G05 Sci Master Notes 2019-20

G05 Science Master Notes 2019-20
TERM-I 2
Lesson 1: Food and Health 2
Lesson 2: Natural Calamities 7
Lesson 3: Rocks and Minerals 10
Lesson 4: Soil Erosion and Conservation 14
Lesson 5: Plant Life 18
Lesson 6: Animal Life 22
Lesson 7: Living Things 26
Lesson 8: Interdependence in Nature 31
TERM-II 33
Lesson 9: Bones and Muscles 33
Lesson 10: Nervous System 37
Lesson 11: Force, Work and Energy 41
Lesson 12: The Moon 45
Lesson 13: Safety and First Aid 49
Lesson 14: Air and Water 52
Lesson 15:The Environment 56
Lesson 16: Weight, Volume and Density 59
Sharada Vidya Mandira G05 Science Master Notes 2019-20 1/58

TERM-I
Lesson 1: Food and Health

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I. Fill in the blanks

1. Plague is a disease spread by rat fleas.
2. Insecticides are chemicals used to kill insects.
3. Diseases that do not spread from one person to another are called non-infectious
diseases.
4. The deficiency of vitamin B1 causes beriberi.
5. The deficiency of iron causes anaemia.
II. Write ‘true’ or ‘false’ for the following statements

1. Roughage can be digested - False.
2. Overcooking destroys several nutrients - True.
3. Measles is spread by eating infected food - False.
4. Antiseptics should be used to clean wounds, cuts and insect bites - True.
5. Exercise makes our internal organs stronger - True.
6. Controlling the breeding is the best way to prevent a disease- True.
III. Match the following

Column A Column B
1. Carbohydrates Energy-giving food
2. Roughage food that cannot be digested
3. Dengue mosquitoes
4. Night blindness lack of vitamin A
5. Citrus fruits contains Vitamin C
6. Rickets lack of vitamin D

IV. Give one word
1. Bodybuilding food - Protein
2. Substances added to food to prevent spoilage - preservatives
3. A disease that spreads from a sick person to a healthy person - infectious diseases
4. A chemical used to kill germs - disinfectant
V. Give two examples
1. Nutrients - Carbohydrates, proteins.
2. Any two food groups - Milk group, cereal group.
3. Preservation methods- Salting, Canning.
4. Infectious diseases- Dengue, Chicken pox.
5. Food rich in protein - fish, egg.
VI. Answer in brief
1. Define nutrient. Name the five type of nutrients.
Ans: Nutrients are the substances that the body needs to live, grow and be healthy.
The five types of nutrients are carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins and minerals.
2. What is a balanced diet?

Ans: A diet that contains all the important nutrients in proper amount is called a
balanced diet.
3. Name some food items that belong to the protein food group.
Ans: Foods that contains protein are meat, fish, eggs and cheese.
4. Name four diseases that can be prevented by vaccines.

Ans: The diseases that can be prevented by vaccination are measles, polio, tetanus
and mumps.
VII. Answer the following

1. What is the importance of roughage in your diet?
Ans: Roughage is the part of the food that cannot be digested by the body. It helps the
muscles to push the food through the intestines and helps body to get rid of
undigested food.

2. Name the four divisions of food group.
Ans: To make the selection of balanced diet easier foods are divided into following
four groups namely
1. Cereal group,
2. Vegetables and fruit group,
3. Milk group and
4. Protein group.
3. How does chickenpox spread from an ill person to a healthy person?

Ans: Chicken pox is a communicable disease that spreads from one person to another
through direct contact. The germs from the infected person spread by touching an
infected person or by using the items used by infected person.
4. What is the difference between infectious and non-infectious diseases with

examples?
Infectious diseases Non-infectious diseases

1 Infectious diseases also known as Non-infectious diseases also known as
communicable diseases spread from non-communicable diseases do not
one person to another. spread from one person to another.
2 A person gets infectious disease A person gets non-infectious disease

when germs from infected person when there is a lack of nutrients in the
enter the body and harm. diet.
3 Eg- Dengue, Chicken Pox Eg-Night blindness, Anaemia
5. What effect does lack of exercise have on our body?

Ans: Lack of exercise makes the muscles weak and flabby. Extra fat that accumulates
in the body makes us overweight and unhealthy.
VIII. Answer in detail

1. What are communicable diseases? State the different ways in which they spread.
Ans: Communicable diseases are infectious disease that can spread from one person to
another. These diseases spread in following ways

i) through direct contact with infected person
ii) through infected food and water
iii) through air
iv) through insect bites
v) through damaged skin.
2. What are vaccines? How do they help us get immunity against a disease?
Ans: Vaccines are special substances that are taken into the body to prevent a disease.
When they enter the body, the body produce substances that can fight the germs and
any future attack from germs of that disease. This is known as immunity.
3. Explain the different methods of preservation with two examples for each.
Ans: Food that contains nutrients should be preserved properly. The several ways of
preserving foods are:
1. Dehydration eg. Peas, Onions.
2. Sweetening eg. Jam, Soft drinks.
3. Salting eg. Salted Fish, Salted nuts.
4. Canning eg.Baked beans, Sea food.
5. Pickling eg. Pickles, Mango chutney.
6. Adding preservatives eg.Vinegar,sugar.
4. List the important vitamins and minerals, and their deficiency diseases
VITAMINS Deficiency MINERALS Deficiency Diseases
Diseases
Vitamin A Night Blindness Iron Anaemia
Vitamin B Beriberi Calcium Soft and weak bones
Vitamin C Scurvy Phosphorous Pain in Joints
Vitamin D Rickets Iodine Goitre
Vitamin E Nerve Problems
Vitamin K Bleeding

IX. HOTS
1. Many parents tell their children not to eat street food. What do you think is the
reason?
Ans: Street food may not have been prepared in a proper way and in a hygienic
manner. Storage of food is also not done properly. Also they do not contain all the
nutrients in proper amount to make a balanced diet. It could be very high on fat and
carbohydrates, which is not very healthy.
X. Give scientific reason for the following

1. A growing child needs more protein.
Reason: A growing child needs more protein because a child will be growing and the
growing body requires more new cells for proper growth and development of muscles,
blood and skin.
2. Lack of exercise makes your muscles weak and flabby.

Reason: Exercise make muscles grow stronger and also inner organs such as the heart
and lungs stronger. Lack of exercise accumulate fat in our body that leads to
overweight and obesity. Obese people are unhealthy.
Prepared by Staff : Soruba Sree S.R.

Reviewed by (HOD/ Asst HOD) : Subhashini C.R
Reviewed by Principal/ V.P . :

Lesson 2: Natural Calamities

1. An earthquake is a natural calamity.
2. A cyclone is very strong wind with heavy rain.
3. If very little rainfall occurs in an area, it may result in a drought.
4. A severe drought in which people die because of shortage of food is called a famine.
5. At the time of floods the army is called in to airdrop food.
6. Earthquakes occur when crust plates slip past each other.
7. Earthquake under the sea leads to tsunami.
8. Weather forecasters study about the weather.
II. Answer in one or two sentences

1. What is an aftershock?
Ans: There will be land shake that happens for a minute, after hours or even days after
the main earthquake. This is known as aftershocks.
2. How is food and water supplied to flooded villages?

Ans: The government sets up relief camps to provide food and water to the
flood-affected villages. Sometimes, if required, the food and water packets are air
dropped.
3. What is the Richter scale?

Ans:The Richter scale is a scale of numbers used to measure the intensity of an
earthquake.
4. Differentiate drought and famine.

Drought Famine
Drought is a natural disaster caused Famines are extreme shortages of food that
due to lack of rain for a long period cause people to die of starvation.
in a particular area.

III. Answer the following
1. What should we do as a nation after a natural calamity?
Ans: A natural calamity can slow down the progress of a country. It is essential for
people to come together to face the problems, and cooperate with the government
agencies to restore the affected places.
2. What causes an earthquake?

