 4 times faster to achieve the
same data rate on the same channel BW
‰ This requires for very complex channel equalization at the Rx
RCSP Certification Programs RCSP-RDL-6000 Module-1: LTE System and Technology Overview R1.3.2-V1.3a Slide-62
LTE Resource Grid(Time-Frequency) Definition

ƒ Resource Element (RE) Short CP

‰ One subcarrier over one OFDM


symbol
ƒ Resource block (RB)
‰ 12 consecutive subcarriers over
one slot (0.5 msec)
ƒ An RB = 180 KHz (12 x 15 KHz)
ƒ Each of the 7 OFDM symbols in a
slot has 12 subcarriers
‰ Total of 84 Res within an RB for
normal CP
ƒ RB is the min scheduling
resource size for DL and UL

Note: at the PHY level, 3GPP speaks of Physical RB or PRB and some calculations on the web, they use a PRB =
2RB in view of the fact that LTE scheduling is done on a 1 msec basis which covers to 2 RBs

RCSP Certification Programs RCSP-RDL-6000 Module-1: LTE System and Technology Overview R1.3.2-V1.3a Slide-63
Channel Size Vs. Transmission BW (TS 36.101)
Channel BW (MHz) 1.4 3 5 10 15 20
FFT Size 128 256 512 1024 1536 2048
# of Used Subcarriers (X) 72 180 300 600 900 1200
Number of PRBs = X/12 6 (0-5) 15 (0-14) 25 (0-24) 50 (0-49) 75 (0-74) 100 (0-99)
Transmission BW (MHz) 1.08 2.7 4.5 9.0 13.5 18.0
Sampling Rate (M samples/sec) 1.92 3.84 7.68 15.68 23.03 30.72

MIB: Master Information Block

ƒ DL channel size is indicated in


the MIB as “number of PRBs” (Physical Resource Block)
ƒ UE gets the MIB by decoding
the PBCH successfully
ƒ PRBs are indexed: PRBx
‰ x = 0, 12, ..99 for 20 MHz
ƒ 0-49 for 10 MHz

RCSP Certification Programs RCSP-RDL-6000 Module-1: LTE System and Technology Overview R1.3.2-V1.3a Slide-64
LTE UL PHY: SC-FDMA-Extending UE Battery Life

Each data symbol occupies N subcarriers (Nx15 KHz)


for 1/N of the SC-FDMA symbol duration

ƒ Transmits data symbols sequentially


PAPR: Peak to Average Power Ratio
ƒ Achieves 3-6 dB improvement in PAPR compared to OFDMA
‰ Allows for reduced PA back-off improves coverage
ƒ SC-FDMA is OFDM but with-a-twist called DFT pre-coded OFDM
‰ PHY numerology (subcarrier count, CP..) is the same as DL OFDMA
‰ A modulation symbol is carried over a set of subcarriers – frequency diversity
ƒ OFDMA carries one symbol per subcarrier
ƒ SC-FDMA needs complex channel equalization at eNB – easy to achieve
RCSP Certification Programs RCSP-RDL-6000 Module-1: LTE System and Technology Overview R1.3.2-V1.3a Slide-65
OFDMA Vs. SC-FDMA: Tx Comparison

|-------Frequency domain-------| |-----------------Time domain-----------------|


FEC

ƒ SC-FDMA uses a DFT pre-coder followed by an OFDMA front-end


‰ Data is first modulated on a single carrier in time domain which converted to
frequency domain by the DFT for subcarrier mapping
ƒ Each modulation symbol is spread over the entire bandwidth
ƒ Channel coding is Turbo coding in LTE with mother code rate of 1/3
RCSP Certification Programs RCSP-RDL-6000 Module-1: LTE System and Technology Overview R1.3.2-V1.3a Slide-66
Frequency Domain Structure Of DL and UL Waveforms

ƒ The extra subcarrier (DC) in DL is not used


‰ Coincides with carrier center frequency
‰ Interference from local oscillator leakage
ƒ In UL, center frequency is located between two UL subcarriers
RCSP Certification Programs RCSP-RDL-6000 Module-1: LTE System and Technology Overview R1.3.2-V1.3a Slide-67
Resource Allocation: Summary

ƒ A UE is allocated an
integer number of RBs
‰ Need not be contiguous
in RDL-6000

ƒ Scheduling is updated every 1 msec (aka TTI)


‰ Two TBs per TTI in spatial multiplexing transmission mode
ƒ Number of UEs scheduled in a TTI is vendor specific
‰ 4 in RDL-6000 (DL/UL) in 5/10 MHz and 2 UEs in 15/20 MHz channel size
ƒ In UL, only contiguous allocations are allowed
‰ To maintain SC-FDMA properties of the signal
ƒ PDCCH BW grant indication applies to the current subframe
‰ The subframe occurring 4 subframes after the one carrying PDCCH
RCSP Certification Programs RCSP-RDL-6000 Module-1: LTE System and Technology Overview R1.3.2-V1.3a Slide-68
LTE Data Rates: Finding LTE Symbol Transmission Rate

ƒ Data rates correspond to:


‰ REs carrying data on
PDSCH and PUSCH
MCS
‰ MSC
///////// used for each RE

‰ Multi-Antenna
configuration in eNB
and UE

ƒ LTE overhead as a rule of thumb is 25% of the total data rate


‰ The CP, signaling and PHY layer signals are pure overhead
UpPTS: Uplink Pilot Time Slot
ƒ The UpPTS and GP in TDD frame contribute to overhead
GP: Guard Period
‰ Physical channels (PDCCH/PCFICH/PHICH) consume 1, 2 or 3 symbols
ƒ Traffic dependent – heavy network loading will use 3 symbols
‰ Redundancy added by PHY (channel coding or FEC): 0.35-0.95 <= coding rate
CR of 0,6 means that 60% of the channel is
used for data, while the rest is for coding/FEC.

RCSP Certification Programs RCSP-RDL-6000 Module-1: LTE System and Technology Overview R1.3.2-V1.3a Slide-69
LTE Data Rates: Ideal Channel Conditions
BPSK = 1 b/sym
QPSK = 2 b/sym
Data Rate (Rb) = ∗ 64QAM = 6 b/sym

ƒ PRB Capacity = 12x7 = 84 symbols in 0.5 msec = (84/500) ∗106 sps


ƒ Subframe capacity = 84x2 = 168 symbols/msec = 168x1000 sps

Symbol Rate = (168000) ∗ (NPRB) sps Single Antenna Port


33.6 Mbps for QPSK
ƒ Capacity of 20 MHz = 168000 ∗ 100 = 16.8 Msps=X= 67.2 Mbps for 16QAM
ƒ Net Data rate = X-25% = 75 Mbps for 64QAM 100.8 Mbps for 64QAM
ƒ 2x2 DL: Rb = 2x75 = 150 Mbps
(Msps = 1M symbol/second)
ƒ UL data rate depends on UE category
‰ For Tx chain, Rb = 50 Mbps (less overhead compare dot DL)
ƒ 75 Mbps if 64QAM is supported
ƒ Alternatively, consider 64QAM case
‰ (14 symbols/msec) ∗ (6) = 84 Kbps/subcarrier = 84 ∗12 = 1.008 Mbps/RB

RCSP Certification Programs RCSP-RDL-6000 Module-1: LTE System and Technology Overview R1.3.2-V1.3a Slide-70
Module-1.4: LTE PHY Overview and Basic Parameters

