Linear Differential Equations with constant

4
Coefficients
d3y d2 y dy
Ex.1 Solve 3
5 2
8  4y  0 [M.U. 2002]
dx dx dx
Solution: The auxiliary equation is D3  5D2  8D  4  0
 D3  2D2  3D2  6D  2D  4  0
 
 D  2  D2  3D  2  0 
  D  2  D  2  D  1  0  D  1, 2, 2
 The solution is y   c1  c2 x  e2 x  c3 ex
d4y
Ex.2 Solve 4
 k4y  0 [M.U. 2003]
dx
Solution: The auxiliary equation is D4  k 4  0
 D4  2D2 k2  k 4    2D2 k2   0
  D2
 k    2.Dk 2  0
2 2

 D2  2.Dk  k2 D2  2.Dk  k2   0

k  ik
Now, D2  2.Dk  k 2  0 gives D 
2
 k  ik
D2  2.Dk  k 2  0 gives D 
2
Since, we have two pairs of complex roots, the solution is
 k / 2 x c
ye
 1  
cos k / 2 x  c 2 sin k / 2 x 
  
  k / 2  x c
e
 3   
cos k / 2 x  c 4 sin k / 2 x 
 

EXERCISE
Find the solutions using complimentary functions:

  
 2 3 2 2
  D  1 D  D 1 y  0 [M.U. 2002]
 
Ans.  
y  c1  c2 x  c3x 2 cos x   c 4  c5x  c6x  sin x

 ex /2  c7  c8x  cos

  
3.x /2   c9  c10 x  sin  3.x /2 

 D4  8D2  16 y  0 [M.U. 2003]

Ans. y   c1  c2 x  cos 2x   c3  c 4x  sin 2x

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Applied Mathematics – II Linear Differential Equations with constant Coefficients

Ex.3 
Solve D3  2D2  5D  6 y  e3x  8  [M.U. 1991]

Solution: The auxiliary equation is D3  2D2  5D  6  0

  D  1 D  3 D  2   0
 D  1, 2, 3
 C.F. is y  c1ex  c2 e2 x  c3 e3x
1 8
P.I.  .e3x  .e0x
 D  1  D  2  D  3   D  1  D  2  D  3 
1 1 8
 . .e3x  .e0 x
 2  5  D  3  1 2  3 
1 4
 .x.e3x 
10 3
 The complete solution is
x 3x 4
y  c1ex  c2 e 2 x  c3 e 3x  e 
10 3

   
2
Ex.4 Solve D3  2D2  5D  6 y  e2 x  3 [M.U. 1993]

Solution: The auxiliary equation is D3  2D2  5D  6  0

As in the above example
  D  1 D  3 D  2   0
 D  1, 2, 3
 C.F. is y  c1ex  c2 e2 x  c3 e3x

P.I.  3
D  2D
1
2
 5D  6
 e 4x  6 e2 x  9 

1 4x 1
 3 2
e  6 3 2
e2 x
D  2D  5D  6 D  2D  5D  6
1
9 3 2
e0 x
D  2D  5D  6
e 4x 3 2 x 3
  e 
18 2 2
 The complete solution is
x 2 x 3x e 4x 3 2 x 3
y  c1 e  c 2 e  c3 e   e 
18 2 2
d3y dy
Ex.5 Solve 3
4  2 cosh 2 2 x [M.U. 1993, 94, 2002, 09]
dx dx
Solution: The auxiliary equation is D3  4D  0
 
D D2  4  0   D  0, 2, 2

 C.F. is y  c1ex  c2 e2 x  c3 e2 x

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Applied Mathematics – II Linear Differential Equations with constant Coefficients
2
1 2  e2 x  e2 x 
1
P.I.  3 2 cosh  2 x   3 2 
D  4D D  4D  2 
1
 . 3
1
2 D  4D

e 4x  2  e4x 
 
1 1 4x 1 0x 1 4 x 
 e  2 e  e
2  D3  4D
 
D D2  4 D3  4D 

1  1 4 x x 1 4 x 
 e   e
2  48 2 48 

x 1  e 4 x  e 4 x  x 1
 P.I.         sin h 4x

4 48  2 4 48

 The complete solution is
x 1
y  c1  c2 e2 x  c3 e 2 x   sin h 4x
4 48
d2 y dy
Ex.6 Solve 6 2
 17  12 y  e3x /2  2 x [M.U. 1999]
dx dx
Solution: The auxiliary equation is 6D2  17D  12  0
  3D  4  2D  3  0
 D  4/3, D  3/2
 C.F. is y  c1e4x /3  c2 e3x /2

P.I. 
1
 3D  4  2D  3 
 e3x /2  2x 
1 1
 e3x /2  ex log 2
 3D  4  2D  3   3D  4  2D  3 
 2 x  ex log 2 
 
1 ex log 2
 P.I.  .x.e3x /2 
   9 /2   4  2
6  log 2   17 log 2  12

2x
 2 xe 3x /2  2
6  log 2   17 log 2  12

 The complete solution is

2x
y  c1  e 4 x /3  c2 e 3x /2  2 x e 3x /2  2
6  log 2   17 log 2  12

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Applied Mathematics – II Linear Differential Equations with constant Coefficients

EXERCISE
Solve the following differential equations :
  D2  4D  4 y  cos h 2x [M.U. 1988, 93, 97]

Ans. Hint : cos h 2 x   e2 x  e2 x  /2

1 2 x x 2 2 x
 y   c1  c2 x  e 2 x  e  .e
32 4
d2 y dy
 2
 3  2 y  ex [M.U. 1994]
dx dx
Ans. y  c1ex  c2 e2 x  xex
  D4  1 y  cos h 4x sin h 3x [M.U. 2003]

Hint: D4  1   D2  1   2.D
2 2
Ans.

y  ex / 2 c1 cos  x / 2   c2 sin  x / 2 

 ex / 2 c3 cos  x / 2   c 4 sin  x / 2  

1
9608
 e7 x  e 7 x    ex  ex 
1
8
  D2  2D  1 y  ex  1 [M.U. 1989]

xx2 x
Ans. y   c1  c 2 x  e  e 1
2
  D3  4D y  2 cos h 2x [M.U. 1989, 90]

Ans. 
y  c1  c2 e 2 x  c3 e 2 x  x 2 x 2 x
8
e e

 D4  4D3  8D2  8D  4 y  ex  1 [M.U. 2011]

1
Ans. y  e2 x C1  C2 x  cos x  C3  C 4 x  sin x   e x 
4

d3y d2 y dy
Ex.7 Solve 3
3 2
9  27 y  cos 3x [M.U. 2005]
dx dx dx
Solution: The auxiliary equation is D3  3D2  9D  27  0
 D2  D  3   9  D  3   0
 
 D  3  D2  9  0   D  3, 3i , 3i

 The C.F. is y  c1e3x   c2 cos 3x  c3 sin 3x 

1
Now, P.I.  cos 3x

 D  3  D2  9 

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Applied Mathematics – II Linear Differential Equations with constant Coefficients

 
Since, D2  9 is a factor of  D2 , the general method falls.
D 3
1
 P.I.  2
. 2 .cos 3x
D 9 D 9
1 1
 2 . .  D  3  cos 3x
D  9 9  9
1  3sin 3x  3 cos 3x 
 .
D2  9 18
1 1
 . 2 .  sin 3x  cos 3x 
6 D 9
Now, by using the formulae of 10 (a)
1 1 x x
2
sin 3x  x. sin 3x   sin 3x dx   cos 3x
D 9 2.D 2 6
1 1 x x
and cos 3x  x. cos 3x   cos 3x dx sin 3x
D2  9 2.D 2 6
 The complete solution is
x x
y  c1e3x   c2 cos 3x  c3 sin 3x   cos 3x  sin 3x
36 36
d2 y
Ex.8 Solve 2
 9 y  ex  cos 2 x [M.U. 1992]
dx
Solution: The auxiliary equation is D2  9  0  D  3i , 3i
 The C.F. is y  c1 cos 3x  c2 sin 3x

P.I. 
D 2
1
9
 ex  cos 2 x 

1 1
 2
ex  2 cos 2 x
D 9 D 9
1 x 1
 e  cos 2 x
10 5
 The complete solution is
1 1
y  c1 cos 3x  c2 sin 3x  e x  cos 2 x
10 5
Ex.9  
Solve D4  1 y  ex  cos x cos 3x [M.U. 1993]

Solution: The auxiliary equation is D4  1  0

 D2  1D2  1  0  D  1, 1, i , i

 The C.F. is y  c1ex  c2 ex  c3 cos x  c3 sin x

P.I. 
D 4
1
1
 ex  cos x cos 3x 

1 x 1 
 4  e   cos 4x  cos 2 x  
D 1  2 

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Applied Mathematics – II Linear Differential Equations with constant Coefficients
1 1 1 1
 ex  . cos 4x  cos 2 x
 D  1  D  1  D2
 1 2 D 4

 1  2 D 4
 1    
x x 1 1
 e  cos 4x  cos 2 x
4 510 30
 
Ex.10 Solve  D  12 D2  1 y  ex  sin 2  x /2  [M.U. 2008, 12]

Solution: The auxiliary equation is  D  12 D2  1  0  

 D  1,1, i , i
 The C.F. is y   c1  c2 x  ex   c3 cos x  c 4 sin x 
 x 1 2 x
P.I.   e  sin
2 2
 D  1 D  1   2 

1 x2 1 x
Now, ex  . e
 D  12  D2  1 2! 2

1 x 1  1  cos x 
and sin 2 
 D  12 D2  1   
2  D  12 D2  1  2 

1
 1 0x  1 1 
  e   cos x 
2 2
 2 2

 D  1 D  1  2   D  1 D  1  2   
1 1 1 1 
 .   cos x 
2 2 2

 1  1 2 D  2D  1 D  1  2   
1 1 1  cos x 
  .  
2 2D D2  1  2   
1 1 D  cos x 
  .  

