Project Report

PUNYASHLOK AHILYADEVI HOLKAR SOLAPUR UNIVERSITY,
SOLAPUR
A
Project Report
On
“A Comparative Study on Partial Replacement of Various Waste
Materials as a Coarse Aggregate”
Submitted in the partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of
Bachelor of Civil Engineering
To
Punyashlok Ahilyadevi Holkar Solapur University, Solapur.
By
Ms. SHINDE PRAJAKTA PANDURANG
Ms. LALBONDRE BHARTI PANDURANG
Ms. CHANDANSHIVE POONAM SHANKAR
Ms. SURVASE NIKITA RAJKUMAR
Ms. SAWANT BHARTI ARVIND
Under the
guidance of: Prof.
A. V. KARANDE
Department of Civil Engineering

SKN Sinhgad College of Engineering, Korti, Pandharpur- 413304
A Comparative Study on Partial Replacement of Various Waste Materials as a Coarse Aggregate
Academic Year: 2020-21
Savitribai Phule Shikshan Prasarak Mandal’s
SKN SINHGAD COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, KORTI,

PANDHARPUR
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the project entitled “A Comparative Study on Partial

Replacement of Various Waste Materials as a Coarse Aggregate” has been submitted
by
Ms. SHINDE PRAJAKTA PANDURANG PRN: 2018032500224941
Ms. LALBONDRE BHARTI PANDURANG PRN: 2018032500224496
Ms. CHANDANSHIVE POONAM SHANKAR PRN: 2017032500251727
Ms. SURVASE NIKITA RAJKUMAR PRN: 2018032500222702
Ms. SAWANT BHARTI ARVIND PRN: 2016032500222046
for partial fulfillment of Bachelor of Engineering Degree in Civil Engineering as

per curriculam laid by Punyashlok Ahilyadevi Holkar Solapur University,
Solapur during the academic year 2020-2021.
Prof. A.V. External Examiner Dr. S. S. Kadam Dr. K. J. Karande

KARANDE
(Guide) ( Head, Dept. of Civil Engg ) (Principal)
SKN SINHGAD COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, KORTI Page | 2

Acknowledgement
It is our pleasure to get this opportunity to thank our beloved and respected
Guide Prof. A. V. Karande who imparted valuable knowledge of experimental
work. He was also kind enough to spare his valuable time to guide us in making
our project. We sincerely thank Dr. S. S. Kadam, Head Department of civil
engineering for his consistent guidance, inspiration and sympathetic to work,
which were sure, will go a long way in our life. We owe sincere thanks, more
than what we can express, towards him.
We are grateful to Principal, Dr. K. J. Karande for his encouragement and
guidance throughout the course.
We express our sincere thanks to all the staff, faculties and friends of Civil
Engineering Department of SKN Sinhgad College of Engineering, who have
helped us directly or indirectly in completing this final year project report.
We are also like to be grateful to our parents for wishes and moral support
during the preparation and all concerned for helping and encouraging us. We
are grateful for the many useful comments and suggestions provided by
reviewers, which have resulted significant improvements in this Project report.
Place: SKN SCOE, Pandharpur Ms. SHINDE PRAJAKTA PANDURANG
Date: Ms. LALBONDRE BHARTI PANDURANG
Class: B.E. Civil

DECLARATION
We hereby declare that this submission is our own work and that, to the
best of our knowledge and belief, it contains no material previously published
or written by another person nor material which has been accepted for the award
of any other degree or diploma of the university or other institute of higher
learning, except where due acknowledgment has been made in the text.
Place: SKN SCOE, Pandharpur Ms. SHINDE PRAJAKTA PANDURANG
Date: Ms. LALBONDRE BHARTI PANDURANG
Class: B.E. Civil

ABSTRACT
Following a normal growth in population, the amount and type of waste materials have
increased accordingly. Many of the non-decaying waste materials will remain in the
environment for hundreds, perhaps thousands of years. The non-decaying waste materials
cause a waste disposal crisis, thereby contributing to the environmental problems. However,
the environmental impact can be reduced by making more sustainable use of this waste. This
is known as the Waste Hierarchy. Its aim is to reduce, reuse, or recycle waste, the latter being
the preferred option of waste disposal.
Far more concrete is produced than any other man-made material. Annual production
represents sone ton for every person on the planet. It is incredibly versatile, and is used in
almost all major construction projects. Aggregates are used in concrete for very specific
purposes. Aggregates typically make up about60% to 75% of the volume of a concrete
mixture.
The current concrete construction practice is thought unsustainable because, not only it is
consuming enormous quantities of stone, sand, and drinking water, but also two billion tons a
year of Portland cement, which releases green-house gases leading to global warming.
Experiments has been conducted for waste materials like- rubber tyre, e-waste, coconut shell,
blast furnace slag, waste plastic, demolished concrete constituents, waste water etc. Concrete
is the mixture of various materials coarse aggregate, fine aggregate, cement & water, each of
them is mixed in various proportions to achieve specific strength. Cement being the most
important material plays an important role in the manufacturing of concrete. The high cost of
Conventional construction materials is a dominating factor effecting constructions cost. This
is necessity research for some new kind of alternative materials in the constructions field.
This project briefly discusses the effects of addition of demolished concrete waste, ceramic
waste, E-waste & coconut shell on the properties of mortar concrete mix of M20 at 28 days
four concrete mix with dosages 0%, 10%, 20% & 30% of the weight concrete mix.
Combination of these DCW, CW, E-waste & coconut shell will used as dosages of mix.
Cubes of size 15x15x15cm to check the compressive strength. The result of this concrete for
7 days, 28days, curing of concrete. The testing of concrete according to Indian standard
specification to identify the effect of workability and mechanical strength properties due to
doses of these wastes.

CONTENTS
List of Figures ………………………………………………………………………… I
List of Tables …………………………………………………………………………. II
List of Graphs ………………………………………………………………………… IV
Page
Chapter No. Title of chapter
No.
Chapter 1 Introduction 10
1.1 General 10
1.2 Different Types Of Waste 11
12
1.2.1 Concrete waste
14
1.2.2 E-waste
16
1.2.3 Coconut shells
18
1.2.4 Ceramic waste
1.3 Objectives Of Project 19

Chapter 2 Literature Review 21
2.1 Literature Review 21
Chapter 3 Materials and Methodology 25
3.1 Materials 25
3.1.1 Cement 25
3.1.2 Fine Aggregate 25
3.1.3 Coarse Aggregate 25
3.1.4 Water 25
3.1.5 Concrete Waste 25
3.1.6 E-waste 26
3.1.7 Ceramic Waste 26
3.1.8 Coconut Shell 26
3.2. Properties of aggregate 26
3.2.1 Properties of recycled aggregate 26
3.2.2 Properties of Ceramic Tiles Aggregate 27
3.2.3 Properties of E-waste 27
3.2.4 Properties of Coconut shells 27
3.3 Application of recycled aggregate 28
3.4 Quality check of coarse aggregate 28
3.5 Calculation for quantity of materials 29
3.6 Methodology 29
3.7 Test on Coarse aggregate 31
3.7.1 Sieve Analysis test 31

3.7.2 Crushing Value Test 31

3.7.3 Aggregate impact test 32
3.7.4 Los Angeles abrasion test 33
3.4.5 Water absorption and specific gravity test 34
3.8 Test on concrete 35
3.8.1 Slump Cone Test 35
3.8.2 Compressive strength test 36
Chapter 4 Results and discussion 38
4.1 Results of various tests conducted by on coarse aggregate 38
4.2 Results of various tests conducted on concrete 40
4.2 FRP Design Calculations 40
Chapter 5 Conclusion 56
Chapter 6 Future Scope 58
Chapter 7 References 59
Annexure-I Publications 62
List of figures:
Fig. 1.1 Construction wastes generated during the demolition of a building
Fig. 1.2 Demolition of building due to wrong construction
Fig. 1.3 E-Waste materials
Fig. 1.4 State wise E-waste generation in India
Fig. 1.5 Coconut shell
Fig. 1.6 Crushed waste ceramic tile aggregates
Fig. 3.1 Wastes containing concrete
Fig. 3.2 Curing of concrete cubes
Fig. 3.3 Aggregate crushing test apparatus
Fig. 3.4 Los Angeles abrasion test
Fig. 3.5 Water absorption testing equipment
Fig. 3.6 slump cone test

Fig. 3.7 Compressive Strength test reading
List of Tables:
Table 1.1 Percentage wise distributions of construction wastes
Table 1.2 Country wise generations of construction wastes
Table 1.3: Availability of coconut shell
Table 3.1 Application of recycled aggregate to actual buildings
Table 3.2 Calculation for quantity of materials
Table 4.1 Sieve analysis test result
Table 4.2 Aggregate Crushing test result
Table 4.3 Aggregate Impact test result
Table 4.4 Los Angeles Abrasion value test result
Table 4.5 Water Absorption and Specific Gravity test result
Table 4.6 Workability of concrete containing various percentages of DCW
Table 4.7 Workability of concrete containing various percentages of CW
Table 4.8 Workability of concrete containing various percentages of CS
Table 4.9 Workability of concrete containing various percentages of EW
Table 4.10 Comparison between workability of concrete containing various percentages of DCW and
CW
Table 4.11 Comparison between workability of concrete containing various percentages of CS and
EW
Table 4.12 Comparison between workability of concrete containing various percentages of DCW,
CW, CS and EW
Table 4.13 Compressive strength of concrete containing various percentages of DCW
Table 4.14 Compressive strength of concrete containing various percentages of CW
Table 4.15 Compressive strength of concrete containing various percentages of CS
Table 4.16 Compressive strength of concrete containing various percentages of EW
Table 4.17 Comparison between Compressive strength of concrete containing various percentages of
DCW and CW at 14 days
CS & EW at 14 days
DCW & CW at 28 days
Table 4.20 Comparison between Compressive strength of concrete containing various percentages
of CS & EW at 28 days
DCW, CW, CS and EW at 14 days
DCW, CW, CS and EW at 28 days.
List of Graphs:
Graph 4.1 Workability of concrete containing various percentages of DCW
Graph 4.2 Workability of concrete containing various percentages of CW
Graph 4.3 Workability of concrete containing various percentages of CS
Graph 4.4 Workability of concrete containing various percentages of EW
Graph 4.5 Comparison between workability of concrete containing various percentages of DCW &
CW
Graph 4.6 Comparison between workability of concrete containing various percentages of CS & EW
Graph 4.7 Comparison between workability of concrete containing various percentages of DCW,

