Laureates

Year Laureate[A] Country[B] Rationale[C]

"in recognition of the extraordinary services he

190 Wilhelm Conrad has rendered by the discovery of the
Germany
1 Röntgen remarkable rays subsequently named after
him"[8]

Hendrik Lorentz Netherlands

"in recognition of the extraordinary service they

190
rendered by their researches into the influence
2
of magnetism upon radiation phenomena"[9]

Pieter Zeeman Netherlands

190
3
Antoine Henri "[for] his discovery of
France
Becquerel spontaneous radioactivity"[10]

Pierre Curie France "[for] their joint researches on the radiation

phenomena discovered by Professor Henri
Becquerel"[10]
 Poland
Marie Curie
France

"for his investigations of the densities of the most

190 John William United
important gases and for his discovery of argon in
4 Strutt Kingdom
connection with these studies"[11]

Philipp Eduard
190 Germany-
Anton von "for his work on cathode rays"[12]
5 Hungary
Lenard

"[for] his theoretical and experimental

190 Joseph John United
investigations on the conduction of electricity by
6 Thomson Kingdom
gases"[13]

"for his optical precision instruments and the

190 Albert Abraham United
spectroscopic and metrological investigations
7 Michelson States
carried out with their aid"[14]

"for his method of reproducing colours

190 Gabriel
France photographically based on the phenomenon
8 Lippmann
of interference"[15]
 Guglielmo
Italy
Marconi

190 "[for] their contributions to the development of

9 wireless telegraphy"[16]

Karl Ferdinand
Germany
Braun

191 Johannes Diderik "for his work on the equation of state for gases
Netherlands
0 van der Waals and liquids"[17]

191 "for his discoveries regarding the laws governing

Wilhelm Wien Germany
1 the radiation of heat"[18]

"for his invention of automatic valves designed to

191 Nils Gustaf
Sweden be used in combination with gas accumulators
2 Dalén
in lighthouses and buoys"[19]

Heike "for his investigations on the properties of matter

191
Kamerlingh- Netherlands at low temperatures which led, inter alia, to the
3
Onnes production of liquid helium"[20]
 "For his discovery of the diffraction of X-rays by
191
Max von Laue Germany crystals",[21] an important step in the development
4
of X-ray spectroscopy.

William Henry United

Bragg Kingdom

"For their services in the analysis of crystal

191
structure by means of X-rays",[22] an important
5
step in the development of X-ray crystallography

William United
Lawrence Bragg Kingdom

191
Not awarded
6

"For his discovery of the characteristic Röntgen

191 Charles Glover United
radiation of the elements",[23] another important
7 Barkla Kingdom
step in the development of X-ray spectroscopy

"[for] the services he rendered to the

191
Max Planck Germany advancement of Physics by his discovery of
8
energy quanta"[24]
 "for his discovery of the Doppler effect in canal
191
Johannes Stark Germany rays and the splitting of spectral lines in electric
9
fields"[25]

"[for] the service he has rendered to precision

192 Charles Édouard
Switzerland measurements in physics by his discovery of
0 Guillaume
anomalies in nickel-steel alloys"[26]

"for his services to Theoretical Physics, and

192
Albert Einstein Germany especially for his discovery of the law of
1
the photoelectric effect"[27]

"for his services in the investigation of the

192
Niels Bohr Denmark structure of atoms and of the radiation emanating
2
from them"[28]

192 Robert Andrews United "for his work on the elementary charge of
3 Millikan States electricity and on the photoelectric effect"[29]

192 "for his discoveries and research in the field of X-

Manne Siegbahn Sweden
4 ray spectroscopy"[30]

192 James Franck Germany "for their discovery of the laws governing the
5 impact of an electron upon an atom"[31]
 Gustav Hertz Germany

"for his work on the discontinuous structure of

192 Jean Baptiste
France matter, and especially for his discovery
6 Perrin
of sedimentation equilibrium"[32]

Arthur Holly United "for his discovery of the effect named after

Compton States him"[33]

192
7
Charles "for his method of making the paths of electrically
United
Thomson Rees charged particles visible by condensation of
Kingdom
Wilson vapour"[33]