2 D2  1 2D2  2   
1 1 1 1 1 1
  .   sin x    .  sin x 

2 4 D2  1  1 2 4 D2  1  
1 1 x
  . sin x
2 4 2D
1 x 1 x
   sin x dx   cos x
2 8 2 8
Hence, the complete solution is
1 x2 1 x
y   c1  c2 x  e x  c3 cos x  c 4 sin x  . e x   cos x
2 2! 2 8

 
Ex.11 Solve D4  8D2  16 y  sin 2 x [M.U. 2002, 03]

Solution: The auxiliary equation is D4  8D2  16  0

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Applied Mathematics – II Linear Differential Equations with constant Coefficients

 D2  4
2
 0  D  2i , 2i , 2i , 2i

 The C.F. is y   c1  c2 x   c3 cos 2x  c4 sin 2x 

1 1  1  cos 2 x 
P.I.  sin 2 x  2 
 D2  4  
2
D2  4  
2

1 1 1 1 1
Now, .  . 
 D2  4 
2 2 2  0  4 2 32

1
 1  1 x
and   cos 2 x    . cos 2 x
 2
D 4
2 2
  2 2 D2  4 .2D  
x x
sin 2 x
  cos 2 x dx   .

8 D2  4  
8 D2  4 2 
x x x2
 . sin 2 x    sin 2 x dx
16 2D 32
x 2  cos 2 x  x 2
 .   cos 2 x
32  2  64
 The complete solution is
1 x2
y   c1  c2 x   c3 cos 2 x  c 4 sin 2 x    cos 2 x
32 64
 
Ex.12 Solve D2  D  1 y   1  sin x 2 [M.U. 2006]

1  3.i
Solution: The auxiliary equation is D2  D  1  0  D
2
 3 3 
 C.F. is y  e x /2  c1 cos x  c 2 sin x
 2 2 
1
 P.I.  2  1  sin x 2
D D1

 2
1
D D1

1  2 sin x  sin 2 x 
1  1  cos 2 x 
 2  1  2 sin x  
D D1 2 
3 1 1 
   2 sin x  cos 2 x 
2
D D1 2 2 
1 3 3 1
Now,
2
.   . 2 e0 x
D D1 2 2 D D1
3 1 3
 . .e0 x 
2 001 2

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Applied Mathematics – II Linear Differential Equations with constant Coefficients
1 1
sin x  sin x
D2  D  1 1  D  1
1
 sin x
D
  sin x dx   cos x
1 1
cos 2 x  cos 2 x
D2  D  1 4  D  1
D 3
cos 2 x
D2  9
2 sin 2 x  3 cos 2 x

13
 The complete solution is
 3 3 
y  e x /2  c1 cos x  c 2 sin x
 2 2 
1 1
  2 cos x   2 sin 2 x  3 cos 2 x 
3 26

EXERCISE
Solve the following differential equations :
d4y
 4
 a 4 y  sin ax [M.U. 1988, 2008]
dx
1
Ans. y  c1e ax  c2 e ax  c3 cos ax  c 4 sin ax  .x cos ax
4 a3

 
2 x
  D  12 D2  1 y  sin 2  ex [M.U. 2001, 10]
2
1 1 2 1
Ans. y   c1  c2 x  ex   c3  c 4 x  c5 cos x  c6 sin x    x sin x  x 2 e x
2 32 8
 D4  10D2  9 y  cos  2x  3 [M.U. 1988, 2004]
1
Ans. y  c1 cos x  c2 sin x  c3 cos 3x  c 4 sin 3x  cos  2 x  3 
15
 D2  4 y  sin2 x [M.U. 1988]
x 1
Ans. y  c1ex  c2 e2 x  sin 2 x 
8 8
  D2  4 y  cos 2x [M.U. 2003]
x
Ans. y  c1 cos 2 x  c2 sin 2 x  sin 2 x
4

d3y dy
Ex.13 Solve 3
 2  4 y  3x 2  5x  2 [M.U. 1996, 99]
dx dx

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Applied Mathematics – II Linear Differential Equations with constant Coefficients

Solution: The auxiliary equation is D3  2D  4  0

 D3  2D2  2D2  4D  2D  4  0
 
 D  2  D2  2D  2  0   D  2,1  i

 The C.F. is y  c1e2 x  ex  c2 cos x  c3 sin x 

P.I. 
D 3
1
 2D  4
 3x 2  5x  2 


 2D  D
1
3  3x 2  5x  2 
4 1  
 4 
1
1  2D  D3 
 1 
4  4


 3x 2  5x  2 
1  2D  D3 4D2 
 1 
4  4

16
 .... 3x 2  5x  2

 
1 2 1 1 
  3x  5x  2   6 x  5    6  
4 2 4 
1 2
 3x  2 x  1 
4 
 The complete solution is
1
y  c1e2 x  ex  c2 cos x  c 3 sin x   3x 2  2x  1
4 
d2 y dy
Ex.14 Solve 2
4  4 y  x 2  ex  cos 2 x [M.U. 1995, 2005, 10, 11]
dx dx
Solution: The auxiliary equation is D2  4D  4  0
  D  2 2  0  D  2, 2
 The C.F. is y   c1  c2 x  e2 x

P.I. 
D  2
1
2  x2  ex  cos 2x 
1 1
Now, 2
x2  x2
D  4D  4  4D  D 2
4 1  
 4 
1
1   4D  D2   1   4D  D2  
 1     x2  1     D2  x 2
4   4   4   4 
 
1 2 1  1 2 3
x  8 x  2   2  x  2 x 
4  4  4  2 
1 x 1
2
e   ex
D  4D  4 1 4 4

Prof. Subir Rao 9 Cell : 9820563976

Applied Mathematics – II Linear Differential Equations with constant Coefficients
1 1
cos 2 x   cos 2 x
D2  4D  4 4D
1 1
   cos 2 x dx   sin 2 x
4 8
 The completion solution is
1 3 1
y   c1  c2 x  e2 x  x 2  2x    e x  sin 2x
4 2 8

 
Ex.15 Solve D3  2D2  D y  x 2  x [M.U. 1992]

Solution: The auxiliary equation is D D2  2D  1  0  

 D  D  1 2  0  D  0,1,1
 The C.F. is y  c1   c2  c3x  ex

P.I. 
D  2D  D
1
 x2  x  
2 3
1
D  1  2D  D 
2  x2  x 

P.I.  1   2D  D2   4D2 ...  x 2  x 

1

D 

 1  2D  3D2 ....  x 2  x 
1
D 

  x 2  x   2  2 x  1   3  2  
1
D 
1 2
 x  5x  8 
D 
x 3 5x 2

  x 2  5x  8 dx 
3

2

 8x

 The completion solution is

x 3 5x 2
y  c1   c 2  c 3 x  e x    8x
3 2
d3y dy
Ex.16 Solve 3
  cos t  t 2  3 [M.U. 1992]
dt dt
Solution: The auxiliary equation is D D2  1  0    D  0, i , i

 The C.F. is y  c1  c2 cos t  c3 sin t

P.I. 
DD
1
3  cos t  t2  3
1 1 1 t
cos t  cos t  . sin t
DD 3

D 1  D2  D 2

1 1
  t sin tdt   t cos t  sin t 
2 2

Prof. Subir Rao 10 Cell : 9820563976

Applied Mathematics – II Linear Differential Equations with constant Coefficients

t
12

1
t 2

1
1  D2  .... t 2  
DD3
D 1D2 D  
t3
12
D
t  2    t 2  2 dt   2t

 3
 
1 1 1
.3  3. e0t  3. .1  3 dt  3t
DD3
D 1D 2
 D 
 The complete solution is
1 t3
y  c1  c2 cos t  c3 sin t   t cos t  sin t    t
2 3
 
