We will now use

these quantities called

stiffness coefficients to
develop a new solution
Structural Analysis method of solving
statically indeterminate
beam problems. This
type of solution method
is called a displacement
Slope Deflection method because the
Method unknowns in the
equations will be
displacement quantities,
i.e. the slopes and the
deflections of the ends
of the beam members.

Slope Deflection
Slope Def-16 2
We will first
Map develop the equations to
be used, and then we’ll
• Slope-Deflection Equations solve a couple of
• Slope-Deflection Example 1 statically indeterminate
problems to illustrate
• Modified Slope-Deflection Equations
the solution method.
• Slope-Deflection Example 2
 Slope Deflection-Stiffness
Slope Def-16 3
Here are the
Coefficients equations that we
• Here are the shears and moments from before: developed in the last
θ2 section. Note that each
θ1 equation has been
∆1 ∆2
M1 M2 divided into 5 sections:
V1 1 2 The fixed-end forces;
V2 End forces caused by
12 EI 6 EI 12 EI 6 EI
V1 = FEV1 + ∆1 + 2 θ1 − 3 ∆ 2 + 2 θ 2
L 3
L L L the true value of the
6 EI 4 EI 6 EI 2 EI translation at the left
M 1 = FEM 1 + 2 ∆ 1 + θ1 − 2 ∆ 2 + θ2
L L L L end;
12 EI 6 EI 12 EI
V2 = FEV2 − 3 ∆ 1 − 2 θ 1 + 3 ∆ 2 − 2 θ 2
6 EI End forces caused by
L L L L the true value of the
6 EI 2 EI 6 EI 4 EI
M 2 = FEM 2 + 2 ∆ 1 + θ1 − 2 ∆ 2 + θ2 rotation at the left end;
L L L L
End forces caused by
the true value of the
translation at the right
end;
End forces caused by
the true value of the
rotation at the right
end.
We will look closely
at the second equation
for M1.
 Slope Def-16 4
If we know the loads
Slope Deflection -M1 on the member (and
• Look at the second equation: therefore the Fixed End
θ θ2 Moments), the
θ1 translations of the ends,
∆1 ∆2
M1 M2 and the rotations of the
V1 1 2 ends, then we can find
V2 the moment on the left
6EI 4EI 6EI 2EI
M 1 = FEM 1 + 2
∆1 + θ1 − 2 ∆ 2 + θ2 end.
L L L L
• This gives M1, the moment on the left end, as a
function of the translations of the ends (∆1 and
∆2) and the rotations of the ends (θ1 and θ2)

Slope Def-16 5
Let’s simplify these
Slope Deflection -M1 equations a little: First
• Let’s simplify this equation:θ rearrange the
θ2 expressions and combine
θ1 the delta terms.
∆1 ∆2
M1 M2
V1 1 2
V2
6EI 4EI 6EI 2EI
M 1 = FEM 1 + ∆ 1 + θ 1 − ∆ 2 + θ 2
L2 L L2 L
4EI 2EI 6EI 6EI
= FEM 1 + θ1 + θ2 − 2 ∆ 2 + 2 ∆1
L L L L
4EI 2EI  6EI 6EI 
= FEM 1 + θ1 + θ2 −  2 ∆ 2 − 2 ∆1 
L L  L L 
θ 2 − 2 (∆ 2 − ∆ 1 )
4EI 2EI 6EI
= FEM 1 + θ1 +
L L L
 Slope Def-16 6
Although you will
Slope Deflection -M1 sometimes see the last
• Further simplification: ψ form of this equation,
θ2 we will use the form
θ1 ∆1-2 within the box. In this
∆1 ∆2
M1 M2 form, the terms
V1 1 2 multiplying the end
V2 displacements are
θ 2 − 2 (∆ 2 − ∆ 1 )
4EI 2EI 6EI
M 1 = FEM 1 + θ1 +
L L L Here is ∆1-2 stiffnesses, forces to
M 1 = FEM 1 +
4EI
θ1 +
2EI 6EI
θ 2 − 2 ∆ 1− 2 We’ll use: cause unit
L L L displacements.
4EI 2EI 6EI  (∆ 2 − ∆ 1 )
= FEM 1 + θ1 + θ2 −
L L L  L 

4EI 2EI 6EI ψ is this phony
= FEM 1 + θ1 + θ2 − ψ angle
L L L
Slope Def-16 7
We now look at the
Slope Deflection -M2 equation for the moment
• Look at the other end: at the right end.
θ2 Simplification yields an
θ1 ∆1-2 equation for M2. Note
∆1 ∆2
M1 M2 that the term containing
V1 1 2 delta is the same as in
V2 the previous equation.