Module-1.4.2: LTE Multi-antenna Systems and


Transmission Modes
Multiple Antenna Systems: Massive Throughput Gains

MIMO Diversity Processing


Deep Fades Deep Fades
Signals from
M antennas

Freq

Combined SNR

ƒ Spatial Diversity: robustness against channel transmission and diversity gain


‰ MISO/SIMO, MIMO STBC/SFBC – increasing SNR, robustness against channel fading/noise
ƒ Spatial Multiplexing: multiplexing gain - requires orthogonal transmissions paths
‰ Multiple data streams (layers) on the same frequency/time resource
ƒ Beamforming: focuses radiated energy in specific direction – array gain
RCSP Certification Programs RCSP-RDL-6000 Module-1: LTE System and Technology Overview R1.3.2-V1.3a Slide-72
Basic MIMO Definitions

ƒ “h” parameters reflect how signals are


attenuated and phase shifted
ƒ SU-MIMO: PTP Multiple antenna link
SU-MIMO
‰ eNB communicates with one UE at a time
ƒ MU-MIMO: eNB schedules multiple UEs at the
UE1
same time using same time-frequency resource
eNB
ƒ Open Loop: Rx does not report CSI to Tx
CSI: Channel State Information UE2
ƒ Closed Loop: Tx gets CSI on a feedback channel
MU-MIMO UE3
‰ Tx can respond to changing channel conditions
ƒ Long CDD: precoding scheme- PDSCH only (TM3)
CDD: Cyclic Delay Diversity
‰ Prevents signals from cancelling each other at Rx
ƒ Time delay Æ phase shift in frequency
ƒ Coordinated MultiPoint (CoMP)- network MIMO
‰ eNBs communicate with the same UE Half symbol time for 2 antenna system (LTE
uses Long CDD) – added before CP insertion)

RCSP Certification Programs RCSP-RDL-6000 Module-1: LTE System and Technology Overview R1.3.2-V1.3a Slide-73
LTE MIMO Schemes: DL-UL

DL 2x2 MIMO
ƒ DL: 2x2 MIMO is mandatory
‰ 4x4 (R8) and 8x8 (R10)
‰ Tx diversity (SFBC) (Space-Frequency
Block Code)
‰ 2/4/8 layerd spatial multiplexing
ƒ UL: 1x2 (R8) - no UL MIMO
‰ Up to 4 Tx chains in R10 UL 1x2 MIMO
ƒ 4x4 transmission in UL
ƒ The “h” parameters reflect the way
the signals are attenuated and
phase shift in the channel
ƒ MIMO system performance metrics
‰ Rank Indicator (RI): shows how many layers (streams) can be detected by UE
ƒ 2 streams in a 2x2 MIMO system
‰ Pre-coding Matrix (PMI): points to use of a pre-defined signal processing
ƒ 3GPP TS 36.211 table 6.3.4.2.3-1 ……
RCSP Certification Programs RCSP-RDL-6000 Module-1: LTE System and Technology Overview R1.3.2-V1.3a Slide-74
LTE MIMO Transmission Modes: DL
Tx Mode DL Tx Scheme Remarks
TM-1 Single Antenna Port (SIMO) No MIMO and fairly uncommon across deployments
• SFBC (2 Tx antenna only), Rank 1, fallback for open/closed loop MIMO.
Transmit Diversity
TM-2 • Used for DL control channels (PBCH, PCFICH, PDCCH, and PHICH, they are
(fall back scheme)
transmitted at -3 dB compared to PA configured value because of the 3 dB gain).
UE feedback only indicate rank of the channel, If rank >1, LTE uses CDD (delay is
Open Loop Spatial added before CP) – predominate mode across LTE networks.
TM-3
Multiplexing • no PMI
• Used in high mobility scenarios where it is not possible to get accurate feedback
Closed Loop Pre-coding matrix indicator (PMI) is sent from UE to the eNB which pre-codes the
TM-4
Spatial Multiplexing signal for best reception at the UE
TM-5 Multi-user (MU) MIMO • Direct each layer to a different UE, yet to get traction
Closed Loop Rank 1 Spatial
TM-6 Theoretical – not seen practical deployments, UE signals PMI
Multiplexing
Single Antenna Port Mainly driven by 8TX TD-LTE deployments to support reciprocity based beamforming,
TM-7
Beamforming no dedicated CSI
TM-8 Dual Layer Beamforming Dual-layer transmission,
TM-9 8 Layer Transmission Up to 8 layers, uses DMRS and CSI-RS
TM-10 TM9 enhancements to support CoMP

ƒ RDL-6000 supports TM-2 and TM-3


ƒ Number of antennas in eNB is conveyed in the MIB CRC
ƒ Control channels use Tx diversity, no beamforming
RCSP Certification Programs RCSP-RDL-6000 Module-1: LTE System and Technology Overview R1.3.2-V1.3a Slide-75
LTE CQI: Channel+UE Rx Qualities
CQI CR
Modulation MCS Efficiency
ƒ CQI: DL Channel quality (time/frequency) Index X 1024
0 No Tx
ƒ Used for DL link adaptation 1 QPSK 78 (0.076) 0.1523
2 QPSK 120 0.2344
‰ Frequency-dependent scheduling 3 QPSK 193 0.377
0 -- 9
‰ Max MCS UE can handle with BLER of 10% 4 QPSK 308 0.6016
5 QPSK 449 0.877
‰ TB sizes: larger TB size when CR improves 6 QPSK 602 1.1758
MCS: Modulation and Coding Scheme 7 16QAM 378 (0.37) 1.4766
8 16QAM 490 10--16 1.9141
9 16QAM 616 2.4063
10 64QAM 466 2.7305
11 64QAM 567 3.3223
12 64QAM 666 3.9023
17-28
13 64QAM 772 4.5234
14 64QAM 873 5.1152
15 64QAM 948 (0.93) 5.5547
LTE uses Turbo coding with mother CR
= 1/3 and range 0.0762 - 0.9258

PSD: Power Spectral Density


ƒ UL channel quality: predicted PSD Tx, pathloss and “N+I” estimates
‰ PHR is used to estimate PSD Tx, and eNB measures PSD Rx

RCSP Certification Programs RCSP-RDL-6000 Module-1: LTE System and Technology Overview R1.3.2-V1.3a Slide-76
LTE Link Quality Indicators: Summary

ƒ eNB does the MCS selection


for DL and UL based channel
quality estimates
‰ DL: eNB uses the CQI sent
by UE in UL
‰ UL: eNB estimates channel
quality using the UL SRS
SRS: Sounding Reference Signal
ƒ MCS is constant over the allocated resources (PRBs) of a user
ƒ Each TB sent to a UE can use a different MCS in spatial multiplexing case
TB: Transport Block
ƒ RI: number of layers that can be used RI: Rank Indicator
ƒ PMI: mapping data strams to antennas PMI: Precoding Matrix Indicator
‰ Precoding involves adapting the Tx signal to the current CSI
ƒ Open Loop SM: UE sends only CQI and RI
ƒ Closed Loop SM: UE has to send CQI, RI and PMI
‰ Not sutiable for high mobility due to time required for PMI calculation

RCSP Certification Programs RCSP-RDL-6000 Module-1: LTE System and Technology Overview R1.3.2-V1.3a Slide-77
Data Mapping-OFDMA/MIMO: Example
Adjust phase and
amplitude for each
QPSK antenna and adjust
16QAM Antenna Config
total power
SM, Tx diversity,
64QAM (CDD/SFBC)
CW0

CW1

ƒ Payload goes through channel coding/rate-matching first


‰ CC for C-plane and Turbo for U-plane data
ƒ Codeword: data before it is formatted for transmission - CW0 and CW1
SU
‰ Both sent to one UE in US-MIMO
////// and two different UEs in MU-MIMO
ƒ Layer (stream of data)- 2 to 4 layers
ƒ Precoding: modifying layer signals before transmission
‰ They be done for diversity, spatial multiplexing or beamforming
‰ Closed MIMO needs precoding of data streams