"for his work on the thermionic phenomenon and

192 Owen Willans United
especially for the discovery of the law named
8 Richardson Kingdom
after him"[34]

Prince Louis-
192 Victor Pierre "for his discovery of the wave nature of
France
9 Raymond de electrons"[35]
Broglie

193 Chandrasekhara "for his work on the scattering of light and for the
India
0 Venkata Raman discovery of the effect named after him"[36]

193 Not awarded

1

"for the creation of quantum mechanics, the

193 Werner
Germany application of which has, inter alia, led to the
2 Heisenberg
discovery of the allotropic forms of hydrogen"[37]

Erwin
Austria
Schrödinger

193 "for the discovery of new productive forms

3 of atomic theory"[38]

United
Paul Dirac
Kingdom

193
Not awarded
4

193 United
James Chadwick "for the discovery of the neutron"[39]
5 Kingdom

193 Victor Francis Austria "for his discovery of cosmic radiation"[40]

6 Hess
 Carl David United
"for his discovery of the positron"[40]
Anderson States

Clinton Joseph United

Davisson States

193 "for their experimental discovery of the diffraction

7 of electrons by crystals"[41]

George Paget United

Thomson Kingdom

"for his demonstrations of the existence of new

radioactive elements produced by neutron
193
Enrico Fermi Italy irradiation, and for his related discovery of
8
nuclear reactions brought about by slow
neutrons"[42]

"for the invention and development of

193 United the cyclotron and for results obtained with it,
Ernest Lawrence
9 States especially with regard to artificial radioactive
elements"[43]

194
Not awarded
0

194
Not awarded
1

194 Not awarded

2

"for his contribution to the development of the

194 United
Otto Stern molecular ray method and his discovery of
3 States
the magnetic moment of the proton"[44]

194 United "for his resonance method for recording the

Isidor Isaac Rabi
4 States magnetic properties of atomic nuclei"[45]

194 "for the discovery of the Exclusion Principle, also

Wolfgang Pauli Austria
5 called the Pauli principle"[46]

"for the invention of an apparatus to produce

194 Percy Williams United extremely high pressures, and for the discoveries
6 Bridgman States he made there within the field of high pressure
physics"[47]

"for his investigations of the physics of the upper

194 Edward Victor United
atmosphere especially for the discovery of the
7 Appleton Kingdom
so-called Appleton layer"[48]

"for his development of the Wilson cloud

194 Patrick Maynard United chamber method, and his discoveries therewith
8 Stuart Blackett Kingdom in the fields of nuclear physics and cosmic
radiation"[49]

194 "for his prediction of the existence of mesons on

Hideki Yukawa Japan
9 the basis of theoretical work on nuclear forces"[50]
 "for his development of the photographic method
195 Cecil Frank United of studying nuclear processes and his
0 Powell Kingdom discoveries regarding mesons made with this
method"[51]

John Douglas United

Cockcroft Kingdom

"for their pioneer work on the transmutation of

195
atomic nuclei by artificially accelerated atomic
1
particles"[52]

Ernest Thomas
Ireland
Sinton Walton

United
Felix Bloch
States

"for their development of new methods for

195
nuclear magnetic precision measurements and
2
discoveries in connection therewith"[53]

Edward Mills United

Purcell States

"for his demonstration of the phase contrast

195
Frits Zernike Netherlands method, especially for his invention of the phase
3
contrast microscope"[54]
 "for his fundamental research in quantum
United
Max Born mechanics, especially for his statistical
Kingdom
interpretation of the wavefunction"[55]

195
4

West "for the coincidence method and his discoveries

Walther Bothe
Germany made therewith"[55]

Willis Eugene United "for his discoveries concerning the fine

Lamb States structure of the hydrogen spectrum"[56]

195
5

United "for his precision determination of the magnetic

Polykarp Kusch
States moment of the electron"[56]

195 "for their researches on semiconductors and their

6 discovery of the transistor effect"[57]
United
John Bardeen
States

Walter Houser United

Brattain States
 William Bradford United
Shockley States

Tsung-Dao Lee China

"for their penetrating investigation of the so-

195
called parity laws which has led to important
7
discoveries regarding the elementary particles"[58]

