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MSG.17.Matrices and Matrix Transformations
MSG.17.Matrices and Matrix Transformations
MATRICES
⎛ 2 1 3 0 ⎞
A matrix is a rectangular array of numbers (or M =⎜ 5 7 −6 8 ⎟ 3 × 4
symbols) enclosed in brackets either curved or ⎜ ⎟
⎜⎝ 9 −2 6 −3 ⎟⎠
square. The constituents of a matrix are called entries
or elements. A matrix is usually named by a letter for ⎛ 4 5 7 ⎞
convenience. Some examples are shown below. ⎜ −2 3 ⎟
N= ⎜
6
⎟ 4×3
⎜ −7 1 0 ⎟
æ3 1 4ö ⎜⎝ 9 −5 8 ⎟⎠
X =ç
è2 -7 0 ÷ø Note that the orders 3 × 4 and 4 × 3 are NOT the
m
æ3 -1 4 2 6ö same.
A=ç
è0 0 1 0 -5 ÷ø
Row matrices
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⎡ a b ⎤
F=⎢ ⎥
⎣ c d ⎦ If a matrix is composed only of one row, then it is
called a row matrix (regardless of its number of
.
⎡ 4 1 2 ⎤
elements). The matrices 𝐽, 𝐾 and 𝐿 are row matrices,
hs
⎢ ⎥
Y = ⎢ 3 −1 5 ⎥
⎢ 6 −2 10 ⎥
⎣ ⎦ J = ( 4 1 3) L = (3 0 -4 2)
⎛ 1 0 ⎞
I =⎜
⎝ 0 1 ⎟⎠ at K = ( 2 1)
m
Column matrices
Rows and Columns If a matrix is composed of only one column, then it is
s
called a column matrix (regardless of the number of
as
The elements of a matrix are arranged in rows and elements). The matrices 𝑃, 𝑄 and 𝑅 are column
columns. Elements that are written from left to right matrices.
(horizontally) are called rows. Elements that are
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⎜⎝ 9 ⎟⎠
⎛ 3 1 4 −1 ⎞ Row 1
⎜ ⎟ Square matrices
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M = ⎜ 0 11 −5 8 ⎟ Row 2
⎜ 2 1 6 −4 ⎟ Row 3
⎝ ⎠ If a matrix has the same number of rows as the
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Order of a matrix æ 1 -1 ö æ 1 2 4ö
Q=ç
è4 2 ÷ø S = çç -1 -1 2 ÷÷
The order of a matrix is written as 𝑚 × 𝑛, where m ç 0 0 11÷
represents the number of rows and n represents the 2´2 è ø
number of columns. A matrix of order 4 × 3, consists 3´ 3
of 4 rows and 3 columns while a matrix of order
3 × 4 consists of 3 rows and 4 columns.
160
Every single entry in a matrix has a specific position A diagonal matrix is a square matrix whose non-
that can be uniquely described. In describing the diagonal elements are zero. T and V are diagonal
position, we use the notation aij where the subscript, matrices.
i, refers to the row number and the subscript j refers
to the column number of the element. ⎛ 3 0 0 ⎞
Since each position is unique, no two entries can ⎛ 2 0 ⎞ V = ⎜ 0 −5 0 ⎟
T =⎜ ⎜ ⎟
have the same row and column number. The symbol ⎝ 0 5 ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ 0 0 7 ⎟⎠
a represents an element.
th
aij belongs to the i th row and the j column.
a42 belongs to the 4th row and the 2nd column. Zero matrix
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a24 belongs to the 2nd row and the 4th column. If all the elements of any matrix are zero(s), then the
For the matrix, A, defined below, we can assign each matrix is called a zero matrix. Some examples are
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element its unique position shown below. Notice shown below. A zero matrix can be of any order.
aij ≠ a ji . For example, a13 ≠ a31 .
⎡ 0 0 ⎤ ⎡ 0 0 0 ⎤ ⎡ 0 0 0 ⎤
.
