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Simulation of low voltage ride through scheme for inverters connected to

distribution system with high R/X ratio

Conference Paper · June 2016

DOI: 10.1109/CPE.2016.7544185

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 Simulation of Low Voltage Ride Through Scheme
for Inverters connected to Distribution System with
High R/X Ratio
Saurav Roy Choudhury, Ankul Gupta and Sandeep Anand, Member, IEEE
Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, India.
(email: sauravr@iitk.ac.in, ankulg@iitk.ac.in, me.sandeepanand@gmail.com)
Abstract—Solar Photovoltaic (PV) inverters are used to feed
power to the grid. These PV inverters are equipped with anti
islanding protection technique. As the PV penetration in the grid
increases, this feature would affect the operation and reliability
of grid during fault conditions. Thus, Low Voltage Ride Through
(LVRT) capability is suggested for PV inverters connected to High
Voltage (HV) and Medium Voltage (MV) lines. During voltage sag
condition, LVRT prevents the inverters from being disconnected
and supports the grid voltage through reactive power injection.
Low Voltage (LV) systems, unlike HV and MV systems, have
resisitive characteristics of the line, thereby making the LVRT
techniques based on reactive power injection ineffective in case of
LV system. To address this issue, sensitivity matrices are derived
in this paper. These matrices determine the effect of active and
reactive power on voltage magnitude in case of HV and LV
systems. A voltage support scheme for LV system is proposed in
this paper. Detailed simulation studies are carried out and results
are included in this paper. Performance of the the proposed
scheme is compared with a conventional LVRT scheme.
Index Terms—Distributed Generation (DG), Photovoltaic (PV)
inverters, Low Voltage Ride Through (LVRT).
I. I NTRODUCTION
T He need for environment friendly power has led to
increased penetration of renewable generation sources.
Solar PV is getting special attention because of the availability
of solar radiations, feasibility to be used as electrical power
generation sources and viability of installing small distributed
solar PV based generation systems. [1]. The current scenario
reveals that PV penetration in the grid would substantially in-
crease in the upcoming years. A majority of these installations
are expected to be residential rooftop PV systems with rating
of 10kVA or less connected to Low voltage (LV) systems.
The increased installation of rooftop solar PV is motivated
by energy independence of the customers and Feed-In-Tarrifs
(FITs) based incentives [2]–[4]. Penetration of solar PV is
defined as the total installed PV capacity to the peak load
demand of the system. High level of solar PV penetration at
LV level combined with occurrence of faults, could lead to
interruptions in power supply. The most common among faults
in distribution sytem is single phase line to ground faults.
These faults causes low voltage on the load end side, and
This work is supported in part by Science and Engineering Research Board
(SERB), Govt. of India and in part by Department of Science and Technology
(DST), Govt. of India.
l-)))
activate anti-islanding protection of DGs. Sudden switching
out of large amount of solar PV based power generating units
will lead to increase in loading of conventional power plants.
This may cause adverse condition like complete blackout.
Earlier grid code IEEE 1547-2003, states that PV inverters
should operate at unity power factor i.e. no reactive power
support at the point of common coupling (PCC). But with
increased penetration of solar PVs in system, and ability
to provide voltage support to the grid at PCC, Distributed
Generation (DG) interconnection codes are revised. The new
grid code IEEE 1547-2014a, allows DGs to actively participate
in voltage support whenever required. In the revised grid
code, tripping time of DGs due to under voltage condition,
aren modified. When fault is cleared normal operation of
PV inverter i.e. unity power factor feeding is resumed. This
capability of solar inverters to operate during fault is known
as Low Voltage Ride Through (LVRT). Various LVRT based
techniques for solar PV system are discussed in literature [5]–
[11]. The modified grid codes specifies that reactive current
should be injected into the grid during faults.
Germany and Italy are among the countries who have
suggested improvisation of grid codes expecting an increase in
penetration of solar PV [5], [6]. Using E.ON grid codes pre-
sented by German transmission network operators discussed
in [5], the reactive current injection by solar PV inverter for
particular level of voltage sag is determined. The time of
disconnection of PV inverter depends on the level of grid
voltage. During low voltage conditions, the reactive power
support should be provided. If the low voltage persist in the
system beyond a particular interval of time, the inverter should
disconnect. In [8], a control technique for multimode operation
of solar PV inverters is proposed. Maximum Power Point
Tracking (MPPT), Constant Power Control (CPC) and Short
Circuit Control (SCC) mode is decided based on percentage
of sag depth in the system. In [9], a control technique is
proposed to inject positive and negative sequence current
into grid during low voltage conditions. With the injection
of positive and negative sequence current, unbalanced grid
voltage is reduced during fault conditions. In [10], control
technique is adopted for German Association of Energy and
Water Industries (BDEW) to provide active and reactive power
to grid during faulty conditions. The active power is controlled