CW, CS & EW
Graph 4.8 Compressive strength of concrete containing various percentages of DCW
Graph 4.9 Compressive strength of concrete containing various percentages of CW
Graph 4.10 Compressive strength of concrete containing various percentages of CS
Graph 4.11 Compressive strength of concrete containing various percentages of EW
Graph 4.12 Comparison between Compressive strength of concrete containing various percentages of
DCW & CW at 14 days
CS & EW at 14 days
Graph 4.14 Comparison between compressive strength of concrete containing various percentages of
DCW & CW at 28 days
CS & EW at 28 days
DCW, CW, and CS & EW at 14 days
DCW, CW, CS & EW at 28 days
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 General
Huge quantities of construction materials are required in developing countries due to
continued infrastructural growth and also huge quantities of construction and
demolition wastes are generated every year in developing countries like India. An
estimated 50 million tons of E-waste are produced each year worldwide. India ranks
third in coconut shell production. 10,560,000 tonnes coconut is produced in India in
year 2012 . The disposal of these wastes is a very serious problem because on one side

it requires huge space for its disposal while on the other side it pollutes the
environment. It is also necessary to protect and preserve the natural resources like
stone, sand etc. Continuous use of natural resources, like river and sand is another
major problem and this increases the depth of river bed resulting in drafts and also
changing the climatic conditions. Demolition of old and deteriorated buildings and
traffic infrastructure, and their substitution with new ones, is a frequent phenomenon
today in a large part of the world. The main reasons for this situation are changes of
purpose, structural deterioration, rearrangement of a city, expansion of traffic
directions and increasing traffic load, natural disasters (earthquake, fire and flood),
etc. Changes in infrastructure planning and needs result in the generation of
construction and demolition waste (C&D Wastes): an estimated 900 million tons
every year in India, Europe, the US and Japan. It is estimated that the construction
industry in India generates about 10-12 million tons of waste annually. In particular,
Construction and Demolition (C&D) wastes contribute the highest percentage of
wastes worldwide about 75%. Furthermore, ceramic materials contribute the highest
percentage of wastes within the C&D wastes about 54%. It is predicted that about
30% of daily production of ceramic materials in India change into wastage and this
amount reaches to millions ton per year.
According to an investigation conducted in 2002 by the ministry of land,

infrastructure and transport (here in after referred to as MLIT), the amount of
construction waste produced in Japan is approximately 83 million tons per year, most
of which is recycled in compliance with related laws and ordinances. Of the total
construction waste, concrete waste accounts for approximately 35 million tons per
year. Although the recycling rate of concrete waste has reached 98%, most of it is
used for roadbed gravel [4]. In the USA, the construction waste produced from
building demolition alone is estimated to be 123 million tons per year [1]. The use of
recycled aggregate concrete as granular base has been increasing rapidly. For
example, at Toronto’s Pearson airport, 145,000 t of concrete from old terminals and
pavements was crushed on site and recycled for use in 500 mm thick granular base
layers under new apron and taxiway pavements. Over 75,000 t of RCA were used for
this purpose thus saving approximately 4000 truckloads of virgin granular base from
being hauled more than 50 km from quarries to the airport and a similar number of
truckloads of old concrete being hauled away to landfill [1]. At present, in India

27.8% of the total population living in cities, which is 13.8% more than the year of
1947 [5]. There is a shortage of about 55,000 million m3 due to the construction of
new infrastructure which shows that the demand of the aggregates in future increases.
750 million m3 additional aggregate is required to fulfill the demand of the road
sector . There is a huge gap between the demand and the supply of the aggregates
because giant amount of aggregates is required in the housing and transportation
nowadays. So recycling of demolished construction waste is very essential. The total
number of recycling plants is also estimated as 1000 for Germany, 150 for Austria,
120 for the Netherlands, 100 for the UK and Italy, 92 for Belgium, 50 for France, 30
for Denmark, 10 for Sweden, 8 for Ireland, and 6 for Spain. IL&FS Environment has
set up India’s first operational large scale construction and demolition waste recycling
plant for North Delhi Municipal Corporation, on a PPP framework. The plant at
Burari will help ease the pressure of the 5000 tons of C&D (construction and
demolition) waste that Delhi generates per day, by recycling it into construction grade
aggregates. Based on the approval of MLIT, recycled coarse aggregate concrete was
applied to two buildings. One is the Biotope Soga Symbiosis building installed in the
Chiba Heating Power area. Other is the Waste incinerator building installed in the
Yokohama Thermal Power Plant premises . The ultimate purpose of recycling
materials is to minimize the impact of human activities on the environment and the
planet.
Fig. 1.1 Construction wastes generated during the demolition of a building

Fig.1.2 Demolition of building due to wrong construction
1.2 Different types of wastes

1.2.1 Concrete Wastes
When buildings are demolished as a result of disasters, their rubble contains
fragmented building components, furnishings and organic matter that are difficult to
separate. On the other hand, it is possible to reuse most of the building materials and
components, and recycle much of the rubble. According to investigations on the
composition of demolition waste in the Netherlands revealed that 20% of the
wood, 90% of the steel and 100% of other metals like zinc, lead and copper are being
removed from the structure, leaving behind building waste, which on the average is
composed of :
Table 1.1 Percentage wise distributions of construction wastes
CONSTRUCTION WASTES PERCENTAGE

Brickwork 62%
Brick rubble 6.1%
Bituminous materials 0.2%
Scrap steel 0.1%
Concrete rubble 24%
Tiles 2.3%
Wood 4.7%
Other 0.6%
Total 100%

Table 1.2 Country wise generations of construction wastes
CONSTRUCTION YEARS
COUNTRY
WASTES (Millions per ton)
Germany 223 2003
Japan 85 2000
China 200 2005
Australia 19 2008-09
Ireland 11 2004
South Korea 61.7 2013
Norway 1.5 2003
India 20 2016
Although the volume of demolition waste is huge, much of it is inert, allowing it

to be crushed, processed, and reused as aggregate in building works. Nevertheless,
large amounts still end up as landfill rather than being recycled. Waste containing
half-used paint pots, discarded solutions, solvents and chemicals are potentially
hazardous, and building waste likely to be contaminated with asbestos must also be
treated as dangerous. It has been established that materials and components recovered
from demolished buildings are being reused for new construction works as well as
renovation projects, especially by low-income communities in developing countries.
It has been noted that material, which was not considered worthy of re-use a few
years ago, has appeared in the market after the recent global economic crisis.
For example, steel reinforcement from demolished buildings used to be recycled
back into steel; however, it is now considered worthwhile to adopt measures to
facilitate its reuse as a building material. Meanwhile, demolition contractors have also
become increasingly aware of the feasibility of recovering as much material as
possible, for new construction works. Consequently, they are giving considerable
importance to the proper sorting, storing and display of their wares. Rapid industrial
development cause serious problems all over the world such as depletion of natural

aggregates and creates enormous amount of waste materials from construction and
demolition activities. One of the ways to reduce these problems is to utilize recycled
aggregate in the new construction concrete components.
1.2.2 E-Waste
The use of Electronic waste to augment the properties of concrete has been going on
for recent years. Non recycling Waste materials are posing serious pollution problems
to the human and the environment. So, new effective waste management options need
to be considered. Efforts have been made in the concrete industry to use non-
biodegradable components of E-waste as a partial replacement of the coarse or fine
aggregates. In the recent decades, the efforts have been made to use electronic waste
from various sources in concrete for the replacement of cement, fine and coarse
aggregate. The use of these materials in concrete comes from the environmental
constraints in the safe disposal of these products. Use of E-waste materials not only
helps in getting them utilized in cement, concrete and other construction materials, it
helps in reducing the cost of cement and concrete manufacturing, but also has
numerous indirect benefits such as reduction in landfill cost, saving in energy, and
protecting the environment from possible pollution effects. Today availability of the
electronic waste

Fig. 1.3: E-Waste materials

is enormous, as the electronic materials have become part and parcel of daily life.
The quantity of electronic waste is getting higher in our country. Several tones of E
waste need to be disposed per year. If not recycled, their present disposal is either by
land filling or by incineration.
Fig. 1.4 State wise E-waste generation in India
Both the processes have certain impart on the environment. Under these
circumstances, an alternate use for the electronic waste is also needed. E plastic waste
is one of the fastest growing waste streams in the world. E-waste can be defined as
“Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment including all components, sub-
assemblies. Electronic waste, abbreviated as E-waste, consists of discarded old
computers, TVs, refrigerators, radios – basically any electrical or electronic appliance
that has reached its end of life. On the other hand, electronics waste, plastics, rubbers,
etc. are increasing day by day. E waste describes loosely discarded, surplus, obsolete,
broken, electrical or electronic devices. Waste materials like keyboards, mouse,
mother boards, mobile phones, plastic bottles, polymers, cups, waste tires can be re-
used by making powder or blending it with crushers and can be coated with aggregate