θ1 − 2 (∆ 2 − ∆ 1 )
4EI 2EI 6EI
M 2 = FEM 2 + θ2 +
L L L
4EI 2EI 6EI
M 2 = FEM 2 +
L
θ2 +
L
θ 1 − 2 ∆ 1− 2
L
Same ∆1-2 term
for both ends.
 Slope Def-16 8
We note the
Slope Deflection-
Deflection-Combine similarity between the
• Combine together: two equations for the
θ2 moments at the ends.
θ1 ∆1-2 They can be combined
∆1 ∆2
M1 M2 into a single equation
V1 1 2 that is valid for either
V2 end.
4EI 2EI 6EI
M 1 = FEM 1 + θ1 + θ 2 − 2 ∆ 1− 2 If you stand at the
L L L
4EI 2EI 6EI left end, then the Near
M 2 = FEM 2 + θ2 + θ 1 − 2 ∆ 1− 2
L L L end is 1 and the Far end
Or:
4EI 2EI 6EI
Where: is 2.
M N = FEM N + θN + θF − 2 ∆ N=Near If you stand at the
L L L
F=Far right end, then the Near
Works for either the left or right end
end is 2 and the Far end
is 1.

Slope Def-16 9
This Slope-
Standard Slope Deflection Equation Deflection Equation will
• Important Equation: allow us to solve a wide
θ2 variety of Statically
θ1 ∆ Indeterminate beam
∆1 ∆2
M1 M2 problems.
V1 1 2
V2
M N = FEM N +
4EI
θN +
2EI 6EI
θF − 2 ∆
∆ = ∆ 2- ∆ 1
L L L Where:
N=Near
This is called the Standard F=Far
Slope-Deflection Equation
It is valid for any beam!
 Slope Def-16 10
This beam would be
Slope Deflection Example 1 somewhat difficult to
• Let’skN/m
look at the following beam example: solve using the
50 Flexibility Method, due
MA 2O
SI ?
20kN/m to the linearly varying
load.
A B C
RA RB RC

• We will use Slope Deflection to solve it

• The first thing we do is to write the SD
equations for both ends of each member

Slope Def-16 11
We take the SD
Example 1 -Member AB equation and apply it to
• Slope-Deflection equations for member AB: member AB. For MAB the
kN/m
50 near end is A and the
MA 20kN/m far end is B. Vice versa
for MBA. Notice the
A B C
RA RB RC notation for the
subscripts.
4EI 2EI 6EI
M AB = FEM AB + θA + θB − 2 ∆ What is the
L L L
difference between MAB
4EI 2EI 6EI
M BA = FEM BA + θB + θA − 2 ∆ and MBA?
L L L

• So we need to find the FEM’s for each

member
 Slope Def-16 12
Remember that for
Example 1 -Member AB FEM the FEM’s we pretend
• FEM: the Fixed End Moments that both ends of the
member are totally
kN/m 50
FEMAB 20kN/m
FEMBA fixed. We apply
whatever loads act on
A B
VAB VBA the member. If other
loads act along the
• We use the tables in the textbook to get the length of the member,
equations for the FEM e.g. a concentrated load
• But a trapezoidal load isn’t there midway along the
• What do we do? member, we would apply
• Break it into a uniform load and a triangular it also and calculate the
load FEM’s.

Slope Def-16 13
We break the
Example 1 -Member AB FEM trapezoidal load into a
• FEM: the Fixed End Moments for member AB uniform load and a
50kN/m triangular load. We
20kN/m calculate the FEM for
28.5kN-m= FEMAB FEMBA =-24kN-m
each load and then use
A 3m B
30(3)
2 the Principle of
20(3)
2
VAB VBA −
20(3)
2 30 Superposition and add
12 − = −15kN − m
= 15kN − m 20kN/m 12 30kN/m = −9 them together. If other
30(3 )
2
loads were acting along
A 3m B + 20
= 13.5
A 3m B the member, they would
also be added in.
• Get the equations from the tables in the text
• Use superposition to find the FEM
 Slope Def-16 14
Along this member
Example 1 -Member AB FEM there is only a uniform
• FEM: the Fixed End Moments for member BC load.