based on frequency deviation from nominal value. Reactive
power injection is based on grid voltage level decided by the 'LVWULEXWLRQ
grid codes. In this, Medium voltage (MV) level is considered *ULG ;WKHY N9 =WU ;IWU .9
IHHGHU
and static voltage support by constant power factor (CPF)
=GU =GU=GU =GU=GU =GU=GU 'LVWULEXWLRQ
or Fixed reactive power is discussed. In [11], the paper
presents control technique to be adopted during low voltage IHHGHU
       
grid conditions. This paper suggests control scheme to be
implemented for constant peak current, constant active and
constant average active current of the solar PV inverter. In [12], N9//
the real and reactive power injection is proposed considering 9//
the voltage sensitivity factor. This paper states that reactive
;IGLVW
power sensitivity at end of feeder is high. Therefore, injection
of reactive power at the end of the feeder is expected to /RDG /RDG/RDG
/RDGQ
9/*
yield better voltage profile. In most of the reported literatures,
voltage controllability is achieved with the help of reactive
Fig. 1. Typical low voltage distribution system.
power injection. These studies are reported for MV and HV
systems. This may not be applicable in case of LV systems,
due to large R/X (resistance to inductance) ratio in LV system.  =∠ș  =∠ș 
With increased penetration of solar PV in LV system, suitable
6O 6O
study of voltage support and LVRT for LV system is required.
6 6
To address the aforemetioned issue of LVRT support in

/RDG
/RDG
LV system, sensitivity of real and reactive power on voltage 9J∠ 9∠į 9∠į
39 39
profile is explored. A control scheme for solar PV inverter
connected to LV system is proposed. The proposed scheme
ensures voltage support during low voltage grid conditions.
The paper is organized as follows. In section II, sensitivity
matrix derivation is provided. In section III, control scheme
and its operation is explained. In section IV, the simulation Fig. 2. Two node electrical power distribution system
results are shown for the control strategy is presented. Section
V includes the conclusion of the paper.
is given by,
II. R EAL A ND R EACTIVE P OWER S ENSITIVITY Sli = (Pli − Ppvi ) + j(Qli − Qpvi ) (1)

The power transmission and distribution lines are classified
as High Voltage (HV) which are 200 kV and more, Medium
Voltage (MV) which lies between 33 kV to 132 kV and
Low Voltage (LV) lies between 240 V to 11 kV [7]. HV
level is adopted during transmission of power from grid to
distribution load area. This practice is adopted to reduce the
line losses during transmission of power. In HV system, the
transmission lines are modelled as inductive due to large
spacing between conductors, which increases the inductance
of the line. MV and LV levels are used in distribution system.
MV lines are used to transmit power to different substations.
LV lines are used at user end. These lines have lower
inductance value as compared to HV transimission lines. A
typical conventional LV distribution system is shown in Fig. 1.
To derive the dependency of real and reactive power change
on system voltage and power angle, a two node model is
considered, as shown in Fig. 2. In the figure, Vg is the grid
side voltage, V1 is the node 1 voltage, V2 is the node 2 voltage.
Similarly δ1 and δ2 are the load power angles of node 1 and
node 2, respectively. The loads considered here are residential
loads. Further, each residence has a rooftop grid feeding solar
PV. The total apparent power Sli drawn by ith residential load
where, i = 1, 2 for node 1 and 2, respectively. Pli and Qli are
the real and reactive power drawn by the load, respectively.
Ppvi is the real and Qpvi is the reactive power generated by
the solar PV inverter connected at that node. From (1) it is
observed that, if Ppvi decreases, the real power drawn from
the grid increases. Similarly, reactive power drawn from the
grid increases if Qpvi decreases. Therefore, change in Ppvi and
Qpvi changes the power flow between the nodes. The change
in power flow between nodes consequently affects the voltage
at the nodes. To analyze the effect of change in Ppvi and
Qpvi power flow equations are derived. The apparent power
consumed by load at node 1, Sl1 is given by,
Sl1 = S01 − S12 (2)
where, S01 and S12 are the power flow from node 0 to 1 and
node 1 to 2, respectively. S01 and S02 are given by,
∗ V1 ∠−δ1 ∗ (Vg ∠0 − V1 ∠δ1 )
S01 = V¯1 I¯1 = (3)
Z1 ∠−θ1
∗ V1 ∠−δ1 ∗ (V1 ∠δ1 − V2 ∠δ2 )
S02 = V¯1 I¯2 = (4)
Z2 ∠−θ2
where, Z1 ∠θ1 and Z2 ∠θ2 are the impedance of first and
second section of line, respectively as shown in Fig. 2.