Ex.17 Solve D3  D2  6D y  x 2  1 [M.U. 2009]

Solution: The auxiliary equation is D3  D2  6D  0

 
D D2  D  6  0 
 D  D  2  D  3   0  D  0, 2, 3
 The C.F. is y  c1  c2 e2 x  c3 e3x

P.I. 
D D 3
1
2
 6D
 x 2  1


1
.
1
 x 2  1
 
6D 1   D  D2 /6 
   
1
1  D  D2 
 . 1 
6D 

6 
 x 2  1
 D  D2  
 D  D2 

2


1 
6D 
1
6


 6
  .... x  1


2
 
 

1  D D2 D2 
 1  
6D  6 6

36
 .... x 2  1

 
1  2 x 1 1
  x 1   
6D  3 3 18 
1  2 x 25  1  x 25 
  x        x 2    dx
6D  3 18  6  3 18 
1  x 3 x 2 25x 
    
6  3 6 18 
 The complete solution is
1  x 3 x 2 25x 
y  c1  c2 e2 x  c3 e 3x     
6  3 6 18 

Prof. Subir Rao 11 Cell : 9820563976

Applied Mathematics – II Linear Differential Equations with constant Coefficients

EXERCISE
Solve the following differential equations :
  D4  2D3  D2  y  x3 [M.U. 1996]

x5 x 4
Ans. y  c1  c 2 x   c 3  c 4 x  e x    3x 3  12x 2
20 2
 D2  4D  4 y  8  x2  sin 2x  e2x  [M.U. 1997]

Ans. y   c1  c2 x  e2 x  2x2  4x  3  cos 2x  4x 2 e2 x

 D3  D y  2ex  2x  1  4 cos x [M.U. 2006]

Ans. y  c1  c2 ex  c3 ex  x 2  x  2 sin x  xex

  D2  4 y  x2  sin 2x [M.U. 1998]

x 1 1
Ans. y  c1 cos 2 x  c2 sin 2 x  cos 2 x   x 2  
4 4 2
  D2  2D  2  y  x2  1 [M.U. 2004]

Ans. y   c1 cos x  c2 sin x  e x 

2

1 2
x  2x  2 


Ex.18 Solve D2  3D  2 y  x 2 e2 x  [M.U. 1994]

Solution: The auxiliary equation is D2  3D  2  0

  D  1 D  2   0  D  1, 2
 The C.F. is y  c1ex  c2 e2 x
1 1
P.I.  2
x 2 e2 x  e2 x . 2
.x 2
D  3D  2 D  2  3 D  2  2
1 1 1
 e2 x x 2  e2 x . x 2  e2 x  1  D1 x 2
D D 2 D.  1  D D
1
 e2 x 1  D  D2  D3  .... x 2
D 
1

 e2 x  x 2  2 x  2   e2 x  x 2  2 x  2 dx
D  
3
2x  x 
e   x2  2x 

 3 
 The complete solution is
 x3 
y  c1 e x  c 2 e 2 x  e 2 x   x 2  2x 
 3 
 

Prof. Subir Rao 12 Cell : 9820563976

Applied Mathematics – II Linear Differential Equations with constant Coefficients

d2 y
Ex.19 Solve 2
 2 y  x 2 e3x  ex  cos 2 x [M.U. 1993, 2003, 06]
dx
Solution: The auxiliary equation is D2  2  0  
 D  2.i ,  2.i
 The C.F. is y  c1 cos 2.x  c2 sin 2.x

P.I. 
D 2
1
2
 x 2 e3x  ex  cos 2 x 

1 1
Now, 2
e 3x x 2  e 3x . 2
.x 2
D 2  D  3  2
1
3x e 3x
1 2  6D  D2 
e . 2 x  1   x2
D  6D  11 11  11 



e 3x 
1

6D  D2

36D2 
 ... x 2
11  11 121 
 
e 3x  2 12 x 2 72 
  x  11  11  121 
11
e 3x  2 12 x 50 
  x  11  121 
11
1 1 x
ex  e
D2  2 3
1 1
cos 2 x   cos 2 x
D2  2 2
 The complete solution is
e 3x  2 12 x 50  1 x 1
y  c1 cos 2.x  c2 sin 2.x  x  11  121   3 e  2 cos 2 x
11
d2 y dy x x
Ex.20 Solve  3  2 y  2 e cos [M.U. 1995, 2005, 10]
dx 2 dx 2
Solution: The auxiliary equation is D2  3D  2  0
  D  1 D  2   0  D  1, 2
 The C.F. is y  c1ex  c2 e2 x
1 x
P.I.  2. 2 .ex cos  
D  3D  2 2
1 x
 2.ex 2
.cos  
 D  1  3  D  1  2 2
1 x
 2.ex 2
cos  
D D 2

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Applied Mathematics – II Linear Differential Equations with constant Coefficients

1 x
 2.ex cos  
  1/4   D 2
1 x
 8ex . cos  
4D  1 2
4D  1 x
 8ex . 2
.cos  
16D  1 2
8 x x  x 
 e  2 sin    cos   
5  2  2 
 The complete solution is
8  x  x 
y  c1e x  c2 e2 x  ex  2 sin    cos   
5  2  2 

 
Ex.21 Solve D2  1  cosh x cos x [M.U. 2002]

Solution: The auxiliary equation is D2  1  0

  D  1 D  1  0  D  1, 1
 The C. F. is y  c1ex  c2 ex

1 1  ex  ex 
P.I. = cosh x cos x    cos x
D2  1 D2  1  2 
1 1 1 
  2
ex cos x  2 ex cos x 
2 D  1 D 1 
1 x 1 x 1 
 e . cos x  e . cos x 
2   D  12  1  D  1 2  1 
1 x 1 1 
  e . 2 cos x  ex . 2 cos x 
2  D  2D D  2D 
1 x 1 x 1 
  e . cos x  e . cos x 
2  2D  1 2D  1 
1  x 2D  1 2D  1 
  e . 2 cos x  ex . 2 cos x 
2  4D  1 4D  1 
1  ex ex 
    2 sin x  cos x    2 sin x  cos x 
2  5 5 

1  ex  ex   ex  ex  
  2 sin x    cos x   
5   2   2  
1
P.I.   2 sin x sinh x  cos x cosh x 
5
 The complete solution is
1
y  c1ex  c2 ex   2 sin x sinh x  cos x cosh x 
5

Prof. Subir Rao 14 Cell : 9820563976

Applied Mathematics – II Linear Differential Equations with constant Coefficients

 
Ex.22 Solve D2  2 y  ex cos x  x 2 e3x [M.U. 2001, 08, 12]

Solution: The auxiliary equation is D2  2  0

 D   2.i ,  2.i
 The C.F. is y  c1 cos 2.x  c2 sin 2.x
1 1
P.I.  ex cos x  ex . cos x
D2  2  D  1 2  2
1 1
 ex . 2 .cos x  ex . cos x
D  2D  3 2D  2
1 D1 1 1
 ex . . 2 .cos x  ex . . .   sin x  cos x 
2 D 1 2 2
1
 ex .  sin x  cos x 
4
e3x  2 12 x 50 
 x   
11  11 121 
 The complete solution is
1 e3x  2 12 50 
y  c1 cos 2.x  c2 sin 2.x  e x .  sin x  cos x   x   
4 11  x 121 

 
Ex.23 Solve D3  7 D  6 y  cosh x cos x [M.U. 2002]

Solution: The auxiliary equation is D3  7D  6  0

 D3  D2  D2  D  6D  6  0
 
 D  1 D2  D  6  0 
  D  1 D  2  D  3  0  D  1, 2, 3
 The C.F. is y  c1ex  c2 e2 x  c3 e3x
1
P.I.  cosh x cos x
D3  7 D  6
 ex  ex 
1
P.I.    .cos x
D3  7 D  6  2 
1 x x 1
Now, .e cos x  e . cos x
D3  7 D  6  D  1 3  7  D  1   6
1
 ex . 3 2
cos x
D  3D  4D  12
1
 ex . cos x (Putting D2  1 )
D  3  4D  12
1 1 1  D  3
  ex . cos x   e x . cos x
5 D 3 5 D2  9  

Prof. Subir Rao 15 Cell : 9820563976

Applied Mathematics – II Linear Differential Equations with constant Coefficients
1 1
  ex . .  D  3  cos x
5  1  9 
ex
  sin x  3 cos x 

50
Similarly, we find that
1 ex
.ex cos x   3 cos x  5sin x 
D3  7 D  6 34
 The complete solution is
1 x
y  c1ex  c2 e 2 x  c3 e 3x  .e  sin x  3 cos x 
100
1 x
 .e  3 cos x  5sin x 
68

EXERCISE
Solve the following differential equations :
  D3  7D  6 y  e2x  x  1 [M.U. 1992, 96]