or mixed with the concrete process. An estimated 50 million tons of E-waste are
produced each year worldwide [28].
The total E-waste generated in India is about 1, 46,180 tons per year [28]. The
environmental protection agency estimates that only 15-20% of E-waste is recycled.
The processing of electronic waste in developing countries causes serious health and
pollution problems due to the fact that electronic equipment contains serious
contaminants such as lead, cadmium, Beryllium etc. The use of these materials in
concrete comes from the environmental constraints in the safe disposal of these
products. Use of E-waste materials not only helps in getting them utilized in cement,
concrete and other construction materials, it helps in reducing the cost of cement
and concrete manufacturing, but also has numerous indirect
benefits such as reduction in landfill cost, saving in energy, and protecting the
environment from possible pollution effects.
1.2.3 Coconut shells
Using coconut shell as alternative materials in place of natural aggregates in concrete
production makes concrete as sustainable and environmentally friendly construction
material. The chemical composition of coconut shell is similar to wood and it contains
33.61% cellulose, 36.51 % lignin and 0.61% ash. Lightweight aggregate concrete can
be used produced using a variety of lightweight aggregate. Lightweight aggregate can
be originated from natural materials like pumice, the thermal treatment of natural raw
materials like clay slate or shale. The other by product may include fly ash. The
required properties will have bearing on the best type of lightweight aggregate used.
the benefits of using lightweight aggregate concrete includes reduction in dead load,
improved thermal properties, improved fire resistance and reduction in formwork.
The high demand for concrete in the construction using normal weight aggregates
such as gravel and granite drastically reduces the natural stone deposits and this has
damaged the environment thereby causing ecological imbalance, there is a need to
explore and to find out suitable replacement material to substitute the natural stone. In
developed countries, many natural materials like Pumice, Scoria and Volcanic debris
and manmade materials like expanded blast-furnace slag, vermiculite and clinker are
used in construction works as substitutes for natural stone aggregates. In India,
commercial use of non-conventional aggregates in concrete construction has not yet

started. India is the third largest producer of coconut products in the world. Coconut
trees are widely cultivated in the southern states of India, especially Kerala. Kerala
got its name itself derived from a word, ’kera’ meaning coconut tree. Kerala is
densely populated state and most of its population uses coconut or it’s by products in
their daily activities. Coconut shells thus get accumulated in the mainland without
being degraded for around 100 to 120 years. Disposal of these coconut shells is
therefore a serious environmental issue. In this juncture, the study on use of
coconut shells as a substitute or replacement for coarse aggregates in concrete is
gaining importance in terms of possible reduction of waste products in the
environment and finding a sustainable alternative for non-renewable natural stone
aggregates.
Table 1.3: Availability of coconut shell
Sr. no. Country Coconut % of world total

production
2012(metric tonnes)
1. Indonesia 18,000000 t 30.0 %
2. Philippines 15,862,386 t 26.04%
3. India 10,560,000 t 17.0%
4. Brazil 2,888,532 t 4.8%
5. Sri Lanka 2,000,000 t 3.3%
Fig 1.5: Coconut shell

Fig 1.5: Coconut shell
1.2.4 Ceramic wastes

Utilization of waste materials (i.e., slag, fly ash, plastics, etc.) in concrete construction
is one of the prime research interests to reach the goal of achieving sustainable
construction. Aggregates impart about 70% to 75% of volume to concrete. In this
aspect, consumption of waste tiles or broken tiles as coarse aggregates in concrete
manufacturing can be a new scientific sobriety in the field of sustainable concrete. A

large amount of tiles get broken or wasted in tile industries and on mega construction
projects. The residual and unused wastes are disposed into environment as burden
without any commercial return.
Consequently, huge money is being spent for their disposal reasons as well as
environmental pollution occurs. It is well known that addition of these wastes in
concrete as a supplement generally reduces the construction cost and more or less
maintains the properties of concrete. In addition, waste materials, when properly
processed, have shown to be effective as construction materials and readily meet the
design specifications. Ceramic tile aggregates are hard having considerable value of
specific gravity, rough surface on one side and smooth on other side, are lighter in
weight than normal stone aggregates. Using ceramic tile aggregate in concrete not
only will be cost effective, but also will be good from environment point of view. This
study focuses on producing concrete of acceptable strength with crushed waste
ceramic tiles as coarse aggregate and determining the optimum coarse aggregate mix
ratio to achieve this strength. Previous attempts and researches be evidence for that
industrial left outs and wastes as well as other ravages have been used in producing
concrete to get better its properties, also to reduce cost. Enhancement in the modulus
of elasticity of concrete was experimentally observed with partial substitute of coarse
aggregate by using crushed vitrified soil aggregate. The principal target of the
experimental of program was to conclude the involvement of the waste recycled
aggregate type to the enhancement in the strength properties of the enclosed concrete.
The study program includes the experimental investigation of the behavioral conducts
of fresh and hardened concrete along with ceramic waste coarse aggregate and to
compare the relevant properties and behavior with conventional concrete.
Conducted experiments to determine the advancement in the strength of concrete

by using ceramic waste as substitute for coarse aggregate as well as compared its
strength with the control concrete made up of conventional coarse aggregate. The
improvement in the properties of concrete was experimentally observed by replacing
crushed ceramic materials waste instead of crushed stone commonly used as coarse
aggregate. The compressive strength was not affected and changed when ceramic
wastes substituted a part of common crushed stone aggregate in concrete.
The crushed waste ceramic as coarse aggregate had a number of improvements like
good workability, low cost and eco- friendly when compared to usual conventional

concrete, including better compressive strength.

Fig 1.7: Crushed waste ceramic tile aggregates
1.3 Objectives
 The main aim of this research paper is to find out the utilization of these waste
materials in concrete as a substitute to coarse aggregate and analyse the mechanical
property such as compressive strength and workability.
 To examine the possibility of using recycled construction waste in concrete.
 To find out the optimum percentage replacement of this construction wastes with
coarse aggregate.
 To develop and improvise the technology for construction-waste management.
 Safe disposal of demolished concrete waste, ceramic waste, coconut waste, E-
waste by using them as coarse aggregate.
 To limit the amount of toxic substances in certain electronic product.
 To develop and improve the technology for e-waste management.
 To reduce the pollution due to recycling of e-waste in the un-organized section.
 To reduce the overexploitation of quarries, CO2 Emission and greenhouse gases
emission.
 To save huge landfill space by disposing these wastes.
 To reduce the cost of construction by using these waste materials as a coarse
aggregate.
 To help Clean India Mission.

CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
R. Kamala, B. Krishna Rao (2012) studied the reuse of solid waste from building
demolition for the Replacement of Natural Aggregates. In their study, they use
various mix proportion for partial replacement of conventional aggregate is
studied by casting 3 cubes, 3 cylinders and 3 beams for each and every replacement
and compressive strength and split and flexural strengths were conducted at the
end of 7, 28, 56 days. The compressive strength of the ceramic concrete has been
varied from 32.88-46.88 M pa and the split tensile strength is varied from 2.47-
3.72Mpa and flexural strength is varied from 5.33-7.82Mpa for 28 days. It is
observed that the strength decreases from 50% replacement of coarse aggregate.
Hence until 40% we can use ceramic tiles collected from building demolition as
replacement of coarse aggregate.
Asif Husain, and Majid Matouq Assas (2013) studied the Utilization of Demolished
Concrete Waste for New Construction. In their study they replaced coarse aggregate
by recycled aggregate at various percentages and perform many tests on them. The
minimum 30specimens were cast for each w/c ratio i.e. 0.60, 0.625 and 0.65 for the
two mixes (M15 & M20), thereby making more than 180 specimens, Five sets of
cubes were cast replacing fresh aggregate by coarse aggregate from demolished
waste @ 0%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% by weight. With different w/c ratio as
recommended in IS456-2000 compressive strength of mix increases by 26.75%
when fresh aggregate is replaced by 75% dismantled aggregate, however slump
decreases to 2/3rd value. Increasing w/c ratio from 0.60 to 0.625 i.e. by 4.16%, slump
increases from 21mm to 60mm when fresh aggregate is replaced by 75%

dismantled with 12.68% increase of compressive strength of the mix. For 0.65 w/c
ratio (IS 456-2000) compressive strength of M15 & M20mix replacing fresh
aggregate by 75% dismantled aggregate , increases up to 40%, however slump
decreases to half.
R. Sri Rvindrarajah (1987) studied that Utilization of Waste concrete for new
construction, in his study he get compressive and flexural strength at full
replacement of natural aggregate by recycled aggregate. The value for compressive
strength varies from2833.2 mpa and flexural strength varies from4.154.88 mpa at
28 days testing.
S.Manoj kumar (2015) Studied on Replacement of coarse Aggregate by E-Waste in
concrete. to find out suitable alternatives to it. E-waste is used as one such alternative
for coarse aggregate. The preparation of concrete,partial replacement of E-waste with
coarse aggregate was attempted. The work was conducted on M20 grade mix.The
replacement of coarse aggregate with E-waste in the range of 0%, 5%, 10%, 15% and
20 %.Finally the mechanical properties and durability of the concrete mix specimen
obtained from the addition of these materials is compared with control concrete
mix.The reuse of E-waste results in waste reduction and resources conservation.
N.Panneer selvam (2015) studied that use of E-waste material is a partial solution to
environmental and ecological problems. In this work printed circuit board is used as
Ewaste material. This paper aims to minimize the dangers to human health and
environment that disposed and dismantled electronics can create. Benifits of recycling
are extended when responsible recycling methods are used.concrete mixes with
different percentages of E-waste were casted. It has been decided to make three
different types of conventional specimens with partial replacement of E-waste on a
percentage of 10%, 20% and 30% to coarse aggregate with water cement ratio of 0.45
for conventional specimens are also prepare for M20 concrete without using E-waste
aggregates. The effect of physical and mechanical properties of the concrete were
studied.
P.Krishna prasanna (2014) studied the Strength variations in concrete by Using E-

Waste as coarse aggregate. This report presents the results of an investigation to study
the performance of concrete prepared with E-waste as a part of coarse aggregate. An
experimental study is made by preparing specimens by utilizing E-waste particles as
coarse aggregates in concrete with a percentage replacement from 0%, 5%, 10%,