Ans: An earthquake is a sudden movement on the surface of the earth. It is caused by
severe shock waves that travel through solid rocks from underground to the surface of
the earth.
IV. Answer in detail

1. What should you do when there is an earthquake?
Ans: i) Avoid standing near tall buildings, trees, poles and electric wires.
ii) When an earthquake is felt , one should come out of the house or buildings
immediately and rush towards an open area.
2. Mention the preventive steps for controlling the damage caused due to drought?
Ans: i) Proper irrigation facilities should be provided in farming areas to prevent crop
failure and other losses in case of scanty rainfall.
ii) Reservoirs should be built at appropriate places for use in times of need.
3. What are cyclones? What are the effects of cyclones?

Ans: Strong tropical wind travelling at a great speed is called Cyclone. The effects of
cyclones are:
● The strong wind and rain damage houses and crops.
● Strong cyclonic winds can blow away buildings, trees, poles and vehicles.
● Heavy rains may cause flooding.

V. HOTS
1. Why do you think there is an outbreak of diseases after a cyclone or flood?
Ans: After a flood or cyclone, the drinking water and other water bodies get
contaminated with overflows from sewers. This makes it a breeding ground for
disease-causing germs. The dead bodies of animals and plants also contaminate the
place. This cause the outbreak of diseases.
2. Can a powerful earthquake lead to a shortage of drinking water? How?

Ans: Yes. a powerful earthquake can lead to bursting of pipes in water supply plants,
buildings and so on. This would cause a stop in the supply of water. Contamination by
overflowing sewers could also lead to non-availability of water.
VI. Give reason for the following

1. Doctors also accompany rescue workers when they go to flood affected areas.
Reason: There will be an outbreak of diseases like typhoid, cholera due to
contaminated water after flood. So doctors are put on duty to take care of the needy.


Lesson 3: Rocks and Minerals

1. Rocks are made up of minerals.
2. Molten rock inside the Earth is called magma.
3. When a volcano erupts, the hot liquid that flows out is called lava.
4. Sedimentary rocks change to metamorphic rocks due to high temperature and
pressure changes.
5. Metals are extracted from their ores.
6. The minerals present in limestone is calcite.
7. Shale is made up of silt and clay.
8. Magnetite can be used to find the direction.

1. Igneous rocks are found near volcanoes. [True]
2. Metamorphic rocks are formed from soil and small rock pieces. [False]
3. Fossils are found in metamorphic rocks. [False]
4. Coal is a kind of rock.[True]
5. Petroleum is formed from the remains of sea animals and plants. [True]
III. Answer in brief

1. What is magma ?
Ans: The core of the earth is made up of molten rocks and gases. This molten rock is
known as magma.
2. What is lava?
Ans: The magma that reaches the surface of the earth is called lava.
3. Name the three minerals present in granite.

Ans: The three minerals present in granite are - feldspar, quartz and mica.
4. What is conglomerate?
Ans: Conglomerate is a very hard rock made up of gravel, pebbles and stones
cemented together by minerals.

5. How are metamorphic rocks formed?
Ans: Metamorphic rocks are formed due to changes in temperature and pressure that
happens deep inside the Earth.
IV. Answer the following

1. How are igneous rocks formed?
Ans: The rock deep inside the Earth melts due to high temperature and turns into
magma. Magma is pushed upwards towards the surface of the Earth where it cools and
form solid rocks. These are called igneous rocks.
2. Why does pumice have holes/pockets in it?

Ans: Pumice is type of igneous rock that forms when frothy lava cools quickly on the
Earth’s surface. As it cools, the gases are trapped inside, which makes the rock porous.
3. Discuss the formation of gneiss.

Ans: Gneiss is a type of metamorphic rock formed from granite. It is coarse grained
and has irregular bands of different colours. It glitters because of a mineral called
mica.
4. How fossils are formed?

Ans: Fossils are formed by the decomposition of dead and decaying plants and
animals that got buried under the deposits of mud and sand. Fossils are used to learn
about the type of living beings that lived on the Earth millions of years ago.
V. Answer in detail
1. Explain in detail how sedimentary rocks are formed and list the types of
sedimentary rocks.
Ans: Sedimentary rocks are formed from older rocks that have been broken into tiny
fragments. Small bits and powdered rock are carried down and deposited at the bottom
of lakes and ocean by rain,winds and rivers and form layers.These layers slowly
harden with minerals to form sedimentary rocks. Sandstone, limestone, shale and
conglomerate are the types of sedimentary rocks.

2. Describe the various uses of coal and petroleum.
Ans: Coal and petroleum are two important fuels.
COAL: Coal is used as a fuel for cooking in houses. In power house coal is used to
generate electricity and in factories to run machines. It is formed from the remains of
plants.
PETROLEUM: Petrol and diesel obtained from petroleum used to run vehicles and
machines. Plastics, paints, fertilisers, cosmetics are also the products from petroleum.
It is formed from the remains of plants and animals in the sea.
VI. HOTS
1. Rock A is quite soft and contains the mineral calcium. It is used in making paper.
Rock B is formed from rock A. It is widely used in flooring, to make statues and
building. Identify both the rocks.
Ans: Rock A is Limestone and Rock B is Marble
VII. Give reason for the following

1. Pumice is the only rock that can float.
Ans: Pumice is the only rock that can float because it is porous and has a lot of holes
in it, formed by the gases trapped inside it at the time of its formation.
2. The fossils found in the bottom layers will be older.

Ans: Over a period of time, layers of mud, sand and other materials get deposited on
top of older layers of fossils. Hence the layers on the bottom are older than those on
the top.


Lesson 4: Soil Erosion and Conservation

1. Soil is formed by the breaking down of rocks.
2. The wearing away of rocks is known as weathering.
3. Cutting down of trees or deforestation increases soil erosion.
4. The protection against soil erosion is called soil conservation.
5. Terrace farming is done on hill slopes to prevent soil erosion.

1. Soil takes more time to form than to get eroded. [True]
2. Roots of plants bind the soil particles and prevent soil erosion. [True]
3. Soil erosion due to flowing water is more on hill slopes than on the plains. [True]
4. Soil in farmlands is less likely to get eroded after a crop is harvested. [False]
5. Terrace farming is done mainly to reduce soil erosion due to wind. [False]
III. Give one word

1. Breaking down of rocks into small pieces. Weathering
2. The topmost layer of soil. Topsoil
3. Strong embankments made along river banks. Bund
4. Clearing of forests by humans. Deforestation
5. The removal of soil by water or wind. Erosion
6. Rocks are broken into this first on weathering. Pebbles
7. Steps cut into the surface of a hill. Terrace
IV. Answer in brief

1. Why is the top layer of the soil most fertile?
Ans: The top layer of soil has more humus content which makes it more fertile.
2. What is soil conservation?

Ans: Prevention of soil from erosion is called soil conservation.
3. Define humus.
Ans: Humus is the organic component of soil, formed by the decomposition of leaves
and other plant material by soil microorganisms.

4. Define weathering.
Ans: Weathering is the process of breaking down of rocks into small pieces. It is
caused by animals, rain and weather changes.
5. How is soil formed?

Ans: Soil is formed by the process of breaking down of rocks into smaller pieces due
to the action of wind ,water and sunlight.
V. Answer the following

1. List the uses of soil for living beings.
Ans: i) Nutrients in the soil helps the plant to grow and make food.
ii) Products of soil are used to build houses.
iii) Many animals live in soil.
2. How is soil eroded by water in hilly areas?

Ans: Soil in the hilly areas erodes away fast as water in hilly areas flows down faster.
The rivers carry more and more soil as they flow down. On reaching the plain the
flow slows down and soil is deposited on the way. This results in flood, loss of life
and property.
3. What is soil erosion? How does it affect farmers?

Ans: Soil erosion is the washing away or transportation of the fertile top layer of soil
by wind and water. This is a serious problem for farmers. If the soil has eroded, the
crops that make food will not grow very well.
VI. Answer in detail

1. In what ways have the activities of humans resulted in increased soil erosion?
Ans: Deforestation and overgrazing are the main cause of soil erosion.
Deforestation: Humans clear forests to build cities and factories which leads to bare
land and increases soil erosion.
Overgrazing: Overgrazing occurs when plants are exposed to intensive grazing for
extended periods of time. The top soil is exposed to air, wind and water after grazing
and leads to soil erosion.