Substituting, S01 and S12 from (3) and (4), respectively into LV lines is obtained and plotted in Fig. 3. It is observed that
(2), voltage becomes more sensitive to active power as the R/X
ratio of line increases. Similarly, the sensitivity of voltage on
Vg V1 ∠(θ1 − δ1 ) V1 2 ∠θ1 V1 2 ∠θ2 reactive power change decreases with increase in R/X ratio.
Sl1 = − − +
Z1 Z1 Z2 In Fig. 4 the voltage variation at node 1 with active and
V1 V2 ∠(δ2 − δ1 + θ1 )
(5)
Z2 

Similarly, for node 2, 

w9w3SY
2
V1 V2 ∠(θ2 + δ1 − δ2 ) V2 ∠θ2


Sl2 = − (6)
Z2 Z2




6HQVLWLYLW\
To obtain sensitivity of real and reactive power on voltage of
nodes 1 and 2, following variations in these parameters are 

considered. 
w9w4SY

Vi = Vi nom + ΔVi (7) 

δi = δi nom + Δδi

(8)

Ppvi = Ppvi nom + ΔPpvi (9)     
5;5DWLR
    

Qpvi = Qpvi nom + ΔQpvi (10)

Fig. 3. Sensitivity of node 1 voltage on real and reactive power variation in
where, i represents node number. The Vi nom , δi nom , Ppvi nom , HV, MV and LV line
Qpvi nom are the nominal values and ΔVi , Δδi , ΔPpvi , ΔQpvi
are the variation over nominal values. The grid voltage Vg and reactive power injection is shown. The x-axis of the graph
load power Sli are assumed to be constant. By substituting represents per unit (pu) real and reactive power variation. The
Vi , δi , Ppvi and Qpvi from (7)-(10) in (5) and (6) we obtain y-axis of the graph depicts change in voltage at node 1 for
equations (11) and (12)which are given at the bottom of corresponding active / reactive power injected by solar PV
the next page. Simplifying, (11) and (12) assuming Δδi to inverter. The graph is plotted for HV and LV line. For HV line,
be small and subtracting (5) and (6) from (11) and (12), it is observed from the graph that change in voltage is 0.01
respectively gives, pu when real power injection goes upto 1 pu i.e. maximum
injection. For the same HV line, change in voltage is 0.019
⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤ pu for maximum reactive power injection. This justifies the
ΔPpv1 ΔV1
⎢ΔQpv1 ⎥  −1 ⎢ΔV2 ⎥ injection of reactive power in HV lines for voltage support.
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎣ ΔPpv2 ⎦ = S ⎣ Δδ1 ⎦ (13) For LV line, the change in voltage is 0.008 pu for real power
ΔQpv2 Δδ2 injection and there is almost no change in voltage for reactive
power injection. Similar, observations are made for voltage
S is the sensitivity matrix given by, at node 2 as shown in Fig. 5. In the graphs shown in Fig.
⎡ ∂V1 ∂V1 ∂V1 ∂V1 ⎤ 4 and Fig. 5, it is inferred that increase in R/X ratio shifts
∂Ppv1 ∂Qpv1 ∂Ppv2 ∂Qpv2
⎢ ∂V2 ∂V2 ∂V2 ∂V2 ⎥ the dependency of voltage from reactive power to real power
⎢ ∂Ppv1 ∂Qpv1 ∂Ppv1 ∂Qpv2 ⎥
S= ⎢ ∂δ1 ∂δ1 ∂δ1 ∂δ2 ⎥ (14) injection. Therefore, in LV lines, the voltage is more sensitive
⎣ ∂Ppv1 ∂Qpv1 ∂Ppv2 ∂Qpv2 ⎦ to changes in real power rather than reactive power.
∂δ2 ∂δ2 ∂δ2 ∂δ2
∂Ppv1 ∂Qpv1 ∂Ppv2 ∂Qpv2