15%, 20%. And conventional specimens are also prepared for M30 grade concrete
without using E-waste aggregates. By conducting test for both specimens the
hardened properties of concrete are studied. It is found that use of E-waste aggregates
results in the information of concrete which has lesser weight than that of
conventional concrete. This study ensures that reusing of E-waste as coarse
aggregate substitutes in concrete gives a good approach to reduce cost of materials
and solve solid waste problems posed by E- waste.
J.P. RIES (2011) studied that Lightweight aggregate (LWA) plays important role in
today’s move towards sustainable concrete, Lightweight aggregates contributes to
sustainable development by lowering transportation requirements, optimizing
structural efficiency that results in a reduction in the amount of overall building
material being used, conserving energy, Reducing labor demands and increasing the
survive life of structural concrete.
AMARNATH YERRMALLA (2012) et al studied the strength of coconut shells
(CS) replacement and different and study the transport properties of concrete with CS
as coarse aggregate replacement. They concluded that a. Increase in CS percentage
decreased densities of the concrete. b. With CS percentage increased the 7 days
strength gain also increased with corresponding 28 days curing strength.
VISHWAS P. KULKARNI (2013) studied that Aggregates provide volume at low
cost, comprising 66 percent to 78 percent of the concrete. Conventional coarse
aggregate namely gravel and fine aggregate is sand in concrete will be used as control
While natural material is coconut shell as course aggregate will be investigate to
replace the aggregate in concrete. Lightweight concrete is typically made by
incorporating natural or synthetic lightweight aggregates or by entraining air into a
concrete mixture. Coconut shell exhibits more resistance against crushing, impact and
abrasion, compared to crushed granite aggregate. Coconut shell can be grouped under
lightweight aggregate. There is no need to treat the coconut shell before use as an
aggregate except for water absorption. Coconut shell is compatible with the cement.
The 28-day air-dry densities of coconut shell aggregate concrete are less than 2000
kg/m3 and these are within the range of structural lightweight concrete. Coconut shell
aggregate concrete satisfies the requirements of ASTM C 330.
Sudarsana et al. (2013) [Utilization of waste Ceramic Tiles as Coarse Aggregate in

conc.] investigated on the influence of water absorption of ceramic waste aggregate on

strength properties of ceramic aggregate concrete. M20 concrete is used with 0.48
water cement ratio. Ceramic waste water absorption is 0.08% more than conventional
aggregate. Compressive strength is best at 20% replacement reaching 93.45%,
98.84% to that of conventional concrete at 7 and 28 days. There is decrease in density
with increase of percentage replacement; at 100% replacement density is 4.43% less
when compared to conventional concrete.
Veera Reddy (2010) [Utilization of waste Ceramic Tiles as Coarse Aggregate in
conc.]Veera Reddy reported on impact value and crushing value of ceramic scrap as
18.2 and 24.7% respectively. These values were within the permissible limits
according to IS 383-1970, hence it was safe to use as a coarse aggregate in concrete
composition.
Marcio (2004) [Studies on Strength Characteristics on Utilization of waste Ceramic
Tile Aggregate as Coarse Aggregate in Concrete.] Marcio experimented on
compressed stress, water absorption and modulus of elasticity of concrete made with
ceramic aggregate. Crushed ceramic blocks were used as coarse aggregate in concrete
fabrication. Specific density of aggregate was 2630 to 2310 kg/m3 for 0 to 100%
replacement. Up to the replacement of 20%, Compression resistance and modulus of
elasticity was equivalent with conventional concrete.

CHAPTER 3
Materials and Methodology
3.1 Materials
3.1.1 Cement
Cement is a binder material, a substance which generally hardens independently and is
used to bind the combination of cement and aggregate to form a strong building
material. There are variable grades of cement available in our market, for this study
ordinary Portland cement of grade 53 is used i.e. OPC 53.
3.1.2 Fine Aggregate
Fine aggregate is the inert or chemically inactive material, most of which passes
through
4.75 mm IS sieve and contains not more than 5 percent coarse material. Fine
aggregate used in concrete have the function of a filler material which fills the voids
in concrete generated by coarse aggregate. The filler material used in Natural River
sand which is passing in 2.36mm sieve.
3.1.3 Coarse Aggregate
Coarse aggregate is material which passes through 80 mm sieve and retained on a 4.75
mm sieve. Coarse aggregate used in construction purpose involve a broad category of
coarse particular like gravel. Aggregate are a component of composite material such
as concrete asphalt concrete, the aggregate serves as reinforcement to add strength to
the overall composite material. Crushed angular stone of size less than 20mm from a
local source is used as coarse aggregate.

3.1.4 Water
Water is used for making and curing concrete should be free from injurious substances
such as oil, acid, alkali, sugar, salt, organic materials or other elements deleterious to
concrete or steel. Portable water is suitable for making concrete. Sea water containing
up to 35000 ppm of sodium chloride and other salts is generally suitable as mixing
water for plain concrete work. It is not fit for making reinforced concrete as the
chlorides present in it may corrode reinforcement and produce efflorescence.
3.1.5 Concrete Waste
Concrete wastes consist of brickworks, brick rubble, bituminous materials, scrap steel,
concrete rubble, tiles, wood, and other waste materials.Recycling is the act of
processing the used material for use in creating new product. The usage of natural
aggregate is getting more and more intense with the advanced development in
infrastructure area. In order to reduce the usage of natural aggregate, recycled
aggregate can be used as the replacement materials. Recycled aggregate are comprised
of crushed, graded inorganic particles processed from the materials that have been
used in the constructions and demolition debris.
3.1.6 E-Waste
The use of E-waste cement concrete termed as E-Concrete has been focused in this
investigation as a viable solution to the problem of recycling and high disposal costs.
E wastes are grained in to fine chips accordingly to replace coarse aggregate. “Waste
Electrical and Electronic Equipment including all components, sub-assemblies.
Electronic waste, abbreviated as E-waste, consists of discarded old computers, TVs,
refrigerators, radios –basically any electrical or electronic appliance that has reached
its end of life.
3.1.7 Ceramic Tiles
Ceramic tiles are crushed uniformly to about 20mm size manually or by crushing
machine and sieved through 20mm IS: Sieve. The aggregates passing through IS sieve
20mm and retained on 12.5mm were taken. The various test was conducted on the
ceramic tiles are specific gravity, water absorption and impact test.
3.1.8 Coconut Shell
Coconut shells used in the study are brought from local temple. The coconut shells are
sundried for five days before using it as an aggregate. The cleaning of coconut shell is
carried with the help of sand paper, the smaller extractions on the outer face of

coconut is cleaned with the help of water. The outer shell is then broken in smaller
parts up to 20 mm. The broking of coconut shell is done with the help of 30 kg
hammer. Then the broken pieces are passed through IS 20 mm sieve and pieces are
retained on a IS 16mm sieve are used.
3.2 Properties of aggregate

3.2.1 Properties of recycled aggregate
I. Recycled aggregate tend to have a particle shape which is more irregular than
natural aggregates and also possess a coarser surface texture.
II. The density of recycled aggregates is usually lower than that of natural aggregates
due to the presence of old mortar, bricks and other low density materials.
III. The recycled aggregate particles consist of relatively porous cement paste; the
specific gravity of the particle is lower than that for granite.
IV. The recycled aggregate particles more angular than the crushed granite particles
probably due to the case of breaking in an irrigator shape along the soft cement
paste component in concrete.
V. The volume content of relatively soft cement paste component in the recycled
aggregate particle is increased with the decrease in the aggregate size.
3.2.2 Properties of Ceramic Tiles Aggregate

I. Fresh ceramic waste coarse aggregate concrete is more cohesive and workable than
conventional concrete. This is due to the lower water absorption and smooth
surface texture of the ceramic waste coarse aggregate.
II. The compressive strength varied from 4 to 21 MPa. As far as strengths are
concerned, the basic trend in the behavior of ceramic waste coarse aggregate
concrete is not significantly different from that of the conventional crushed stone
aggregate concrete.
3.2.3 Properties of E-waste

I. As e-waste is in different form the pure electronic waste is circuit board, IC’S,
Condensers etc. so the e-waste is crushed in to desired shape it pass over 20mm
and retained on 4.75mm.
II. The board has to be completely crushed and make it in to desired shape and
size. As it suitable for the replacement of coarse aggregate.

III. Extreme versatility and ability to be tailored to meet specific technical needs.
IV. Lighter weight than competing materials reducing fuel consumption during
transportation.
V. Durability and longevity.
VI. Resistance to chemicals, water and impact.
VII. Excellent thermal and electrical insulation properties.
VIII. Comparatively lesser production cost. At melting point the bonding capacity
increases as the temperature increases.
3.2.4 Properties of Coconut Shell

I. Coconut shell has high strength and modulus properties.
II. It has added advantage of the high lignin content. High lignin content makes the
composites more weather resistant.
III. It has low cellulose content due to which it absorbs less moisture as compare to
other agricultural waste.
IV. Coconuts are being naturally available in nature and since its shells are non-
biodegradable; they can be used readily in concrete, which may fulfill almost
all the qualities of the original form of concrete.
3.3 application of recycled aggregate
Table 3.1 Application of recycled aggregate to actual buildings

Item Project No. 1 Project No. 2
Designation Chiba Heating Power Area- Yokohama Thermal
Symbiosis Building Biotope Power Plant Premises-
Soga Incinerator building
Authorization classification Approval (Special Project) Approval: All
Partial limitation: components in TEPCO’s
Foundation, Footing beam owning buildings
Authorization date 18 January 2002 15 September 2004
Date of concrete placement June 2002 May to August 2005
Amt. of concrete placement About 200 m3 About 1000 m3
Specified compressive OPC: Fc = 24 N/mm2 OPC: Fc= 21-33 N/mm2
Strength Low-heat Portland
cement: Fc=21-27 N/mm2

Replacement ratio of 30% 50% (Maximum)

recycled coarse aggregate
3.4 Quality check of coarse aggregate

 analysis test
 Aggregate crushing value test
 Aggregate impact test
 Los Abrasion value test
 Water absorption and Sieve Specific gravity test
3.5 Calculation for quantity of materials (for 1 concrete cube)

Grade of concrete = M20
Cement: Sand: Aggregate =1:1.5:3
Water Cement Ratio = 0.5
Table 3.2 Calculation for quantity of materials
Sr. % of wastes Cement Sand Coarse Waste Water
No. in concrete Aggregate Materials
1. 0% 1.36 Kg 2.06 Kg 4.26 Kg 0 Kg 0.68 lit
2. 10% 1.36 Kg 2.06 Kg 3.84 Kg 0.43 Kg 0.68 lit
3. 20% 1.36 Kg 2.06 Kg 3.41 Kg 0.85 Kg 0.68 lit
4. 30% 1.36 Kg 2.06 Kg 2.98 Kg 1.28 Kg 0.68 lit
3.6 Methodology
(1) Collection of material: Materials like ceramic waste, demolished concrete

waste, Coconut shell, E-waste, coarse aggregate, fine aggregate, cement, and
water are collected for preparing concrete.
(2) Weighing and mixing process: These materials are weighed in proper ratio as
per design and after then mixed in proper way.