2. Describe the various methods to prevent soil erosion.
Ans: The various methods to prevent soil erosion are:-
i. Afforestation - Planting of trees
ii. Soil cover - Covering the land with dry vegetation
iii. Shelter belts - Growing trees along the edges of farmland
iv. Building embankments- built along the banks of rivers
v. Terrace formation - hilly areas
VII. HOTS
1. Sometimes, farmers leave the stumps and roots of harvested crops on the field
and do not remove them. What can be the reason?
Ans: After the crop is harvested and before the next is sown, the soil is bare and could
get eroded by wind or water. This can be prevented by leaving behind the stumps and
roots of harvested crops on the fields.
VIII. Give scientific reason for the following

1. Soil is essential resource to survive on this planet.
Reason: Plants are the only living organisms that have the ability to produce food. All
living beings directly or indirectly depends on plants for food. Plants can be grown
only on the soil. Absence of soil leads to no living organism on the planet.

Reviewed by (HOD/ Asst HOD) :

Lesson 5: Plant Life
1. Ferns and mosses reproduce from tiny seed-like structures called spores.
2. Small buds present on the potatoes are called eyes.
3. The ginger plant grows from buds on the underground stem.
4. A thick outer covering of a seed is called seed coat.
5. The growth of a baby plant from a seed is called germination.
6. To get rid of insects and pests insecticides and pesticides should be sprayed on the
crops.
7. Baby plant inside the seed is called embryo.

1. Plants can grow only from seeds. [False]
2. The seed leaves make food for the seed. [False]
3. Seeds can germinate without water. [False]
4. If all seeds falls under the parent plant they will grow into very healthy plants. [False]
5. Kharif crops grow best in warm weather. [True]
III. Give one word

1. A piece of stem that can grow into a new plant. - stem cutting
2. The growth of a seed into a new plant. - germination
3. A baby plant after germination. - seedling
4. The scattering of seeds away from the mother plant. - dispersal
5. Crops grown in winter season - rabicrop.
6. An underground stem with fleshy leaves. - bulb
7. Stems that run along the ground - runners.

IV. Give two examples
1. Reproduction from stem - Potato, Ginger.
2. Reproduction from leaf- Bryophyllum,Jade.
3. Reproduction from roots-carrot, sweet potato.
4. Reproduction from seeds- Mango, Papaya.
5. Dispersal by wind- Dandelion, cotton.
6. Dispersal by water- Coconut, lotus.
7. Dispersal by animals- Mango,papaya.
8. Dispersal by explosion-Balsam,pea.
V. Answer in brief
1. List the ways by which plants reproduce.
Ans: Plants reproduce from seeds, spores, leaves,roots and stems.
2. What are the necessary conditions for germination?

Ans: Air, water and weather are the three necessary conditions for germination.
3. How does a seed absorb water?

Ans: Seeds contain small hole near the scar on the top of the seed. This hole allows
water to enter the seed.
4. What is seed dispersal? Name the agents of dispersal?

Ans: The process of scattering of seeds away from the parent plant is known as seed
dispersal. The agents of dispersal are: a)wind b) water c) animals.
5. Describe the structure of seeds that are dispersed by wind.

Ans: Seeds scattered by wind are small, light and have wings attached to them,
making it easy for the wind to carry them away.
VI. Answer the following
1. Write a short note on cotyledon.
Ans: Cotyledons are the significant part of the embryo within the seed of a plant.
They contain the stored food which is used by growing seedling. Based on the number
of cotyledons in the seed, seeds are classified into two types. They are,
Monocotyledon- Eg: Maize, Ragi.
Dicotyledon- Eg: Bean, Pea.

VII. Answer in detail
1. Why is dispersal of seed necessary?
Ans: The scattering of seeds away from the parent plant is called seed dispersal.
Dispersal helps to scatter the seeds far away and increase the growth of the plant in a
wide area for a proper growth of a plant. Fruits and seeds are scattered with the help of
wind, water,animals and explosion.
2. Why are crops important to us? Give examples for different types of crops.
Ans: Crops are plants that are grown in wide area to provide food and useful things to
living beings. The different types of crops are:
● Food crops eg- rice, wheat.
● Fibre crops eg-Jute,cotton.
● Oil producing crops eg- peanut, mustard.
VIII. HOTS
1. If you plant the stem of a mango tree in the ground,will it grow into a new plant?
Why or why not?
Ans: A mango trees grows only from a seed. Hence it will not grow from a stem of a
mango tree.
2. Why are coconut trees found in coastal areas? How does it help in dispersal?
Ans: Coconut trees grow well in all coastal regions of the world where the temperature
is warm and they get more water. The presence of air trapped in the husk of coconut
makes it light in weight and easy to float in water for dispersal.
IX. Give scientific reason for the following

1. Some seeds have hooks or spines on them.
Reason: Hooks or spines on the seeds helps the seed to stick it to the bodies of
animals or our clothes while passing by and are carried along long distance for
dispersal.
2. Dry seeds do not germinate.

Reason: Seeds need water,air and warmth to grow into new plants. Dry seeds do not
have one of these conditions i.e water and hence do not germinate.

3. Bajra is mostly grown in the state of Rajasthan.
Reason: Rajasthan receives very little rainfall and is a desert land. Bajra grows well
with less water in sandy soil, hence bajra grows well in the state of Rajasthan.
X. Draw a neat labelled diagram

1) Seed
2) Seed dispersed by wind-Drumstick seeds


Lesson 6: Animal Life

1. The hard outer covering on the body of a turtle is called a shell.
2. Mammals have hair on their bodies to protect and keep them warm.
3. Animals that eat both plants and other animals are called omnivores.
4. A frog breathes through its lungs on land and skin inside water.
5. Insects take in air through spiracles.
6. The area where a particular animal lives naturally is called its habitat.
7. Snakes are limbless reptiles.
8. The seasonal movement of animals from one region to another is called migration.
9. Mammals,birds and reptiles breathe through their lungs.
10.Turtles use their flippers for swimming.

1. Animals that eat only plants are called herbivores. [True]
2. Crocodiles and lizards move by curling and straightening their body. [False]
3. Rabbits move about by hopping around. [True]
4. Prawns breathe through moist skin. [False]
5. Earthworms exchange gases through spiracles. [False]
6. The wings of birds are their forelimbs. [True]
III. Give one word

1. The skin of the crocodile is covered with - Scales.
2. Animals that eat plants - Herbivores.
3. Animals that eat flesh -Carnivores.
4. Breathing organs of fish - Gills.
5. Travelling long distances away from home to find better living conditions.-Migration

IV. Answer in brief
1. Name four different body coverings in animals.
Ans: Scales, shells, feathers and fur are some of the body coverings of the animals.
2. Why do animals move from place to place?

Ans: Animals move from one place to another in search of food and shelter and also to
escape from predators.
3. Define habitat.
Ans: The area where a particular animal lives and survives naturally is called its
habitat.
4. Define respiration.
Ans: The process by which living organisms breathe in oxygen during inhalation and
breathe out carbon dioxide during exhalation is called respiration.

1. What is migration? Explain with an example.
Ans: The mass movement of animals from one place to another at certain times of the
year to escape from weather is known as migration. The Arctic tern travels more than
70,000km when it migrates from Arctic region in winter to the Antarctic and back
again.
2. Describe how air reaches inside the body of an insect.

Ans: Insects have tiny holes called spiracles on both the side of their body through
which air enters inside the body and reaches all parts of the body through small tubes
called breathing tubes.

3. How are fins useful for fish?
Ans: Fins are used by a fish to balance, change direction and stop. Some fish use their
fins like oars to push the water to move forward.
4. How do fish breathe underwater?

Ans: Fish take in water through their mouth. They have gills instead of lungs. As
water passes over the gills, dissolved oxygen is taken in and carbon dioxide is given
out.

1. Why is breathing necessary?
Ans: The process of breathing is essential for all living beings. In the process of
breathing, a living organism takes in oxygen and gives out carbon dioxide. Oxygen
taken in by a living organism is used to release the energy from food.
2. Why do herbivores and carnivores have different types of teeth?