This sensitivity matrix S determines the effect of change in III. P ROPOSED C ONTROL S CHEME
real and reactive power on the node voltage of the system. Fig. 6 shows a single phase, single stage grid feeding
With changing R/X ratio of the line, voltage dependency on solar PV inverter along with the proposed control scheme for
real and reactive power injection by solar PV is obtained. The LVRT operation. To extract maximum PV power from solar
line parameters for HV and LV lines considered are shown in PV, Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) algortihm is
Table. I. ∗
included. It generates a reference PV voltage (Vdc ) by using
TABLE I sampled values of PV voltage and current (Vpv , Ipv ). The sag
L INE PARAMETERS in node voltage is detected with the help of sag detection
block. This block, calculates node voltage magnitutde. The
Line Type Resistance (R/km) Reactance (X/km)
HV Line 0.0234Ω/km 0.1979Ω/km sampled values of grid voltage (Vg ), inverter current (Iinv ), dc
∗
MV Line 0.0773mΩ/km 0.1124Ω/km link capacitor voltage (Vdc ), detected sag signal and Vdc are
LV Line 0.38Ω/km 0.047Ω/km input to the inverter control block. Inverter control includes
the proposed controller, dc link voltage control and an inner
For the system shown in Fig. 2, variation of sensitivity of current controller to provide gate signals to the switches of
node 1 voltage on real and reactive power in HV, MV and the H-bridge inverter.


 
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'4
9SY &RQWURO
9GF ,LQY



     
'3 '4SX Fig. 6. Single phase grid connected solar PV with implemented control
scheme
Fig. 4. Change in Voltage(pu) at Node 1 due to change in ΔPpv1 (pu) and
ΔQpv1 (pu)
frequency and angle to ensure unity power factor operation of
 solar PV inverter during normal operation. The dc link voltage
∗
5; +9 is maintained constant to the PV MPP voltage (Vdc ) to ensure

5; /9 maximum feeding of real power to the grid. The error in Vdc
∗
and Vdc is processed by Proportional Integral (PI) controller
which gives the magnitude of activel current Id to be fed into
 '3
the grid.In case of voltage sag in the grid, proposed controller
'9 SX

ensures that the available active current continue to be fed in



'4
 the grid. This is mainly due to high sensitivity of node voltage
w.r.t active power in LV system. The remaining capacity of
'4 inverter is calculated by,

'3

 Iq = In 2 − Id 2 (15)
     
'3 '4SX
Fig. 5. Change in Voltage(pu) at Node 2 due to change in ΔPpv2 (pu) and
ΔQpv2 (pu)
As dicussed in previous section II, in LV systems the real
power injection changes the node voltage more compared to
reactive power injection on the same node. Therefore, it is
suggested to maintain real power injection during low voltage
grid conditions. Proposed control scheme ensures real power
injection as its first proirty during low voltage conditions. The
proposed inverter control is shown in Fig.7. The grid voltage
is input to the phase locked loop (PLL) to extract the grid
where, In is the peak value of rated inverter current, and
Id is the peak value of active current. Iq is the remaining
capacity of the inverter, which is used to inject reactive current.
The sag detection block enables reactive current injection
only under low voltage conditions of the grid. This feature
realization ensure UPF operation under normal grid conditions.
The magnitude of Iq is multiplied with orthogal sinusoidal
signal which is generated with the help of PLL. The addition
of real and reactive current becomes the reference which is
compared with the actual inverter current Iinv .The error is
passed through PI controller to obtain duty sginals. The duty
signals obtained are compared with carrier signals to provide
gating pulses to the switches of H-bridge converter.

Vg (V1 + ΔV1 )∠(θ1 − δ1 + Δδ1 ) (V1 + ΔV1 )2 ∠θ2 (V1 + ΔV1 )2 ∠θ2
Pl1 −(Ppv1 +ΔPpv1 )+j(Ql1 −(Qpv1 +ΔQpv1 )) = − −
Z1 Z1 Z2
(V1 + ΔV1 )(V2 + ΔV2 )∠(δ2 − δ1 + θ1 + Δδ2 − Δδ1 )
− (11)
Z2

(V1 + ΔV1 )(V2 + ΔV2 )∠(θ2 + δ1 − δ2 + Δδ1 − Δδ2 ) (V2 + ΔV2 )2 ∠θ2
Pl2 −(Ppv2 +ΔPpv2 )+j(Ql2 −(Qpv2 +ΔQpv2 )) = −
Z2 Z2
(12)


  
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Fig. 7. Proposed control scheme for solar PV inverter during low voltage Fig. 8. Simualtion result for both node voltages when sag occurs at t = 0.5
conditions in LV grid s and clears at t = 0.58 s

IV. S IMULATION R ESULT A ND D ISCUSSION is observed that, reactive power is injected at node 1 and 2,
the node 1 and 2 voltages are 0.6246 pu and 0.561 pu.
The simulation is performed for the system as shown in Fig.
2 using Matlab/Simulink. The system parameters considered  
1RGH9ROWDJH 1RGH9ROWDJH
in simulations are given in Table. II. Grid fault condition is
simulated using a short circuit resistor, Rsc = 0.8Ω in LV
 
line. The fault occurs at t = 0.5 s and at t = 0.58 s the
fault is cleared. The performance of the solar PV inverter
9ROWDJH9