(3) Molding process: concrete mix (M20) is prepared with water cement ratio of
0.5 and molded in cube sized 150*150*150 mm3.
(4) Removing of mould: After 24 hours the moulds are removed.
Fig 3.1 Wastes containing concrete
(5) Curing process: concrete cubes are cured in fresh water for 14 days and 28 days.

Fig 3.2 Curing of concrete cubes

(6) Testing process: After removing the moulds, concrete cubes are tested on
compression testing machine.
(7) Analysis and test result: After compressive strength test on cube, results are
calculated.
3.7 Test on Coarse aggregate
3.7.1 Sieve Analysis test
The sieve analysis is conducted to determine the particle size distribution in a sample
of aggregate, which we call gradation. A convenient system of expressing the
gradation of aggregate is one which the consecutive sieve openings are constantly
doubled, such as 10 mm, 20 mm, 40mm etc. Grading pattern of a sample of coarse
aggregate or fine aggregate is assessed by sieving a sample successively through all
the sieves mounted one over the other in order of size, with larger sieve on the top.
The material retained on each sieve after shaking, represents the fraction of aggregate
coarser than the sieve in question and finer than the sieve above. Sieving can be done
either manually or mechanically. In the manual operation the sieve is shaken giving
movements in all possible direction to give chance to all particles for passing through
the sieve. Operation should be continued till such time that almost no particle is
passing through. Mechanical devices are actually designed to give motion in all
possible direction, and as such, it is more systematic and efficient than hand sieving.

3.7.2 Crushing Value Test

Form the result of crushing value we come to know that the waste is having more
resistance to the wear and tear than the natural aggregate. The aggregate passing 12.5
mm IS sieve and retained on 10 mm IS sieve is selected for standard test. The
aggregate should be in surface dry condition before testing. The aggregate may be
dried by heating at a temperature 1000C to 1100C for a period of 4 hours and is tested
after being cooled to room temperature. The cylindrical measure is filled by the test
sample of aggregate in three layers of approximately depth, each depth being tamped
25 times by the rounded end of the tamping rod. After the third layer is tamped, using
the tamping rod as a straight edge levels off the aggregate at the top of cylindrical
measure. About 6.5 kg of aggregate is required for preparing two test samples. The
test sample thus taken is then weighed. The same weight of the sample is taken in the
repeat test. The cylinder of the test apparatus is placed in position on the base plate;
one third of the test sample is placed in this cylinder and tamped 25 times by the
tamping rod. Similarly, the other two parts of the test specimen are added, each layer
being subjected to 25 blows. The total depth of the material in the cylinder after
tamping shall however be 100 mm. The surface of aggregates is levelled and the
plunger inserted so that it rests on this surface in level position. The cylinder with test
sample and the plunger in position is placed on compression testing machine. Load is
then applied through the plunger at a uniform rate of 4 tonnes per minute until the
total load is 40 tonnes, and then the load is released. Aggregates including the crushed
portion are removed from the cylinder and sieved on a
2.36 mm IS sieve. The material, which passes this sieve is collected. The above
crushing test is repeated on second sample of the same weight in accordance with
above test procedure. Thus two tests are made for the same specimen for taking an
average value. The aggregate crushing value is defined as a ratio of the weight of fines
passing the specified IS sieve to the total weight of the sample expressed as
percentage.
Aggregate crushing value = 100 W2 /
W1 Where, W1 = Total weight of dry
sample
W2 = Weight of the portion of crushed material passing 2.36 mm IS sieve

Fig 3.3 Aggregate crushing test apparatus
3.7.3 Aggregate Impact Test

Test sample consist of aggregate passing a 12.5 .mm IS sieve and retained on a 10 mm
IS sieve. The aggregate to be tested is dried in oven for a period of not less than 4
hours. The cylindrical steel cup is filled with 3 equal layers of aggregate and each
player is tamped 25 stokes by the rounded end of tamping rod and the surplus
aggregate stuck off, using the tamping rod as a straight edge. The net weight of
aggregate in the cylindrical steel cup is determined to the nearest gram (WA) and this
weight of aggregate is used for the duplicate test on the same material. The cup is
fixed firmly in position on the base of the machine and the whole of the test sample is
placed in it and compacted by a single tamping of 25 stokes of tamping rod. The
hammer is raised until it's lower face is 380 mm above the upper surface of the
aggregate in the cup, and allowed to fall freely onto the aggregate 15 times , each
being delivered at an interval of not less than one second.
Fig. 3.6 Aggregate impact test apparatus
The crushed aggregate is removed from the cup and sieved on 2.36 mm IS sieve until
no further significant amount passes in one minute. The ratio of the weight of fines
formed (WB) to total sample weight in each test is to be expressed as a percentage, to
the first decimal place.
Aggregate Impact value = (WB / WA) ×
100 Where,
WA= Total weight of dry sample taken.
WB= Weight of portion passing 2.36 mm sieve.
3.7.4 Los Angeles abrasion test

Fig 3.4 Los Angeles abrasion test

Prepare the sample by the portion of an aggregate sample retained on the 1.70 mm
sieve and place in a large rotating drum that contains a shelf plate attached to the outer
wall. Prepared sample is placed in the abrasion testing machine. A specified number
of steel spheres are then placed in the machine and the drum is rotated for 500
revolutions at a speed of 30 - 33 revolutions per minute. The material is then separated
into material passing the 1.70 mm sieve and material retained on the 1.70 mm sieve.
Dry the sample in an oven. Calculate percentage loss due to abrasion by calculating
the difference between the retained material (large particles) compared to the original
sample weight. The difference in weight is reported as a percent of the original weight
and called the "percent loss".
3.7.5 Water absorption and specific gravity test
Water absorption of is performed on the aggregate and it has find that all aggregate
have water absorption below 5% About 2 kg of aggregate sample is washed
thoroughly to remove fines, drained and entrapped air is removed from the sample by
lifting the basket containing it 25 mm above the base of the tank and allowing it to
drop at the rate of about one drop per second. The basket and aggregate should remain
completely immersed in water for a period of 24 hour afterwards. The basket and the
sample are weighed while in distilled water at temperature between 220C - 320 C and a
cover of at least 5 cm of water above the top suspended in water at a temperature of
220 C - 320C. The weight while suspended in water is noted (W1g). The basket and
aggregates are removed from water and allowed to drain for a few minutes, after
which the aggregates are transferred to the dry absorbent clothes. The empty basket is
then returned to the tank of water jolted 25 times and weighed in water (W2g). The
aggregates placed on the absorbent clothes are surface dried till no further moisture
could be removed by this cloth. Then the aggregates are transferred to the second dry
cloth spread in single layer and allowed to dry for at least 10 minutes until the
aggregates are completely surface dry. The surface dried aggregate is then weighed
(W3g). The aggregate is placed in a shallow tray and kept in an oven maintained at
a temperature of 1100C for 24 hrs. It is then removed from an oven, cooled in an air
tight container and weighted (W4g).
Specific gravity = (dry weight of the aggregate / weight of equal volume of
water)
= W3 / (W3-(W1– W2)

Water absorption = ((W3 – W4) / W4) * 100

Where, W1= Weight of saturated aggregate suspended in water with
basket. W2 = Weight of basket suspended in water.
W3 = Weight of saturated surface dry aggregate in
air. W4 = Weight of oven dry aggregate.
Fig. 3.5 Water absorption testing equipment

3.8 Test on concrete cubes
3.8.1 Slump Cone Test
Slump cone test was conducted on fresh concrete with varying percentage of demolished
concrete waste, ceramic waste, coconut shell, E-waste to know the workability of concrete as
the amount of these various wastes increases. Fresh concrete were prepared using
replacement of 0%, 10%, 20%, and 30% of coarse aggregate with these wastes. Slump test is
the most commonly used method of measuring consistency of concrete which can be
employed either in laboratory or at site work. For the present work, slump tests were
conducted.

Fig 3.6 slump cone test
The apparatus for conducting the slump test essentially consists of a metallic mould in the
form of frustum of a cone having the bottom diameter of 20 cm and top diameter of 10 cm
and height is 30 cm. The thickness of the metallic sheet for the mould should not be thinner
than 1.6 mm. for tamping the concrete; a steel tamping rod is 16 mm diameter 0.6 m along
with bullet is used. The mould is placed on a smooth, horizontal, rigid and non – absorbent
surface. The mould is then filled in four layers, each approximately ¼th of the height of the
mould. Each layer is tamped 25 times by the tamping rod taking care to distribute the strokes
evenly over the cross section. After the top layer has been compacted, the concrete is struck
off level with trowel and tamping rod. The mould is removed from the concrete immediately
by raising it slowly and carefully in a vertical direction. This allows the concrete subside. The
subsidence is referred as slump of the concrete. The difference in level between the height of
the mould and that of the highest point of the subsided concrete is measured. Subsided
concrete is measured. The difference in height in mm is taken as slump of concrete.
3.8.2 Compressive strength test

By this single test one judge that whether Concreting has been done properly or not. For cube
test two types of specimens either cubes of 15 cm X 15 cm X 15 cm or 10cm X 10 cm x 10
cm depending upon the size of aggregate are used. For most of the works cubical moulds of
size 15 cm x 15cm x 15 cm are commonly used. Concrete were prepared using 0%, 10%,
20%, and 30% replacement of coarse aggregate with demolished concrete waste, ceramic
waste, coconut shell and E-waste.
This concrete is poured in the mould and tempered properly so as not to have any voids. After
24 hours these moulds are removed and test specimens are put in water for curing. The top
surface of this specimen should be made even and smooth. This is done by putting cement
paste and spreading smoothly on whole area of specimen. These specimens are tested by
compression testing machine after 14 days curing and 28 days curing. Load should be applied

gradually at the rate of 140 kg/cm2 per minute till the Specimens fails. Load at the failure
divided by area of specimen gives the compressive strength of concrete.
Fig 3.7 Compressive Strength test reading