Ans: Food habits of both herbivores and carnivores are different so they have different
types of teeth.
● Herbivorous animals such as cows, goats eat only plants so they have sharp front
teeth to cut or bite the plants, and large flat back teeth to grind the food.
● Carnivorous animals such as lions, tigers eat flesh of other animals so they have long
pointed teeth to tear the flesh and strong back teeth to chew the flesh.
VII. HOTS
1. If the wings of birds are clipped, will the birds be able to fly?
Ans: Birds move their wings upward and downward to travel from one place to
another. Upstroke helps them to move upward and forward while downstroke helps
them to move downward and backward. If the wings are clipped they cant move from
one place to another.

2. Humans have forelimbs and hindlimbs like a cheetah and deer. Why can we not
run fast like cheetahs and deer?
Ans: Cheetahs have very strong and powerful limbs that enable them to run very fast.
Humans use only hind legs to run and they are not strong enough. Hence humans
cannot run as fast as cheetahs.

1. Snakes move without legs.
Reason: Snakes move by curling and straightening its body with the help of scales.
2. Humans cannot breathe underwater.

Reason: Human lungs are not adapted to take in oxygen from water. Only animals
with gills can breathe underwater. Hence humans cannot breathe under water.
IX. Draw neat labelled diagram of fish and point out breathing process of fish


Lesson 7: Living Things
1. Living things need air, water and food.
2. A cell is the smallest living part of a living thing.
3. Animals that reproduce by giving birth to babies are called mammals.
4. All animals depend on plants for food.
5. The green pigment present in plants chlorophyll.

1. All plants can make their own food. [False]
2. All animals depend on plants for their food. [True]
3. Some living things are made up of only one cell. [True]
4. All plants and animals grow old and die. [True]
5. Only animals can respond to changes in the environment. [False]
III. Give an example for the following

1. A non-living thing that can move on its own - Air
2. A living organism that grows on dead plants and animals - Mushroom
3. A living thing that is made up of only one cell - Amoeba
4. A plant that responds when touched - Touch-me-not
IV. Answer in one or two sentences

1. List any three characteristics of living things?
Ans: i) Living things move on their own.
ii) Living things are made up of cells.
iii) Living things respond to change.
2. Describe amoeba.
Ans: Amoeba is a living thing composed of just one cell with no fixed shape. To
reproduce, the Amoeba splits itself into two cells.
3. Define reproduction.
Ans: The process by which a living organism produce young ones of its own kind is
known as reproduction.
1. Explain the use of sense organs in animals.
Ans: The sense organs in animals help them to know the changes that happen around
them. It also it helps them to escape from predators.
2. Define photosynthesis.
Ans: The process of preparation of food by green plants from water and
carbon-dioxide in the presence of sunlight and chlorophyll pigment is called
photosynthesis.
3. Define chlorophyll.
Ans: A green pigment, present in all green plants, which is responsible for the
absorption of light to provide energy for the process of photosynthesis is called
chlorophyll.
4. Why do we group things? Give an example.

Ans: Things are grouped together to make it easier to study them. Ex: All the things
that have life are placed under the group of living things and all those without life are
placed under the group of nonliving things.

1. Why do animals depend directly or indirectly on plants for their food?
Ans: All living things need food to live. Green plants can make their own food from
non-living things found in nature. Animals cannot make their own food as they do not
have chlorophyll pigment. Hence, all animals are directly or indirectly dependent on
green plants for their food.

VII. Give reason for the following
1. Plants take in carbon dioxide and give out oxygen and also do the reverse
process.
Reason: During the day plants prepare food in the presence of sunlight. In this
process, plants take in carbon dioxide and gives out oxygen.Plants take in oxygen and
give out carbon dioxide during the process of respiration at night.
VIII. Draw a labeled diagram to show the process of photosynthesis
IX. Draw a labeled diagram of amoeba


Lesson 8: Interdependence in Nature

1. All living things need oxygen for breathing.
2. The sun provides energy to plants for photosynthesis.
3. Herbivores directly depend on plants for food.
4. Plants depend on animals for pollination and dispersal of seeds.
5. A food chain shows how living things eat other living things.

1. Plants do not need oxygen; they need only carbon dioxide- [False]
2. Several life processes in the body cannot take place without water. - [True]
3. Life cannot survive on Earth without sunlight - [True]
4. Plants are producers of food - [True]
5. Bacteria are known as consumers - [False]
III. Give one word

1. Organisms that help to break down dead plant and animal matter.
Ans: Decomposers
2. Animals that eat other animals.
Ans: Carnivores
3. Organisms that do not make their own food.
Ans: Consumers
4. Organisms that provide energy to all living things, directly or indirectly.
Ans: Producers
5. Animals that eat plants.
Ans: Herbivores
IV. Answer in brief

1. What do plants get from soil?
Ans: Plants get water and minerals from the soil to make food and soil provides
support to plants.
2. How are dead animals useful to plants?

Ans: When animals die, bacteria help to break down dead animals. The broken-down
materials adds humus to the soil, which makes it fertile for plant growth.
1. In what ways is photosynthesis useful to animals?
Ans: Photosynthesis is the process by which plants make food. Some animals eat
plants and other animals eat these animals, in turn. Hence photosynthesis is the source
of food for all the animals directly or indirectly. Photosynthesis releases oxygen at the
end of the process, which is used by animals during the respiration process.

1. What are the different ways that animals depend on plants?
Ans: Animals depend on plants for the following:
● Food: Some animals eat plants as their food, while others eat these animals in turn. So
animals depend on plants for food directly or indirectly.
● Shelter: Birds, squirrels, monkeys live in trees in nests, holes or on branches.
● Oxygen: The oxygen given out during the process of photosynthesis is used by the
animals for the process of respiration.
VII. HOTS
1. What do you think will happen if all the plants on Earth disappeared?
Ans: If all the plants on the Earth disappear, there would be no source of food as only
plants have the ability to make food. As a result, all living organisms would die.


TERM-II
Lesson 9: Bones and Muscles

1. The h eart pumps blood to different parts of the body.
2. All the bones in our body form a framework called the skeleton.
3. The chest bones are thin and rounded.
4. The jelly like substance contained inside the bone is called the bone marrow.
5. The skull is made up of 22 bones.
6. The only moving bone is skull is lower jawbone.
7. The bones at the joints are held together by stretchy bands called ligaments.
8. Muscles have 40% of our body weight.
9. Two muscles that move our lower arm up and down are biceps and triceps.
10.The muscles which are not under our control are called involuntary muscles.
11.The flat breastbone in the front to which the ribs are joined is called the sternum.
12. A special kind of tough muscle present in the heart is called cardiac muscle.
II. Write ‘true’ or ‘false’ for the following statements:

1. All organs work alone to perform different functions for the body. [False]
2. The backbone consists of one long bone. [False]
3. All joints in the body allow movement. [False]
4. The ball-and-socket joint allows movement in one direction only. [False]
5. Muscles pull or push bones to make them move. [False]
III. Define the following

1. Bone marrow - It is a jelly like substance found inside the bone. Blood cells are
produced here.

2. Spine - A set of 33 vertebrae join together to form the backbone/spine. Each vertebrae
has a hole in it through which the spinal cord passes and hence the spine protects the
spinal cord. The spine helps us to stand straight,bend and stretch our body.
3. Femur - It is the long bone in the upper half of the leg. It is also called the thigh bone
and is the longest bone in the body.
4. Ligament - These are strong, stretchy bands that hold the bones together at the joints.
5. Tendon - These are tough bands of tissue that attach the muscles to the bones.
IV. Answer in brief

1. Describe the structure of bones.
Ans: Bones are hard and tough on the outside. They are soft and spongy inside, and are
filled with a jelly-like substance called the bone marrow. The blood cells are produced
in the bone marrow.
2. What are the functions of the skeletal and muscular system?

Ans: The skeletal system gives shape to the body and protects our internal organs. The
muscular system helps the body to move.
3. What are muscles?

Ans: Muscles are fleshy bundles of thin, elastic like material in the body connected to
the bones by tendons. Muscles help in the movement of the body.
4. How many pairs of ribs are present in the ribcage? What are floating ribs?
Ans: There are 12 pairs of ribs present in the rib cage that protects the heart and lungs.
The lowest two pairs of ribs are called floating ribs.They are joined only to the back
bone and not to the breast bone.