Chen Ning Yang China

Pavel
Soviet
Alekseyevich
Union
Cherenkov

195 Soviet "for the discovery and the interpretation of

Il'ya Frank
8 Union the Cherenkov effect"[59]

Igor
Soviet
Yevgenyevich
Union
Tamm
 Owen United
Chamberlain States

195
"for their discovery of the antiproton"[60]
9

Emilio Gino
Italy
Segrè

196 Donald Arthur United

"for the invention of the bubble chamber"[61]
0 Glaser States

"for his pioneering studies of electron scattering

Robert United in atomic nuclei and for his thereby achieved
Hofstadter States discoveries concerning the structure of the
nucleons"[62]

196
1

"for his researches concerning the resonance

Rudolf Ludwig West absorption of gamma radiation and his discovery
Mössbauer Germany in this connection of the effect which bears his
name"[62]

196 Lev Davidovich Soviet "for his pioneering theories for condensed

2 Landau Union matter, especially liquid helium"[63]
 "for his contributions to the theory of the atomic
Hungary -
Eugene Paul nucleus and the elementary particles, particularly
United
Wigner through the discovery and application of
States
fundamental symmetry principles"[64]

196 Maria Goeppert- United

3 Mayer States

"for their discoveries concerning nuclear shell

structure"[64]

J. Hans D. West
Jensen Germany

Nicolay
Soviet
Gennadiyevich
Union
Basov

"for fundamental work in the field of quantum

196 Aleksandr Soviet electronics, which has led to the construction
4 Prokhorov Union of oscillators and amplifiers based on themaser-
laser principle"[65]

Charles Hard United

Townes States

196 Richard Phillips United "for their fundamental work in quantum

5 Feynman States electrodynamics, with deep-ploughing
consequences for the physics of elementary
particles"[66]
 United
Julian Schwinger
States

Sin-Itiro
Japan
Tomonaga

"for the discovery and development of optical

196
Alfred Kastler France methods for studying Hertzian resonances in
6
atoms"[67]

"for his contributions to the theory of nuclear

196 Hans Albrecht United
reactions, especially his discoveries concerning
7 Bethe States
the energy production in stars"[68]

"for his decisive contributions to elementary

particle physics, in particular the discovery of a
196 Luis Walter United large number of resonance states, made
8 Alvarez States possible through his development of the
technique of using hydrogen bubble
chamber and data analysis"[69]

"for his contributions and discoveries concerning

196 Murray Gell- United
the classification of elementary particles and
9 Mann States
their interactions"[70]
 "for fundamental work and discoveries
Hannes Olof in magneto-hydrodynamics with fruitful
Sweden
Gösta Alfvén applications in different parts of plasma
physics"[71]
197
0

"for fundamental work and discoveries

concerning antiferromagnetism and
Louis Néel France
ferrimagnetism which have led to important
applications insolid state physics"[71]

Hungary -
197 "for his invention and development of
Dennis Gabor United
1 the holographic method"[72]
Kingdom

United
John Bardeen
States

"for their jointly developed theory

197 Leon Neil United
of superconductivity, usually called the BCS-
2 Cooper States
theory"[73]

John Robert United

Schrieffer States

197 Leo Esaki Japan "for their experimental discoveries regarding

3 tunneling phenomena
in semiconductors and superconductors,
Ivar Giaever United respectively"[74]
States
Norway
 "for his theoretical predictions of the properties of
Brian David United a supercurrent through a tunnel barrier, in
Josephson Kingdom particular those phenomena which are generally
known as the Josephson effect"[74]

United
Martin Ryle "for their pioneering research in radio
Kingdom
astrophysics: Ryle for his observations and
197
inventions, in particular of the aperture
4
synthesistechnique, and Hewish for his decisive
United
Antony Hewish role in the discovery of pulsars"[75]
Kingdom

Aage Bohr Denmark

"for the discovery of the connection between

Ben Roy collective motion and particle motion in atomic
197 Denmark
Mottelson nuclei and the development of the theory of the
5
structure of the atomic nucleus based on this
connection"[76]

