Pangasinan State University

INSTITUTE OF NURSING
Bayambang Campus
Bayambang, Pangasinan
2nd Semester, S.Y. 2020-2021

EMERGENCY
PREPAREDNESS
AND
RESPONSE

Submitted by:
NOVELYN V. PUA
ANGELICA FALLORINA
BSN II-2

Submitted to:
DR. MARIA BERENICE GLIZZLE M. CATABAY
Subject Teacher
INTRODUCTION:
Same with the objective in the application of informatics in Community
Health, the overall objectives is public health. The only difference is the focus
and level on prevention. In Community Health, the focus of the use of nursing
informatics is on promotive and preventive side, while in Emergency
Preparedness and Response, focus on the mitigation and control or
emergencies. The use of informatics here is much wider and more critical.
The need of information in real-time is very crucial in saving lives of many.
Objectives:
1. Describe the contributions that informatics can provide to emergency
planning and response.
2. Illustrate various ways that informatics tools can be designed and used to
support decision-making and knowledge base building in emergency
planning and response efforts.
3. Project areas of emergency management and response that would benefit
from informatics assistance.
4. Determine the role of health workers in response to emergency.
Why it matters?
In an emergency you can’t respond effectively when you’re not ready.
Every community must be ready to respond to a pandemic, natural disaster, or
chemical or radiological release. Our action – or inaction – in this area directly
impacts the health of the people and is a matter of national security.
Public Health Threats
 Biological threats like viruses (flu or other infectious diseases), bacteria,
parasites, fungi or their toxins that can cause illness or death in people,
animals, or plants.
 Natural disasters like floods, landslide, storms, earthquakes, fire.
 Chemical and radiological materials that if released accidentally or
intentionally could create large-scale public health emergencies,
especially in densely populated areas.
A Well-Prepared Country:
 Can stop outbreaks before they become epidemics
 Can get help to people affected by natural disasters
 Can quickly recognize and respond to terrorist attacks
 Is fortified against the expected, and can quickly pivot to handle the
unexpected
Emergency Preparedness and Response is uniquely positioned to:
 Prepare: We make sure people are trained, systems are functioning, and
critical medicines and supplies are available before an emergency strike.
 Respond: We combine emergency management expertise and the world’s
best scientist to monitor and respond to emergencies 24/7.
 Recovery: Taking action to return Community to normal following an
emergency.
 Mitigation: Implementing long term measures (structural and non
structural) to reduce the impact of an emergency on people or property
(before or after an emergency)
  Connect: We have a track record of working effectively with state and local
health departments, federal partners, and across to get fast results and
communicate accurate and timely information when lives are at stake.
 Biosurveillance: Investigating and identifying health threats.

Emergency Management Cycle

Ready for Emergencies:

 Emergency Operations: Bringing resources and experts together to
respond to emergencies quickly and to scale
 Laboratory Response: Building capacity to quickly detect, diagnose, and
treat those who are impacted by health emergencies
 Strategic National Stockpile: Making sure critical medicines and supplies
can get to the right place at the right time
 Safeguarding Research: Helping to ensure important scientific research in
laboratories with biological agents is conducted as safely and securely as
possible
 State and Local Readiness: Ensuring states and local public health
systems are prepared to respond to all types of health threats
 Global Emergency Preparedness: Protecting the people from deadly and
costly public health crises, whether they begin here or elsewhere.
ROLE OF HEALTH WORKERS IN EMERGENCY PREPAREDNESS AND
RESPONSE
Healthcare facilities and their staff play a key role in emergency
preparedness and response efforts for all types of events, including natural or
man-made disasters, pandemic outbreaks or terrorist attacks. The availability of
healthcare services is essential to accommodate the surge in demand that
accompanies an emergency or disaster. This is intended to assist healthcare
facilities with all aspects of emergency planning, including mitigation,
preparedness, response and recovery.
  Rescuers
 Field medical personnel
 Regional emergency departments
 Hospital
IMPORTANCE OF INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATOIN TECHNOLOGIES
INS RESPOND TO EMERGENCY
Disaster response to mass-casualty incidents represents one of the
greatest challenges to a community’s emergency response recovery. Must often
provide care to large numbers of casualties in a setting of limited resources,
inadequate communication, misinformation, damaged infrastructure, and great
personal risk.
One consistent challenge for disaster response is communication and
information management. Information is the most valuable commodity during
emergencies or disasters. It is what everyone needs to make decisions.
Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) play a significant
role in disaster prevention, mitigation response and recovery. Timely, predictable
and effective information is much needed by government agencies and other
humanitarian actors involved in rescue operations and decision-making
processes.
TELECOMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES
Telecommunications technology refers to distance communications, such
as radio, telephone, television, satellite, microwave, data communication, and
computer networking.
During disaster, telecommunication often damaged at the disaster site,
and difficult to establish quickly.