1. Explain about backbone.
Ans: The backbone has 33 small bones called vertebrae, which are joined together to
form the backbone. The backbone is also called as spine or vertebral column. The
delicate spinal cord passes through the hole present in vertebrae that protects the spinal
cord.

2. Why are at least two muscles needed to move a bone in the body.
Ans: Bones cannot move by themselves. The muscles attached to the bones pull them
to make them move. Muscles can only pull the bones,not push them. So, at least two
muscles are needed to move a bone.

1. Explain in detail about different types of joints. Give one example for each.
Ans: Joints are the places where two bones are joined together by strong, stretchy
bands called ligaments. Different joints allow different types of movement. The types
of joints are
1. Hinge joint
2. Ball-and-socket joint
3. Pivot joint
4. Gliding joint
Hinge joint: A hinge joint is strong and it allows back and forth movement. The knees
and elbows have hinge joints.
Ball and socket joint: This joint allows movements of bones in all directions. At one
end of bone is round like a ball helps to fit into hollow part in the other bone. The hip
and shoulder have ball and socket joint.
Pivot joint: The joint between the first and second vertebrae of the backbone is a pivot
joint. It allows the head to turn up and down and from left to right.
Gliding joint: The bones in gliding joint can slide over each other. It allows backward
and forward movement. It is present in the wrists and ankles.
2. What are the differences between a voluntary and involuntary muscle? Give an
example.
Ans: There are two kinds of muscles. They are Voluntary muscles and involuntary
muscles.
VOLUNTARY MUSCLES INVOLUNTARY MUSCLES
Muscles that are under our control are Muscles that are not under our control
called voluntary muscles. are called involuntary muscles.
Eg-Muscles in arms, legs, tongue. Eg-Muscles of digestive system, lungs,
etc.

VII. HOTS
1. Suppose your vertebral column was a single bone. How would this have affected
you?
Ans: If the vertebral column was a single bone, we would not be able to bend or sit or
lie down. We would have been stiff like a stick.
2. If someone hits you in your stomach it hurts really badly. But a similar blow to
your chest, above your heart, does not hurt so much. why?
Ans: There are no bones around our stomach, so it hurts when somebody hits us there.
However the rib protects the area around the heart, so it hurts us less when hit in that
area.

1. We cannot move if there are no tendons attached to bones.
Reason: The tendons are strong elastic bands of tissues which join the muscles to the
bones and help to pull the bone up, thus helping the bone to move. If there were no
tendons, the muscles would not be able to help the bones move.
2. Heart is made of cardiac muscles.

Reason: The heart needs to pump blood throughout the lifetime of a living being. The
pumping needs to be at a specific rate and work non-stop. Hence heart are made of
involuntary muscles called cardiac muscle that works throughout our lifetime without
getting tired.
3. Movement of joints in the skull is not possible.

Reason: Movement of joints in the skull is not possible because the bones are
interlocked , making the joints immovable.


Lesson 10: Nervous System

1. The brain, the spinal cord and nerves make up the nervous system.
2. The cerebrum is the thinking part of the brain
3. The sensation of pain is carried from the skin to the brain by sensory nerves.
4. The portion of the eye that has cells sensitive to light and colour is the retina.
5. Vibrations are converted to signals in the inner ear and sent to the brain, which helps
us to identify sounds.
6. The brain stem controls the muscles of the heart, stomach and lungs.
7. The skin is the largest sense organ in the body.
8. The eyelids protect the eyes from dust and bright light.
9. The nerves carry messages from all parts of the body to the brain through the spinal
cord.
II. Name the following

1. The largest part of the brain. Ans: Cerebrum.
2. The lower portion of your brain that connects to the spinal cord. Ans: Brain stem.
3. Carry messages from the sense organs to spinal cord and brain. Ans: Sensory nerves.
4. The coloured part of the eye. Ans: Iris.
5. The surface of the tongue with many tiny bumps. Ans: Taste buds.
6. The nerves that carry orders from the brain and spinal cord to all parts of the body.
Ans: Motor nerves.

1. Which kind of nerve carries the information from your eye to the brain?
Ans: The sensory nerve carries information from the eye to the brain.
2. How will you react if something flies towards your eye?

Ans: We will blink our eyes when something enters our eyes.
3. What is the function of the eyelids?

Ans: The eyelids protect the eyes from dust and bright light.

4. What makes the skin behave as a sense organ?
Ans: The skin contains many nerve endings which are sensitive to cold, heat, pressure,
pain and touch. Hence the skin acts as a sense organ.

1. Why can you taste only with your tongue and not with any other organ?
Ans: The surface of the tongue has many tiny bumps called taste buds. The taste buds
contain the ends of nerves. The nerves detect the four main tastes and send messages
to the brain.
2. What is reflex action?

Ans: Reflex actions are automatic actions that occur involuntarily. In the case of reflex
actions, the signal does not travel to the brain. The message from a sensory organ goes
to the spinal cord, which instructs the body to respond.
3. Explain what happens when a sound falls on the eardrum.

Ans: The sound passes to the eardrum which starts vibrating. The vibrations pass
through the three bones in the middle ear and then into the inner ear. The vibrations
are changed into signals or messages in the inner ear and passed to the brain through
the nerves.
V. Answer in detail
1. What are the main functions of the brain? How does it carry out its work?
Ans: Our brain is the most important thing in our body. It is protected by the skull.
The brain controls everything that goes on in the body. It stores information and
recalls when needed. The sensory nerves carry messages from the sensory organs to
the brain. The orders from the brain are taken by the motor nerves to the parts of the
body to carry out a response for this sensory input.
2. Name the different parts of the brain and describe their main functions.
Ans: The different parts of the brain are:
1. The cerebrum is the largest part of our brain and it controls thinking, learning,
memory , intelligence and speech. The cerebrum also controls the sense organs.
2. The cerebellum present in the back of our head controls the movement of our
muscles.
3. The brainstem is the lower part of our brain that connects the brain to the spinal
cord. It also controls the involuntary actions such as swallowing, breathing and
circulation.

3. Name the different types of nerves and explain their functions.
Ans: The different types of nerves are:
1. Sensory nerves - They carry messages from the sense organs to the spinal cord or
brain. The messages are carried in one direction only
2. Motor nerves - They carry orders from the brain or spinal cord to the muscles.
The brain instructs the muscles on how to work. The messages are carried in one
direction only.
3. Mixed nerves - They do the functions of both sensory and motor nerves. They
can exchange information in both directions. They are present in the brain and
spinal cord.
VI. HOTS
1. How do you think some people are able to use the keyboard of the computer
without looking at it?
Ans: When a person uses the keyboard of the computer for a long time, the brain
learns the position of the keys on the keyboard, and automatically sends instructions to
the muscles of the fingers for pressing the appropriate key.
VII. Give reason

1. Nerves form a network all over the body.
Reason: The nerves are present all over the body so that messages from every part
can be sent to the brain and similarly messages from the brain can reach every part of
the body.
2. Never clean your ears with a pointed object.

Reason: Never clean your ears with a pointed object as it may puncture the eardrum.
3. Avoid breathing through your mouth.

Reason: Avoid breathing through your mouth because it cannot filter the inhaled air.
When we breathe through our mouth, we provide cold, dry air that may cause lack of
oxygen.

VIII. Draw a neat labelled diagram of brain


Lesson 11: Force, Work and Energy

1. A machine consisting of many simple machines is called complex machine.
2. The fixed point of a lever is called the fulcrum.
3. In a lever, if the fulcrum is between the effort and the load, it is a first class lever.
4. The axe and the knife are examples of wedge.
5. Water that falls from a height has mechanical energy.
6. Steam from inside the earth is used to generate geothermal energy.
7. Push or pull acting on an object is called force.
8. The elastic force resists stretching and makes the material go back to its original state.
9. The ability to do work is called energy.
II. Identify the simple machine

1. A rod free to rotate about a fixed point. Ans: lever.
2. Made of two inclined planes. Ans: wedge
3. A slope. Ans: Incline plane.
4. A nail with a winding edge. Ans: screw
5. A grooved wheel with a rope passing around it. Ans: pulley
6. A wheel with a rod attached to the centre. Ans: wheel and axle.