RCSP Certification Programs RCSP-RDL-6000 Module-1: LTE System and Technology Overview R1.3.2-V1.3a Slide-78
Module-1.4: LTE PHY Overview and Basic Parameters

Module-1.4.3: LTE Wireless Frame Structure and Signaling


LTE Wireless Frame Numerology: FDD/TDD

Frames

Subframes

Slots

Symbols

ƒ OFDM symbols are organized in time 0.5 msec slots (15360Ts)


‰ 7 symbols for normal CP and 6 for extended CP
‰ Two slots make a subframe (1 msec = 30720Ts)
ƒ 10 subframes make an LTE wireless frame = 307200 Ts = 10 msec
ƒ Each frame has a system frame number (SFN) - 0 to 1023
ƒ LTE FDD and TDD frames use subframes and slots differently
RCSP Certification Programs RCSP-RDL-6000 Module-1: LTE System and Technology Overview R1.3.2-V1.3a Slide-80
LTE Frame Type1: FDD-Concurrent DL/UL Transmission

UL 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19

DL

ƒ FDD frame exists in DL and UL simultaneously


ƒ LTE frame numbering has two components: SFN and subframe number
‰ SFN (0-1023) is specified in MIB - SFN increments by 1 every frame
‰ Subframe number resets to zero every frame (0-9)
ƒ UE must be synchronized with eNB at subframe and SFN levels

RCSP Certification Programs RCSP-RDL-6000 Module-1: LTE System and Technology Overview R1.3.2-V1.3a Slide-81
LTE Frame Structure Type-2: TDD Frame
One Radio Frame, Tf = 307200TS = 10 msec TDD switching
Switching point is eNB: DL Æ UL (TTG)
not mandatory in UE: UL Æ DL (RTG)
1st half frame 2nd half frame 2nd half frame

SSF SSF = 1 msec

This one is not mandatory

ƒ 10 msec frame is divided into two half frames, each with 5 subframes
‰ Each of the subframes can be used for DL or UL switching
‰ 5 msec (half frame switching) and 10 msec (full frame switching) periodicity
ƒ SSF allows for DL to UL switching SSF (Special Subframe)

‰ Ensures that DL and UL transmissions do not clash

RCSP Certification Programs RCSP-RDL-6000 Module-1: LTE System and Technology Overview R1.3.2-V1.3a Slide-82
TDD Frame Usage: Seven DL/UL Profiles

DL/UL Frame SSF/Frame


config Periodicity
(msec) DL UL # of
SSF
0 5 2 6 2

1 5 4 4 2

2 5 6 2 2

3 10 6 3 1

4 10 7 2 1

5 10 8 11
// 1 1

6 5 3 5 2

ƒ Seven DL/UL config profiles (RDL-6000)


ƒ Subframe 0 and 5 are in DL in all profiles
ƒ SSF is followed by an UL subframe
ƒ DL/UL configuration and the SSF gap affect cell range
ƒ Ellipse-4G supports configuration 1, 2 and 3
ƒ CBRS mandates profiles 1 and 2
RCSP Certification Programs RCSP-RDL-6000 Module-1: LTE System and Technology Overview R1.3.2-V1.3a Slide-83
SSF Types (9 patterns): Coverage-Capacity Trade-off

DwPTS: Downlink Pilot Time Slot


ƒ DwPTS: “normal” DL subframe
‰ Can carry RS, control, data or PSS
ƒ GP ≥: UL-DL RTD (Round-Trip Delay)
GP: Guard Period
‰ Making sure UL and DL do not clash TDD SSF
OFDM Symbols in SSF (Normal CP)
Config Cell Range
‰ Determines (a factor) max cell range DwPTS GP (km) UpPTS
0 3 10 104
ƒ UpPTS: UL signalling only 1 9 4 39.9
‰ Primarily for UE SRS and PRACH 2 10 3 29.14 1
3 11 2 18.42
ƒ Number of symbols assigned to 4 12 1 7.71
DwPTS, GP and UpPTS determines 5 3 9 93
6 9 3 29.14
the SSF configuration type 7 10 2 18.42
2
8 11 1 7.71

ƒ Ellipse-4G OAM allows only up to 4 symbols for GP – up to 39 Km range


‰ SSF config 0 and 5 are not supported – due to long GP
ƒ Guard time specified in preamble signal format applies to TDD and FDD
RCSP Certification Programs RCSP-RDL-6000 Module-1: LTE System and Technology Overview R1.3.2-V1.3a Slide-84
LTE PHY Level Signals: DL Synchronization Signals
PSS: Primary Synchronization Signal
SSS: Secondary Synchronization Signal

ƒ UE must achieve symbol/frame


timing, frequency and clock
synchronization in DL
ƒ A cell broadcasts PSS and SSS to
enable the UE achieve DL
synchronization
‰ Every 5 msec (twice in a frame)

ƒ UE acquires essential cell parameters from PSS and SSS


‰ PCI, CP, FDD/TDD mode
‰ UE can decode the PBCH and hence can read the MIB
ƒ PSS/SSS positions in the frame depend on TDD/FDD frame
‰ Occupy the central 6 RBs (1.08 MHz) irrespective of channel BW in use
ƒ Add about 3.5% overhead in FDD and up to 13.5% in TDD

RCSP Certification Programs RCSP-RDL-6000 Module-1: LTE System and Technology Overview R1.3.2-V1.3a Slide-85
Sync Signals Transmission: Time View – Normal CP
FDD Frame

ƒ PSS: 3 sequences corresponding


to values (0, 1, 2)
‰ Identical values in the frame
TDD Frame
ƒ PSS in FDD: in the last symbol of
the first and 11 slots
‰ UE gets slot boundary
ƒ PSS in TDD: 3rd symbol of the 3rd and 13th slots (subframes 1 and 6)
‰ Cell with same PCImod3 values will experience PSS to PSS interference
ƒ SSS (each can take a value 0, 1, 2… 167)
‰ FDD: in the symbol immediately preceding the PSS
‰ TDD: 3 symbols before the PSS
‰ SSS in each half-frame convey same info but are swapped in frequency
ƒ This allows UE to differentiate the 1st and 2nd half of the radio frame
‰ UE blindly detects cell CP value by checking for SSS location
ƒ PSS and SSS location difference allows duplex (FDD/TDD) detection
RCSP Certification Programs RCSP-RDL-6000 Module-1: LTE System and Technology Overview R1.3.2-V1.3a Slide-86
UE Extracts Frame Timing and PCI from PSS and SSS
Downlink synchronization
504
SSS
PSS SSS PSS

Physical layer ID Groups


N 3N N
PCI = 3 x Cell ID Group + Sub Cell ID
0 1 ··· 166 167
504 0,1, 2..167 0, 1,2

0 1 2 0 1 2 0 1 2 0 1 2
Physical layer ID ( Cell ID index or Sector ID)

ƒ PSS: determines the 5 msec frame timing and position of SSS


ƒ SSS: two positions in a frame establishes the frame boundary
ƒ On knowing PCI, UE can locate CRS (Common Reference Signal)
‰ PCI value tells the UE about the permutation used in the cell
ƒ Frequency domain: PSS/SSS are always carried in the central six RBs

A basic rule of thumb: neighbor cells should not have the same PSS value

RCSP Certification Programs RCSP-RDL-6000 Module-1: LTE System and Technology Overview R1.3.2-V1.3a Slide-87
LTE PHY Level Signals: References Signals