Leo James United

Rainwater States

United
Burton Richter
States

197 "for their pioneering work in the discovery of a

6 heavy elementary particle of a new kind"[77]

Samuel Chao United

Chung Ting States
 Philip Warren United
Anderson States

"for their fundamental theoretical investigations

197
of the electronic structure of magnetic and
7
Nevill Francis United disordered systems"[78]
Mott Kingdom

John Hasbrouck United

Van Vleck States

Pyotr
Soviet "for his basic inventions and discoveries in the
Leonidovich
Union area of low-temperature physics"[79]
Kapitsa

197 Arno Allan United

8 Penzias States

"for their discovery of cosmic microwave

background radiation"[79]

Robert Woodrow United

Wilson States

197 "for their contributions to the theory of the unified

9 weak and electromagnetic interaction between
Sheldon Lee United
elementary particles, including, inter alia, the
Glashow States
prediction of the weak neutral current"[80]

Abdus Salam Pakistan

 United
Steven Weinberg
States

James Watson United

Cronin States
"for the discovery of violations of fundamental
198
symmetry principles in the decay of neutral K-
0
mesons"[81]

Val Logsdon United

Fitch States

Nicolaas United
Bloembergen States

"for their contribution to the development of laser

spectroscopy"[82]
198
1
Arthur Leonard United
Schawlow States

Kai Manne Börje "for his contribution to the development of high-

Sweden
Siegbahn resolution electron spectroscopy"[82]

198 Kenneth G. United "for his theory for critical phenomena in

2 Wilson States connection with phase transitions"[83]

198 Subrahmanyan India "for his theoretical studies of the physical

3 Chandrasekhar United processes of importance to the structure and
States evolution of the stars"[84]
 "for his theoretical and experimental studies of
William Alfred United the nuclear reactions of importance in the
Fowler States formation of the chemical elements in the
universe"[84]

Carlo Rubbia Italy

"for their decisive contributions to the large
198 project, which led to the discovery of the field
4 particles W and Z, communicators of weak
interaction"[85]

Simon van der

Netherlands
Meer

198 Klaus von West

"for the discovery of the quantized Hall effect"[86]
5 Klitzing Germany

West "for his fundamental work in electron optics, and

Ernst Ruska
Germany for the design of the first electron microscope"[87]

West
Gerd Binnig
198 Germany
6
"for their design of the scanning tunneling
microscope"[87]

Heinrich Rohrer Switzerland

 Johannes Georg West
Bednorz Germany
"for their important break-through in the
198
discovery
7
of superconductivity in ceramic materials"[88]

Karl Alexander
Switzerland
Müller

Leon Max United

Lederman States

United "for the neutrino beam method and the

Melvin Schwartz
198 States demonstration of the doublet structure of
8 the leptons through the discovery of the muon
neutrino"[89]

United
Jack Steinberger
States

"for the invention of the separated oscillatory

Norman Foster United
fields method and its use in the hydrogen maser
Ramsey States
and other atomic clocks"[90]

198
Hans Georg United
9
Dehmelt States

"for the development of the ion trap technique"[90]

West
Wolfgang Paul
Germany

199 Jerome I. United "for their pioneering investigations

0 Friedman States concerning deep inelastic scattering of electrons
 Henry Way United
on protons and bound neutrons, which have
Kendall States
been of essential importance for the
development of the quark model in particle
physics"[91]

Richard E. Taylor Canada

"for discovering that methods developed for

studying order phenomena in simple systems
199 Pierre-Gilles de
France can be generalized to more complex forms of
1 Gennes
matter, in particular to liquid
crystals and polymers"[92]

"for his invention and development of particle

199 Georges
France detectors, in particular the multiwire proportional
2 Charpak
chamber"[93]

Russell Alan United

Hulse States
"for the discovery of a new type of pulsar, a
199
discovery that has opened up new possibilities
3
for the study of gravitation"[94]
Joseph Hooton United
Taylor, Jr. States

"for the development of neutron spectroscopy"

Bertram and "for pioneering contributions to the
Canada
Brockhouse development of neutron scattering techniques for
studies of condensed matter"[95]