1. Define force.
Ans: A pull or push acting on an object is called force.
2. What are simple machines? Name the six basic simple machines.
Ans: Simple machines are tools that make our work easy. The six types of simple
machines are: lever, inclined plane, wedge, screw, pulley, wheel and axle.
3. What is a lever?
Ans: Lever is a rigid rod that moves freely around a fixed point.
4. Name the three parts of lever.

Ans: A lever consists of three parts. They are fulcrum, load and effort.
5. What is energy? Name the different types of energy.

Ans: Energy is the ability to do work. The different forms of energy are: light energy,
heat energy, sound energy, electrical energy, mechanical energy, wind energy, solar
energy and geothermal energy.
6. What are the advantages of solar energy?

Ans: This energy is abundant on Earth and is also renewable and non-polluting.
7. What are the effects of force?

Ans: The effects of force are:
❖ Force can make an object move.
❖ Force can stop a moving object.
❖ Force can change the direction in which an object is moving.
❖ Force can change the shape of an object.
8. Why is frictional force important in our daily life?

Ans: Frictional force is required to walk on any surface. It is required to stop a
moving object like a cycle by applying brake.
9. Why do many supermarkets and other public places have ramps?

Ans: Inclined plane help to move loads from one level to another with less effort.
Hence in supermarkets, people can easily carry their shopping carts across floors.
10.Name three sources of energy that do not produce smoke and pollute the
environment.
Ans: Solar energy, wind energy and geothermal energy neither produce smoke nor
pollute the environment.
11.Define friction
Ans: Frictional force is an opposing force which opposes the movement of any object.

1. What are the different types of levers? Give two examples for each type.
Ans: The three types of levers are:
I. First class lever: Scissors, pliers.
II. Second class lever: bottle openers, nut-crackers.
III. Third class lever: tweezers, tongs.
2. A single fixed pulley does not reduce the effort required to lift a load. How does
it make our work easier.

Ans: A pulley makes work easier for us by changing the direction of force applied. A
downward effort is used to lift the load up.
V. Answer in detail
1. Name the different types of forces and explain any two of them.
Ans:
The different types of forces are: muscular force, gravitational force, frictional force,
elastic force and mechanical force.
1. Muscular force: The force applied by the parts of the human body is called
Muscular Force. Example-To ride a bicycle, we use the force of our legs to pedal
the bicycle and it moves forward.
2. Gravitational force: The force that attracts objects towards the centre of the earth
is called gravity or gravitational force. Example-If we throw a ball up,it comes
down due to gravitational force.
2. Write a note on wind energy and solar energy.

Ans:
WIND ENERGY: The force of wind can be used to do work for us. The wind can
move the blades of a windmill, which in turn can be used to generate electricity.
SOLAR ENERGY: The energy that we get from the sunlight is called solar energy.
Solar panels convert solar energy into electrical energy. This source of energy does
not cause any pollution.
3. Define fulcrum, load and effort.

Ans:
Fulcrum: The fulcrum is a part of the lever that does not move. It is a balance
point on which the rod moves.
Load: It is the object that is to be lifted or moved.
Effort: The downward force that is applied on one end of the rod to move or lift
the rod is called effort.
VI. HOTS
1. A wheel is not a simple machine. What will you do to make it into a simple
machine? What is such a machine called?

Ans: We can attach an axle to a wheel to make it a simple machine. It is called a wheel
and axle. The axle is a rod fixed in the centre of the wheel. A screwdriver and a
potter’s wheel are all applications of this simple machine.
VII. Give reason

1. A winding road is easier to travel.
Reason: A winding road is easier to travel since it is an inclined plane.
2. A moving ball stops after a certain distance.

Reason:A moving ball stops after a certain distance because of friction force.
3. An apple breaking off a branch of a tree comes down to the ground.

Reason:An apple breaking off a branch of a tree comes down to the ground because of
the gravitational force of the earth.
VIII. Draw a neat labelled diagram of types of lever

First class lever Second class lever Third class lever


Lesson 12: The Moon

1. Mountains and huge round pits on the surface of the moon are called craters.
2. Distance between the moon and the Earth is 3,84,400km.
3. Moon takes about 28 days to complete one revolution around the Earth.
4. The moon is called as natural satellite of the Earth.
5. Neil Armstrong was the first person to walk on the moon.
6. A Solar eclipse occurs only on a new moon day.
7. Navigational satellites are used to pinpoint of any object or person on the Earth.
II. True or false

1. The moon is the largest object in the solar system. [False]
2. The moon is the closest heavenly body to us in the sky. [True]
3. There is no rainfall on the Moon. [True]
4. The time taken from one new moon to the next is about 28 days. [True]
5. When a solar eclipse occurs, it can be seen from all places on the Earth. [False]
III. Define the following terms

1. Craters: Mountains and huge round pits on the surface of the moon are called craters.
2. New moon : New moon is when the side of the Moon facing us gets no sunlight and
we cannot see the moon.
3. Full moon: Full moon occurs when the entire side of the moon facing us gets sunlight.
This happens on day 14.
4. Artificial satellite: Artificial satellites are devices placed by humans in space. They
revolve around the Earth and are used for different purposes like communication and
gathering of weather-related information.
IV. Answer in brief

1. How does the Moon shine even though it does not have any light of its own?
Ans: The Moon reflects the light of the sun. This makes it shine in the night sky.
2. Why there is no rain on the Moon?

Ans: Due to weak gravitational pull, the Moon has no atmosphere. Hence there is no
rain on the Moon.
3. What do you mean by the term ‘eclipse’?

Ans: An eclipse is a shadow that makes the moon or the sun fully or partially
invisible for some time.
4. How does the Moon moves around the Earth?

Ans: The Moon revolves around the Earth in the same way the Earth revolves around
the sun. It takes nearly 28 days to complete one revolution around the Earth.
5. Name the two types of eclipse.

Ans: The two types of eclipses are:
a. Lunar eclipse b. Solar eclipse

1. Describe the surface of the moon.
Ans: The Moon is made up of rocks. The surface of the moon is rough and
uneven,with huge plains, mountains, valleys and big pits called craters. Craters are
deep holes that are formed by meteorites hitting the surface of the moon.
2. Does the Moon actually change its shape every night? Why do you see different
shapes of the Moon every night from the Earth.
Ans: No, the Moon does not change its shape every night. The shape of the Moon
appears to change every night because we only see the part of the Moon that reflects
sunlight to us. This varies every night. The rest of the Moon is dark.

1. Explain how a lunar eclipse occurs.
Ans: When the earth comes between the sun and the moon, it blocks some of the
sunlight from reaching the moon and creates a shadow. This is called a lunar eclipse
or eclipse of the moon.
During this phase, the moon passes through the shadow of the earth. A lunar eclipse
can be partial or total and it occurs only during a full moon but not on every full moon
night.

2. What do you mean by a solar eclipse? Explain how it is formed.
Ans: When the moon comes between the sun and the earth, it casts its shadow on the
earth’s surface and partly or wholly obscures the sun. This is called a solar eclipse.
A solar eclipse takes place only on a new moon day and it is of a very short
Duration.
VII. HOTS
1. The Earth is also a satellite. Can you say whose satellite it is?
Ans: Yes, The Earth is a satellite of the sun.
VIII. Give reason

1. The earth appears blue from space.
Reason:The earth appears blue from space because more than 70 percent of its surface
is covered with oceans.
2. Life does not exist on the moon.

Reason: Life does not exist on the moon as there is no air or water on it.
IX. Draw a neat labelled diagram of phases of the moon


Lesson 13: Safety and First Aid

1. The bandage used to cut off blood flow in case of severe bleeding is called a tourniquet.
2. When you twist your ankle, it can lead to a sprain.
3. In case of bee sting, you must first remove the stinger carefully.
4. A fire extinguisher is a device used to put out fires.
5. The immediate help given to an injured person is called first aid.
6. If the injured skin is not covered properly that leads to disease called tetanus.
7. The bites of some animals lead to disease called rabies.
8. Don’t poke the blisters if they are formed.
II. True or false

1. First aid can only be given by a doctor. False
2. When a bone is broken, that part of the body should not be moved. True
3. A wound or a bite must be washed with soap and water. True
4. A bleeding nose should be washed with hot water. False
5. In case of severe burns, the injured person should be taken to the hospital. True
6. An electric fire should be put out by throwing water on it. False

1. Why should water not be used to put out an electric fire?
Ans: Tap water is a conductor of electricity. Hence when water is used to extinguish the
fire, there is a danger of electric shock.
2. What is first aid?