1  17 
Ans. y  c 1e x  c2 e 2 x  c 3 e 3x  e 2 x . x  
12  12 
  D3  7D  6 y  1  x2  e2x [M.U. 1999, 07]

1  2 5 169 
Ans. y  c 1ex  c2 e 2 x  c3 e 3x  e 2 x . . x  x  
12  6 72 
e2 x
 D 2

 4D  4 y 
x5
[M.U. 2004]

e2 x
Ans. y   c1  c2 x  e 2 x 
12 x 3
  D2  D  6 y  e2x sin 3x [M.U. 1996]

e2 x
Ans. y  c1e 2 x  c2 e 3x   5 cos 3x  3sin 3x 
102
  D2  4 y  x2 e3x [M.U. 1997]

e3x  2 12 x 62 
Ans. y  c1 e2 x  c2 e 2 x  x   
5  5 25 
 D2  1 y  x sinh x [M.U. 2003]

x2 x
Ans. y  c1 e x  c 2 e  x  cosh x  sinh x
4 4
  D2  2D  4 y  ex cos2 x [M.U. 1999]

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Applied Mathematics – II Linear Differential Equations with constant Coefficients
1 1
Ans.  8 2

y  ex c1 cos 3x  c2 sin 3x  .e x  .e x cos 2 x

   x
D2  3D  2 y  2 ex sin  
2
[M.U. 2004, 07]

8  x x
Ans. y  c1ex  c2 e 2 x  ex  sin  2 cos 
5  2 2
  D4  1 y  cos x cosh x [M.U. 2002]
1
Ans. y  c1ex  c2 ex  c3 cos x  c 4 sin x  cos x cosh x
5


Ex.24 Solve D2  4  x sin x [M.U. 2005]

Solution: The auxiliary equation is D2  4  0  D  2i , 2i

 The C.F. is y  c1 cos 2x  c2 sin 2x
1  1  1
P.I.  .  x sin x   x  2
2
.2D . 2 sin x
D 4  D 4  D 4
 1  1 x 1 2
 x  2 .2D . sin x  .sin x  2 . cos x
 D 4  3 3 D 4 3
x 2 1
 .sin x  . cos x
3 3 3
 The complete solution is
x 2
y  c1 cos 2 x  c2 sin 2 x  sin x  .cos x
3 9
d2 y dy
Ex.25 Solve 2
2  y  xex sin x [M.U. 2011]
dx dx
Solution: The auxiliary equation is D2  2D  1  0
  D  1 2  0  D  1,1
 The C.F. is y   c1  c2 x  ex
1
 P.I.  2
.ex .x sin x
 D  1
1
 ex . 2
x sin x
 D  1  1
1  1  1
 ex . 2 .x sin x  ex x  2 .2D . 2 sin x
D  D  D
 1  1   1 
 ex x  2 .2D   sin x  ex x  2 .2D sin x
 D   1   D 
 1   2 
  e x  x sin x  2 .2 cos x   e x  x sin x  cos x 
 D    1 

Prof. Subir Rao 17 Cell : 9820563976

Applied Mathematics – II Linear Differential Equations with constant Coefficients

 P.I.  ex  x sin x  2 cos x 

 The complete solution is
y   c1  c2 x  ex  ex  x sin x  2 cos x 

 
Ex.26 Solve D2  4 y  x sinh x [M.U. 1991]

Solution: The auxiliary equation is D2  4  0  D  2, 2

 The C.F. is y  c1e2 x  c2 e2 x

1 1  ex  ex 
P.I.  x sinh x  x.  
D2  4 D2  4  2 
1 1 x 1 x 
  .xe  x.e 
2  D2  4 D2  4 
1 1  1 1 1  1
  x 2 .2D 2 ex  x  2 .2D 2 ex
2  D 4 D 4 2  D 4 D 4
1 1  1  1  1  1 
  x 2 .2D   ex    x  2 .2D   e x 
2  D 4  3  2  D  4  3 
1
   x.ex  2
6
1
D 4
 1
.2 ex    x.ex  2
 6
1
D 4

.2  ex 

 
1 2  1 2 
   x.ex  ex    x.e x  .e x 
6 3  6 3 


6

x x x 1 2 x x
e e  . e e
6 3
  
x  ex  ex  2  ex  ex  x 2
        sinh x  cosh x
3 2  9 2  3 9
 The complete solution is
x 2
y  c1e2 x  c2 e 2 x  sinh x  cosh x
3 9
 
Ex.27 Solve D2  1 y  x sin x  cos x [M.U. 1987]

Solution: The auxiliary equation is D2  1  0  D  1, 1

 The C.F. is y  c1ex  c2 ex
1
P.I.  2
 x sin 3x  cos x 
D 1
 1  1 1
 x  2 .2D 2 sin 3x  2 cos x
 D 1  D 1 D 1
 1  1  1
 x  2 .2D    sin 3x  cos x
 D 1   10  2
1  1  1
  x sin 3x  2 6 cos 3x   cos x
10  D 1  2

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Applied Mathematics – II Linear Differential Equations with constant Coefficients

1  6  1
  x sin 3x  cos 3x   cos x
10  10  2
1  3  1
 P.I.    x sin 3x  cos 3x   cos x
10  5  2
 The complete solution is
1  3  1
y  c1 e x  c 2 e  x  x sin 3x  cos x   2 cos x
10  5

 
Ex.28 Solve D2  1 y  x 2 sin 3x [M.U. 2002]

Solution: The auxiliary equation is D2  1  0  D  1, 1

 The C.F. is y  c1ex  c2 ex
1
P.I.. = Imaginary Part of
2
.x2 e 3ix
D 1

 1 
 2
= I.P. of e 3ix .  x
2

  D  3 i   1 

 1  2
= I.P. of e 3ix .  2 x
 D  6Di  10 
1
3ix 1  
 6Di  D2 
= I.P. of e . 1   x2
 10   10 

1    6Di  D2  36D2i2  
= I.P. of e 3ix . 1    ... x2
 10    10  100 


1  6Di 26 2  2
= I.P. of e 3ix . 1   D x
 10   10 100 
1  2 6 13 
= I.P. of e 3ix .  x  xi  
10  5 25 
1  2 6 13 
= I.P. of  cos 3x  i sin 3x  . .  x  xi  
 10   5 25 

 P.I.. 
1
10  6 13
x 2 sin 3x  x cos 3x  sin 3x
5 25 
 The complete solution is

y  c1 e x  c 2 e  x 
10 
1 2 6 13
x sin 3x  x cos 3x  sin 3x
5 25 
 
Ex.29 Solve D4  2D2  1 y  x 2 cos x [M.U. 2012]

 D2  1
2
Solution: The auxiliary equation is D4  2D2  1  0  0

 D  i , i , i , i
 The C.F. is y   c1  c2 x  cos x   c3  c4 x  sin x

Prof. Subir Rao 19 Cell : 9820563976

Applied Mathematics – II Linear Differential Equations with constant Coefficients
1
 P.I.  4 2
.x 2 cos x
D  2D  1
1
= Real Part of .x 2 eix
 D2  1
2

1
= R.P. of eix 2
x2
 D  i   1  2
 
1
= R.P. of eix x2
 
2
D2  2Di

1
= R.P. of eix 2
x2
2
D  D  2i 
1 1
= R.P. of eix 2 . 2
x2
D 4  4iD  D
1
1 1  4iD  D2 
P.I. = R.P. of e . 2    1 
ix
 x2
D  4   4 

1  1   4iD  D2 
= R.P. of eix 2 .    1   D2  .... x 2
D  4   4 
 1  3 2 
= R.P. of eix .   
2 
1  iD  D  .... x 2
 4D  4 
 1  2 3
= R.P. of eix .     x  2 ix  
 4D2   2
 1   2 3
= R.P. of eix .      x  2ix   dx
 4D   2
3
 1  x 3 
= R.P. of eix .      ix 2  x 
 4D   3 2 

1   x3
ix  3 
= R.P. of e .       ix 2  x  dx
 4   3 2 

 eix  x 4 ix 3 3 2 
= R.P. of     x 
 4  12 3 4 
 

 1  x 4 ix 3 3 2 
= R.P. of     cos x  i sin x     x 
 4  12 3 4 

1  x4 3 2 x3 
  cos x  x cos x  sin x 
4  12 4 3 

x3
 P.I.  
1 4
48
 2
x  9x cos x  sin x
12


Prof. Subir Rao 20 Cell : 9820563976

Applied Mathematics – II Linear Differential Equations with constant Coefficients

 The complete solution is

x3
y   c1  c2 x  cos x   c3  c 4 x  sin x 
48

1 4

x  9x 2 cos x 
12
sin x

 
Ex.30 Solve D2  4 y  x sin 2 x [M.U. 2003, 08]