26.67kN-m=FEMBC 20kN/m FEMCB =-26.67kN-m

B 4m C
VBC VCB
20(4 )
2

20(4 )
2
12 − = −26.67 kN − m
= 26.67 kN − m 20kN/m 12

A 4m B

• Get the equations from the tables in the text

Slope Def-16 15
We now substitute
Example 1 -Member AB -SD Equation the FEM into the SD
• Slope-Deflection equation for moment AB: equation and take a look
kN/m
50 at the ends of the
MA 20kN/m member to see what we
know. Point A is fixed, so
A B C
RA RB RC all displacements are
zero there, both theta-1
4EI 2EI 6EI
M AB = FEM AB + θA + θB − 2 ∆ and delta-1. ∆ is the
L L L
difference between the
4EI 2EI 6EI
M AB = 28.5 + θA + θB − 2 ∆ translation at B and the
3 3 3
translation at A. Since
• What is θA? • θA=0 Why? both these translations
are zero, the difference
• What is ∆? • ∆=0 Why?
is also zero.
 Slope Def-16 16
The resulting SD
Example 1 -Member AB -SD Equation equation is greatly
• Slope-Deflection equation for moment AB: simplified. Note that the
kN/m
50 ends of member AB are
MA 20kN/m almost fixed. The only
non-zero end
A B C
RA RB RC displacement is the
rotation at the right
• Here is the resulting equation for moment AB: end.
2EI
M AB = 28.5 + θB
3

Slope Def-16 17
Now substitute into
Example 1 -Member AB -SD Equation MBA. Point A is fixed, so
• Slope-Deflection equation for moment BA: all displacements are
kN/m
50 zero there. ∆ is the
MA 20kN/m difference between the
translation at B and the
A B C
RA RB RC translation at A. Since
both these translations
4EI 2EI 6EI
M BA = FEM BA + θB + θA − 2 ∆ are zero, the difference
L L L
is also zero.
4EI 2EI 6EI
M BA = 24 + θB + θA − 2 ∆
3 3 3
• What is θA? • θA=0 Why?
• What is ∆? • ∆=0 Why?
 Slope Def-16 18
Again the equation is
Example 1 -Member AB -SD Equation much simplified, with
• Slope-Deflection equation for moment BA: only the rotation at the
kN/m
50 right end as an unknown
MA 20kN/m displacement.

A B C
RA RB RC

• Here is the resulting equation for moment BA:

4EI
M BA = −24 + θB
3

Slope Def-16 19
Now we do the same
Example 1 -Member BC -SD Equation thing for the moments
• Slope-Deflection equation for moment BC: on the ends of member
kN/m
50 BC.
MA 20kN/m

A B C
RA RB RC
4EI 2EI 6EI
M BC = FEM BC + θB + θC − 2 ∆
L L L
4EI 2EI 6EI
M BC = 26.67 + θB + θC − 2 ∆
4 4 4
What is ∆? ∆=0 Why?
 Slope Def-16 20
Note that this
Example 1 -Member BC -SD Equation member has two non-
• Slope-Deflection equation for moment BC: zero end displacements,
kN/m
50 the rotation at the left
MA 20kN/m end, θB and the rotation
at the right end, θC.
A B C
RA RB RC

• Here is the resulting equation for moment BC:

4EI 2EI
M BC = 26.67 + θB + θC
4 4

Slope Def-16 21
Similarly for the
Example 1 -Member BC -SD Equation moment at the right end
• Slope-Deflection equation for moment CB: of this member. Again,
kN/m
50 note that this member
MA 20kN/m has two non-zero end
displacements, the
A B C
RA RB RC rotation at the left end,
θB and the rotation at
4EI 2EI 6EI
M CB = FEMCB + θC + θB − 2 ∆ the right end, θC.
L L L
4EI 2EI 6EI
M CB = −26.67 + θC + θB − 2 ∆
4 4 4
What is ∆? ∆=0 Why?
 Slope Def-16 22
Again, two non-zero
Example 1 -Member BC -SD Equation end displacements, the
• Slope-Deflection
kN/m
equation for moment CB: rotations.
50
MA 20kN/m

