AVT 2217 Module 3 - Taxiway Markings

Philippine State College of Aeronautics
Aviation Electronics Technology Department
223@
MODULEs Airport & airways Flexible Modalities
1
LEARNING OUTCOMES
• 1: Express ideas effectively a comprehensive understanding of the key elements related to

established airport, active runway and taxiway signs, distinctive markings, and lighting as
needed on or in the direct vicinity of a principal airport.
CLO • 3: Identify and interpret signs, markings and lighting systems at airports.
• 1: Demonstrate familiarization and clarify the significance of different types of Taxiway

markings
• 2: Demonstrate knowledge of the basic theory of various types of taxiway markings.
MLO • 3:Solve any basic issues involving the identification of different markings installed in
taxiways.
• 3: Identify and interpret the standard meaning of airport signs, markings and lighting.
• 4: Explain why airport markings, signs, and lights should be in accordance with the
international standard.
TLO • 6: Discuss taxiway types and explain their identifications.
Week Topics/Activities Allotted Hours

Taxiway Markings 1.80
3 Other Markings 1.80
Modular Activity No. 3 0.33
Total Hours 3.93
223@
2
LEARNING MATERIALS
To help you successfully completed on a productive fashion on this course, we have

included the following Learning Materials.
MODULES
This module includes a sequence of discussions; workshop activity at the end of the topics;
separate online assignments and quizzes through Google Classroom, covering the key
points of its topic. The key assignment questions and quizzes are put to assess your
understanding of the concepts discussed. Following confirmation of the activities carried
out, the answers for your clarification are provided. Other course requirement for your
interpretations and discussion will be present on the first day of classes.
In these modules, the responsibility for matters refers only to your instructor. You will be
encouraged to appropriately address any errors, inconsistencies or suggestions, as this
manual might be intended for improvements.
ASSESSMENT CRITERIA
The rubrics on the last page are used to evaluate the Modular activities and assignments
given.
223@
3
CONTENTS
Introduction ..........................................................................................................................5
3.0 Taxiway Markings ....................................................................................................5
3.1 Types of Taxiway Markings ..........................................................................................6
3.2 Other Taxiway Markings ..........................................................................................9
Modular Activity No. 3 ..................................................................................................11
Rubrics ........................................................................................................................12
Honesty Clause .............................................................................................................13
References ........................................................................................................................14
223@
4
INTRODUCTION
Taxiways are defined as the paths that are used for the taxiing of aircraft from one part of
an airport to another. All taxiway markings are yellow.
3.0 Taxiway Centerline Markings

 Taxiway centerlines are labelled in order to provide a visual identification of the
designated taxi path. The centerline of the taxiway is yellow and consists of a continuous
stripe along the centerline of the designated taxiway. On a taxiway curve, the markings
continue at a constant distance from the outer edge of the taxiway from the straight
portion of the taxiway.
 A width between 6 inches and 12 inches wide is acceptable provided that the width
chosen for its entire length is uniform. Except where a holding position marking or
runway marking element intersects, the centerline will be continuous in length.
 The centerline markings continue straight through the intersection for taxiway
intersections designed for the straight thorough routing technique. The taxiway centerline
marking is terminated at the runway edge at the taxiway intersections with the runway
end (with the exception of the situation where the displaced threshold exists, in which
case the taxiway centerline may be extended to the displaced area of the runway).
 The taxiway centerline marking curves on the runway on taxiways used as an entrance
or exit to a runway and stretches parallel to the runway centerline marking for 200 feet
past the point where the two markings become parallel. The taxiway centerline marking
can continue across the runway for taxiways crossing a runway, but for runway
markings, it must be interrupted.
Figure 1
Taxiway centerline
223@
5
3.1 Types of Taxiway markings
 Taxiway Edge Marking

 To delineate the edge of the taxiway, taxiway edge markings are used. They are used
when the edge of the taxiway does not correspond to the edge of the pavement and the
full strength of the taxiway pavement is not easily visible.
 Markings on the taxiway edge are yellow and can either be continuous or dashed. To
identify the taxiway from the shoulder or some other surface not intended to be used by
aircraft, continuous taxiway edge markings are used.
 Dashed taxiway edge markings are used when, for example, when a taxiway enters or
crosses aprons, the aircraft would need to cross the lines.
 The continuous markings of the taxiway edge consist of a continuous double yellow
line, each of which is at least 6 inches wide and 6 inches apart. Dashed taxiway edge
markings consist of a broken double yellow line, spaced 6 inches apart from edge to
edge, each of which is at least 6 inches wide. The lines are 15 feet long with gaps of 25
feet.
Figure 2
Taxiway Edge Markings
 Taxiway Holding Position Markings

 The position markings of On Taxiways Holding identify the location on a taxiway where
an aircraft is expected to stop while waiting for clearance to proceed to the runway.
 On all taxiways which intersect runways based on the most critical aircraft using the
runway, holding position markings should be located.
 Four types of holding position markings exist. When required for improved visibility on
light colored (such as Portland cement) pavement areas, these markings are outlined
with black lines and black interim spaces. They are as follows:
223@
6
 Holding Positions Markings for Taxiway/Runway Intersections