Solution: The auxiliary equation is D2  4  0  D  2i , 2i

 The C.F. is y  c1 cos 2x  c2 sin 2x

P.I. 
D 2
1
4
 x sin 2 x   2
1  1  cos 2 x 
x
D 4  2


1 1 1 1
 . 2 x . 2 x cos 2 x
2 D 4 2 D 4
1 1 1 1 D2  1
Now, . 2 x  . 1 ...  x  x
2 D 4 
2 4 4   8
1 1 1 1
and . 2 x cos 2 x  R.P. of 2 x.e2 ix
2 D 4 2 D 4
1 1
 R.P. of e2 ix . x
2  D  2 i 2  4
1 1
 R.P. of e2 ix . 2 x
2 D  4iD
1 1  D 
 R.P. of e2 ix . . 1  ... x
2 4iD  4i 
1 1  1
 R.P. of e2 ix . . x  
2 4iD  4i 
2
1 2 ix 1  x x  1 
 R.P. of e .   
2 4i  2 4i   D   dx 

2
1 2 ix  x x 
 R.P. of e   
2  8i 16 
 
1  x2 x 
 R.P. of  cos 2 x  i sin 2 x   
2  8i 16 
 
x x2
 cos 2 x  sin 2 x
32 16
 The complete solution is
x x x2
y  c1 cos 2 x  c2 sin 2 x   cos 2 x  sin 2 x
8 32 16

Example 31 to 34 and 39 to 41 is not expected in exam using general particular integrals.

But the latter sums can be asked as a Variation of Parameters problem.

Prof. Subir Rao 21 Cell : 9820563976

Applied Mathematics – II Linear Differential Equations with constant Coefficients

 
Ex.31 Solve D2  a2 y  sec ax [M.U. 1991]

Solution: The auxiliary equation is D2  a2  0  D   ai , ai

 The C.F. is y  c1 cos ax  c2 sin ax
1
P.I.  sec ax
D  a2
2

1
 sec ax
 D  ai  D  ai 
1  1 1 
  sec ax
2 ai  D  ai D  ai 

1  1 1 
  sec ax  sec ax 
2 ai  D  ai D  ai 
1  aix  aix
 e e sec ax dx  e  aix  e aix sec ax dx 
2 ai  
1  aix
 P.I.  e   cos ax  i sin ax  sec ax dx
2 ai 
e aix   cos ax  i sin ax  sec ax dx 

1  aix
 e   1  i tan ax  dx  e aix   1  i tan ax  dx 
2 ai  


1  aix

2 ai 
e i
 i
 
x  log sec ax  e aix x  log sec ax 
a a 


1 

2 ai   i
 cos ax  i sin ax  x  log sec ax
a 
i 
  cos ax  i sin ax  x  log sec ax 
a 


1
2 ai  2i
2ix sin ax  cos ax log sec ax
a 
x 1
 sin ax  2 cos ax log sec ax
a a
x 1
 P.I.  sin ax  2 cos ax log cos ax
a a
 The complete solution is
x 1
y  c1 cos ax  c2 sin ax  sin ax  2 cos ax log cos ax
a a
 
Ex.32 Solve D2  a2  2 a tan ax [M.U. 2003]

Solution: The auxiliary equation is D2  a2  0  D  ai , ai

 The C.F. is y  c1 cos ax  c2 sin ax

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Applied Mathematics – II Linear Differential Equations with constant Coefficients

2a 1 1 1 
P.I.  tan ax    tan ax
2
D a 2 i  D  ai D  ai 
1
Now, tan ax  e aix  e aix tan ax dx
D  ai
 e aix   cos ax  i sin ax  tan ax dx
 sin 2 ax 
 e aix   sin ax  i  dx
 cos ax 


e aix


 sin ax  i

1  cos2 ax   dx
 cos ax 
 
 e aix   sin ax  i sec ax  i cos ax  dx
1  cos ax i   ax  i 
tan ax  e aix    log tan     sin ax 
D  ai  a a 4 2  a 
1 i   ax  
  e aix   cos ax  i sin ax   log tan    
a a  4 2 
e aix   aix i   ax  
 e  log tan    
a  a  4 2 
1   ax  
  1  ie aix log tan    
a  4 2 
Changing i to i
1 1   ax  
tan ax   1  ie aix log tan    
D  ai a  4 2 
1 i
    ax  
P.I.    e aix  e aix log tan    
i a  4 2 
2  e aix  e aix    ax 
   log tan   
a  2 
 4 2 
2   ax 
  cos ax log tan   
a 4 2 
 The complete solution is
2   ax 
y  c1 cos ax  c2 sin ax  cos ax log tan   
a 4 2 

 
Ex.33 Solve D2  3D  2 y  sin ex [M.U. 1997, 2000, 05]

Solution: The auxiliary equation is D2  3D  2  0   D  2  D  1  0

 The C.F. is y  c1ex  c2 e2 x
1  1 1 
P.I.  sin ex     sin e
x
 D  2  D  1  D1 D 2 

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Applied Mathematics – II Linear Differential Equations with constant Coefficients
1 1
 sin e x  sin e x
 D  1 D2
 ex  ex sin ex .dx  e2 x  e2x sin ex .dx
To evaluate the integrals put ex  t , ex dx  dt
 P.I.  ex  sin t dt  e2 x  t sin t dt
 ex   cos t   e2 x  t   cos t    1  sin t 

 P.I.  ex cos ex  e2 x ex cos ex  sin ex 

 
 e2 x sin ex
 The complete solution is
y  c1ex  c2 e2 x  e2 x sin ex

 
Ex.34 Solve D2  5D  6 y  e2 x sec2 x  1  2 tan x  [M.U. 1996, 97, 2002, 05]

Solution: The auxiliary equation is D2  5D  6  0

  D  3 D  2   0  D  2, 3
 The C.F. is y  c1e2 x  c2 e3x
1 1
 P.I.  . e2 x sec2 x  1  2 tan x  dx
 D  3  D  2 
1
 .e2 x  e2 x .e2 x sec2 x  1  2 tan x  dx
 D  3 
1
 .e2 x  sec2 x  1  2 tan x  dx
D 3

1
D 3

.e2 x tan x  tan 2 x 

 e3x  e3x .e2 x tan x  tan 2 x dx 
 e3x  ex  tan x  sec x   1 dx
2

 
 e3x   ex tan x  sec2 x dx   ex dx 
 
 e3x  ex tan x  ex   e2 x  tan x  1
 
  ex  f  x   f '  x dx  ex f  x 
 
 The complete solution is
y  c1e2 x  c2 e3x  e2 x  tan x  1

 
Ex.35 Solve D2  6D  9 y  e3x  1  x  [M.U. 1990]

Solution: The auxiliary equation is D2  6D  9  0

  D  3 2  0  D = 3, 3

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Applied Mathematics – II Linear Differential Equations with constant Coefficients

 The C.F. is y   c1  c2 x  e3x

1
P.I.  2
e 3x  1  x 
D  6D  9
1 3x 1
 P.I.  2
e  2
e3x .x
 D  3  D  3
x 2 3x 3x 1
 e e . x
2!  D  3  3 2
x 2 3x 3x 1
 e e . 2 x
2 D
1 1 1 x2 x2 x3
But, x   x dx    dx 
D2 D D 2 2 6
 The complete solution is
3x x 2 3x x 3 3x
y   c1  c 2 x  e  e  .e
2 6
d2 y dy
Ex.36 Solve 2
2  y  xex sin x [M.U. 1987, 95, 2008]
dx dx
Solution: The auxiliary equation is D2  2D  1  0
  D  1 2  0  D = 1, 1
 The C.F. is y   c1  c2 x  ex
1 1
P.I.  2
ex  x sin x   ex x sin x
 D  1  D  1  1 2
1 1
 ex 2
x sin x  ex  x sin x dx
D D
1
 ex x   cos x      cos x  .1.dx 
D
1
 ex  x cos x  sin x  dx
D
 ex   x cos x  sin x  dx
 ex  x  sin x   sin x  1 dx  cos x 

 ex  x sin x  cos x  cos x 

 The complete solution is
y   c1  c2 x  ex  ex  x sin x  2 cos x 
1
 P.I.  2
ex .  x sin x 
 D  1
1 1
 ex 2
x sin x  ex . 2 x sin x
 D  1  1 D

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Applied Mathematics – II Linear Differential Equations with constant Coefficients