A B C
RA RB RC

• Here is the resulting equation for moment CB:

4EI 2EI
M CB = −26.67 + θC + θB
4 4

Slope Def-16 23
We now write all four
Example 1-
1- Slope Deflection Equations of our SD equations, one
• HerekN/m
are the Slope-Deflection equations: for each end of each
50 member. Here we have 4
MA 20kN/m equations for the
unknown moments
A B C
RA RB RC written in terms of the
2 unknown end
2EI What are the
M AB = 28.5 + θB displacements, the
3 unknowns in
4EI rotations at B and C.
M BA = −24 + θB these
Note that the rotation
3 equations?
M BC = 26.67 +
4EI
θB +
2EI
θC at A and all the deltas
4 4 How many are zero.
4EI 2EI
M CB = −26.67 + θC + θB unknowns?
4 4
 Slope Def-16 24
Remember that the
Example 1 -Joint Equilibrium of B sign convention for
• LookkN/m
at a FBD of joint B: moments is that on the
50 ends of the members
MA 20kN/m they are positive in the
Counter-Clock-Wise
A B C
RA RB RC direction. If they are
CCW on the ends of the
MBA MBC Why drawn CW? members, the same
moments must be CW on
• Moment equilibrium says: MBA+MBC=0
the joints. We now add
 4 EI   4 EI 2EI 
 − 24 + θ B  +  26 .67 + θB + θC  = 0 together these moments
 3   4 4 
and substitute in the
 4 EI 4 EI   2EI 
 + θB +   θ C = − 2.67 expressions we just
 3 4   4  developed for these
moments. After
simplification, these
equations result.

Slope Def-16 25
Now the same thing
Example 1 -Joint Equilibrium of C for joint C. Since only
• LookkN/m
at a FBD of joint C: one moment acts here,
50 MCB equals zero. But, of
MA 20kN/m course, we already knew
that the moment at C is
A B C Why drawn
RA RB RC
zero.
CW?
MCB

• Moment equilibrium says: MCB=0

 4 EI 2EI 
 − 26 .67 + θC + θB  = 0
 4 4 
 2 EI   4 EI 
 θ B +   θ C = 26 .67
 4   4 
 Slope Def-16 26
So we end up with
Example 1 - Slope Deflection Equations two equations in terms
• TwokN/m
equations in θB and θC of the two unknown
50 rotations, θB and θC.
MA 20kN/m

A B C
RA RB RC

 4 EI 4 EI   2EI 
 + θ B +   θ C = − 2.67
 3 4   4 
 2EI   4 EI 
 θB +   θ C = 26 .67
 4   4 

• Now we solve for θB and θC

Slope Def-16 27
From the second
Example 1 -Solve the Equations equation, we solve for θB
• Solve for θB in terms of θC
kN/m
in terms of θC.
50
MA 20kN/m

A B C
RA RB RC

 2EI   4 EI 
 θ B +   θ C = 26 .67
 4   4 
4   4 EI  
θB =  26 .67 −  θC 
2EI   4  
 Slope Def-16 28
Now substitute that
Example 1 -Solve the Equations expression into the first
• Substitute for θB into the other equation: equation, yielding a
kN/m
50 single equation
MA 20kN/m containing the single
unknown, θC. θC is then
A B C
RA RB RC evaluated. Then this
expression for θC is
• Solve for θC, and then find θB from the first plugged back into the
equation: previous equation and θB
 4 EI 4 EI   4    4 EI    2EI  is found. Now all the
 +    26 .67 −  θC  +   θ C = − 2.67
 3 4   2EI    4    4  joint displacements are
30 .51 7.68 known.
θC = and θ B = −
EI EI