ƒ DL Reference Signal (RS): pilot signals known to the cell and UE


‰ UE generates the RS locally and compares it with the received RS
‰ Retrieves the phase and power information of the signals carried in the channel
ƒ RS power level is indicated in ___
SIB2
‰ Cell specific reference signal (CRS) – common to all UEs <= Important
‰ UE specific RS (demod-RS) beamforming support of channel estimation
‰ Positioning RS – UE location measurement – not discussed in this course
‰ CSI-RS (R10 for TM-9): dynamic switching between MU-MIMO and SU-MIMO
ƒ UL PHY level signals
‰ Demodulation reference signal (DMRS): phase reference for channel estimation
ƒ UE transmits DMRS at the same time as the PUSCH and PUCCH
‰ Sounding reference signal (SRS): power reference
ƒ eNB uses SRS to estimate UL channel quality
o Enables frequency-dependent scheduling – not associated with PUSCH or PUCCH
ƒ SRS is optional and can be turned off in a cell – it consumes 7% of UL capacity

RCSP Certification Programs RCSP-RDL-6000 Module-1: LTE System and Technology Overview R1.3.2-V1.3a Slide-88
CRS Time-Frequency Location: Depends on PCI
1 msec subframe
One slot

Frequency
ƒ Four cell specific RS (CRS) per PRB
‰ One symbol in every 3rd subcarrier
ƒ 504 CRS sequences – QPSK modulated
‰ Corresponding to 504 PCI values
ƒ RS location on time axis
‰ Determined by max Doppler spread
ƒ UE speed and channel coherence time 1st Symbol
3rd last Symbol

‰ In the 1st and 3rd last symbol in each slot


ƒ 6 subcarriers apart on each symbol

ƒ RS location on the frequency axis: channel coherence BW (delay spread)


‰ Two RS symbols are 3 subcarriers apart - one RS every 3 subcarriers in a PRB
‰ PCI is used to determine the first subcarrier on which the RS is mapped
ƒ Interference on RS’ between cells having same PCI mod 3 can be very high
‰ Two immediate neighbors of a cell must not have same PCI mod3 value

RCSP Certification Programs RCSP-RDL-6000 Module-1: LTE System and Technology Overview R1.3.2-V1.3a Slide-89
CRS Transmission in 2x2 Antenna System: An Example

Slot
Tx Ant1

Subframe
Tx Ant2

Slot
RE

ƒ In frequency, cell RS has a shift determined by its PCImod3 value


‰ Diagram above: PCImod3 = 0, 1,2 for Cells 1, 2 and 3 respectively
‰ With this PCI allocation, RS of different cells do not overlap in frequency
ƒ Resulting in less interference on UE channel estimation
ƒ In an unsynchronized deployment, PCI allocation between sites is not possible and
hence inter-RS interference becomes inevitable

RCSP Certification Programs RCSP-RDL-6000 Module-1: LTE System and Technology Overview R1.3.2-V1.3a Slide-90
RS Received Power: RSRP

ƒ Average power of a single


RE carrying the RS S-eNB T-eNB

‰ Power of all RS in the RB


ƒ Range: -140 to -44 dBm RSRP2
RSRP1
‰ Mapped to 0 to 97 RSRQ1 RSRQ2

ƒ RSSI: total power received including interference


‰ Within channel passband over “N” PRBs (dBm)

‰ UE traffic dependent
ƒ RS is power boosted by eNB – for easy decoding
‰ Defines the RS Tx power in SIB2
‰ Enables UE to calculate DL path loss
ƒ For 100% DL PRBs (N) active and no noise case
‰ RSSI = RSRPx12xN, for N PRBs
RSRP (dBm)= RSSI (dBm) - 10xlog (12xN)
RCSP Certification Programs RCSP-RDL-6000 Module-1: LTE System and Technology Overview R1.3.2-V1.3a Slide-91
RSRQ: UE Ranks Detected Cells – HO/Reselection

RSRQ: Reference Signal Received Quality


ƒ RSRQ = (wanted signal)/(all received power)
S-eNB T-eNB
RSRQ = RSRP/(RSSI/N) = N*RSRP/RSSI, for N PRB used to measure RSSI

RSRP2
‰ Depends on traffic dependent through RSSI RSRP1
RSRQ1 RSRQ2
ƒ Depends on loading of data subcarriers
ƒ RSRQ Range: -19.5 dB to -3 dB (dB)
‰ -3 dB (no traffic and no interference in the cell)
‰ - 19.5 dB (high load/high interference)
‰ Mapped to 0-34 with 0.5 dB resolution
ƒ SINR = (power of all RS REs)/(I+N) = channel quality
‰ Measured every TTI and averaged per second
‰ Converted to CQI and sent to eNB (MCS selection)
Where x=RE/RB.
‰ Almost a linear relationship with RSRP x = 2RE/RB means empty cell (only
RS power) from S-eNB.
‰ Impacted by network load and N-eNBs load x= 12RE/RB is a fully loaded S-eNB
(all REs are carrying data)
‰ Typical values are -10 to + 30 dB
RCSP Certification Programs RCSP-RDL-6000 Module-1: LTE System and Technology Overview R1.3.2-V1.3a Slide-92
RSRP and RSRQ Calculation: Example

ƒ Assume a measurement bandwidth of 6 RBs (smallest used in LTE)


ƒ Let us consider RDL-6000 (single cell) with max Tx power PTX = 39 dBm
ƒ RSRP: power of one RE carrying the RS symbol, so RSRP = 1/72 of total power
ƒ Assuming all REs experience same pathloss = 100 dB, then
‰ RSRP = 39 -100-10log (72) = -78.6 dB
ƒ RSRQ is the ratio of RSRP and RSSI, depending on measurement BW (RBs)
ƒ Let us consider 20 MHz channel and an ideal noise/interference free cell with RS and
data subcarriers use equal Tx power over one RB (12 REs)
ƒ Then for one symbol with R0 (first RS) RSRQ can be viewed as inter-cell interference
which appears as a wideband RSSI impacting the denominator in RSRQ estimation
ƒ RSRQ (dB) = 10log ((100x1RE)/(100x12RE)) = -10.79 dB

RCSP Certification Programs RCSP-RDL-6000 Module-1: LTE System and Technology Overview R1.3.2-V1.3a Slide-93
PHY Layer Signals: UL
Subframe = 1 msec
Slot1 Slot2 Time

ƒ Demodulation reference signal (DM-RS)


‰ Channel estimation for UL coherent

DM-RS

DM-RS
Data
demodulation at eNB
‰ Associated with PUSCH and PUCCH

SRS
‰ Located in 4th symbol in each slot

DM-RS

DM-RS
‰ Sent with user data in same bandwidth

Frequency
ƒ Sounding Reference Signal (SRS)-optional
‰ Facilitates frequency dependent scheduling
ƒ DMRS cannot be used as it uses same bandwidth as data
‰ Sent in last SC-FDMA symbol of a subframe – no user data in this subframe
‰ Sent at most every two subframes and at least once in 32 frames
ƒ Constructed from Zadoff-Chu sequences divided into 3 groups
‰ For a given number of PRBs, there are 30 sequences that can be used as RS
‰ Potentially interfering cells must have different PCImod30 values
ƒ PCI mod30 = u = base sequence index, u = 0, …29
RCSP Certification Programs RCSP-RDL-6000 Module-1: LTE System and Technology Overview R1.3.2-V1.3a Slide-94
PRACH Procedure: UE Synchronizes in UL with eNB
PRACH: Physical Random Access CHannel PRACH Preamble
TSEQ = 800 μsec
ƒ UE sends a Preamble
Sequence to eNB to