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎣ ⎦
hs
⎛ 4 1 3 2 ⎞ ⎣ 0 0 ⎦ ⎣ 0 0 0 ⎦
⎜ ⎟
A = ⎜ 0 −11 6 5 ⎟
⎜ 5 −10 −2 1 ⎟
⎝ ⎠
at Operations on Matrices
m
Col 1 Col 2 Col 3 Col 4 In performing operations on matrices, there are some
restrictions. Unlike numbers, one cannot always add,
⎛ 4 112 313 214 ⎞ Row 1 subtract or multiply any two matrices. In fact, a
s
11
⎜ ⎟
A = ⎜ 021 − 1122 623 524 ⎟ Row 2 division of two matrices is not even possible.
as
⎜ ⎟
⎝ 531 − 1032 − 233 134 ⎠ Row 3
Addition
sp
Diagonal elements Matrices can only be added if they are of the same
order. This is done by adding or subtracting
Diagonal elements are the elements positioned along corresponding entries. The resulting matrix will also
the diagonal of a square matrix. A and B are square be of the same order.
.fa
elements ë 4 3 -5û ë -1 6 3 û
æ 311 1 4 ö 2´3 2´3
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A = çç 2 022 6 ÷÷ é1
A + B = ê 11
212 -113 ù é 011
+
-412 213 ù
ç -11 - 833 ÷ø ë 421 322 -523 úû êë -121 622 323 úû
w
è 5
2´3 2´3
Square matrix with two diagonal é (1 + 0 )11 ( 2 + ( -4 ) ) ( -1 + 2 )13 ù
elements A+ B = ê 12
ú
êë( 4 + ( -1) )21 ( 3 + 6 )22 (5 + 3)23 úû
æ 1 4 ö 2´3
B = ç 11
è 0 622 ÷ø
é1 -2 1ù
A+ B = ê ú
ë 3 9 8û
2´3
161
m
2´3 Two matrices are equal if:
é1 212 -113 ù é 011 -412 213 ù 1. They are of the same order
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A - B = ê 11 - 2. Their corresponding entries are equal.
ë 421 322 -523 úû êë -121 622 323 úû
2´3 2´3 Both conditions must be satisfied before we can
.
deduce that the matrices are equal. Conversely, if
é (1 - 0 )11 ( 2 - ( -4 ) ) ( -1 - 2 )13 ù
hs
A- B = ê 12
ú matrices are equal then we can deduce that they must
êë( 4 - ( -1) )21 ( 3 - 6 )22 (5 - 3)23 úû be of the same order and that their corresponding
entries are equal. Consider the matrices S and T. They
é1 6 -3ù
A- B = ê ú
2´3
at
are of the same order and their corresponding entries
are the same. Therefore, S = T .
m
ë5 -3 2û
æ 1 3ö æ 1 3ö
2´3
S = çç 4 -6 ÷÷ T = çç 4 -6 ÷÷
s
ç 2 0÷ ç 2 0÷
as
If a matrix is multiplied by a scalar then each element their corresponding entries are the same.
of the matrix is multiplied by the scalar. The resulting Equating corresponding entries:
w
A=ç ÷
èd e f ø
æ ka kb kc ö Example 3
kA = ç ÷ , k is a scalar
è kd ke kf ø æ 1 -2 ö æ 0 1ö
Given that A=ç ÷ and B = ç ÷ and
è1 3 ø è 4 3ø
Example 1
æ2 1ö
æ1 2x ö
(i) If A = ç ÷ , then calculate 3𝐴 ç
A - 2B = y ÷ , find the value of x, y and z.
è 3 4ø ç -z ÷
è2 ø
æ 4 -1 2 ö
(ii) If B = ç ÷ , then calculate −2𝐵
è 0 7 -3 ø
162
m
è2 ø
3´ 2 4´3
æ 1 2 xö
æ 1 -4 ö ç
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÷
ç ÷= y We will now illustrate how two matrices can be
è -7 - 3 ø ç -z ÷
multiplied using the matrices A and B below.
è2 ø
Equating corresponding entries æ 1 2 3 2ö
.
-4 = 2 x y -3 = - z æ 1 4 -1 ö ç ÷
hs
-7 = A=ç ÷ and B = ç -1 -1 1 -1 ÷
2 x = -4 2 - z = -3 è 2 0 -3 ø ç 0 4 6 2÷
y è ø
-4 = -7 z=3
x= 2 We wish to determine the matrix AB.