WALKIE TALKIE
These walkies are super
capable and carry plenty of range to be
helpful when cellphone coverage is
spotty or non-existent. Though it may
be another thing to carry, a walkie
talkie is a nearly surefire way to stay in
communication and is an essential part
of every emergency and survival kit too.
It doesn’t rely on cellular tower reception to communicate with other devices.
Also, there’s no need for an internet connection or calling plan from a carrier for it
to work.
Other effects and expand to upgrade communication to all population
have benefits for disaster and community as well.
An example is radio frequency identification (RFID) technology hold such
promise with early prototype tagging victims with treatment and other
Information. Longer range RFID tags and reader will make it possible to continue
track victims as they move through system from evacuation to treatment facilities
(National Research Council, Committee on using Information Technology to
Enhance Disaster Management 2007)
THE POTENTIAL ROLE OF THE INTERNET, INFORMATICS, AND
LOCATION-AWARE TECHNOLOGIES
Response to disasters has been an active area of research in informatics. The
advent of computer miniaturization, so-called ‘‘smart devices,’’ the Internet, third-
generation wireless connectivity, and positioning technologies are all advances
that have application in the setting of MCI events. Applications that are location-
aware—those that combine timely, clinical information with accurate geographic
information—may be particularly useful.
Patient Tracking, Monitoring, and Medical Care.
Currently, most localities utilize paper tags (either around the wrist or neck) to
identify patients and serve as the primary means of documentation and
information transfer from the field to the hospital. However, tags have well-known
limitations. The space for recording of medical data is limited. The ‘‘tear-off’’
format of tags allows only unidirectional changes in patient condition. The tags
are not weatherresistant and are easily marred or destroyed. After the WTC
collapse on September 11, 2001, the vast majority of patients, even those
transported by ambulance, arrived at EDs without triage tags or any field
information.
One disadvantage of bar coding systems is that they require the presence of
providers with scanning devices to obtain tracking data. A more sophisticated
tracking system might include the use of radio frequency identification tags and
smart-card ‘‘dog tags’’ to carry data from the disaster site to hospitals. These
systems allow real-time patient tracking as well as mobile data acquisition in the
field, ambulance, and hospital to create a portable medical record. The use of
radio frequency identification has recently been used to track patients and their
location when receiving emergency care. Radio frequency identification
technology is also being used to track equipment, resources, and patients in the
emergency care setting. Similar tracking methods have been tested using
multiple mobile LAN or 802.11 ‘‘bubbles’’ in a simulated disaster field to identify
patients carrying small, portable personal digital assistant (PDA) devices. Beyond
patient tracking, computer miniaturization and wireless technologies have
allowed the development of mobile data acquisition and monitoring capabilities.
One advantage of such devices is the potential to allow wireless transmission of
patient monitoring data in real time and continuously to field providers, incident
managers, and receiving hospitals.
Wireless Internet Information System for Medical Response to Disasters
(WIISARD)
project recently tested the ability to collect patient vital signs continuously in the
field, which were then relayed through a mobile field LAN to a secure Internet
database site, allowing simultaneous access by providers and hospitals.
Provider Safety and Location.
Tracking devices and clinical sensors have been proposed and tested for on-
scene providers and for victims at a disaster site. Devices such as the wristband
personal status monitor, which monitors vital signs and location, have undergone
pilot trials on military personnel.
With the advent of computer miniaturization, these devices could potentially
include additional monitors, such as detection devices for chemical or radiologic
hazards. Beyond transmitting clinical status, one important aspect of such
devices would be the ability to provide real-time information on location.
Recently, investigators reported a combined monitoring and positioning device
that relayed personnel location by global positioning system along with the
individual’s heart rate and body temperature.
Incident and Resource Management
‘‘many of the logistical problems faced in disasters are not caused by shortages
of medical resources, but rather from failures to coordinate their distribution.’’
Accurate, real-time data acquisition regarding patient needs, rescue personnel,
and resources available is critical to overall coordination.
‘‘Electronic command boards’’ recording real-time data on the status of
patients, personnel, and resources have been proposed.34 These automated
electronic incident command systems could receive and integrate real-time data
on available resources, including ambulance, ED, and hospital availabilities.
The Lightweight Epidemiology Advanced Detection and Emergency Response
System is an enhanced data collection, surveillance, analysis, and management
system for bioterrorism incidents and has been deployed at a number of events.
This system includes Internet Web-based data collection, casualty tracking, ED
status, and overall incident visualization tools to improve detection and
management. While primarily a system for surveillance, the Lightweight
Epidemiology Advanced Detection and Emergency Response System has many
facets that could be easily adapted for acute disaster and MCI events.
Resource management systems could incorporate other important features such
as topography, weather, buildings, perimeter zones, and other structures. In fact,
visualization tools have been developed to help incident commanders maintain
situational awareness, and such systems have been tested and deployed in a
number of simulations and real settings since the mid-1990s.
Informatics Support. Use of wireless Internet communications could also facilitate
the availability of information and databases to incident managers and field
personnel. Satellite and other wireless linkages have created
telecommunications linkages to support disaster relief and military efforts
worldwide. Wireless Internet availability at the disaster site would allow access to
a variety of national and local medical informatics databases that could be critical
to any disaster response given the wide range of potential hazards.
REFERENCES
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15528589
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1197/j.aem.2004.08.018
Waeckerle JF. Domestic preparedness for events involving weapons of mass
destruction. JAMA. 2000; 283:252–4.
Office of U.S.Foreign Disaster Assistance. Disaster History: Significant Data on
Major Disasters Worldwide, 1900–Present. Washington, DC: Agency for
International Development,
1995http://www.masslocalinstitute.info/EPinMA/EPinMA_print.html