Ans: First aid is the immediate help given to an injured person before the doctor arrives.
3. What is tourniquet?
Ans: A tourniquet is a piece of cloth tied tightly to stop the loss of blood.
4. Define sprain.
Ans: Sprain is the tearing of muscles around a joint, normally the ankle.
5. Which two things can be used to provide support to fractured bones?

Ans: Splints and sling are the two things which can be used to provide support to
fractured bones.

1. You are playing with your friend. Suddenly one of them starts bleeding from the
nose. What will you do?
Ans: A child with nose bleed should be asked to sit up straight and lean forward slightly.
The child should pinch its nostrils between the thumb and forefinger for about 10
minutes while breathing through the mouth and wait for the bleeding to stop. The child
should be told not to blow the nose for a few hours.
2. What is a fire extinguisher?

Ans: A fire extinguisher is a device that is used to put out fires. It contains chemicals that
give out carbon dioxide or some other gas or foam that puts out the fire by cutting out the
supply of air.
3. Mention two methods of extinguishing a petrol fire.

Ans: In case of petrol fire, throw sand on it to cut off the supply of air. A foam
extinguisher too will be effective in putting out the fire.
4. How will you put out an electric fire?

Ans: To put off electric fires, throw sand on it to cut off the supply of air. There are
special fire extinguishers that are effective in putting out the fire.
V. Answer in detail
1. How do accidents usually happen?
Ans: Accidents usually happen when someone is careless. Some common reasons are:
i) Sharp objects: Due to carelessness when using sharp objects such as knives and
scissors.
ii) Electricity: Playing with electrical points and electrical appliances at home.
iii) Fire: Playing with matchsticks or firecrackers.
iv) On the road: Being careless while crossing the road, playing on the road, not
following the rules and so on.
v) Medicines: Consuming wrong medicines or medicines that have expired.
vi) At home: Running or pushing others on the stairs, climbing on furniture, climbing
trees and so on.
VI. HOTS

1. Why should all public swimming pools have a lifeguard on duty?
Ans: Swimming pools could cause drowning accidents. Children may not be able to
judge their ability to swim or the depth of the pool. A lifeguard should be present to take
immediate action of any drowning incident.
2. Why do ambulances have sirens?
Ans: Ambulances are used to take patients who need to be given medical attention at
the earliest. The siren in the ambulance alerts the other road users about the urgency of
the ambulance, urging them to make way to help the patient to reach the hospital.
VII. Give reason

1. We should not throw water on petrol fire.
Reason: We should not throw water on petrol fire as water is heavier than petrol so it
will float on water and the fire will spread further.
2. Never throw water on electronic gadgets.

Reason: Never throw water on electronic gadgets because it can cause electrocution
since water is a good conductor of electricity.
3. Do not prick blisters on your skin.

Reason: Do not prick blisters on your skin to release the fluid because skin acts as a
barrier against infection.


Lesson 14: Air and Water

1. The blanket of air that surrounds the Earth is called the atmosphere.
2. The layer closest to the Earth’s surface is the troposphere.
3. The exosphere fades into space.
4. The ozone layer protects us from harmful ultraviolet rays of the sun.
5. The amount of water vapour in the air is called humidity.
6. During the process of evaporation, water vapour is formed.
7. The process of transformation of water into water vapour on heating is known as
evaporation.
II. Write True or false against the given statements

1. The atmosphere is the same at both 50km and 1 km above the Earth. [False]
2. The percentage of carbon dioxide in the air is very low. [True]
3. Air exerts pressure in the downward direction only. [False]
4. Air helps in burning. [True]
5. Water can dissolve all substances. [False]
6. Distilled water is the purest form of water. [True]
III. Name the following

1. The layer of gases that surrounds the Earth.
Ans: Atmosphere
2. The layer of air in which weather changes take place.
Ans: Troposphere
3. The layer of air where jet airplanes fly.
Ans: Stratosphere
4. The gas in the air that absorbs harmful rays from the sun.
Ans: Ozone
5. A special kind of light used to kill germs.
Ans: Ultraviolet rays
6. The layer of atmosphere where many meteorites enter and burn out.
Ans: Mesosphere
7. The layer of atmosphere which is sometimes considered as the part of outer space
Ans: Exosphere.
8. The process in which liquids are cleaned by passing them through a filter paper.
Ans: Filtration
9. The process of settling down of heavy insoluble impurities in a liquid.
Ans: Sedimentation
10.The process of purifying a liquid by boiling it and then condensing its vapours.
Ans: Distillation.
IV. Answer in brief

1. Why do people who climb high mountains carry oxygen cylinder?
Ans: As we go higher and higher, the air becomes thinner. This makes breathing more
and more difficult. So mountaineers carry oxygen cylinders while climbing high
mountains.
2. Name the different layers of atmosphere.

Ans: The different layers of atmosphere are:
Troposphere, Stratosphere, Mesosphere , Thermosphere and Exosphere.
3. Mention the properties of air.

Ans: The properties of air are:
i. Air has weight
ii. Air exerts pressure
iii. Air occupies space.
iv. Air is needed for burning.

1. Identify the gas and give its percentage in air.
i. The gas that forms more than three-quarters of air
ii. The gas that helps your body get energy from food
iii. The gas that plants need to make food
Ans: i) Nitrogen-78% in the air
ii) Oxygen- 21% in the air
iii) Carbon dioxide- 0.03%in the air
2. How will you show that air is needed for burning?

Ans: Fix two candles on a table. Cover one of the candles with glass. The flame will
go out after a while, thus proving that air is required for burning.

3. What is distillation?
Ans: Distillation is the process of removing soluble impurities from water. The
process involves evaporation followed by condensation. This method is used to get
both the solute and the solvent from a solution.
4. Explain two different methods to remove the insoluble impurities.

Ans: i.Filtration:- It is a process in which liquids such as water are cleaned by passing
them through a filter paper.
ii.Sedimentation:- It is the process of settling down of heavy insoluble
impurities in a liquid.
5. What are the different methods to remove the soluble impurities from water?
Ans: i. Evaporation:- In this method , the water containing soluble impurities is
heated. On heating , the water changes into vapours leaving impurities behind. The
water vapour is simultaneously cooled to get pure distilled water.
ii. Distillation:In this process, water is boiled and the vapour is condensed to get
pure water.

1. How is water made fit for drinking in the city waterworks ?
Ans: The steps followed by the city waterworks for providing purified water for
drinking are:
i) Screening: The water that is taken from lakes and rivers is first passed through
screens that remove most of the large impurities like stones, leaves and so on.
ii) Sedimentation: Water is allowed to stand in large sedimentation tanks, where all
the large insoluble solid particles settle down at the bottom.
iii) Filtration: Water is then filtered through sand beds to remove small insoluble
particles.
iv) Chlorination: A small amount of chlorine is added to kill any bacteria or other
germs that may be present in water.

2. What are the different uses of air?
Ans: i. Air is needed for breathing.
ii. Air can be used to inflate balloons, football, tyres of vehicles etc.
iii. Moving air helps boats to sail and turns the blades of a windmill
to generate electricity.
iv. Birds and kites fly in the sky with the support of air.
VII. HOTS
1. All living things breathe in oxygen. But the percentage of oxygen in the air does
not decrease. Why?
Ans: All living things breathe in oxygen and give out carbon dioxide. During
photosynthesis, plants use carbon dioxide and give off oxygen. This keeps the oxygen
level constant.
2. If there is no air, will you be able to cook your food?

Ans: Oxygen in the air is required for burning. Hence we will not be able to cook food
if there is no air.
VIII. Give reason

1. Distillation is not used to get drinking water.
Reason: Distilled water is free of all minerals,hence unfit for drinking.
IX. Draw a neat labelled diagram of filtration.