2
x = -2
y = -7 ( 2 )
y = -14 at First, check to see if this is possible.
m
A ´ B = C
2´3 3´ 4 2´4
s
The Identity or Unit matrix
Based on the above rule, the matrix product 𝐴𝐵 exists
as
If all the diagonal elements of a diagonal matrix are and the product, 𝐶 will be a 2´4 matrix.
equal to one, then it is called the unit or identity
matrix and is denoted by U or I only. We write out the structure of the answer, that is, what
sp
U = çç 0 1 0 ÷÷
æ1 0ö C1 C2 C 3 C 4
I =ç ÷
è0 1ø ç0 0 1÷ ⎛ e11 e12 e13 e14 ⎞ R1
è ø C=⎜ ⎟
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163
m
The product 𝐵𝐴 = 𝐷 and 𝐷 is a 2´2 matrix.
e12 = 1 ´ 2 + 4 ´ ( -1) + ( -1) ´ 4 = 2 - 4 - 4 = -6 Since the order of 𝐶 and 𝐷 is not the same, C and D
cannot be equal, C¹D, and it follows that 𝐴𝐵¹𝐵𝐶.
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e13 = 1 ´ 3 + 4 ´ 1 + ( -1) ´ 6 = 3 + 4 - 6 = 1
e21 = 2 ´ 1 + 0 ´ ( -1) + ( -3) ´ 0 = 2 + 0 + 0 = 2 We can conclude that matrix multiplication is not
communicative.
e22 = 2 ´ 2 + 0 ´ ( -1) + ( -3) ´ 4 = 4 + 0 - 12 = -8
.
hs
e23 = 2 ´ 3 + 0 ´ 1 + ( -3) ´ 6 = 6 + 0 - 18 = -12 Example 5
e24 = 2 ´ 2 + 0 ´ ( -1) + ( -3) ´ ( -2 ) = 4 + 0 + 6 = 10 æ1ö
Given that A = (1 -1) and B = ç ÷ .
æ -3 -6
\ A´ B = ç
1 0ö
÷
è 2 -8 -12 10 ø at Calculate (i) AB (ii) BA
Comment on the products.
è2ø
m
Example 4
Solution
s
æ 1 -1ö (i) A ´ B = C
æ 2 -1 0 ö ç ÷
Given that P = ç ÷ and Q = ç 4 1 ÷ ,
as
1´ 2 2 ´1 Þ 1´1
è 1 4 1 ø ç 0 1÷
è ø C = ( e11 )
find PQ. A ´ B = C
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Solution æ1ö
(1 -1) ´ ç ÷ = ( e11 )
First, we check the order of the resulting matrix: è2ø
.fa
æ 1 -1ö æe e ö
æ 2 -1 0 ö ç ÷ æ e11 e12 ö D = ç 11 12 ÷
ç 1 4 1 ÷ ´ ç 4 1÷ = ç e
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÷ è e21 e22 ø
è ø ç 0 1 ÷ è 21 e22 ø
è ø æ1ö æ e11 e12 ö
Multiply corresponding elements as follows: ç 2 ÷ ´ (1 -1) = ç e ÷
è ø è 21 e22 ø
e11 = 2 ´ 1 + ( -1) ´ 4 + 0 ´ 0 = -2
𝑒77 = 1 × 1 = 1
e12 = 2 ´ ( -1) + ( -1) ´ 1 + 0 ´ 1 = -3 𝑒7@ = 1 × −1 = −1
e21 = 1 ´ 1 + 4 ´ 4 + 2 ´ 0 = 17 𝑒@7 = 2 × 1 = 2
𝑒@@ = 2 × −1 = −2
e22 = 1 ´ ( -1) + 4 ´ 1 + 2 ´ 1 = 5 1 −1
𝐵𝐴 = A B
2 −2
The products 𝐴𝐵 ≠ 𝐵𝐴. This illustrates the non-
æ -2 -3 ö
\ PQ = ç commutative property of matrix multiplication.
è 17 5 ÷ø
164
Solution The null or zero matrix is the identity element for the
æ -1 0 ö æ 3 -1 ö addition of matrices because adding the zero matrix
A´ B = ç ÷´ç ÷ to any matrix leaves the matrix unchanged.
è 2 3ø è 0 4 ø A
𝑎 𝑏
B+A
0 0
B = A
𝑎 𝑏
B
2´2 2´2 𝑐 𝑑 0 0 𝑐 𝑑
m
2´2
¬¾¾ ®
æe e ö
co
A ´ B = ç 11 12 ÷ We will now recall the terms multiplicative identity
è e21 e22 ø elements and multiplicative inverses in relation to
e11 = ( -1) ´ 3 + 0 ´ 0 = -3 numbers.