CHAPTER 4
Result And Discussion
4.1 Results of various tests conducted on coarse aggregate
4.1.1 Sieve analysis test result
Total weight of aggregate = 1000 gm
Table 4.1 Sieve analysis test result
IS Weight of Aggregate Retained % of Cumulative %
Sieve Determined No. Total % of Total Passing
Size i. ii. iii. Avg. Weight Weight through
Retaine Retained IS seive
d
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
20 mm 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 %
16 mm 52 46 44 47.3 4.73 4.73 95.27%
12.5 536 454 492 494 49.40 54.13 45.87 %
mm
10 mm 320 408 396 374.7 37.47 91.60 8.40 %
4.75 86 82 60 76.0 7.60 99.20 0.80 %
mm
Pan 06 10 08 8.0 0.80 100 % Zero
CONCLUSION: Size = 20 mm & Single sized
4.1.2 Aggregate crushing test result

Table 4.2 Aggregate Crushing test result
Sample 1 Sample
2
Total Wt. of dry sample taken = W1gm 3250 3250
Wt. of portion passing 2.3 mm sieve = W2 gm 565 610
A.C.V.= (W2/W1)*100% 17.4 % 18.8 %
MEAN = 18.1
Aggregate Crushing Value (Average) = 18.1 %
4.1.3 Aggregate Impact test result

Table 4.3 Aggregate Impact test result

Sample 1 Sample 2
Total Wt. of dry sample taken = W1 gm 336 332
Wt. of portion passing 2.3 mm sieve = W2 gm 61.1 63.0
A.I.V.= (W2/W1)*100% 18.2 % 19.0 %
Aggregate Impact Value (Average) = 18.6 %
4.1.4 Los Angeles Abrasion Value Test result

Table 4.4 Los Angeles Abrasion value test result
Grading Selected Sample 1 Sample 2
Original Wt. of the sample (W1) gm = 5000 5000
Wt. of aggregate retained (W2) gm = 3709 3760
1.70 mm IS sieve
Loss of Wt. (W1-W2) = 1291 1240
L.A.A.V.= [(W1-W2/W1)*100] 25.8% 24.8%
MEAN = 25.3%
Loss Angeles Abrasion value = 25.3%
4.1.5 Water Absorption and Specific Gravity test

Table 4.5 Water Absorption and Specific Gravity test result
DISCRIPTION SAMPLE NO
1 2
a. Weight of sample 100 1000
0
(gm)
b. Weight of Vessel + Sample + Water (A) 337 3374
2
(gm)
c. Weight of Vessel + Water (B) 275 2754
4
(gm)
d. Weight of Saturated and Surface Dry Sample 990 992
(C )
(gm)
e. Weight of Oven Dry Sample (D) (gm) 982 984
f. Specific Gravity = [D/(C-(A-B))]*100 2.64 2.64
g. Apparent Specific Gravity = [D/(D-(A- 2.70 2.70
B))]*100
h. Water Absorption , Percentage dry weight 0.81 0.81
=[(C-D)/D]*100 %

Specific Gravity 2.65

Average Apparent Specific Gravity 2.70
Values Water Absorption 0.81%
4.2 Results of various tests conducted on concrete

4.2.1 Slump cone test result
Table 4.6 Workability of concrete containing various percentages of DCW
Sr. % of Demolished Slump(m Workabilit

concrete m) y
No.
waste in concrete mix
1. 0% 120 High
2. 10% 100 High
3. 20% 90 Medium
4. 30% 70 Medium
140
120
100
80
Water cement
60 ratio
SLUMP (mm)
Slump in mm
40
20
0
0 10 20 30
% of DCW in
concrete
Graph 4.1 Workability of concrete containing various percentages of DCW
Table 4.6 Workability of concrete containing various percentages of CW

Sr. % of Ceramic Waste in Slump(mm) Workability
concrete mix
No.
1 0% 120 High

.
2 10% 90 Medium
.
3 20% 70 Medium
.
4 30% 50 Medium
.
Sr. % of Coconut Shell in Slump(mm) Workability

No. concrete mix
1. 0% 120 High
2. 10% 100 High
3. 20% 80 Medium
4. 30% 60 Medium
14
0
12
0
Water cement
10 ratio
0
4 Slump in mm
0
80
2
60 0 1 2 3
0
0 0 0
0
% of waste in concrete

140
120
100
80
Water cement ratio
60 Slump in mm
40
20
0
0 10 20 30
Graph 4.3 Workability of concrete containing various percentages of CS

Table 4.9 Workability of concrete containing various percentages of EW
Sr. % of Coconut Shell in Slump(mm) Workability

No. concrete mix
1. 0 120 High
2. 10 90 Medium
3. 20 70 Medium
4. 30 60 Medium
14
0
12
0
Slump (mm)
10
Water cement
0
ratio
80 Slump in mm
40
60
20
0
0 10 2 3
0 0
% of E- waste in concrete
Graph 4.4 Workability of concrete containing various percentages of EW

Table 4.10 Comparison between workability of concrete containing various percentages of

DCW and CW
Sr. % of waste in Slump (mm) Workability
No. concrete Demolished Ceramic Demolished Ceramic
mix(M20 & concrete Waste concrete Waste (CW)
W/C = 0.5) waste (CW) waste
(DCW) (DCW)
1. 0 120 120 High High
2. 10 100 90 High Medium
3. 20 90 70 Medium Medium
4. 30 70 50 Medium Medium
140
120
100
Water cement ratio
80
Demolished
60 concrete waste
40 Ceramic waste
20
0
0 10 20 30
Graph 4.5 Comparison between workability of concrete containing various percentages of DCW
& CW
Table 4.11 Comparison between workability of concrete containing various percentages of CS

and EW
Sr. % of waste in Slump (mm) Workability
Slump (mm)
No. concrete
Coconut Electronic Coconut Electronic
mix(M20 & W/C
Shell Waste Shell Waste (EW)
= 0.5)
(CS) (EW) (CS)

1. 0% 120 120 High High
2. 10% 100 90 High Medium
3. 20% 80 70 Medium Medium
4. 30% 60 60 Medium Medium
14
0
12
0
10
Slump (mm)
0 Water cement
ratio
80
E-waste Coconut
60
4 shell
0
2
0
0 0 1 2 3
0 0 0
Graph 4.6 Comparison between workability of concrete containing various percentages of CS &
EW
Table 4.12 Comparison between workability of concrete containing various percentages of

DCW, CW, CS and EW
Sr. % of Slump (mm) Workability
No. waste in
concrete
mix(M20 DCW CW CS EW DCW CW CS EW
& W/C
= 0.5)
1. 0% 120 120 120 120 High High High High
2. 10% 100 90 100 90 High Med High Med
3. 20% 90 70 80 70 Med Med Med Med

4. 30% 70 50 60 60 Med Med Med Med
140
120
100
80
DCW
CW
Slump (mm)
60 EW
CS
40
20
0
0 10 20 30
Graph 4.7 Comparison between workability of concrete containing various percentages of
DCW, CW, CS & EW
4.2.2 Compressive Strength Test Result

Table 4.13 Compressive strength of concrete containing various percentages of DCW
Sr. % of Demolished Concrete Average Compressive Strength

No. waste in concrete mix (M20 (N/mm2)
& W/C=0.5)
14 days 28 days
1 0% 25.76 32.58
2 10% 24.44 30.895
3 20% 22.85 27.89
4 30% 20.52 26.225

35
30
25
Compressive Strength (N/mm2)
20
14 days
15
28 days
10
0
0 10 20 30
% of DCW in concrete
Graph 4.8 Compressive strength of concrete containing various percentages of DCW
From graph 4.8, it is found that compressive strength goes on decreasing due to
increase of partial replacement of demolished concrete waste in concrete. The
compressive strength of demolished concrete waste containing concrete is less than
but very closer to the strength of conventional concrete. Cubes up to 30% replacement
of coarse aggregate by demolished concrete waste containing concrete gave strength
closer to the strength of conventional concrete at both 14 and 28 days curing.
Table 4.14 Compressive strength of concrete containing various percentages of CW
Sr. % of Ceramic waste in Average Compressive Strength

No. concrete mix (M20 & (N/mm2)
W/C=0.5)
14 days 28 days
1 0% 25.76 32.58
2 10% 24.22 27.50
3 20% 22.22 25.89
4 30% 13.78 21.895

35
Compressive Strength (N/mm2) 30
25
20
14 days
15
28 days
10
0
0 10 20 30
% of CW in concrete
Graph 4.9 Compressive strength of concrete containing various percentages of CW
increase of partial replacement of ceramic waste (CW) in concrete. The compressive
strength of ceramic waste containing concrete is less than but very closer to the
strength of conventional concrete. Cubes up to 20% replacement of coarse aggregate
by ceramic waste containing concrete gave strength closer to the strength of
conventional concrete at both 14 and 28 days curing. At 30% replacement, the
compressive strength of CW containing concrete is gradually decreased.
Table 4.15 Compressive strength of concrete containing various percentages of CS
Sr. % of Coconut shell in Average Compressive Strength

W/C=0.5)
14 days 28 days
1 0% 25.76 32.58
2 10% 18.17 23.12
3 20% 13.27 20.325
4 30% 8.17 17.665

35
25
20
14 days
15
28 days
10
0
0 10 20 30
% of CS in concrete
Graph 4.10 Compressive strength of concrete containing various percentages of CS
From graph 4.10, it is found that compressive strength goes on decreasing due to increase of
partial replacement of coconut shell in concrete. The compressive strength of coconut shell
containing concrete is less than that of the compressive strength of conventional concrete.
Cubes up to 10% replacement of coarse aggregate by coconut shell containing concrete gave
strength closer to the strength of conventional concrete at both 14 and 28 days curing.
Table 4.16 Compressive strength of concrete containing various percentages of EW