6 PRBs
achieve UL sync Sequence (TSEQ)
‰ Preambles are
transmitted as 800 μsec
OFDM symbols
CP: Cyclic Prefix
ƒ CP areas to accommodate the RTD between eNB and UE GT: Guard Time
RTD: Round-Trip Delay
ƒ GT at the of the symbol to avoid interference out the side the frame
‰ CP prevents interference from previous symbol and GT from the one that follows
ƒ LTE has specified 839 ZC preamble sequences for PRACH
ƒ 64 Preambles per cell – each cell consumes 64 sequences
‰ Must be orthogonal codes so multiple UEs can do random access same time
ƒ UE generates these based eNB specified PRACH parameters in SIB2
‰ Number of cells within a reuse distance 839/64 ≈ 13
ƒ A PRACH sequence burst (time slot) can have a duration of 1, 2 or 3 subframes
Random Access Tx is the only non-synchronized Tx in LTE UL. Although UE achieves DL sync before starting RACH, it cannot determine
its distance from the eNB. Thus, timing uncertainty caused by two-way propagation delay remains on RACH transmissions

RCSP Certification Programs RCSP-RDL-6000 Module-1: LTE System and Technology Overview R1.3.2-V1.3a Slide-95
PRACH Preamble Formats: Uses Sequence-CP-GT Durations
Preamble Duplex PRACH Sequence Total duration Sub- Max Cell Range
CP (μsec) GT (μsec)
Format (PF) Mode Symbols TSEQ (μsec) (μsec) frames (km)

0 103 1 800 97 1000 1 15


(RTD = 100 μsec)

1 FDD 684 2 800 516 2000 2 77 (M cell)


and
2 TDD 203 2 1600 197 2000 2 30 (L cell)
3 684 3 1600 716 3000 3 103 (XL cell)
4 TDD 15 0.16 133 9 157 0.16 1.4 (small cell)

ƒ Basic PRACH (PF0) was defined for 15 km range


ƒ To increase cell range, 2 and 3 subframes formats were defined
‰ PF1 sequences are single copies of PRACH converted to time
‰ PF2 and PF3: preamble symbol is repeated twice, to make it easy to detect it
ƒ Only certain PFs can be used in TDD
‰ Preamble may not fit in UL in certain DL/UL configs
‰ PF4 PRACH is transmitted on UpPTS
ƒ eNB can detect PF0 more easily than PF4 - has higher HO success rate
RCSP Certification Programs RCSP-RDL-6000 Module-1: LTE System and Technology Overview R1.3.2-V1.3a Slide-96
PRACH ConfigIndex: Time Domain Info Of PRACH (TS36.211)

ƒ PRACH Config Index provides the time domain info


of PRACH resources - references a 3GPP table
SFN: System Frame Number
‰ SFN and subframe# in a frame that has PRACH
‰ The # of times PRACH slot is scheduled per frame and
the subframe employed
‰ The preamble format that needs to be used
ƒ PRACH Frequency Offset provides frequency
domain info of PRACH
‰ The first RB available for PRACH - set to 3 in Ellipse-4G
‰ Scheduler reserves 6 PRBs for each PRACH instance
ƒ FDD: at most one PRACH opportunity in one subframe
ƒ TDD: can frequency multiplex up to six PRACH opportunities in a subframe
ƒ Using same prachConfIndex to cells in the same site is recommended
‰ Causes inter-cell PRACH interference but is less serious than PRACH-PUSCH
interference (due to different values to cells in same eNB)
RCSP Certification Programs RCSP-RDL-6000 Module-1: LTE System and Technology Overview R1.3.2-V1.3a Slide-97
PRACH ConfigIndex: Locating PRACH Tx Opportunity
PRACH Config Index PF SFN Subframe # PRACH Config Index PF SFN Subframe #
0 0 Even 1 32 2 Even 1
1 0 Even 4 33 2 Even 4
2 0 Even 7 34 2 Even 7
3 0 Any 1 35 2 Any 1
4 0 Any 4 36 2 Any 4
5 0 Any 7 37 2 Any 7
6 0 Any 1 ,6 38 2 Any 1 ,6
7 0 Any 2,7 39 2 Any 2,7
8 0 Any 3,8 40 2 Any 3,8
9 0 Any 1,4,7 41 2 Any 1,4,7
10 0 Any 2 , 5, 8 42 2 Any 2 , 5, 8
11 0 Any 3, 6 , 9 43 2 Any 3, 6 , 9
12 0 Any 0, 2, 4, 6, 8 44 2 Any 0, 2, 4, 6, 8

13 0 Any 1, 3, 5, 7, 9 45 2 Any 1, 3, 5, 7, 9
14 0 Any 0, 1, 2,….9 46 N/A N/A N/A
15 0 Even 9 47 2 Even 9
16 1 Even 1 48 3 Even 1
17 1 Even 4 49 3 Even 4
18 1 Even 7 50 3 Even 7
19 1 Any 1 51 3 Any 1
20 1 Any 4 52 3 Any 4
21 1 Any 7 53 3 Any 7
22 1 Any 1, 6 54 3 Any 1, 6
23 1 Any 2 ,7 55 3 Any 2 ,7
24 1 Any 3, 8 56 3 Any 3, 8
25 1 Any 1, 4, 7 57 3 Any 1, 4, 7
26 1 Any 2, 5, 8 58 3 Any 2, 5, 8
27 1 Any 3, 6, 9 59 3 Any 3, 6, 9
28 1 Any 0, 2, 4, 6, 8 61 N/A N/A N/A
29 1 Any 1, 3, 5, 7, 9 62 N/A N/A N/A
30 N/A N/A N/A 63 3 Even 9
31 1 Even 9
3-5 and 19-21 are typical for private LTE
RCSP Certification Programs RCSP-RDL-6000 Module-1: LTE System and Technology Overview R1.3.2-V1.3a Slide-98
PRACH Parameters (SIB2): Definitions

ƒ RootSequenceIndex (RSI): sequence UE starts with to generate preambles


‰ UE starts with RSI in SIB2 to generate all or many its 64 preambles
ƒ Depends on cell range - 64 for smallest cell and 1 for largest cell
o More than one RSI may be required in a cell
o Use as few as possible to prevent interference between preamble transmissions
ƒ Preambles obtained from cyclic shifts of an RSI must have sufficient separation
‰ 838 possible root sequences with 839 symbols each (PF 0-3) and 138 for PF4
ƒ ZeroCorrelationZone (ZCZ, NCS): cyclic shifts between preamble sequences
ƒ The number of shifts from an RSI = 839/NCS
‰ ZCZ planning is based on cell range - requirements of GT
‰ Determines how many RSI are needed per cell for a certain range
ƒ 16 different cyclic shift separations can be configured for a cell
‰ Providing 1 to 64 preambles from a single root sequence
ƒ Power Ramping Step: 0, 2, 4 or 6 dB (in case eNB cannot detect UE PRACH)
‰ UE decides its initial Tx power based on open loop DL pathloss estimate
RCSP Certification Programs RCSP-RDL-6000 Module-1: LTE System and Technology Overview R1.3.2-V1.3a Slide-99
UE Initial Cell Search: Registering with eNB (getting to RRC-connected mode)

PBCH is time aligned with


the Sync channels and UE can • UE acquired most essential
read it now (UE gets the MIB) system information
PBCH: Physical Broadcast CHannel • UE can read PDCCH/PDSCH and links
up with the eNB
UE attempts to detect SSS UE Knows:
(tries to match 1 out of 168 possible
SSS (Cell ID Group)
• Frame timing (from SSS location)
• Cell ID Group (1 out of 168)
• PCI (1 out of 504)
• C-RS locations knowing PCI
UE looks for the PSS • CP and FDD/TDD mode
(attempts to match 1 out of 3 possible PSS
(cell ID index within a Cell ID Group) UE determined:
• Exact carrier frequency
• Cell ID index within Cell ID Group (1 out of 3)
• Subframe timing (UE learns the timing of
subframes 0 and 5)

UE turns on UE performs a rough frequency synchronization (UE has a


good carrier candidate with the strong 6 RB subcarriers which might carry the PSS and
SSS and PBCH)
Doppler shift due to UE speed causes is the main cause of UE-eNB frequency difference