199
4
"for the development of the neutron
diffraction technique" and "for pioneering
Clifford United
contributions to the development of neutron
Glenwood Shull States
scatteringtechniques for studies of condensed
matter"[95]
 "for the discovery of the tau lepton" and "for
United
Martin Lewis Perl pioneering experimental contributions
States
to lepton physics"[96]

199
5

"for the detection of the neutrino" and "for

United
Frederick Reines pioneering experimental contributions
States
to lepton physics"[96]

United
David Morris Lee
States

Douglas D. United
199 Osheroff States
"for their discovery of superfluidity in helium-3"[97]
6

Robert Coleman United

Richardson States

199 "for development of methods to cool and trap

7 atoms with laser light."[98]
United
Steven Chu
States

Claude Cohen- France

Tannoudji
 William Daniel United
Phillips States

Robert B. United
Laughlin States

199 "for their discovery of a new form of quantum

8 fluid with fractionally charged excitations"[99]
Horst Ludwig
Germany
Störmer

United
Daniel Chee Tsui
States

Gerardus 't Hooft Netherlands

199 "for elucidating the quantum structure

9 of electroweak interactions in physics"[100]

Martinus J. G.
Netherlands
Veltman

200 Zhores Ivanovich Russia "for developing semiconductor heterostructures

0 Alferov used in high-speed- and optoelectronics"[101]
 Herbert Kroemer Germany

Jack St. Clair United "for his part in the invention of the integrated
Kilby States circuit"[101]

United
Eric Allin Cornell
States

Carl Edwin United

"for the achievement of Bose-Einstein
Wieman States
200 condensation in dilute gases of alkali atoms, and
1 for early fundamental studies of the properties of
the condensates"[102]

Wolfgang
Germany
Ketterle

Raymond Davis, United

Jr. States
"for pioneering contributions to astrophysics, in
particular for the detection of
cosmic neutrinos"[103]

Masatoshi
200 Japan
Koshiba
2

"for pioneering contributions to astrophysics,

Riccardo United
which have led to the discovery of cosmic X-ray
Giacconi States
sources"[103]

200 Alexei Russia "for pioneering contributions to the theory

3 Alexeyevich United of superconductors and superfluids"[104]
Abrikosov States
 Vitaly Lazarevich
Russia
Ginzburg

United
Anthony James Kingdom
Leggett United
States

United
David J. Gross
States

200 "for the discovery of asymptotic freedom in the

4 United theory of the strong interaction"[105]
H. David Politzer
States

United
Frank Wilczek
States

United "for his contribution to the quantum theory

Roy J. Glauber
States of optical coherence"[106]

200
5 United
John L. Hall
States
"for their contributions to the development of
laser-based precision spectroscopy, including
the optical frequency comb technique"[106]
Theodor W.
Germany
Hänsch
 United
John C. Mather
States

"for their discovery of the blackbody

200
form and anisotropy of the cosmic microwave
6
background radiation"[107]

United
George F. Smoot
States

Albert Fert France

200
"for the discovery of giant magnetoresistance"[108]
7

Peter Grünberg Germany

Makoto
Japan
Kobayashi

"for the discovery of the origin of the broken

symmetry which predicts the existence of at least
three families of quarks in nature"[109]

200 Toshihide
8 Japan
Maskawa

"for the discovery of the mechanism of

United
Yoichiro Nambu spontaneous broken symmetry in subatomic
States
physics"[109]
 Hong Kong
United "for groundbreaking achievements concerning
Charles K. Kao Kingdom the transmission of light in fibers for optical
United communication"[110]
States

200
9
Willard S. Boyle Canada

"for the invention of an

imaging semiconductor circuit – the CCD
sensor"[110]

United
George E. Smith
States

Russia
Andre Geim
Netherlands

201 "for groundbreaking experiments regarding the

0 two-dimensional material graphene"[111]

Russia
Konstantin
United
Novoselov
Kingdom

201 Saul Perlmutter United "for the discovery of the accelerating expansion
1 States of the Universe through observations of
distant supernovae"[112][113]
 United
Brian P. Schmidt States
Australia

United
Adam G. Riess
States