Slope Def-16 29
Now back to the
Example 1 -Find the Moments slope-deflection
• Now substitute θB and θC into the Slope- equations. Plug in the
Deflection equations for member AB: expressions we just
7.68
developed for the
kN/m
50 θB = −
MA 20kN/m EI
rotations and we have
30.51
θC = the moments on the ends
A B C EI
RA RB θB θC of member AB.
RC
2EI 4EI
M AB = 28.5 + θB M BA = −24 + θB
3 3
2EI  7.68  4EI  7.68 
M AB = 28.5 + −  M BA = −24 + − 
3  EI  3  EI 
M AB = 23.38 kN − m M BA = −34.24 kN− m
 Slope Def-16 30
Do the same thing
Example 1 -Find the Moments for member BC. This
• Now substitute θB and θC into the Slope- yields the value for
Deflection equations for BC: moment BC.
7.68
50kN/m θB = −
MA EI
20kN/m
30 .51
θC =
A B C EI
RA RB θB θC
RC
4EI 2EI
M BC = 26.67 + θB + θC
4 4
4EI  − 7.68  2EI  30.51 
M BC = 26.67 +  +  
4  EI  4  EI 
M BC = 34.24 kN −m

Slope Def-16 31
Does it surprise you
Example 1 -Find the Moments that MCB came out to be
• Now substitute θB and θC into the Slope- zero? Of course not, we
Deflection equations: already knew this, but it
7.68
50kN/m θB = − is refreshing that it did
EI
MA 20kN/m come out that way.
30 .51
θC =
A B C EI
RA RB θB θC
RC
4EI 2EI
M CB = −26.67 + θC + θB
4 4
4EI  30.51  2EI  − 7.68 
M CB = −26.67 +  +  
4  EI  4  EI 
M CB = 0
 Slope Def-16 32
So here are the
Example 1 -The Moments internal moments on the
• So we have: ends of the two
members. Make sure
50kN/m they seem reasonable.
MA 20kN/m

A B C
RA RB θB θC
RC
Make sense?
M AB = 23.38 kN− m
Negatives!
M BA = −34.24 kN −m
0 at the end!
M BC = 34.24 kN −m These are the internal
M CB = 0 moments on the ends
of the members
Slope Def-16 33
To find the shear
Example 1 -Find the Shears forces, we now can
• Calculate the kN/m
shears on the ends of AB: simply apply equilibrium.
50
20kN/m Since the moments are
MAB=23.38kN-m
MBA=34.24kN-m known, the rest of the
solution process is
A 3m B
VAB =56.38kN VBA =48.62kN Statically Determinate.
 3 Check these shear
∑ M A = 23.38 − 34.24 − 2 (30)3 3  − 20(3) 2 + 3VBA = 0
1 3
forces by applying
VBA = 48.62 kN another equilibrium
Similarly: equation.
∑M B = 23.38 − 34.24 +
1
(30)3 2 3  + 20(3) 3 − 3VAB = 0
2 3  2
VAB = 56.38 kN
(50 + 20 )
∑F y = 56.38 + 48.62 −
2
(3 ) = 0
 Slope Def-16 34
Now the same thing
Example 1 -Find the Shears for member BC. Apply
• Find the shears on member BC equilibrium to calculate
the shear forces. Check
34.24kN-m= MBC 20kN/m MCB =0kN-m with another equilibrium
equation.
B 4m C
VBC=48.56kN VCB =31.44kN
= 34.24 − 0 − 20(4 ) + 4 VCB = 0
4
∑M B
2
VCB = 31.44 kN

Similarly:
= 34.24 + 0 + 20(4 ) − 4 VBC = 0
4
∑M C
2
VBC = 48.56 kN
∑ y = 48.56 + 31.44 − 20 ( 4 ) = 0
F

Slope Def-16 35
These shear forces
Example 1 -The Answers are the actual values
• So we have: that go on the shear
50kN/m diagrams. Remember
20kN/m34.24kN-m 34.24kN-m 20kN/m
23.38kN-m
that a positive shear
A B B 4m C force causes the FBD to
3m
56.38kN 48.62kN
48.56kN
rotate in the CW
31.44kN
direction. The 50.38kN
force is therefore a
• We use these values to draw the shear and
positive shear force.
moment diagrams
The 48.62kN force would
cause a CCW rotation of
the FBD so it is a
negative shear force.
 Slope Def-16 36
Using these shear
Example 1 -V and M Diagrams forces we draw the
• Draw the shear and moment diagrams: shear diagram. From this
50kN/m we proceed to the
23.38kN-m
20kN/m34.24kN-m 20kN/m
34.24kN-m moment diagram. The
A B B 4m C moments we previously
3m
56.38kN 48.62kN 48.56kN
31.44kN determined are shown on
56.38kN the moment diagram on
48.56kN
the side of the member
VkN that is in compression.
x 1.02m 5.43m
48.62kN
24.71kN-m
31.44kN Once the Inflection
9.92kN-m
0.54m 2.1m 3.85m
QED points are found, the
MkN-m
moment diagram is
23.38kN-m
34.24kN-m complete. Note that
locating the IP’s is not a
trivial matter. Can you
do it?