Lesson 15:The Environment

1. The scientists who study ecology are called ecologists.
2. The release of harmful substances to living things are called pollution.
3. The effect of heating the atmosphere is called the greenhouse effect.
4. Everything that surrounds us forms our environment.
II. Name the following

1. The study of living things in their natural environment. Ans: Ecology
2. Harmful substance pollute. Ans: Pollution
3. The warming of the atmosphere due to increase in carbon dioxide in the air. Ans:
Global warming
4. Rain that contains harmful substances that damage soil. Ans: Acid rain
5. The useful things that we get from the Environment. Ans: Natural resources.

1. What is pollution?
Ans: Pollution is the release of substances into air, water or soil that are harmful to
living things.
2. How is water polluted?

Ans: Water is polluted when wastes from houses, farms and factories are let into
sources of water.
3. What are the harmful effects of ultraviolet rays?

Ans: Exposure to ultraviolet rays can cause diseases like skin cancer, eye problems and
so on.
4. What is global warming?

Ans: Global warming is the rise in temperature on earth due to presence of
greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.
5. What is the three R’s strategy?
Ans: The three R’s (Reduce-Reuse-Recycle) are simple steps that we can follow
to reduce waste.

1. Mention two activities of humans that have damaged the environment.
Ans:
1. Due to increase in population, forests are being cut down to make space available for
homes, agricultural land and factories.
2. Poisonous wastes from factories and sewage from homes and hospitals are let into
water bodies, which cause water pollution.
2. List three effects of air pollution.

Ans: Effects of air pollution:
1. Increase in the temperature of the atmosphere, leading to global warming.
2. Removal of the ozone layer that protects living things from harmful ultraviolet rays.
3. Results in a number of diseases of the respiratory system.
3. Why should factories be built outside the cities?

Ans: Air pollution in the cities is much higher than in places outside the cities. This is
because the number of factories and vehicles is more in a city. New factories should be
built outside the cities and existing ones should be shifted out of cities to reduce the
high levels of air pollution in the cities.
V. Answer in detail
1. What are natural resources? Why should we conserve them?
Ans: Natural resources are materials present in the environment that we take and use
for our needs. Air, soil, water, fuels, plants and animals are some of the resources
available to us.
If we use resources without control, we will soon run out of them.
Trees help to remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and release oxygen into the
atmosphere.
2. What is acid rain? What leads to its formation?

Ans: Pollution of air results in the release of harmful gases and smoke in the
atmosphere. These harmful gases dissolve in rain water to form acid rain. This acid rain

washes into the rivers and causes water pollution. It also causes damage to the soil,
plants and buildings.
3. List a few human activities that have affected our Environment.

Ans:
i) Clearing forests to make way for farms and houses.
ii) Hunting animals for clothing and cosmetics.
iii) Burning fossil fuels which increase the amount of greenhouse gases in the
atmosphere.
iv) Dumping wastes from houses, farms, hospitals and factories into sources of water
and soil.
VI. HOTS
1. Planting trees can reduce global warming.How?
Ans: The atmosphere retains the heat created by the increased consumption of fuels
and so on due to the increased carbon dioxide content in the air. This causes global
warming. By planting trees the leaves would absorb the carbon dioxide for carrying
out photosynthesis. As the levels of carbon dioxide will be maintained, global
warming could be prevented.
2. If you throw away an empty mineral water bottle, it will pollute the land. If you
burn it, it will cause air pollution. Can you think of a way of avoiding both?
Ans: Plastics are not biodegradable, they can only be melted to form a lower quality of
plastic which is not helpful for the environment. So, we could consider the option of
minimising the use of these bottles.


Lesson 16: Weight, Volume and Density

1. Different materials have different volumes for the same weight.
2. Equal volumes of different materials have different weights.
3. Weight divided by volume gives the density of the substance.
4. The weight of an object in water is equal to its weight in air minus weight of water
displaced.
5. The force that makes wood immersed in water to come up is called Buoyant force .
II. Define the terms:

1. Weight: The weight of the body is the force experienced by the body due to its
gravity. It helps us to measure how heavy or light the object is.
2. Volume: It is the amount of space occupied by an object.
3. Apparent weight: The weight of an object in water is called apparent weight.
4. Buoyant force: It is a type of force acting on an object in the upward direction when
the object is pushed into the water.
1. What are the rules for an object to float or sink according to Archimedes’
principle?
Ans:
● If the weight of an object is more than the upthrust, the object sinks.
● If the weight of an object is less than the upthrust, the object floats.
2.What is apparent loss of weight?

Ans: The loss of weight of an object when immersed in water is known as the
apparent loss of weight.
3.Why do objects weigh less when they are placed in water?

Ans: The upward force called the buoyant force acts on the object which is placed in
Water. This effect of force on the object makes it to weigh less in water.
IV. Answer the following:
1.State Archimedes’ principle.
Ans: Archimedes' principle states that the buoyant force acting on an object in
the upward direction is equal to the weight of the object displaced by the object.
The buoyant force always acts against the gravitational force.
2.Why objects of same volumes have different weights?

Ans: The volume is a measure of the space an object occupies and the weight is
the measure of how heavy an object is. Heavier objects like brick may occupy less
space when compared to lighter ones like cotton wool can occupy more space.



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G05 Science Master Notes 2019-20

Sharada Vidya Mandira G05 Science Master Notes 2019-20 1/58

Lesson 1: Food and Health

I. Fill in the blanks

II. Write ‘true’ or ‘false’ for the following statements

III. Match the following

Sharada Vidya Mandira G05 Science Master Notes 2019-20 2/58

2. What is a balanced diet?

4. Name four diseases that can be prevented by vaccines.

VII. Answer the following

Sharada Vidya Mandira G05 Science Master Notes 2019-20 3/58

3. How does chickenpox spread from an ill person to a healthy person?

4. What is the difference between infectious and non-infectious diseases with

Infectious diseases Non-infectious diseases

2 A person gets infectious disease A person gets non-infectious disease

3 Eg- Dengue, Chicken Pox Eg-Night blindness, Anaemia

5. What effect does lack of exercise have on our body?

VIII. Answer in detail

Sharada Vidya Mandira G05 Science Master Notes 2019-20 4/58

Sharada Vidya Mandira G05 Science Master Notes 2019-20 5/58

X. Give scientific reason for the following

2. Lack of exercise makes your muscles weak and flabby.

Prepared by Staff : Soruba Sree S.R.

Sharada Vidya Mandira G05 Science Master Notes 2019-20 6/58

I. Fill in the blanks

II. Answer in one or two sentences

2. How is food and water supplied to flooded villages?

3. What is the Richter scale?

4. Differentiate drought and famine.

Sharada Vidya Mandira G05 Science Master Notes 2019-20 7/58

2. What causes an earthquake?

IV. Answer in detail

3. What are cyclones? What are the effects of cyclones?

Sharada Vidya Mandira G05 Science Master Notes 2019-20 8/58

2. Can a powerful earthquake lead to a shortage of drinking water? How?

VI. Give reason for the following

Prepared by Staff : Soruba Sree S.R.

Sharada Vidya Mandira G05 Science Master Notes 2019-20 9/58

I. Fill in the blanks

II. Write ‘true’ or ‘false’ for the following statements

III. Answer in brief

3. Name the three minerals present in granite.

Sharada Vidya Mandira G05 Science Master Notes 2019-20 10/58

IV. Answer the following

2. Why does pumice have holes/pockets in it?

3. Discuss the formation of gneiss.

4. How fossils are formed?

Sharada Vidya Mandira G05 Science Master Notes 2019-20 11/58

VII. Give reason for the following

2. The fossils found in the bottom layers will be older.

Prepared by Staff : Soruba Sree S.R.

Sharada Vidya Mandira G05 Science Master Notes 2019-20 12/58

I. Fill in the blanks

II. Write ‘true’ or ‘false’ for the following statements

III. Give one word

IV. Answer in brief

2. What is soil conservation?

Sharada Vidya Mandira G05 Science Master Notes 2019-20 13/58

5. How is soil formed?

V. Answer the following

2. How is soil eroded by water in hilly areas?

3. What is soil erosion? How does it affect farmers?

VI. Answer in detail

Sharada Vidya Mandira G05 Science Master Notes 2019-20 14/58