 1  1  2
 ex  x  2 .2D 2 sin x  ex  x     sin x 
 D D  D
 ex  x sin x  2 cos x 
d2 y dy
Ex.37 Solve 2
 2  y  xex cos x [M.U. 1997, 2009]
dx dx
Solution: The auxiliary equation is D2  2D  1  0
  D  1 2  0  D  1, 1
 The C.F. is y   c1  c2 x  ex
1
P.I.  2
ex x cos x
 D  1
1
 ex . x cos x
 D  1  1 2
1 1
 ex . 2 x cos x  ex  x cos x dx
D D
1
 ex .  x sin x  cos x.1
D
(By generalized rule of integration by parts)
 ex   x sin x  cos x  dx
 ex x   cos x     sin x  .1  sin x 

 ex  x cos x  2 sin x 

 The complete solution is
y   c1  c2 x  ex  ex  x cos x  2 sin x 
 ex  c1  c2 x  x cos x  2 sin x 
1
P.I.  2
ex .x cos x
 D  1
1 1
 ex . 2
x cos x  e x . 2 x cos x
 D  1  1 D
 1  1
 P.I.  ex  x  2 .2D 2 cos x
 D D
 1 
 ex  x  2 .2D  1 cos x
 D 
 1 
 ex  x cos x  2 2 sin x 
 D 
 ex  x cos x  2 sin x 

 
Ex.38 Solve D2  4D  4 y  e2 x x cos x [M.U. 1990, 93]

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Applied Mathematics – II Linear Differential Equations with constant Coefficients

Solution: The auxiliary equation is D2  4D  4  0

  D  2 2  0  D  2, 2
 The C.F. is y   c1  c2 x  e2 x
1 1
P.I.  2
e2 x x cos x  e2 x x cos x
D  2  D  2  2 2
1 2 x 1
 e2 x .x cos x  e .  x cos x dx
D2 D
1
 e2 x . x  sin x   cos x 
D
 e2 x   x sin x  cos x  dx
 e2 x x   cos x     sin x   sin x 

 P.I.  e2 x  x cos x  2 sin x 

1
Alternatively: P.I.  e2 x . 2 x cos x
D
 1  1
 e2 x  x  2 .2D 2 cos x
 D D
 e2 x  x cos x  2 sin x 
 The complete solution is
y   c1  c2 x  e2 x  e2 x  x cos x  2 sin x 
d2 y dy ex
Ex.39 Solve  3  2 y  e [M.U. 1996, 99, 2002]
dx 2 dx
Solution: The auxiliary equation is D2  3D  2  0
  D  1 D  2   0  D  1, 2
 The C.F. is y  c1ex  c2 e2 x
1 x
P.I.  ee
 D  2  D  1
1 x
 .ex  e e ex dx
D 2
To find the integral, put ex  t  ex dx  dt
x
e x t t e x
  e e dx   e dt  e  e
1 x ex x 1 x ex
 e  e e dx  e .e
D 2 D 2
x
 e2 x  e e .e2 x .ex dx
x
 e2 x  e e ex dx
x
 e2 x .e e

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Applied Mathematics – II Linear Differential Equations with constant Coefficients

 The complete solution is

x
y  c1ex  c2 e2 x  e2 x .e e

 
Ex.40 Solve D2  D y 
1  ex
1
[M.U. 2009]

Solution: The auxiliary equation is D  D  1  0  D  0, 1

 The C.F. is y  c1  c2 ex
1 1 1 1 dx
P.I.  . . x
 
D1 D 1 e D  1 1  ex
1 ex
 . dx [Put ex  1  t ]
D  1 ex  1


1 
D1  
 log ex  1 
 

 e x  
 e x x
 e  log e  x
 1 .e x
e . x
dx 
e x  1 
 
(By integrating by parts)

 dx 
  ex  ex log e x  1   x


e  1

 ex 



  ex  ex log e x  1   x 
dx 
e  1 


 ex  ex log ex  1  log 1  ex 
   
 The complete solution is


y  c1  c2 ex  ex  ex log ex  1  log 1  ex 
    
  1 1
Ex.41 Solve D2  D  2 y  2 log x   2
x x
[M.U. 2000, 08, 10, 11]

Solution: 
The auxiliary equation is D2  D  2  0 
  D  2  D  1  0  D  1, 2
 The C.F. is y  c1ex  c2 e2 x
1  1 1 
P.I.  .  2 log x   2 
 D  2  D  1  x x 
1  1 1 
 .ex  ex  2 log x   2  dx
D2  x x 
1   2  1 1  
 .ex   ex  2 log x   dx   e x    2  dx 
D2   x  x x  

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Applied Mathematics – II Linear Differential Equations with constant Coefficients

1  1
 .ex .  ex 2 log x  ex . 
D2  x
  ex  f  x   f '  x dx  ex f  x 
 
1  1  1
 .  2 log x    e2 x  e2 x  2 log x   dx
D2  x  x
  e2 x   e2 x 2  1 
 e2 x  2 log x      .  dx   e 2 x dx 
  2   2 x  x 

[Or you may use  e ax af  x   f '  x dx  e ax f  x  ]

 e2 x .e2 x .log x   log x

 The complete solution is
y  c1ex  c2 e2 x  log x

EXERCISE
Solve the following differential equations :
  D2  a2  y  cos ecax [M.U. 1997]
1 x
Ans. y  c1 cos ax  c2 sin ax  2 log  sin ax   cos ax
a a
  D2  2D  1 y  4ex log x [M.U. 1997, 99]

Ans. y   c1  c2 x  ex  ex x 2  2 log x  3 

 D2  1 y  ex sin  ex   cos  ex  [M.U. 2002, 06]

Ans. y  c1ex  c2 ex  ex sin ex

(Hint: P.I. 
1
.
1 
D1 D1   
cos ex  ex sin ex 
  
P.I. 
1
D1     
.ex  ex  cos ex  ex sin ex  dx



1 x x
D1
 
e .e cos ex   ex  f  x   f '  x dx  ex f  x 
 


1
D1
   
cos ex  ex  ex cos ex dx  ex sin e x  
  
D2  1 y 
2
1  ex
[M.U. 2001]

Ans.  
y  c1ex  c2 ex  ex log 1  ex  1  ex log ex  1  
(Hint: The part e  x coming from P.I. can be absorbed in c 2 of C.F.)
d2 y
Ex.42 Apply the method of variation of parameters to solve 2
 a2 y  sec ax
dx

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Applied Mathematics – II Linear Differential Equations with constant Coefficients
[M.U. 1995, 99, 2003]
Solution: The auxiliary equation is D2  a2  0  D  ai , ai
 The C.F. is y  c1 cos ax  c2 sin ax
Here, y1  cos ax , y2  sin ax , X  sec ax
Let P.I. be y  uy1  vy2
y1 y 2 cos ax sin ax
Now, W   a
y1 ' y2 ' a sin ax a cos ax
y X 1
 u   2 dx    sin ax.sec ax dx
W a
1 1
   tan ax dx  2 log cos ax
a a
y X 1
And v   1 dx   cos x.sec ax dx
W a
1 x
  dx 
a a
1 x
 P.I.  2 log cos ax.cos ax  .sin ax
a a
 The complete solution is
1 x
y  c1 cos ax  c2 sin ax  2 log cos ax.cos ax  .sin ax
a a


Ex.43 Apply the method of variation of parameters to Solve D2  2D  2 y  ex tan x 
[M.U. 2002, 09, 11, 12]
Solution: The auxiliary equation is D2  2D  2  0  D  1i
x
 The C.F. is y  e c1 cos x  c2 sin x 
Here, y1  ex cos x , y2  ex sin x , X  ex tan x
Let P.I. be y  uy1  vy2
y1 y2 ex cos x ex sin x
Now, W  
y '1 y '2 ex  cos x  sin x  e x  sin x  cos x 

 ex cos x.ex  sin x  cos x   ex sin x.ex  cos x  sin x 

 
W  e2 x sin 2 x  cos2 x  e2 x 
y X ex sin x.e x tan x
 u    2 dx    dx
W e2 x

 
sin 2 x
dx  
1  cos2 x dx

cos x cos x
  sec x dx   cos x dx   log  sec x  tan x   sin x

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Applied Mathematics – II Linear Differential Equations with constant Coefficients

y X ex cos x.ex tan x

And v   1 dx   dx
W e2 x
  sin x dx   cos x
 P.I.   log  sec x  tan x  .ex cos x  ex sin x cos x  ex cos x sin x
 The complete solution is
y  ex  c1 cos x  c2 sin x   ex cos x.log  sec x  tan x 
d2 y dy ex
Ex.44 Use the method of variation of parameters to Solve  3  2 y  e
dx 2 dx
[M.U. 1995, 96, 99, 2002, 05, 09]
Solution: The auxiliary equation is D2  3D  2  0
  D  1 D  2   0  D  1, 2
 The C.F. is y  c1ex  c2 e2 x
x
Here y1  ex , y2  e2 x , X  e e
Let P.I. be y  uy1  vy2
y1 y2 ex e 2 x
Now, W     e3x
y '1 y '2 x 2 x
e 2 e
x
y2 X e2 x .e e
 u   dx    dx
W  e 3x
x x
  e e ex dx  e e [Put ex  t ]
x
y X ex .e e x
And v   1 dx   3x dx   e 2 x e e dx
W e
Putting ex  t , v   et .t dt  t et  et
x x
 v  ex e e  e e
x  x x
 P.I.  e e .ex   ex e e  e e  .e 2 x
 
x
 e2 x .e e
 The complete solution is
x
y  c1ex  c2 e2 x  e2 x .e e

Ex.45 Solve the following by the method of variation of parameters

d2 y
dx 2  
 y  ex sin ex  cos ex   [M.U. 2003]