UE searches for a strong cell in a DL band


(monitors the central 6 RB of the spectrum regardless of the channel size)

RCSP Certification Programs RCSP-RDL-6000 Module-1: LTE System and Technology Overview R1.3.2-V1.3a Slide-100
Initial Network Attach: Register To Tx/Rx Data

(assigns a bearer ID)

ƒ Always-on IP connectivity for UE is enabled by establishing a default EPS


bearer during Network Attachment
RCSP Certification Programs RCSP-RDL-6000 Module-1: LTE System and Technology Overview R1.3.2-V1.3a Slide-101
LTE Scheduler: Radio Resources Distribution in DL and UL

MCS, QoS, TB size


and PRB selection

CQI from UE
TTI: Transmission Time Interval
ƒ Radio resources allocation among the active UEs in a cell on per TTI basis
‰ Uses DL data buffered in eNB and the Buffer Status Report (BSR) from UE
‰ Resides in the eNB – it has component in UE that takes orders!
ƒ Dynamic: eNB checks every TTI (1 subframe) if UE needs allocation
‰ Min scheduling in frequency: a pair of time consecutive RBs
ƒ Semi-persistent: allocations last many subframes or TTIs - VoIP
‰ Timing and amount of radio resources needed are predictable

RCSP Certification Programs RCSP-RDL-6000 Module-1: LTE System and Technology Overview R1.3.2-V1.3a Slide-102
LTE Scheduler: Time-Domain and Frequency Domain View

ƒ Scheduler algorithms are eNB specific


‰ Signaling is standardized (3GPP)
‰ Scheduling parameters are signalled to
UEs in PDCCH (Physical Downlink Control CHannel)
ƒ FDPS tries to improve spectral efficiency TDPS FDPS
‰ Frequency dependent scheduling– if
supported
ƒ UL can use distributed or localized PRB
scheduling
C-RNTI: Cell Radio Network Temporary Identifier
ƒ C-RNTI is used to identify UE allocations
for dynamic scheduling
‰ An SPS-C-RNTI is used for SPS scheduling
SPS: Semi-Persistent Scheduling

RCSP Certification Programs RCSP-RDL-6000 Module-1: LTE System and Technology Overview R1.3.2-V1.3a Slide-103
TTI-Bundling: Improving UL Coverage

ƒ UE cannot use enough energy in one TTI to successfully send a VoIP packet
ƒ TTI bundling is used to improve UL link budget (2-4 dB) TTI: Tranmission Time Interval
ƒ TTI bundling uses four consecutive TTIs - helps UEs close to cell edge
‰ A TB is transmitted over a TTI bundle, but with different redundancy versions*
ƒ These four transmissions are non-adaptive with identical MCS/RB location but
different redundancy versions – incremental redundancy * Means with different coding
‰ Uses four automatic reTxs in the bundle with a common ACK/NACK for HARQ
ƒ eNB activates TTI bundling if UE SINR drops below a specified threshold
‰ BLER increases and link adaptation has no more options for MCS/PRB reduction
ƒ VoLTE coverage RSRP threshold improves from −114 dBm to −117 dBm
‰ UE is restricted to PRB < = 3 and use of QPSK
ƒ eNB activates/deactivates TTI bundling per UE via RRC messaging

RCSP Certification Programs RCSP-RDL-6000 Module-1: LTE System and Technology Overview R1.3.2-V1.3a Slide-104
Mobility Mgmt: Maintaining Ongoing Session QoS

ƒ Connected mode mobility: HO (HandOut)


‰ UE is always connected to a single cell
__________________________________________

ƒ An active UE monitors RSRP of S-eNB


RSRP: Reference Signal Received Power
‰ Measures N-eNBs if it falls below a
threshold and reports to its S-eNB
ƒ S-eNB selects a T-eNB to HO UE to
‰ On X2 or S1 – looks the same to UE
ƒ Quality/Coverage/MLB based HO
MLB: Mobility Load Balancing
ƒ Intra-RAT HO: Intra/inter-frequency
RAT: Radio Access Technology
ƒ LTE mobility mgmt is event-based
ƒ Idle-Mode mobility: Cell Reselection
‰ eNB provides a list of
cells/frequencies
ƒ Specifies priorities via SIB1

RCSP Certification Programs RCSP-RDL-6000 Module-1: LTE System and Technology Overview R1.3.2-V1.3a Slide-105
The LTE Events: A1-A5

> <

RCSP Certification Programs RCSP-RDL-6000 Module-1: LTE System and Technology Overview R1.3.2-V1.3a Slide-106
Module-1.5: LTE SON Overview
SON: LTE Network On Auto-Pilot

pre-Operational
state

Operational state

Operational state
ƒ SON automates certain tasks
‰ planning, configuration, and optimization Acquisition

ƒ Self-optimization: auto-tune the network using


SON
UE and eNB measurements Triangle
‰ Network performance enhancing by optimizing
capacity, coverage, HOs and interference Action Decision

RCSP Certification Programs RCSP-RDL-6000 Module-1: LTE System and Technology Overview R1.3.2-V1.3a Slide-108
SON Functionality and LTE Stack: Generic View

KPI: Key Performance Indicator

ƒ The SON module interacts with the applicable stack modules to read KPIs
ƒ X2 (inter-eNB) and Itf-N (NBI connecting EMS and NMS) are important
interfaces for the SON operation
RCSP Certification Programs RCSP-RDL-6000 Module-1: LTE System and Technology Overview R1.3.2-V1.3a Slide-109
SON Types: Centralized/Distributed/Hybrid
OAM: Operations, Administration and Management
Distributed SON (dSON) Centralized SON (cSON)

ƒ cSON algorithms are executed at the


ƒ dSON functions are executed at eNBs network mgmt level
ƒ eNBs need reliable X2 connectivity ƒ Parameter collection is in eNB SON
‰ For dynamic, fast and reliable element managers
parameter adaptation
ƒ Issues: longer response, increased
• Concerns: vendor specific backbone traffic and a single point of
• RDL-6000 supports dSON failure

RCSP Certification Programs RCSP-RDL-6000 Module-1: LTE System and Technology Overview R1.3.2-V1.3a Slide-110
SON: Automating Network Tasks and Self-Optimizing

ƒ ANR (automatic neighbor relation): auto-finding N-eNBs


‰ X2 config, neighbor IP discovery and PCI management
ƒ MLB (Mobility Load Balancing): load distribution amongst N-eNBs
ƒ MRO (Mobility Robustness Optimization): minimizing HO failures
ƒ PRACH Optimization: minimizing UE initial network access failure
ƒ ES (Energy Saving): turning off booster cells at certain load conditions
‰ May involve moving some UEs to active cells
RCSP Certification Programs RCSP-RDL-6000 Module-1: LTE System and Technology Overview R1.3.2-V1.3a Slide-111
ANR: Creating NR Tables (NRT) in eNBs
ANR: Automatic Neighbor Relation
NRT: Neighbor Relation Table

ƒ Unburdens OPs from manually


managing neighbor relations of
eNBs in a network
ƒ Intra-frequency ANR function
relies on cells broadcasting their
ECGI which UEs read and report
EGCI: E-UTRAN Global Cell Identifier
‰ eNB asks for ECGI, TAC and PLMN ID if it cannot recognize reported PCI
TAC: Tracking Area Code
ƒ Each eNB creates an NRT for each cell it controls – 3 minutes update
‰ N-eNBs matching PLMN are in a Whitelist, others go to a Foreign List
‰ For co-channel eNBs, NRT contains N-eNB ECGI and PCI
ƒ Inter-frequency ANR: eNB specifies search list and schedules gaps
‰ UE reports detected PCIs and other parameters as specified by eNB
‰ eNB can learn IP addresses from MME (on S1) to set up X2 with neighbors
‰ A5 threshold is used for new neighbor detection