&XUUHQW,
is investigated and effectiveness of the proposed scheme is  
validated by comparing the performance of (A) solar PV
inverter with disconnection during sag, (B) solar PV inverter
with only reactive power injection in sag, and (C) proposed  

controller.
,QYHUWHU&XUUHQW
TABLE II 
     

S YSTEM PARAMETERS 7LPHV

Grid Voltage 230 V (rms) Fig. 9. Simualtion result for both node voltages when sag occurs at t = 0.5
Frequency 50 Hz s and clears at t = 0.58 s with injection of reactive power only.
Line Parameters R = 0.38Ω, X = 0.047Ω
Node Load 5kVA
Rating of Solar PV 5 kVA
C. Proposed Scheme
Distance between nodes 500 m
In the proposed scheme, the active power is given preference
over reactive power injection during fault as shown in Fig. 7.
A. Solar PV inverter with disconnection during sag Node 1 voltage and inverter current for the proposed scheme
The solar PV inverter is operated at unity power factor under  
normal grid conditions. In case voltage goes below 0.85 pu, 1RGH9ROWDJH 1RGH9ROWDJH
solar PV inverter disconnets and stops feeding power to the
grid. The simualtion result for this condition is shown in Fig.
8. With the switching out of solar PV inverter during sag, the
9ROWDJH9

&XUUHQW,

active current drawn from grid side increases, which causes

 
the voltage to fall further. The node 1 and 2 voltages reduces
to 0.61 pu and 0.546 pu, respectively when sag occurs at t =
0.5 s.
B. Conventional scheme : Reactive power injection under sag ,QYHUWHU&XUUHQW
conditions 
     

Conventional scheme which are reported in literature is
adopted. This scheme ensures reactive power injection during
low voltage grid conditions. The active power is curtailed and
reactive power is fed into the grid during sag. The effect of
reactive power injection into LV system is shown in Fig. 9. It
7LPHV
Fig. 10. Simualtion result for both node voltages when sag occurs at t = 0.5
s and clears at t = 0.58 s with constant active power operation
is shown in Fig. 10. Sag occured at t = 0.5 s. It is observed that


 TABLE III
before and after the sag occured, the current through the solar E FFECT ON NODE VOLTAGES WITH THREE DIFFERENT SCHEMES UNDER
PV is constant. Since the PV is operating at maximum real LOW VOLTAGE CONDITIONS
current injection there is no capacity left for reactive current
Sag Disconnection Reactive Proposed
injection. This fact is confirmed by UPF operation of solar Voltage
Depth of solar PV Power Injection Scheme
PV inverter during sag conditions also. With the injection Node 1 0.6 pu 0.6 pu 0.6246 pu 0.68 pu
of real/active current, the node 1 and 2 voltages during sag Node 2 0.546 pu 0.546 pu 0.561 pu 0.66 pu
condition is observed to be 0.68 pu and 0. 66pu, respectively.
This is also observed from the graph shown in Fig. 4.
Case of reduced solar irradiation is considered. In this, solar V. CONCLUSION
PV is operated at MPP but it is not equal to the inverter In this paper, LVRT operation and its importance for grid
rating. Simulation result for this case is shown in Fig. 11. support is discussed. The various grid codes reported in
It is observed that before sag occurrence, solar PV inverter is literature are for HV and MV lines and suggest reactive power
operating in UPF mode. At t = 0.5 s sag came and current injection by DG systems for grid support as the lines have
being fed into the grid becomes non-unity. From Fig. 12 it low R/X ratio. The same strategy may not be affective if
is seen that active power is kept constant during low voltage adopted for LV distribution system as the lines have high
grid condition. During sag, remaing capacity is used to inject R/X ratio. The sensitivity matrix derived in the paper shows
reactive power to the grid for voltage support. The node 1 and the effect of active and reactive power change on voltage of
2 voltages are 0.66 pu and 0.561 pu. From the simulation the grid and it justfies the increasing effect of active power
for grid support for LV distribution system. A scheme for
  LVRT operation in LV system proposed in this paper. The
1RGH9ROWDJH 1RGH9ROWDJH
scheme ensures maximum real current injection during sag
 
condition. The remaining capacity of the inverter is used to
inject reactive power. Detailed simulation studies are carried
out. The proposed scheme is compared with solar inverter
9ROWDJH9

&XUUHQW,

  disconnect and reactive power injection schemes. It is found

that the voltage profile improves in case of the proposed
scheme as compared to other schemes.
 

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5HDFWLYH3RZHU
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