Slope Def-16 37
We really weren’t
Modified Slope Deflection Equation very smart in this
• We initially ignored the fact that MC=0 analysis. We ignored a
θ θ2 piece of information
θ1 ∆ that we knew. On the
∆1 ∆2
M1 M2 =0 second member, member
V1 1 2 BC, we knew that the
V2 moment on the right end
• Let’s re-examine the slope-deflection equations was zero. We should use
for the special case when the moment is this information right
known to be zero at one end from the start to
4EI 2EI 6EI
M 1 = FEM 1 + θ1 + θ 2 − 2 ∆ 1− 2 simplify the solution.
L L L
4EI 2EI 6EI
M 2 = FEM 2 + θ2 + θ 1 − 2 ∆ 1− 2 = 0
L L L
 Slope Def-16 38
When we know that a
Modified Slope Deflection Equation moment is zero, we can
• Special case when M2=0 modify our Slope-
θ2 Deflection equation. In
θ1 ∆ this case, M2=0. Set the
∆1 ∆2
M1 M2 =0 equation for this
V1 1 2 moment equal to zero.
V2 We can then solve for
4EI 2EI 6EI
M 2 = FEM 2 + θ2 + θ1 − 2 ∆ 1− 2 = 0 Solve for θ2,
L L L the rotation
L  2EI 6EI  Substitute into the corresponding to this
θ2 = FEM + θ − ∆
4EI 
1− 2 
2
L
1
L2  M1 S-D equation zero moment, θ2. We
M 1 = FEM 1 +
4EI
θ1 +
2EI  L 
FEM 2 +
2EI 6EI   6EI
θ1 − 2 ∆ 1− 2   − 2 ∆ 1− 2 then take this
 
L L  4EI  L L  L expression for θ2, and
M 1 = FEM 1 −
1
FEM 2 +
3EI 3EI
θ 1 − 2 ∆ 1− 2 substitute it back into
2 L L
the equation for the
moment at the other
end. This results in a
modified equation for
the moment at the left
end.

Slope Def-16 39
This “Modified
Modified Slope Deflection Equation Slope-Deflection”
• Write in terms of Near-Far notation: equation is only for the
θ θ2 special case when the
θ1 ∆ moment at one end is
∆1 ∆2
M1 M2 =0 zero. It should be used
V1 1 2 whenever the moment at
V2 either end equals zero,
1 3EI 3EI Use when
M N = FEM N − FEM F + θN − 2 ∆
2 L L This equation gives the
MF=0 moment at the other end
• This is called the Modified Slope-Deflection of the member.
equation
• It is valid when the moment equals zero at one
end
 Slope Def-16 40
If the moment at the
Modified-
Modified-Modified Slope Deflection Equation end of a member is
• When MF=M0, a known value but not zero: known, but not zero, a
θ θ2 very similar result is
θ1 ∆ obtained. Mo is the value
∆1 ∆2
M1 M2=M0 of the known moment on
V1 1 2 one end of the member.
V2 Remember that it is
1 M 3EI 3EI Use when
M N = FEM N − FEM F + 0 + θN − 2 ∆ positive when it acts in
2 2 L L
M F= M 0 the CCW direction.
• This is called the Modified-Modified Slope-
Deflection equation
• It is valid when the moment is known at
one end. Valid when MF=0 also
Slope Def-16 41
With this knowledge,
Example 2 -Use Modified SD Equation let’s re-analyze the
• Let’skN/m
re-solve our example using Modified S-D previous beam. We know
50 that MCB=0, so the
MA 20kN/m modified slope-
deflection can be used
A B C
RA RB θB
RC for MBC, on the left end
of member BC. This
1 3EI 3EI
M BC = FEM BC − FEM CB + θB − 2 ∆ equation now contains
2 L L
only one unknown, θB.
M BC = 26.67 −
1
(− 26.67 ) + 3EI θ B One unknown rotation
2 4
has been eliminated
• Using the Modified S-D equation eliminated from the equation. This
θC from the equation means one fewer
unknowns that must be
solved for.
 Slope Def-16 42
Plug in the numbers
Example 2 -Use Modified SD Equation for this member. Since
• Modified S-D equation for moment BC: we started off with the
kN/m
50 modified SD equation
MA 20kN/m that is only valid for a
member with a zero
A B C
RA RB θB
RC moment at one end, it
already contains the
• Here is the resulting equation for moment BC: information that MCB=0.
3EI
M BC = 40.0 + θB
4
• This equation already has the information that
MC=0 built into it. WHY?
Slope Def-16 43
In these equations
Example 2 -Use Modified SD Equation we do not know the
• HerekN/m
are the Slope-Deflection equations: moments or the rotation
50 θB.
MA 20kN/m