.
e12 = ( -1) ´ ( -1) + 0 ´ 4 = 1
hs
The multiplicative inverse of a number, N is 𝑁 L7
e21 = 2 ´ 3 + 3 ´ 0 = 6 because
e22 = 2 ´ ( -1) + 3 ´ 4 = 10 𝑁 × 𝑁 L7 = 1
\ AB = ç
æ -3 1 ö
÷
è 6 10 ø
at ↑
Number
↑
Inverse
↑
Identity
m
Element
æ 2a -b ö
ç æ -3 1 ö The identity element for multiplication of
d ÷÷ = ç ÷
s
ç c numbers is 1 because multiplying any number
è 6 10 ø
è 3ø by 1 leaves the number unchanged. If N
as
= 10
2a = -3 b = -1 inspection 3
3 c=6 d = 10 ´ 3 We can apply the same concept to matrices, whereby,
a=-
2 d = 30
.fa
↑ ↑ ↑
We have encountered the terms additive identity Matrix Inverse Identity Matrix
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The additive inverse of a number N is -N because the identity matrix, I because multiplying any matrix
N + −N = Zero
by I leaves the matrix unchanged. If M represents
↑ ↑ ↑ any 2×2 matrix, then
Number Inverse Identity 𝑎 𝑏 1 0 𝑎 𝑏
A B×A B = A B
𝑐 𝑑 0 1 𝑐 𝑑
165
m
inverse and is singular.
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Example 9
proceed to find its adjunct. æ4 aö
Given that A = ç and that A is singular, find
The adjunct of a 2×2 matrix è2 -3 ÷ø
.
a.
hs
The adjunct of a 2x2 matrix is found by
rearranging the elements on the main diagonal and
changing the signs of the elements on the other Solution
diagonal. If A is singular then A = 0 .
If M = ç
æa bö
èc dø
÷ , then the adjunct of M, is at ( 4 ´ -3) - ( a ´ 2 ) = 0
m
- 12 - 2a = 0
𝑑 −𝑏
A B - 2a = 12
−𝑐 𝑎
s
a = -6
The inverse of a 2×2 matrix
as
1 𝑑 −𝑏 Example 10
𝑀L7 = A B
𝑎𝑑 − 𝑏𝑐 −𝑐 𝑎 æ 2 -1 ö L7
Given that Q = ç ÷ , find 𝑄 . Show that
w
è 4 -3 ø
𝑄 × 𝑄L7 = 𝐼.
Example 7
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æ6 2ö -1 Solution
Given that B = ç ÷ , find B .
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166
m
3x + 2 y = 8 4x - 3y = 1 ç 47 47 ÷ æ 11ö æ e11 ö
ç ÷ =ç ÷
5x - 6 y = 4 5 x + 7 y = 12 ç- 4 7 ÷ çè 13 ÷ø è e21 ø
co
ç ÷
The matrix equation is: The matrix equation is è 47 47 ø
æ3 2öæ x ö æ8ö æ 4 -3 ö æ x ö æ 1 ö 2´2 2 ´1 2 ´1
ç 5 -6 ÷ ç y ÷ = ç 4 ÷ ç 5 7 ÷ ç y ÷ = ç 12 ÷
.
è øè ø è ø è øè ø è ø æ 5 ö æ 3 ö
hs
e11 = ç ´ 11÷ + ç ´ 13 ÷ = 2
è 47 ø è 47 ø
æ 4 ö æ 7 ö
Using a matrix method, we will solve for x and y in: e21 = ç - ´ 11÷ + ç ´ 13 ÷ = 1
7 x - 3 y = 11 …(1)
4 x + 5 y = 13 …(2) at è 47 ø è 47
è 4 5 ø è y ø è 13 ø x = 2 and y = 1
This is of the form 𝐴𝑋 = 𝐵, where 𝐴, 𝑋 and 𝐵 are
Summary of steps in solving simultaneous
matrices with
𝑥 equations using the matrix method.
sp
7 −3 11
𝐴=A B , 𝑋 = A𝑦 B and 𝐵 = A B
4 5 13
1. Express the pair of equations as a matrix
𝑥 equation.
.fa
2. Isolate 𝑋 = A𝑦 B -1
2. Find A , the inverse of A, which is the
In our study of simple equations, we used inverses to 2 ´ 2 matrix in the matrix equation
isolate the variable and solve the equation. We do 3. Pre-multiply both sides of the equation by
w
è 4 5ø = 47
the values of the unknowns.