Solution: The auxiliary equation is D2  1  0

 D  1,1

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Applied Mathematics – II Linear Differential Equations with constant Coefficients

 The C.F. is y  c1ex  c2 ex

Here y1  ex , y2  ex , X  ex sin ex  cos ex    

Let P.I. be y  uy1  vy2
y1 y2 ex ex
Now, W    e0  e0  2
y '1 y '2 x x
e e


y X
W
1
2   
u   2 dx    ex  cos ex  ex sin ex  dx
  
1
  ex cos ex
2
 
  ex  f  x   f '  x dx  ex f  x 
 

and
y X
W
1
v   1 dx   ex  ex sin ex  cos ex  dx
2      
For integration, put ex  t ex dx  dt
1
v     t sin t  cos t  dt
2
1
  t   cos t    1  sin t   sin t 
2
1
2
1
 t cos t  sin t  ex cos ex  sin ex
2
   
1
  1
P.I.   ex cos ex .ex   .ex cos ex  sin ex  ex
2 2


   
  ex .sin  ex 

 The complete solution is

y  c1ex  c2 ex  ex .sin ex  
Ex.46 Solve by the method of variation of parameters
d2 y 1
 y  [M.U. 2005, 07]
dx 2 1  sin x
Solution: The auxiliary equation is D2  1  0  D  i , i
 The C.F. is y  c1 cos x  c2 sin x
1
Here y1  cos x , y2  sin x , X 
1  sin x
Let P.I. be y  uy1  vy2
y1 y2 cos x sin x
Now, W   1
y '1 y '2  sin x cos x
y X sin x 1
 u   2 dx   . dx
W 1 1  sin x
sin x  1  sin x  sin x  1  sin x 
  . dx    dx
1  sin x  1  sin x  cos2 x

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Applied Mathematics – II Linear Differential Equations with constant Coefficients

 
   sec x tan x  tan 2 x dx

   sec x tan x  sec2 x  1 dx

  sec x  tan x  x 
y X cos x 1
and V   1 dx   . dx  log  1  sin x 
W 1  1  sin x 
 P.I.   sec x  tan x  x cos x  log  1  sin x  .sin x
 The complete solution is
y  c1 cos x  c2 sin x  1  sin x  x cos x   sin x.log  1  sin x 
Ex.47 Solve by the method of variation of parameters
e 3x
D 2

 6D  9 y 
x2
. [M.U. 2000, 08]

Solution: The auxiliary equation is  D  3 2  0  D  3, 3

 The C.F. is y   c1  c2 x  e3x  c1e3x  c2 xe3x
Here y1  e3 x , y2  xe3 x , X  e3 x / x2
Let P.I. be y  uy1  vy2
y1 y2 e 3x xe 3x
Now, W    e6 x
y '1 y '2 3e 3x
e 3x
 3xe 3x

 u  
y2 X
dx   
xe3x . e3x / x 2 
dx

W e6 x
dx
    log x
x

and v
y1 X
dx  

e 3x . e 3x / x 2
 
dx
 
1 
W e6 x x2 x
1
 P.I.  e3x .log x  xe3x .  e3x  log x  1
x
 The complete solution is
y  c1e3x  c2  xe3x  e3x  log x  1
Ex.48 Solve by the method of variation of parameters

 D2  4D  4 y  e2x sec2 x [M.U. 2008, 10]

Solution: The auxiliary equation is  D  2 2  0  D  2, 2

 The C.F. is y   c1  c2 x  e2 x  c1e2 x  c2 xe2 x
Here y1  e2 x , y2  xe2 x , X  e2 x sec2 x.
Let P.I. be y  uy1  vy2

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Applied Mathematics – II Linear Differential Equations with constant Coefficients

y1 y2 e2 x xe 2 x
Now, W    e4x
y '1 y '2 2e 2x
e 2x
 2 xe 2x

y X
 u    2 dx
W
xe2 x .e2 x sec2 x
  4x
dx    x sec2 x dx
e
   x tan x   tan x. 1 . dx 
 x tan x  log sec x
y X e2 x .e2 x sec2 x
and v   1 dx   dx
W e4x
  sec2 xdx  tan x
P.I.  xe2 x tan x  e2 x .log sec x  xe2 x tan x
 e2 x .log sec x
 The complete solution is
y  c1e2 x  c2 xe2 x  e2 x .log sec x


Ex.49 Solve D2  1 y  
1  e2 x
2
[M.U. 2007]

Solution: The auxiliary equation is

D2  1  0 D  1, 1
 The C.F. y  c1ex  c2 ex
2
 y1  e x , y 2  e  x , X 
1  e2 x
y1 y2 ex ex
 W   2
y1 ' y 2 ' ex ex
y X 2 1
 u    2 dx    ex . . dx
W 1  e2 x 2
ex dt
 dx   Put ex  t
1  e 2 x 1  t2
  sin 1  t    sin 1 ex  
 uy1  ex sin 1 ex  
y X 2 1
v   1 dx   ex . . dx
W 1  e2 x 2
ex ex .ex
 dx   dx
2 x 2x
1 e e 1

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Applied Mathematics – II Linear Differential Equations with constant Coefficients

(Multiply by e x in the numerator and denominator)

tdt
Put ex  t I    t 2  1  e2 x  1
t2  1
v.y2  ex e2 x  1  1  e2 x
 The complete solution is
y  c1ex  c2 ex  ex sin ex  1  e2 x  
Ex.50 Use the method of variation of parameters to solve the equation
d2 y dy
2
5  6 y  e2 x .sec2 x  1  2 tan x  [M.U. 2010]
dx dx
Solution: The auxiliary equation is D2  5D  6  0
  D  2  D  3  0 D  2, 3
 C.F. is y  c1e2 x  c2 e3x
 y1  e2 x , y2  e3x , X  e2 x sec2 x  1  2 tan x 
y1 y2 e 2 x e 3x
 W    e5x
y1 ' y 2 ' 2 x 3x
2 e 3e
y X
 u    2 dx
W
e3x .e2 x
  5x
sec2 x.  1  2 tan x  dx
e
   1  2 tan x  sec2 xdx
1
  1  2 tan x 2
4
y X
v   1 dx
W
e2 x .e2 x .sec2 x  1  2 tan x 

 e5x
  ex .1  2 tan x .sec2 xdx
 1  2 tan x  2
Let f  x      f '  x   sec x
 2 
x x
  e  f  x   f '  x dx  e f  x 
 1  2 tan x 
 v  ex .
2
 The complete solution is
x
1 2 e
y  c1e2 x  c2 e 3x   1  2 tan x    1  2 tan x 
4 2

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Applied Mathematics – II Linear Differential Equations with constant Coefficients

Ex.51 Apply the method of variation of parameters to solve D3  D y  cos ecx  

[M.U. 1997, 2005, 08]
Solution: The auxiliary equation is D D2  1  0  
 D  0, i , i
 The C.F. is y  c1  c2 cos x  c3 sin x
Here y1  1, y2  cos x , y3  sin x , X  cos ecx
Let P.I. be y  uy1  vy2  wy3
y1 y2 y3 1 cos x sin x
Now, W  y '1 y '2 y '3  0  sin x cos x
y ''1 y ''2 y ''3 0  cos x  sin x

 sin 2 x  cos2 x  1

 u
 y2 y '3  y3 y '2  X dx
W
 
  cos2 x  sin 2 x cos ec x dx

  cos ecxdx  log  cos ecx  cot x 

v
 y3 y '1  y1y '3  X dx
W
   sin x.0  1.cos x  .cos ecx dx
  cot xdx   log sin x

and w
 y1y '2  y2 y '1  X dx
W
  1.   sin x   0.cos xcos ecxdx
  dx  x
 P.I.  log  cos ecx  cot x  1  log sin x.cos x  x sin x
 The complete solution is
y  c1  c2 cos x  c3 sin x  log  cos ecx  cot x   log sin x.cos x  x sin x

EXERCISE
Solve the following differential equations by the method of variation of parameters
d2 y
 2
 k 2 y  tan kx [M.U. 1998, 04]
dx
1
Ans. y  c1 cos kx  c2 sin kx  2 cos kx.log  sec kx  tan kx 
k

 D2  1 y   2
1  ex
[M.U. 1997, 02, 03]

Ans.  
y  c1ex  c2 ex  1  log 1  ex ex  log 1  ex  ex
   
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Applied Mathematics – II Linear Differential Equations with constant Coefficients

or y  c1ex  c2 ex  1  xex  ex  e x log 1  ex    

  D2  D y  1 1ex [M.U. 1997, 2003]

