DENBIGH HIGH SCHOOL GRADE 10 2020-2021 CHEMISTRY

OCTOBER 12- 23, 2020

2. MIXTURES AND SEPARATIONS

2.1 distinguish between pure substances and mixtures;

Pure substances are those substances which has fixed composition and properties. The
components of a pure substance cannot be separated by physical means. A pure substance has
only one type of material and has the following fixed properties
 a sharply defined, constant melting point or freezing point
 a sharply defined, constant boiling point
 a constant density
To determine if a substance is pure or not, its melting or boiling point can be determined.
Impurities usually lower melting point and increase boiling point.
Elements and compounds are examples of pure substances.
Element
 the simplest form of matter that cannot be broken down into any simpler substances
by any ordinary chemical or physical means
 the smallest particle in an element that has the same properties as the element is called
an atom
Compounds
 are made of more than one kind of atom that are combined together chemically
 may be represented by a chemical formula which indicates the elements that it is
made up of in the ratio that they are combined

Mixtures consist of two or more substances not chemically combined. Hence the
composition and properties of mixtures are variable. The component parts of mixtures can be
separated by physical means. There are two classification of mixtures, homogeneous and
heterogeneous mixtures
Homogeneous mixtures
 one in which the properties and composition are uniform throughout the mixture
 the component parts cannot be distinguished from each other

Heterogeneous mixture
 this is a non-uniform mixture in which the component parts are in different states
 the components parts can be distinguished from each other, although not always with
the naked eye

2.2 distinguish among solutions, suspensions and colloids;

 Solutions are homogenous mixtures of solute and solvent. Solutions are either aqueous
where water is the solvent or non-aqueous where other solvents are used instead of water
e.g. salt solution

 Suspensions are heterogeneous mixtures in which the particles do not dissolve in the
solvent and settle on standing. e.g. sand and water
 Colloids are heterogeneous mixtures in which the particles remain dispersed throughout
the mixture. i.e they do not settle on standing. Examples are foam, emulsion, sols, and
aerosol
 The dispersed particles are intermediate in size between those of a solution and a
suspension. The dispersed particles do not settle out on standing and these particles are
small enough to pass through a filter paper but large enough to scatter a beam of light.
eg. glue, ink and emulsion.

NB, page 20 of Nelson Thorne textbook gives a table that summarizes the comparisons
among the three

2.3 identify different types of solutions;

A solute does not necessarily have to be made of a solid solute and a soluble solvent. The table below
summarizes combination of different types of solute and solvent

Solute Solvent Examples

Solid Solid Alloys (eg. Bronze)

Solid Liquid Salt solution

Liquid Liquid alcohol in water

Liquid Solid Amalgams (mercury and other metals)

Gas Solid Hydrogen in palladium

Gas Liquid Soft drinks, oxygen in sea

Gas Gas Air

2.4 investigate the effect of temperature on solubility of solids in water;

Determine the solubility of a solute in water, for example, potassium nitrate.

PAGE 22- 23 OF TEXTBOOK

2.5 apply suitable separation techniques based on differences in properties of the components of
mixtures;

Substances in a mixture can be separated to obtain pure components of each substance in the
mixture. The method of separation used will be influenced by the nature of the solute and the
solvent as well as the type of mixture formed, whether solution or suspension. The physical
properties of each component in the mixture allows for the separation.

Evaporation
Evaporation is the process by which a liquid change to a gas. This technique is used to
separate a solute from the solution. Evaporation is used when you want to separate the solute
from the solution, for example, to obtain salt from a salt solution. If the solvent is required
from the salt solution a different technique, called distillation is used.

Sublimation
 Sublimation is the process by which a solid change directly to a gas or vice versa
Sublimation is used to separate mixtures that contain one solid that sublimes.

Separating funnel
 A separating funnel is used to separate immiscible liquids which have different densities.
Immiscible liquids are liquids which do not mix.

Simple distillation
 Simple distillation is used to obtain a pure solvent from a solution, e.g. pure water from
sea water (or salt from water.) The components are separated based on their different
boiling points.

Fractional distillation

 Fractional distillation is used when the components of the miscible liquid mixture to be
separated have close boiling points. That is, the difference is not greater than 25oC. For
example, ethanol (bpt. 78oC) and water (bpt.1000C) is separated using fractional
distillation.
 The mixture is heated and as the vapour rises up the fractionating column. The more
volatile of the two liquids will separate out first condensing as it passes through the
condenser forming a pure liquid

Paper chromatography

 Used to separate mixtures of dissolved substances which will travel through a

material. The components are separated based on their different solubilities in a
solvent and attraction to the material

READ PAGES 25 – 28 OF TEXTBOOK- PICTURES & FURTHER EXPLANATION ARE PROVIDED THERE

2.6 describe the extraction of sucrose from sugar cane.

The processes involved in the separation of sucrose from sugar cane are as follows
 harvested and transported to factory then cut into small pieces
 crushed to dissolve sugar present producing cane juice and bagasse
 cane juice is placed in clarifier where precipitation occurs
 the juice is then placed in a rotary filter for filtration and removal of impurities. This
produces mud and clarified juice
 the clarified juice is then placed in boilers/evaporators where vacuum distillation
occurs producing a thick syrup
 this syrup is then crystallized forming a massecuite which is a mixture of crystals
and molasses
 centrifugation is used to separate the sugar crystals from the molasses