So, the inverse of A is
1 æ 5 - ( -3) ö It should now be noted that so far, we have
A-1 = ç ÷
47 è - ( 4 ) 7 ø encountered three methods to solve a pair of
simultaneous equations. These are:
æ 5 3ö 1. Algebraic methods (elimination and substitution)
ç 47 47 ÷ 2. Graphical method
=ç ÷
ç- 4 7 ÷ 3. Matrix method
ç ÷
è 47 47 ø
In some cases, we are asked to use a specific method
and so it is necessary to be familiar with all three
167
m
æ 2 5ö æ x ö æ 6ö Cost $15 $20 $25
çç ÷÷ çç ÷÷ = çç ÷÷
è 3 4ø è y ø è8ø
co
AX = B If we wish to determine the total sales for each day,
´ A-1 we can set up a pair of matrices whose product will
produce these totals.
.
A ´ A-1 ´ X = A -1 ´ B
hs
I ´ X = A-1 B We can represent the matrix of quantities sold as
follows: Each cell refers to the number of T-shirts
X = A-1 B sold on a particular day in a given size. Two
Det A = 2 × 4 − 5 × 3 = −7
æ 4 5ö
at possibilities exist, a 2 × 3 or a 3 × 1.
8 6
m
ç- ÷ 8 12 3
7 7 A B or <12 10>
A =ç
-1
÷ 6 10 5
çç 3 - 2 ÷÷ 6 5
s
è 7 7ø
We can also represent the cost of each size as a
as
æ 4 5ö
matrix, either a 3 × 1 or a 1 × 3 matrix can be used.
æ xö ç- 7 ÷
7 ÷ æç 6 ö÷
çç ÷÷ = ç ç ÷ This would look like:
è y ø çç 3 - 2 ÷÷ è 8 ø
sp
è 7 7ø 15
æ æ 4 ö æ5 ö ö (15 20 25) or <20>
ç ç - ´ 6÷ + ç ´ 8÷ ÷ 25
7 ø è7 ø ÷
=ç è
.fa
ç- + ÷
=ç 7 7 ÷
Using our rules for matrix multiplication, we can
çç 18 - 16 ÷÷
w
ç2 ÷ 8 12 3 < >.
= ç 7÷
A B 20
6 10 5
çç 2 ÷÷ 25
è 7ø
@ @ This product is conformable to multiplication
Hence, 𝑥 = 2 , 𝑦 =
_ _ because a 2 × 3 multiplied by a 3 × 1 results in a
2 × 1 matrix. We now set up the multiplication.
168
m
Labour Wood Paint Matrices for Translation
(Hours) (Blocks) (Tins)
Trucks 6 8 3 When we performed a translation, we used a column
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Cars 3 4 2 matrix to locate the image. For example, to determine
Boats 5 7 1 the coordinates of the image of P(5, 4) under a
translation of 3 units parallel to the X-axis, we
.
hs
Labour costs $80 per hour, wood costs $10 per block represent both the object point and translation as
and paint costs $20 per tin. column vectors. Then we added vectors to obtain the
Using matrix multiplication, calculate the cost of image point.
manufacturing each toy.
at 5 3 8
A B + A B = A B
4 0 4
m
Solution
The matrix for the quantities of toys manufactured is
6 8 3
s
Object Point Translation vector Image Point
<3 4 2>
as
5 7 1
80
The cost matrix is written as follows: <20>. Hence, the coordinates of the image of P is (8, 4).
Note that for the purpose of computation, we write
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10
The required product is: the coordinates of (x, y) as a column matrix.
<3 4 2> <20> = < 240 + 80 + 20 > called column vectors because a translation is really a
5 7 1 10 400 + 140 + 10 vector. To perform any of the other geometric
3×3 3×1 3×1 transformations, we use 2× 2 matrices.
w
430
= <340> Deriving Matrices for Transformations
560
w
Cost of producing trucks is $430, dilations are all 2× 2 matrices. To derive these
Cost of producing cars $340 and matrices, we use a general principle that holds for
Cost of producing boats $560. transforming an object point (𝑥, 𝑦) to its
corresponding image point (𝑥 b , 𝑦′).
169
m
the above matrix equation.