RCSP Certification Programs RCSP-RDL-6000 Module-1: LTE System and Technology Overview R1.3.2-V1.3a Slide-112
MLB-Self-Optimization: Improving PRB Utilization
MLB: Mobility Load Balancing

ƒ On detecting overload
and traffic imbalance,
an eNB decides to
move UEs to less Candidates for MLB-based HO
congested N-eNBs Can expedite/delay HO by changing CIO
CIO: Cell Individual Offset
‰ Adjusts mobility parameters to expedite HO
ƒ MLB is enabled when X2 is set up with first neighbor detected by ANR
‰ Disabled if there is no X2 link with any neighbor or no valid neighbor
ƒ eNBs exchange load conditions on X2 – Client-Server type activity
ƒ MLB can be inter-cell within eNB or in a N-eNB
‰ eNB tries to move UEs on detecting overload irrespective of UE location
ƒ MLB parameters: start/stop thresholds and cells load difference (% RBs)
ƒ RDL-6000 supports intra-LTE MLB

RCSP Certification Programs RCSP-RDL-6000 Module-1: LTE System and Technology Overview R1.3.2-V1.3a Slide-113
MRO Self-Optimization: RLF and HO
MRO: Mobility Robustness Optimization

ƒ Aims at detecting and preventing mobility connection Failures - HO


‰ Too-late HO, leading to a connection failure in the S-eNB
‰ Coverage hole, leading to a connection failure in the S-eNB
‰ Too-early HO, leading to a connection failure in the T-eNB
‰ HO to an inappropriate cell, leading to a connection failure in the wrong T-eNB
‰ HO to an unprepared cell (R10)
ƒ MRO step-1: data collection and problem analysis
RLF: Radio Link Failure
‰ RLF reports from UEs using the RRC UE Information procedure
‰ Mobility problem logs from N-eNBs and internal performance metrics
ƒ MRO step-2: Problem solution through CIO adaptation
‰ Calculates and applies CIO that solves HO problems towards a given N-eNB
ƒ MRO is normally used along with MLB Mn±CIOn > Ms±CIOs +A3 or A5)
ƒ MRO parameters are CIO, TTT or TTT+CIO
CIO: Cell Individual Offset
TTT: Time To Trigger

RCSP Certification Programs RCSP-RDL-6000 Module-1: LTE System and Technology Overview R1.3.2-V1.3a Slide-114
Module-1.6: LTE Security Framework
LTE Air Interface Security: AS and NAS Layers

AKA: Authentication and Key Agreement NAS Security (EEAx, EIAx)


ƒ Mutual authentication
between UE and the
network using AKA
ƒ Ciphering of C/U-plane
ƒ Main players are UE,
eNB and MME AS Security (EEAx, EIAx)

ƒ NAS security (UE ↔MME): integrity protected (mandatory, using EIA)


|
and ciphering (optional, using EEA) of NAS signalling EPS Integrity Algorithm
EEA: EPS Encryption Algorithm
‰ MME selects the EIA and EEA for UE and signals it using SMC
EIA: EPS Integtity Algorithm
ƒ AS security (UE ↔ eNB)
‰ Mandatory integrity protection and Ciphering for RRC signalling (C-Plane)
‰ Ciphering of the U-plane data on Uu - integrity protection is not mandatory
‰ PDCP layer encryption (UE and eNB) is optional
ƒ S1 interface security through use of Security Gateways (SEGs)
RCSP Certification Programs RCSP-RDL-6000 Module-1: LTE System and Technology Overview R1.3.2-V1.3a Slide-116
LTE Security Algorithms: Integrity Protection and Ciphering

ƒ EPS Encryption Algorithm for Ciphering (EEA) U-plane and C-plane


‰ “0001” 128-EEA1 SNOW 3G (Sweden)-stream cipher
‰ “0010” 128-EEA2 AES (USA) – block cipher
‰ 128-EEA3 ZUC stream cipher (China R11 onwards)
ƒ EPS Integrity Protection Algorithm (EIA):
‰ Integrity protection uses a 32 bit MAC (MAC-I) like CRC for IP packets
‰ ““0001” 128-EIA1 SNOW 3G
‰ “0010” 128-EIA2 AES
‰ 128-EIA3 ZUC-based hash function (China R11 onwards)
ƒ Null algorithm (no security): allows UEs to make emergency calls
‰ EIA0 for Integrity and EEA0 for ciphering

FlexCore - MME

RCSP Certification Programs RCSP-RDL-6000 Module-1: LTE System and Technology Overview R1.3.2-V1.3a Slide-117
LTE Security Keys: Mutual Authentication Using AKA

International Mobile Subscriber Identity


|

One way function


ƒ Based on IMSI specific master
security key “K”
‰ Lives only in HSS and UICC (UE)
ƒ UE stores CK and IK in UICC on
detaching
ƒ MME stores KASME
ƒ UE and MME agree on KASME
during AKA and identity
confirmation
ƒ AKA uses Milenage
‰ MME has UE IMSI or asks for it
‰ AS/NAS keys are different
ƒ Separate keys between UE and T-eNB during X2 and S1 handover
Access Security Management Entity receives the top-level keys in an access network from the HSS. MME is ASME for LTE

RCSP Certification Programs RCSP-RDL-6000 Module-1: LTE System and Technology Overview R1.3.2-V1.3a Slide-118
UE Initial Attach: Security Messaging Sequence

UE eNB
AuC
MME SGW PGW PCRF HSS
EIR

1-RACH/RRC-Conn

2-NAS Attach Request (IMSI or previous GUTI)


3-Verify ID

4-ID Request (MME) and Response (UE)


5-Authentication/Authorization: MME sends IMSI, HSS returns K ….
6-Authentication and NAS Security setup

7-ID Request (UE) Response (MME)

8-Cipher Option Request (MME) Response (UE)

ƒ MME is the primary node making LTE access vulnerable to DoS


‰ MME forwards UE requests to HSS before it authenticates the UE (step 5)
ƒ Integrity protection is always applied to PDCP Data PDUs of SRBs while it
is optional for DRBs

RCSP Certification Programs RCSP-RDL-6000 Module-1: LTE System and Technology Overview R1.3.2-V1.3a Slide-119
LTE Security: UE Related Parameters

ƒ Security includes seven


key generation functions
‰ f1, f1*, f2, f3, f4, f5, f5*
‰ Their operation falls
within one operator
domain
ƒ Not standardized

ƒ Security algorithms use of a 128 bits block cipher and 128 bits value OP
ƒ Operator Variant Type: OP is a 128 bits value stored in USIM
|
‰ OPc is a 128 bits value derived from OP and K Universal Subscriber Identity Module

ƒ User-specific subscriber authentication key (K) is stored in UICC


|
‰ Securely distributed and stored in HSS Universal Integrated Circuit Card
(new generation SIM)
‰ One-to-one mapping between a user’s IMSI and its K - K never leaves USIM
ƒ Milenage is a set of AES-128 based functions used in AKA
RCSP Certification Programs RCSP-RDL-6000 Module-1: LTE System and Technology Overview R1.3.2-V1.3a Slide-120
NAS and AS Security: AKA and SMC Process

RCSP Certification Programs RCSP-RDL-6000 Module-1: LTE System and Technology Overview R1.3.2-V1.3a Slide-121
Module-1.7: CBRS Overview and Building Blocks
CBRS Band: 150 MHz Spectrum-Technology Agnostic Use

3400 3550 3600 3650 3700 3800

LTE B42 LTE B43


3GPP LTE Band 48
150 MHz

CBSD = CBRS Service Device

ƒ CBRS by definition is a 150 MHz of RF spectrum in the 3.5 GHz band


‰ 3550-3700 MHz frequency range
‰ Requires SAS based DSA scheme SAS: Spectrum Access System

ƒ CBRS deployments are governed by FCC Part-96 rules


RCSP Certification Programs RCSP-RDL-6000 Module-1: LTE System and Technology Overview R1.3.2-V1.3a Slide-124
CBRS Deployment: Geo-location Based Channel Assignment
A hi-power CBSD ( >23 dBm) has to communicate with the SAS, like an eNB.