Ans. 
y  c1  c2 ex  log 1  ex  ex log 1  ex   
or 
y  c1  c2 ex  1  ex log 1  ex  x   
  D2  a2  y  a2 sec2 ax [M.U. 1997, 2003]

Ans. y  c1 cos ax  c2 sin ax  1  sin ax.log  sec ax  tan ax 

  D2  3D  2  y  1 1ex [M.U. 2011]

Ans. y  c1ex  c2 ex   ex  e2 x  log  1  ex   e2 x  1  ex 

 3 
 
Ex.52 Solve D3  1  ex /2 sin  x
 2 
[M.U. 2007]

Solution: The auxiliary equation is D3  1  0

 
 D  1 D2  D  1  0   D  1,
1  3.i
2
 3 3 
 The C.F. is y  c1ex  e x /2  c2 cos x  c3 sin x .
 2 2 
1 3x
P.I.  3
ex /2 .sin
D 1 2
1 3
 e x /2 3
sin x
2
D   1/2    1
1 3
 ex /2 3 2
sin x
D   3/2  D   3/4  D   9 /8  2

If we put D2  3/4 the denominator vanishes. Since  '  D2  3D2  3D   3/4  . ,
we get,
x 3
P.I .  ex /2 sin x
3  3/4   3D   3/4  2
x 3
 ex /2 sin x
3D   3/2  2
3D   3/2  3
 P.I.  ex /2 .x 2
sin x
9D   9 /4  2


ex /2 .x.  3.
  3 /2 cos   
3 /2 x   3/2  sin  
3 /2 x 

9

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Applied Mathematics – II Linear Differential Equations with constant Coefficients

xex /2 

6 
3 cos 3 /2 x  sin    3 /2 x 
 
 The complete solution is
 3 3 
y  c1e x  e x /2  c2 cos x  c3 sin x
 2 2 

xex /2 

6 
3 cos  
3 /2 x  sin  
3 /2 x 



Ex.53 Solve D3  D2  D  1  sin 2 x  [M.U. 1990, 08]

Solution: The auxiliary equation is D3  D2  D  1  0

 D2  1  D  1  0  D  i , 1

 The C.F. is y  c1 cos x  c2 sin x  c3 ex

1 1  1  cos 2x 
P.I  3 2
sin 2 x  3 2
.
D D D1 D D D 1 2
1 1 1  1
 3 2
. e0 x  3 2    cos 2 x
D D D1 2 D D D 1 2 
1 1 1
  . cos 2 x
2 2 4D  4  D  1
1 1 1
  . cos 2 x
2 2 3D  3
1 1 1 D1
  . . cos 2 x
2 6 D1 D1
1 1 D1
  . 2 cos 2 x
2 6 D 1
1 1 2 sin 2 x  cos 2 x

 .
2 6 4  1
1 1
   2 sin 2 x  cos 2 x 
2 30
 The complete solution is
1 1
y  c1 cos x  c2 sin x  c3 e x    2 sin 2x  cos 2 x 
2 30
d2 y
Ex.54 Solve
dx 2
 4
dy
dx
 3 y  x 2 x 2
e   [M.U. 1992, 02]

Solution: The auxiliary equation is D2  4D  3  0

  D  1 D  3  0 D  1, 3
 The C.F is y  c1ex  c2 e3x
1
P.I.  2
e2 x .x 4
D  4D  3

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Applied Mathematics – II Linear Differential Equations with constant Coefficients
1
 e2 x . 2
.x 4
D  2  4 D  2  3

 
1 1 4
 e2 x . 2 x 4  e2 x 1  D2 .x
D 1
 e2 x . 1  D2  D4  .... .x 4
 


 e2 x . x 4  12 x 2  24 
 The complete solution is


y  c1ex  c2 e3x  e2 x . x 4  12x 2  24 . 
d2 y
Ex.55 Solve 2
 y  sin x sin 2 x  2 x . [M.U. 1992]
dx
Solution: The auxiliary equation is D2  1  0  D  i , i
 The C.F. is y  c1 cos x  c2 sin x
1 1  1 
P.I.   sin x sin 2x      cos 3x  cos x  
D2  1 2
D 1 2 
1 1  1 
Now, 2
 sin x sin 2 x   2    cos 3x  cos x 
D 1 D 1 2 
1 1 1 1
 . 2 cos 3x  . 2 cos x
2 D 1 2 D 1
1 1 1 x
 . cos 3x  . sin x
2  8  2 2
1 1
And 2
.2 x  2
ex log 2
D 1 D 1
1 1
 2
ex log 2  2
.2 x
 log 2  1  log 2  1
 The complete solution is
1 x 1
y  c1 cos x  c2 sin x  cos 3x  sin x  2
.2 x .
16 4  log 2   1

EXERCISE
Solve the following differential equations
  D2  1 y  sin x sin 2x [M.U. 2009]
1 1
Ans. y  c1 cos x  c2 sin x  x sin x  cos 3x
4 16
 D2   a  b  D  ab  y  eax  ebx [M.U. 1998, 01, 09]

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Applied Mathematics – II Linear Differential Equations with constant Coefficients
x  ax bx 
Ans. y  c1e ax  c2 e  ax  e e
ab  
  D4  2D3  D2  y  x3 [M.U. 1994]

x5 x 4
Ans. y   c1  c 2 x    c 3  c 4 x  e   x
 3x 3  12x 2
20 2
  D2  5D  6 y  x  x  ex  [M.U. 1991]

1 5 19  xex 3 x
Ans. y  c1 e 2 x  c 2 e 3x   x 2  x     e
6 3 18  2 4
 D2  2D  1 y  ex  sin  3  x [M.U. 1992]
1
Ans. y   c1  c 2 x  e x 
8
 3.cos 3.x  sin 3.x 
  D2  D  6 y  e2x sin 3x [M.U. 1997]
1 2x
Ans. y  c1e2 x  c2 e 3x  e  15 cos 3x  9 sin 3x 
306
d3y d2 y dy
 3
 2
 3  5y  ex cos 3x [M.U. 1996]
dx dx dx
ex
Ans. y  c1ex  e x  c2 cos 2x  c3 sin 2 x    3sin 3x  2 cos 3x 
65
d3y
 
2
 3
 y  1  ex [M.U. 1995]
dx
2 1
Ans. y  c1ex  ex /2 c2 cos
  
3 /2 x  c3 sin  
3 /2 x   1  xe x  e 2 x
 3 7
d2 y
 2
 2 y  x 2 e3x  ex cos 3x [M.U. 1993]
dx
e 3x  2 12 x 50  e
x
Ans. y  c1 cos 2 x  c2 sin 2 x   x     sin 3x  cos 3x 
11 11 121  6
e 4x
  D2  8D  16 y   x2
[M.U. 1994]

Ans. y  c1 cos 4x  c2 sin 4x  e 4x log x

e 3x
 D 2

 6D  9 y 
x2
[M.U. 2002]

Ans. y   c1  c2 x  e3x  e3x log x

  D2  6D  9 y  x13 e3x  2x [M.U. 2006]

1 3x 1
Ans. y   c1  c2 x  e 3x  .e  2
.2 x
2x  3  log 2 

Prof. Subir Rao 40 Cell : 9820563976

Applied Mathematics – II Linear Differential Equations with constant Coefficients

 D2  2D  2  y  ex  x  sin x  [M.U. 1991]

x
Ans. y  ex  c1 cos x  c2 sin x   xe x  e x cos x
2
1
 Find 2 ex  x  sin x  [M.U. 1991]
D  2D  2
 1 
Ans. y  xex  1  sin x 
 2 
1
 Find 2 2  sin ax  cos ax  [M.U. 1991]
D a
x
Ans. y   sin ax  cos ax 
2a
2x
  D2  4D  4 y  1e x2 [M.U. 2004]

Ans.
 1
 
y   c1  c2 x  e 2 x x tan 1 x  log 1  x 2 
 2 

  D2  6D  9 y  sinh 3x [M.U. 2004]

1  e3x x 2 3x 
Ans. y   c1  c2 x  e 3x    e 
2  36 2 
  D  2 2 y  8  e2 x  sin 2x  x 2  [M.U. 2002]

Ans. y   c1  c2 x  e2 x  4x 2 e2 x  cos 2x  2x 2  4x  3
  D3  7D  6 y  1  x2  e2x [M.U. 2007]

1 2 x  169 5x 
Ans. y  c1 ex  c2 e 2 x  c3 e 3x  .e    x2 
12  72 6 
 D2  4D  4 y  e2x  x3  cos 2x [M.U. 2003]

2x x2 2x 1  3 9x  sin 2 x
Ans. y   c1  c 2 x  e  e  x  3x 2   3 
2 4 2  8

Prof. Subir Rao 41 Cell : 9820563976