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Unit square y
Reflection in the Y-axis
.
hs
D(0,1) C(1,1) Hence, Hence,
𝑎 𝑏 1 −1 𝑎 𝑏 0 0
A BA B = A B A BA B = A B
𝑐 𝑑 0 0 𝑐 𝑑 1 1
Multiplying Multiplying
A(0,0) B(1, 0) x
at 𝑎
A B=A B
𝑐
Therefore
−1
0
Therefore
𝑏
A B=A B
𝑑
0
1
m
𝑎 = −1 and 𝑐 = 0 𝑏 = 0 and 𝑑 = 1
s
−1 0
The matrix for reflection in the Y-axis is A B
as
0 1
axis. Under this reflection, the unit square will flip so Reflection in the line 𝒚 = 𝒙
that it is now in the fourth quadrant.
(1, 0 ) ⟶ (0, 1) (0, 1 ) ⟶ (1, 0)
.fa
𝑥-axis. 𝑎 0 𝑏 1
(1, 0) ⟶ (1, 0) A B=A B A B=A B
𝑐 1 𝑑 0
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(0, 0) ⟶ (0, 0)
0 1
The matrix for reflection in the X-axis is A B
1 0
170
(1, 0 ) ⟶ (0, −1) (0, 1 ) ⟶ (−1, 0) (1, 0 ) ⟶ (−1, 0) (0, 1 ) ⟶ (0, −1)
Hence, Hence, Hence, Hence,
𝑎 𝑏 1 0 𝑎 𝑏 0 −1 𝑎 𝑏 1 −1 𝑎 𝑏 0 0
A BA B = A B A BA B = A B A BA B = A B A BA B = A B
𝑐 𝑑 0 −1 𝑐 𝑑 1 0 𝑐 𝑑 0 0 𝑐 𝑑 1 −1
Multiplying Multiplying Multiplying Multiplying
𝑎 0 𝑏 −1 𝑎 −1 𝑏 0
A B=A B A B=A B A B=A B A B=A B
𝑐 −1 𝑑 0 𝑐 0 𝑑 −1
Therefore Therefore Therefore Therefore
𝑎 = 0 and 𝑐 = −1 𝑏 = −1 and 𝑑 = 0 𝑎 = −1 and 𝑐 = 0 𝑏 = 0 and 𝑑 = −1
The matrix for reflection in the line 𝑦 = −𝑥 is The matrix for a rotation about
0 −1 −1 0
A B the origin through 1800 is A B
−1 0 0 −1
m
0
Note that for a 180 rotation, there is no need to
specify the direction since clockwise or anticlockwise
Matrices for Rotation
co
turns will produce the same image.
.
𝑎 𝑏
hs
the matrix A B represents an anticlockwise
𝑐 𝑑 The above matrices are confined to angles that are
rotation about the origin. Also, we should note that an multiples of 900 degrees. If one has to perform a
anticlockwise rotation of 900 is the same as a rotation through other angles, there is a general
clockwise rotation of 2700 so we need not derive
matrices for clockwise rotations. at matrix for rotation of 𝜃 j about the origin in an
anticlockwise direction where 𝜃 can be any angle.
m
The matrix for an anticlockwise rotation through
𝜃 j about the origin is
Anticlockwise rotation about the origin
s
through 900 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
A B
as
Therefore Therefore can now derive the general matrix for a dilation with
𝑎 = 0 and 𝑐 = 1 𝑏 = −1 and 𝑑 = 0 scale factor, k, about the origin. Recall that under a
The matrix for an anticlockwise rotation about dilation, a point (x, y) is mapped onto (kx, ky). So, the
w
0 −1
the origin through 900 is A B unit square will have sides that are 𝑘 units in length.
1 0
w
171
m
0 1 5 5 3 0 1 3
tu vwxxyz {|}{
𝑃(3,5) ~⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯€ 𝑃b (−3,5) A B A B = A B, hence
0 3 4 12
tu vwxxyz {|}{
co
𝐿(1,4) ~⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯€ 𝐿b (3,12)
−1 0 6 −6
A B A B = A B, hence
0 1 5 5 3 0 3 9
tu vwxxyz {|}{
𝑃(6,5) ~⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯€ 𝑄b (−6,5) A B A B = A B, hence
.