ƒ Mutual authentication between FCC certified CBSD and SAS


‰ The RAT base station is designated as CBSD (CBRS Service Device)
RAT: Radio Access Technology
ƒ CBSDs are fixed stations
ƒ Certain categories of RAT SS/UE/RT come under CBSD restrictions
ƒ SAS assigns a CBSD geo-location specific RF channels
‰ CBSD updates SAS within 60 secs of changes to the data it had submitted
RCSP Certification Programs RCSP-RDL-6000 Module-1: LTE System and Technology Overview R1.3.2-V1.3a Slide-125
CBRS: Tiered Access to 150 MHz spectrum in 3.5 GHz Band

ƒ Tier-1: Incumbents
Access (IA) -exclusive
Access to the spectrum
‰ Do not go to a SAS
ƒ Tier-2: Priority Access
License (PAL)
‰ Must purchase a license
ƒ Tier-3: General Authorized Access (GAA)
‰ Opportunistic use of full CBRS spectrum
ƒ Tiers 2 & 3 are regulated under the CBRS umbrella – FCC Part-96
ƒ SAS manages interference to protect IA from Tiers 2 & 3
‰ Interference among Tier 2 devices and from Tier 3 into Tier 2

RCSP Certification Programs RCSP-RDL-6000 Module-1: LTE System and Technology Overview R1.3.2-V1.3a Slide-126
PAL: 3550-3650 MHz

ƒ Licensed by auction
‰ 10-year term
‰ License areas: counties (2017)
‰ Buys logical channels in
auction
ƒ SAS does logical to physical
channel mapping
ƒ PAL = 10 MHz in one county and up to 7 PAL licenses per county
‰ Max 4 PAL channels per licensee
ƒ PAL: contiguous channels in same license area to the extent possible
‰ Can temporarily move to non-contiguous channels to protect Incumbents
ƒ PAL can request for spectrum allocated for GAA - to augment capacity
‰ Borrowed GAA channels do not have the same level of priority as PAL
‰ PAL usage designated frequencies not in use may be utilized by GAA users
ƒ PAL can lease, partition and disaggregate or outright transfer licenses
RCSP Certification Programs RCSP-RDL-6000 Module-1: LTE System and Technology Overview R1.3.2-V1.3a Slide-127
CBRS Ecosystem: Device Classification

Device Max EIRP Max PSD Location Antenna


Type dBm/10 MHz (dBm/MHz) (HAAT)
Cat-B 47 (50 W) 37 outdoor fixed >6m
(CPI)
Cat-A 30 (1W) 20 In/outdoor < 6 m in
(24 dBm (fixed) outdoors
conducted)
EUD 23 (0.2W) N/A Mobility allowed

ƒ CBSD (CBRS Service Device) is the RAT base station (BTS-CBSD)


‰ CBSD controls the End User Device (EUD)
ƒ EUD becomes a CBSD if exceeding 23 dBm/10 MHz EIRP - CPE-CBSD
‰ Must report geo-data and antenna attributes
ƒ Location change requires re-registration with SAS
ƒ CAT-B CBSD requires CPI Installation CPI: Certified Professional Installer
ƒ CBSD measures the RF interference - essential for GAA operation
‰ Co-channel and adjacent channels
RCSP Certification Programs RCSP-RDL-6000 Module-1: LTE System and Technology Overview R1.3.2-V1.3a Slide-128
CBSD Deployment and Operation: Restrictions

ƒ Category A (CBSD and CPE-CBSD): 30 dBm max EIRP


‰ Indoor/outdoor with HAAT <6 m
‰ Lower antenna gain and EIRP allowed compared to CAT-B devices
ƒ Category B (CBSD and CPE-CBSD): outdoors only
‰ 40 dBm max EIRP non-rural and 47 dBm max EIRP rural
‰ CPI installation
ƒ Location Accuracy: ±50 m horizontal and ± 3 m vertical
‰ Changes must be reported to the SAS within 60 secs of moving
ƒ Tx power control (TPC) in all CBSDs
‰ EUD complies with TPC commands from CBSD and SAS – 10 secs grace time
‰ TPC must ensure aggregate RSSI within a given PPA for any co-channel PAL shall
not exceed -80 dBm over a 10 MHz BW
ƒ Antenna placed at a height of 1.5m AGL
‰ EUD declares FCC compliance to BTS-CBSD
ƒ Power reduction for 15 and 20 MHz channel size

RCSP Certification Programs RCSP-RDL-6000 Module-1: LTE System and Technology Overview R1.3.2-V1.3a Slide-129
EUD and CPE-CBSD: FCC Part-96.41/47

End User Device


|
ƒ EUD is a client of a CBSD base station
‰ Fixed or mobile, capped at +23 dBm/10 MHz EIRP
ƒ Cell phone/tablets
‰ It is invisible to the SAS
‰ It only transmits if authorized by a CBSD (LTE eNB)
‰ No CPI is involved CPI: Certified Professional Installer
ƒ CPE-CBSD is EUD exceeding 23 dBm/10 MHz EIRP
‰ Categorized as Cat-B devices – high antenna gain UE
‰ Must be registered with a SAS
ƒ Contacts SAS through the CBSD (eNB) it links up with on the air interface or
ƒ Close the loop with SAS using other options such as its Ethernet interface
‰ Requires CPI
ƒ Both CBSD AND CPE-CBSD need to be authorized for the same frequency

RCSP Certification Programs RCSP-RDL-6000 Module-1: LTE System and Technology Overview R1.3.2-V1.3a Slide-130
CPE-CBSD and SAS Interactions

ƒ EUD is invisible to SAS: operates under control of a CBSD


‰ CC Part-96 EIRP and emission limits apply
ƒ CPE-CBSD is visible to the SAS and is subject to CBSD rules
‰ Links up with BTS-CBSD and contact SAS to obtain a grant
ƒ Must declare its current power level
ƒ Max time: 1 sec/10-sec period, 10 sec/300-sec period, or 20 sec/3600-sec period
‰ Must use SAS specified operational parameters once it gets a grant
RCSP Certification Programs RCSP-RDL-6000 Module-1: LTE System and Technology Overview R1.3.2-V1.3a Slide-131
GAA Co-existence: DL/UL Compatibility

Mandatory E-UTRA TDD Configurations


TDD UL/DL Subframe Number
config ratio 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
1 4:4 D S U U D D S U U D
2 2:6 D S U D D D S U D D

ƒ FCC Part 96 rules allow multiple operators, different technologies and


unsynchronized transmissions to co-exist in the same frequency band
‰ This makes interference mgmt an important requirement in CBRS deployments
ƒ CBRS coexistence focuses mainly co-channel use for TD-LTE
ƒ Use the same TDD configuration
ƒ CBSDs must align their frame boundaries
ƒ The SSF configuration for mandatory options is fixed to be SSF Config-7
‰ The choice of a mandatory config is on first-come-first basis
ƒ Any UL/DL config and SSF config may be used provided:
‰ All the TD-LTE CBSDs in a connected set use the same TDD config (UL/DL) and
‰ Same SSF config

RCSP Certification Programs RCSP-RDL-6000 Module-1: LTE System and Technology Overview R1.3.2-V1.3a Slide-132

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