STUDY THE PERFORMANCE OF DISTANCE

RELAY DURING POWER SWING

A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the
degree of

B.Tech

in

Electrical and Electronics Engineering

By

Ayush Tiwari (10711021)

Animesh Parihar (10711011)

ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

TIRUCHIRAPPALLI-620015

MAY-2021

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 BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the project titled STUDY THE PERFORMANCE

OF DISTANCE RELAY DURING POWER SWING is a bonafide
record of the work done by

Ayush Tiwari (10711021)

Animesh Parihar (10711011)

in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the degree of

Bachelor of Technology in Electrical and Electronics Engineering of
the NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY,
TIRUCHIRAPPALLI, during the year 2020-2021.

Dr. M JAYA BHARTA REDDY Dr. V. SANKARANARAYANAN

Guide Head of the Department

Project Viva-voce held on

Internal Examiner External Examiner

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 ABSTRACT
Unwanted tripping of transmission line during power swing can be avoided using two
blinder scheme. A two bus system is developed in Simulink to implement the blinder
scheme. The buses are connected by two parallel transmission lines. One of the line is
equipped with a mho relay with quadrilateral characteristics.

Mho relay is tested by applying different faults (Lg, LL, LLg, LLL) at different
locations on transmission line with different fault resistances. The relay algorithm is
developed to calculate resistance and reactance values (Ra, Rb, Xc, Xab, Rbc etc). For
a phase to phase fault and phase to ground fault, the corresponding impedance value
(for eg: Rab, Xab for ab fault and Rag, Xag for ag fault) are plotted on the phase plot
and ground plot of the relay respectively. Phase plot and Ground plot shows the reach
of the relay as per different operating zones for LL and Lg fault respectively.

During close in faults, the relay can also operate for the faults occurring behind it,
which causes unwanted tripping of the protected line. Memory polarization technique
is developed to prevent the relay from maloperation.

Power swing and faults are differentiated by calculating rate of change of impedance
between the two blinder lines. The value is higher in case of fault than that of power
swing. Power Swing is observed in the system by applying fault at the 2nd line at
various location and clearing the fault by opening the circuit breaker. The highest

value of ∆𝑍⁄∆𝑡 is estimated for a power swing. If ∆𝑍⁄∆𝑡 is more than the highest,
they the relay consider it as fault and allows tripping.
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We would like to express our heartful thank to our guide Dr. M Jaya Bharata Reddy.
His constant supervision has helped us in maintaining consistency in our work. He
helped us in proper planning and execution of our project. We learned a lot from his
knowledge and experience.

We also would like to thank Mr. Mariselvam Arumugam, our mentor. He was always
available to solve our queries. His enthusiasm and sincerity have motivated us to bring
out our best.
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title Page No.

BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE.........................................................................ii
ABSTRACT.....................................................................................................iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS...........................................................................iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS................................................................................v
LIST OF TABLES...........................................................................................vi
LIST OF FIGURES.........................................................................................vii

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Distance Relay…...................................................................................1

1.2 Power Swing…......................................................................................1

1.3 Power-Swing detection problem ………………………………………...2

1.4 Memory Voltage Polarization…............................................................2

1.5 Scope of the work…..............................................................................3

CHAPTER 2 MODELLING OF THE SYSTEM

2.1 Modelling of Distance Relay….............................................................4

CHAPTER 3 TESTING THE RELAY

3.1 Construction of Zone plots…...............................................................6

3.2 Observation…........................................................................................8

CHAPTER 4 VOLTAGE MEMORY POLARISATION

4.1 Problem faced during close in faults…................................................9

4.2 Solution…............................................................................................9

4.3 Testing the Algorithm….......................................................................9

4.4 Conclusion…........................................................................................10
CHAPTER 5 APPLYING BLINDERS SCHEME

5.1 Construction of Blinder Lines...........................................................................11

5.2 Algorithm to calculate the ∆t value...................................................................11

5.3 Implementation of blinders scheme on Matlab Simulink.................................13

APPENDICES 15

REFERENCES 17
 LIST OF TABLES
Table No. Title Page No.

2.1 Impedance calculation for various faults 4

3.1 Resistive reach of different zones 7

5.1 ∆ values for power swing and a fault 13

 LIST OF FIGURES
Fig. No. Title Page No.

1.1 Reach of different zones of a mho relay 2

1.2 Stable and unstable power swing 2

1.3 Equal area criteria 3

1.4 Impedance diagram for two-blinder scheme 4

2.1 Test System 6

3.1 Flowchart of fault analysis performed to test the relay 8

3.2 Zone plot for phase fault, along with blinder lines 9

3.3 Impedance trajectories for different cases 10

4.1 Close in faults 11

4.2 Impedance trajectory of close in faults with voltage memory 12

Polarization
5.1 Zone plot with blinder lines 11
5.2 Trajectory during a power swing 11
5.3 Trajectory during a fault 12