0 3 4 12
hs
tu vwxxyz {|}{
𝑀(3,4) ~⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯€ 𝑀b (9,12)
−1 0 6 −6
A B A B = A B, hence
0 1 7 7 3 0 1 3
tu vwxxyz {|}{ A B A B = A B, hence
𝑃(6,7) ~⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯€ 𝑅b (−6,7)
Solution
Matrix for rotation about the origin through 1800 is the 2×2 matrix for each of the transformations we
−1 0 can multiply them to obtain this single matrix using
A B.
0 −1 the following rule.
w
0 −1 4 −4 followed by A.
tu vwxxyz {|}{
𝐴(3,5) ~⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯€ 𝐴b (−2, −4)
−1 0 7 −7 Example 14
A B A B = A B, hence
0 −1 4 −4 The transformation, M is a reflection in the line 𝑦 =
tu vwxxyz {|}{
𝐵(6,5) ~⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯€ 𝐵 b (−7, −5) −𝑥. The transformation N, is an enlargement, centre
−1 0 2 −2 origin, k= 2.
A B A B = A B, hence
0 −1 7 −7 (i) Write down the 2×2 matrices for M and N.
tu vwxxyz {|}{
𝐶(6,7) ~⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯€ 𝐶 b (−2, −7) (ii) The matrix, P represents the combined
transformation, M followed by N. Determine the
Under the reflection in the Y-axis, triangle PQR is matrix P.
mapped onto triangle 𝐴′𝐵′𝐶′ where (iii) Determine the coordinates of the image of (−3,
𝐴b (−2, −4), 𝐵 b (−7, −5) and 𝐶 b (−2, −7). 4) under P.
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m
(iii) The image of (−3, 4) under P:
0 −2 −3 −8 Alternative Method for Example 15 Part (i)
A BA B = A B
co
−2 0 4 6
The image of (−3, 4) is (−8, 6). M ´V = V¢ Simultaneous equations for
æ a b ö æ 3ö æ 5 ö 𝑉(3, 5) ⟶ 𝑉 b (5, −3)
.
çç ÷÷ çç ÷÷ = çç ÷÷
hs
Example 15 è c d ø è 5ø è - 3ø 3𝑎 + 5𝑏 = 5 … (1)
𝑎 𝑏
Under a matrix transformation, 𝑀 = A B , the æ 3a + 5b ö æ 5 ö 3𝑐 + 5𝑑 = −3 … (2)
𝑐 𝑑 \ çç ÷÷ = çç ÷÷
points 𝑉 and 𝑊 are mapped onto 𝑉′ and 𝑊′ such è 3c + 5d ø è - 3 ø
that:
𝑉(3, 5) ⟶ 𝑉 b (5, −3) at 𝑀 × 𝑊 = 𝑊′
æa b ö æ7ö æ 2 ö
Simultaneous equations for
𝑊(7, 2) ⟶ 𝑉 b (2, −7)
m
𝑊(7, 2) ⟶ 𝑉 b (2, −7) çç ÷÷ çç ÷÷ = çç ÷÷ 7𝑎 + 2𝑏 = 2 … (3)
è c d ø è 2ø è - 7ø
(i) Determine the values of 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐, and 𝑑. 7𝑐 + 2𝑑 = −7 … (4)
æ 7a + 2b ö æ 2 ö
s
(ii) State the coordinates of Z such that \ çç ÷÷ = çç ÷÷
𝑍(𝑥, 𝑦) ⟶ 𝑉 b (5, 1) under the è 7c + 2d ø è - 7 ø
as
A BA B = A B
−1 0 5 −3 Equation (4) × −3 −21𝑐 − 6𝑑 = 21 … (8)
0 1 7 2 29𝑑 = 0
A BA B = A B Equation (7) + (8)
w
−1 0 2 −7 𝑑 = 0
𝑎 𝑏 0 1 Substitute 𝑑 = 0 into equation (2)
𝑀=A
𝑐 𝑑
B=A
−1 0
B 3c + 5(0) = -3
3c = -3
(ii) (𝑥, 𝑦) ⟶ 𝑉 b (5, 1)
0 1 𝑥 5 \ c = -1
A BA B = A B
−1 0 𝑦 1 Therefore,
𝑦 5
A B=A B æ a b ö æ 0 1ö
−𝑥 1 çç ÷÷ = çç ÷÷
𝑦 = 5, 𝑥 = −1 è c d ø è -1 0ø
(𝑥, 𝑦) = (−1, 5)
173