Sr. % of Electronic waste in Average Compressive Strength
W/C=0.5)
14 days 28 days
1 0% 25.76 32.58
2 10% 7.72 15.895
3 20% 6.61 12.845
4 30% 4.945 7.67

35
30
25
20
14 days
15
28 days
10
0
0 10 20 30
% of E – Waste in concrete
Graph 4.11 Compressive strength of concrete containing various percentages of EW
increase of partial replacement of electronic waste in concrete. The compressive
strength of electronic waste containing concrete is less than that of the strength of
conventional concrete. Cubes up to 10% replacement of coarse aggregate by
electronic waste containing concrete gave good compressive strength at 28 days
curing period.
Table 4.17 Comparison between Compressive strength of concrete containing various
percentages of DCW and CW at 14 days
Sr.No. % of waste in Average Compressive strength at 14

concrete mix days curing
(M20 & W/C = (N/mm2)
0.5) Demolished Ceramic waste
concrete (CW)
waste(DCW)
1. 0% 25.76 25.76
2. 10% 24..44 24.22
3. 20% 22.85 22.22
4. 30% 20.52 13.78

30
25
20
15 CW
DCW
10
0
0 10 20 30
% of DCW & CW in concrete

Graph 4.12 Comparison between Compressive strength of concrete containing various
percentages of DCW & CW at 14 days
From graph 4.12, it is found that the compressive strength of ceramic waste (CW)
containing concrete is very closer to the compressive strength of demolished waste

(DCW) containing concrete up to 20% replacement at 14 days curing period. At 30%
replacement, compressive strength of CW containing concrete is gradually decreased.

percentages of CS & EW at 14 days
(M20 & W/C = (N/mm2)
0.5)
Coconut Shell Electronic waste
(CS) (EW)
1. 0% 25.76 25.76
2. 10% 18.17 7.72
3. 20% 13.27 6.61
4. 30% 8.17 4.94

30
25
Compressive Strength N/mm2
20
15 EW
CS
10
0
0 10 20 30
% of CS & EW in concrete
From graph 4.13, it is found that the compressive strength of coconut shell (CS)
containing concrete is greater than that of the strength of electronic waste (EW)
containing concrete at 14 days curing period.

(M20 & W/C = (N/mm2)
0.5)
Demolished Ceramic waste

concrete waste (CW)
(DCW)
1. 0% 32.58 32.58
2. 10% 30.895 27.50
3. 20% 27.89 25.89
4. 30% 26.225 21.895
35
SKN SINHGAD
30 COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, KORTI Page | 50
25
20
CW
15
DCW
10 A Comparative Study on Partial Replacement of Various Waste Materials as a Coarse Aggregate
0
Compressive Strength (N/mm2) 0 10 20 30
% of DCW & CW in concrete
35
Graph
30 4.14 Comparison between compressive strength of concrete containing various
25
From graph
20
4.14, it is found that the compressive strength of ceramic waste
CW
(CW) containing concrete is very closer to the compressive strength of demolished

DCW
15
10
waste (DCW) containing concrete up to 20% replacement at 28 days curing period.
5
Table 4.20 0Comparison

0 between Compressive
10 strength 20
of concrete containing
30 various percentages
of CS & EW at 28 days
Sr.No. % of DCW
% of waste in & CW in concreteCompressive strength at 28
Average
(M20 & W/C = (N/mm2)
0.5)
Coconut Shell Electronic waste
(CS) (EW)
1. 0% 32.58 32.58
2. 10% 23.12 15.895
3. 20% 20.325 12.845
4. 30% 17.665 7.67

3
5

0
2
5 E
W
2 CS
01
0
1
5
5
0 0 1 2 3
0 0 0
% of CS & EW in concrete
From graph 4.13, it is found that the compressive strength of coconut shell (CS)
containing concrete is greater than that of the strength of electronic waste (EW)
containing concrete at 28 days curing period.
percentages of DCW, CW, CS and EW at 14 days
Sr. % of waste in Average Compressive strength at 14 days curing
No concrete mix (N/mm2)
(M20 & W/C
Demolished Ceramic Coconut Electronic
= 0.5)
Concrete Waste Shell Waste
Waste (CW) (CS) (EW)
(DCW)
1. 0% 25.76 25.76 25.76 25.76
2. 10% 24.44 24.22 18.17 7.72
3. 20% 22.85 22.22 13.27 6.61
4. 30% 20.52 13.78 8.17 4.945

30
20
DCW
15
CW
EW
10 CS
5
0
0 10 20 30
percentages of DCW, CW, and CS & EW at 14 days
From graph 4.16, it is found that the compressive strength of demolished concrete
waste (DCW) containing concrete is greater than that of the strength of remaining
waste materials containing concrete at 14 days. The reason behind that bonding
property of DCW is better as compared to other waste materials.

percentages of DCW, CW, CS and EW at 28 days
Sr. % of waste in Average Compressive strength at 28 days curing
No concrete mix (N/mm2)
(M20 & W/C Demolished Ceramic Coconut Electronic
= 0.5) Concrete Waste Shell Waste
Waste (CW) (CS) (EW)
(DCW)
1. 0% 32.58 32.58 32.58 32.58

2. 10% 30.895 27.50 23.12 15.895
3. 20% 27.89 25.89 20.325 12.845
4. 30% 26.225 21.895 17.665 7.67

35
30
25
20 DCW
15
CW
10 EW
CS
0
0 10 20 30
percentages of DCW, CW, CS & EW at 28 days
From graph 4.17, it is found that the compressive strength of demolished concrete
waste (DCW) containing concrete is greater than that of the strength of remaining
waste materials containing concrete at 28 days. The reason behind that bonding
property of DCW is better as compared to other waste materials. The bonding
property of electronic waste (EW) is poor as compared to other waste materials.

CHAPTER 5
CONCLUSION
The following conclusions are drawn from the experimental study.

1. Demolished concrete waste, ceramic waste and coconut shell concrete may be
an alternative to the conventional concrete.
2. Up to 30% replacement of coarse aggregate by Demolished Concrete Waste
concrete was comparable to conventional concrete. Up to this replacement good
compressive strength can be achieved using recycled aggregates. Beyond this
replacement the strength acquired reduces gradually and does not cross the
target strength.
3. Up to 30% of coarse aggregate replaced by demolished concrete waste in
concrete gave strength closer to the strength of conventional concrete cubes.
4. Up to 20% of coarse aggregate replaced by ceramic waste in concrete gave
strength closer to the strength of conventional concrete cubes.
5. Up to 10% of coarse aggregate replaced by coconut shell and electronic waste
in concrete gave strength closer to the strength of conventional concrete cubes.
6. Use of waste materials results in the formation of lightweight concrete and
lightweight structure.
7. Use of such waste materials not only cuts down the cost of construction, but
also contributes in safe disposal of waste materials.
8. From the present experimental investigation it was found that the recycled
aggregates will influence much in hardened properties of concrete.
9. Using demolished concrete waste concrete as a base material for road
constructions reduce the pollution involved in trucking material.
10. Use of these wastes in the new concrete reduces the environmental pollution as
well as providing an economic value for the waste material.
11. Usage of these wastes can not only preserve the finite raw materials, but also
reduce energy consumption and overall construction costs.
12. The reuse of these construction wastes in concrete will help in improvement of
overall environment of the region. Firstly by reduction in mining and secondly
reduction in air pollution resulting from production of aggregates (dust pollution) and

transportation of aggregate from mining to consumption point (vehicular pollution).

13. Due to disposal of these wastes materials, large amount of landfill space is
saved and also lead to employment opportunity in waste sector.
14. These recycled aggregates can be used as base layer/sub base layer for roads
and used in road side edge drains.
15. These recycled aggregates can be used for making of bricks, kerb stones,
pavement blocks and RCC road divider.
16. Due to use of these wastes materials as a coarse aggregate, reduction in
overexploitation of quarries, CO2 and greenhouse gases emission.
17. Economical housing projects will be done.
18. Due to safe disposal of these wastes materials, it helps Clean India Mission.

CHAPTER 6
FUTURE SCOPE
1. Demolished concrete waste, ceramic waste and coconut shell containing

concrete may be an alternative to the conventional concrete.
2. The research will do on different grades of mix design.
3. Sustainable development of structures can be achieved by using recycled
aggregate concrete.
4. We can use the demolished concrete waste, ceramic waste and coconut shell
also as a coarse aggregate in concrete.
5. From past studies and results, it is recommended that proper design mixes with
different percentage of recycled concrete aggregates with natural aggregates
should be prepared to achieve the adequate strength of the concrete and to
reduce the consumption of natural aggregate.
6. By using recycled coarse aggregate the burden of construction wastes can be
reduced to a suitable extent.
7. Economical housing projects will be done.