A B C
RA RB θB
RC
What are the
2EI
M AB = 28.5 + θB unknowns in
3
4EI these 4
M BA = −24 + θB
3 equations?
3EI
M BC = 40.0 + θB Modified S-D equation
4
How many
M CB =0
unknowns?
 Slope Def-16 44
As we did before, we
Example 2 -Joint Equilibrium now look at equilibrium
• LookkN/m
at a FBD of joint B: of joint B. The moments
50 must add to zero. We
MA 20kN/m then plug in the slope-
deflection equations for
A B C
RA RB θB
RC the moments and we get
this equation containing
MBA MBA Why drawn CW? the unknown rotation θB.
• Moment equilibrium says: MBA+MBC=0
 4 EI   3 EI 
 − 24 + θ B  +  40 .0 + θB  = 0
 3   4 
 4 EI 3 EI 
 +  θ B = − 16 Only 1 unknown
 3 4 
Slope Def-16 45
Now solve for this
Example 2 -Solve for θB rotation. This is the
• Solve for θB: same value obtained
kN/m
50 previously, but this time
MA 20kN/m it was much less work.

A B C
RA RB θB
RC
 4 EI 3EI 
 +  θ B = − 16
 3 4 
Same value we
7.68
θB = − calculated before
EI
• This is the rotation, or slope, in radians
at joint B
 Slope Def-16 46
Now plug this into
Example 2 -Find the Moments the SD equations to
• ThenkN/m
substitute back into the S-D equations evaluate the moments on
50 the ends of the
MA 20kN/m
θB = −
7.68 members. Same answers
EI as before.
A B C
RA RB θB
RC
2EI
M AB = 28.5 + θ B = 23.38 kN −m Same solution
3
4EI but much easier
M BA = −24 + θ B = −34.24 kN −m
3
3EI Modified S-D
M BC = 40.0 + θ B = 34.24 kN −m equation
4
M CB =0
Slope Def-16 47
For any member, one
Slope-
Slope-Deflection Summary of these equations will
• The Slope-Deflection Equations relate the be used. Use the
Modified-Modified SD
Moments on the ends of a member to the
equation if the moment
Slopes and Deflections (translations) of the
is known at one end of a
ends of the member
• Standard S-D equation is valid for any member. Use the
member. Standard SD equation if
4EI 2EI 6EI
M N = FEM N + θN + θF − ∆ the moment is not known
L L L2
at one end of a member.
• Modified-Mod S-D equation is valid when we
know the moment on the end of a member (it
can be 0)- Always use when MF=M0
1 M0 3 EI 3 EI
M N = FEM N − FEM F + + θN − ∆
2 2 L L2
 Slope Def-16 48
Since the Modified-
Slope-
Slope-Deflection Summary Modified SD equation is
• The Slope-Deflection Equations relate the simpler since it contains
Moments on the ends of a member to the one fewer unknowns, it
Slopes and Deflections (translations) of the should always be used
ends of the member when possible. When can
• Standard S-D equation is valid for any it be used? When the
member. moment is known at one
4EI 2EI 6EI
M N = FEM N + θN + θF − ∆ end of a member. This
L L L2
known moment can
• Always use the Modified, or the Modified- either be zero, or any
Modified equation if you can known value. The value
would be known, for
M N = FEM N −
1
FEM F +
M0
+
3 EI
θN −
3 EI
∆ example, when there is
2 2 L L2
an overhang.

Slope Def-16 49
The SD method is a
The End very powerful method
for solving SI beam
problems. It also serves
as a basis for two other
Slope Deflection Section solution methods we will
discuss next.