REFERENCES
1. Yadhu G* and S. Aiswarya Devi, K.S.R. college of engineering, Thiruvalla,
Kerala, India, " An Innovative study on reuse of demolished concrete waste".
2. Manish Kumar Singh and Dilip Kumar, Department of Civil Engineering,
M.M.M. University of Technology, Gorakhpur, India, “Utilization of
construction and demolished waste material in concrete: A Review”.
3. Md Daniyal and, Shakeel Ahmad, Department of Civil Engineering, Aligarh
Muslim University, Aligarh, India, “Application of Waste Ceramic Tile
Aggregates in Concrete”.
4. Yasuhiro Dosho, “Development of a Sustainable Concrete Waste Recycling
System Application of Recycled Aggregate Concrete Produced by Aggregate
Replacing Method".
5. Prakash Somani, Brahmtosh Dubey, Lavkesh Yadav, Jitendra Kumar,
Abhishek kumar , Mahipal Singh , civil engg. Dept., Poornima Institute of
Engineering and Technology, Jaipur, “Use of demolished concrete waste in
partial replacement of coarse aggregate in concrete”.
6. Mohd Monish, Vikas Srivastava, V. C. Agarwal, P.K. Mehta and Rakesh
Kumar, civil engineering department, SHIATS, Allahabad, "Demolished
waste as coarse aggregate in concrete".
7. T. Subramani, S. Kumaran, “Experimental investigation of using concrete
waste and brick waste as a coarse aggregate”.
8. N V V S S L Shilpa devi Gadde, P. Mani kumar, K. Abhiram, “A study on
demolished concrete by partial replacement of coarse aggregate”.
9. Asif Husain and Majid Matouq Assas, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah,
Saudi Arabia, “Utilization of demolished concrete waste for new construction
".
10.S. P. McBride, A.Shukla and A. Bose, “Processing and characterization of a
lightweight concrete using cenospheres,” Journal of Materials Science, Vol.
37, pp. 4217 – 4225, 1988.
10.11.R. M. Senthamarai and D. P. Manoharan, “Concrete with Ceramic Waste

Aggregate,” Elsevier Jnl. of Cement and Concrete Composites, Vol. 27,No. 9 &10,
pp. 913, 2005,

11. Yadhu G* and S. Aiswarya Devi, K.S.R. college of engineering, Thiruvalla,

Kerala, India, " An Innovative study on reuse of demolished concrete waste".
12.Manish Kumar Singh and Dilip Kumar, Department of Civil Engineering,
M.M.M. University of Technology, Gorakhpur, India, “Utilization of
construction and demolished waste material in concrete: A Review”.
13.Md Daniyal and, Shakeel Ahmad, Department of Civil Engineering, Aligarh
Muslim University, Aligarh, India, “Application of Waste Ceramic Tile
Aggregates in Concrete”.
14.Yasuhiro Dosho, “Development of a Sustainable Concrete Waste Recycling
System Application of Recycled Aggregate Concrete Produced by Aggregate
Replacing Method".
15.Prakash Somani, Brahmtosh Dubey, Lavkesh Yadav, Jitendra Kumar,
Abhishek kumar , Mahipal Singh , civil engg. Dept., Poornima Institute of
Engineering and Technology, Jaipur, “Use of demolished concrete waste in
partial replacement of coarse aggregate in concrete”.
16.Mohd Monish, Vikas Srivastava, V. C. Agarwal, P.K. Mehta and Rakesh
Kumar, civil engineering department, SHIATS, Allahabad, "Demolished
waste as coarse aggregate in concrete".
17.T. Subramani, S. Kumaran, “Experimental investigation of using concrete
waste and brick waste as a coarse aggregate”.
18.N V V S S L Shilpa devi Gadde, P. Mani kumar, K. Abhiram, “A study on
demolished concrete by partial replacement of coarse aggregate”.
19.Asif Husain and Majid Matouq Assas, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah,
Saudi Arabia, “Utilization of demolished concrete waste for new construction
".
20.S. P. McBride, A.Shukla and A. Bose, “Processing and characterization of a
lightweight concrete using cenospheres,” Journal of Materials Science, Vol. 37, pp.
4217 – 4225, 1988.
23.R. M. Senthamarai and D. P. Manoharan, “Concrete with Ceramic Waste Aggregate,”

Elsevier Jnl. of Cement and Concrete Composites, Vol. 27,No. 9 &10, pp. 913, 2005.
24.Gopal Charan Behera, Ranjan Kumar Behera, Coconut Shell as Coarse

Aggregate, International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology
(IJERT), vol.2, Issue 6, June – 2013.

25.J.M.Crow,The Concrete Conundrum, 2006, available at

www.chemistryworld.com
26.Amarnath Yerramala Ramachandrudu C, Properties of Concrete with Coconut
Shells as Aggregate Replacement, International Journal of Engineering
Inventions, vol.1, Issue 6, October 2012.
27.A short and W.Kinniburgh, Lightweight Concrete, Applied Science Publishers,
London
28.Prince Singh, Mukesh Pandey,M. tech Student, ITM University, Gwalior, M.P,
India. Professor&Head, Department of Civil engineering, ITM University,
M.P, India, “E Waste Management By Utilization Of E-Plastic As Coarse
Aggregate In Concrete”
29.Amiya Akram, C. Sasi Dhar,and K. Mehraj Pasha, E-Waste Management by
Utilization of E-Plastics in Concrete Mixture as Coarse Aggregate
Replacement.
30.Ashwini Manjunath B.t, Partial Replacement of E-plastic Waste as Coarse-
Aggregate in Concrete, Procedia Environmental Sciences.
31.Rafat Siddique, Jamal Khatib, and Inderpreet Kaur “Use of recycled plastic in
concrete: A review”, Waste Management.
32.Standard specification of Indian code IS code: 456:2000.
33.Pramila S., Fulekar M.H., Bhawana P., E-Waste- A Challenge for
Tomorrow Research Journal of Recent Sciences
34.Widmer R., Global perspectives on e-waste, Environmental Impact
Assessment Review.
35.Gaidajis G., Angelakoglou K., Aktsoglou D., E-waste: Environmental
Problems and Current Management.
36.Aizawa H., Yoshida H. and Sakai S. I., Current results and future perspectives
for Japanese recycling of home electrical appliances.
37.Hischier R., Wäger P and Gauglhofer J., Does WEEE Recycling make sense
from an environmental perspective? The environmental impacts of the Swiss
(WEEE)
38.Barba-Gutierrez Y., Adenso-Diaz B. and Hopp M., An analysis of some
environmental consequences of European electrical and electronic waste
regulation.
39.Lakshmi R., Nagan S., (2011), Investigations on durability characteristics of e-

plastic waste incorporated concrete, Asian Journal of Civil.
PUBLICATIONS
1. Shubham K. Tambekar, Vijay P. Lad, Krushna A. Rathod , Prachi A. Uchade,
Ayush G. Malpani, “A Comparative Study on Partial Replacement of
Demolished Concrete Waste and Ceramic Waste as a Coarse Aggregate.”
,International Journal of Research in Advent Technology, Vol.2, No.8, E-
ISSN: 2321-9637, Special Issue National Conference CONVERGENCE 2018,
9 April 2018.
2. Vijay P. Lad, Shubham K. Tambekar, Prachi A. Uchade, Krushna A. Rathod,

Lalita R. Lodwal, “A Comparative Study on Partial replacement of E-plastic
Waste and Coconut shell as a Coarse-aggregate.” , International Journal of
Research in Advent Technology, Vol.2, No.8, E-ISSN: 2321-9637, Special
Issue National Conference CONVERGENCE 2018, 9 April 2018.

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PUNYASHLOK AHILYADEVI HOLKAR SOLAPUR UNIVERSITY,

Ms. SHINDE PRAJAKTA PANDURANG

Ms. LALBONDRE BHARTI PANDURANG

Ms. CHANDANSHIVE POONAM SHANKAR

Ms. SURVASE NIKITA RAJKUMAR

Ms. SAWANT BHARTI ARVIND

Department of Civil Engineering

Academic Year: 2020-21

Savitribai Phule Shikshan Prasarak Mandal’s

SKN SINHGAD COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, KORTI,

This is to certify that the project entitled “A Comparative Study on Partial

Ms. SHINDE PRAJAKTA PANDURANG PRN: 2018032500224941

Ms. LALBONDRE BHARTI PANDURANG PRN: 2018032500224496

Ms. CHANDANSHIVE POONAM SHANKAR PRN: 2017032500251727

Ms. SURVASE NIKITA RAJKUMAR PRN: 2018032500222702

Ms. SAWANT BHARTI ARVIND PRN: 2016032500222046

for partial fulfillment of Bachelor of Engineering Degree in Civil Engineering as

Prof. A.V. External Examiner Dr. S. S. Kadam Dr. K. J. Karande

SKN SINHGAD COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, KORTI Page | 2

Place: SKN SCOE, Pandharpur Ms. SHINDE PRAJAKTA PANDURANG

Date: Ms. LALBONDRE BHARTI PANDURANG

Ms. CHANDANSHIVE POONAM SHANKAR

Ms. SURVASE NIKITA RAJKUMAR

Ms. SAWANT BHARTI ARVIND

Class: B.E. Civil

SKN SINHGAD COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, KORTI Page | 3

Place: SKN SCOE, Pandharpur Ms. SHINDE PRAJAKTA PANDURANG

Date: Ms. LALBONDRE BHARTI PANDURANG

Ms. CHANDANSHIVE POONAM SHANKAR

Ms. SURVASE NIKITA RAJKUMAR

Ms. SAWANT BHARTI ARVIND

Class: B.E. Civil

SKN SINHGAD COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, KORTI Page | 4

SKN SINHGAD COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, KORTI Page | 5

1.3 Objectives Of Project 19

SKN SINHGAD COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, KORTI Page | 6

3.7.2 Crushing Value Test 31

SKN SINHGAD COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, KORTI Page | 7

Fig. 3.7 Compressive Strength test reading

SKN SINHGAD COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, KORTI Page | 8

SKN SINHGAD COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, KORTI Page | 9

According to an investigation conducted in 2002 by the ministry of land,

SKN SINHGAD COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, KORTI Page | 10

Fig. 1.1 Construction wastes generated during the demolition of a building

SKN SINHGAD COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, KORTI Page | 11

Fig.1.2 Demolition of building due to wrong construction

1.2 Different types of wastes

CONSTRUCTION WASTES PERCENTAGE

SKN SINHGAD COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, KORTI Page | 12

Table 1.2 Country wise generations of construction wastes

Germany 223 2003

China 200 2005

South Korea 61.7 2013

Norway 1.5 2003

Although the volume of demolition waste is huge, much of it is inert, allowing it

SKN SINHGAD COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, KORTI Page | 13

SKN SINHGAD COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, KORTI Page | 14

Fig. 1.3: E-Waste materials

Fig. 1.4 State wise E-waste generation in India

SKN SINHGAD COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, KORTI Page | 15

SKN SINHGAD COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, KORTI Page | 16

Sr. no. Country Coconut % of world total

2. Philippines 15,862,386 t 26.04%