 With two solid lines followed by two broken lines, holding position markings for taxiway /
runway intersections are indicated. The solid lines are always on the side to hold the
plane. The markings are installed perpendicular to the centerline of the taxiway.
 Holding Positions Markings for Runway/Runway Intersections

 Holding position markings for runway / runway markings are identical for taxiway /
runway intersections to the holding position markings. Also, the solid lines of these
markings are always on the side to hold the aircraft. These markings should, however,
be installed only on a runway where that portion of the runway is used as a taxiway or for
operations of "land and hold short."
 Holding Positions Markings for Taxiway/Taxiway Intersections

 With a single line of dashes and spaces, holding position markings for taxiway/taxiway
intersections are indicated. Such markings should be installed only at taxiway/taxiway
intersections where, at this point, there is an operational need to hold aircraft, and are
often not required. These markings are mounted perpendicular to the centerline of the
taxiway.
Figure 3
Taxiway Holding Position intersection
 Holding Position Markings on Taxiways Located in Runway Approach Areas

 These markings are used at some airports where it is necessary to hold an aircraft on a
taxiway located in the approach or departure area of a runway so that the aircraft does
not interfere with the operations on that runway.
 This marking is collocated with the runway approach area holding position sign.
 When specifically instructed by ATC "Hold short of [Runway Approach Area]" the pilot
MUST STOP so that no part of the aircraft extends beyond the holding position marking
223@
7
Figure 4
Taxiway holding position approach area
 Holding Position Markings for ILS Critical Areas

 The holding position markings for ILS critical areas are indicated by a set of two parallel
lines spaced four feet apart, with sets of two parallel lines spaced one foot apart between
these two lines and perpendicular to them.
 These markings are commonly referred to as 'ladder' or 'rail road tracks' because of their
appearance. For ILS critical areas, the holding position markings identify the place on a
taxiway where an aircraft is supposed to stop when it has no clearance to enter these
critical areas.
 To protect the navigational aid signal or the airspace required for the approach
procedure, these critical areas are used. At the perimeter of the ILS critical area, these
markings are installed and are perpendicular to the centerline of the taxiway.
 Where the distance between the holding position of the taxiway / runway and the holding
position for an ILS critical area is 50 feet or less, one holding position may be
established, provided that capacity is not affected.
223@
8
3.2 OTHER MARKNGS
 Permanently Closed Runways and taxiways

 The threshold, the runway designation, and the touchdown zone markings are removed
for permanently closed runways and crosses are placed at each runway end and at
1,000-foot intervals. If an open runway intersects with a closed runway, crosses on both
sides of the open runway should be placed on the closed runway.
 For taxiways, a cross at each entrance is placed on the closed taxiway. For runways and
half that size for taxiways, the crosses are 60 feet square. For runways and taxiways that
have been permanently closed, the lighting circuits should also be disconnected.
3.5.2 Temporarily Closed Runways and taxiways

 Temporarily closed runways and taxiways are treated as if they were permanently closed
runways and taxiways, except that the markings of the runway are not removed and
temporary crossings are placed on the top of the runway numerals only at the ends of
the runway.
 For temporary marking, in order to allow the use of standard sheets of 4-by-8-foot
plywood, the dimensions of the crosses may be reduced. As explained below,
temporarily closed taxiways are normally treated as a hazardous area.
 Closed Airports
 The runways are marked as "temporarily closed runways" when all the runways are
closed temporarily, and the airport beacon is turned off. When all the runways are
permanently closed, the runways are marked as permanently closed runways, the
airport beacon is disconnected and if there is no segmented circle, a cross is placed
in the segmented circle or at a central location.
Figure 5
Taxiway lose markings
 Hazardous Areas
 Areas where no part of an aircraft can enter are hazardous areas. Barricades with
alternate orange and white markings delineate these areas. A minimum of 20 by 20
inches square, the barricades are supplemented with orange flags and made and
installed so that they are always in an extended position and properly oriented. The
barricades are supplemented with flashing red lights for night time use.
223@
9
Figure 6
Hazardous markings
 Notice to Airmen (NOTAMs)

 A NOTAM is a formal notification that describes information which is not included in the
associated charts and related publications on hazardous conditions or unexpected
changes to the airport. The airport owner (or operator) must provide the local air traffic
control facility with information on closed or hazardous conditions so that a NOTAM can
be issued.
 Only the Airport Manager or Delegated Authority may issue landing area NOTAMs.
Always provide the name of the airport, the NOTAM information, an estimate of the
duration of the NOTAM and the name and phone number of the person issuing the
NOTAM when issuing a NOTAM.
 Stabilized Areas
 To avoid blast and water damage and erosion, holding bays, aprons, and taxiways are
sometimes provided with shoulder stabilization. The appearance of full strength
pavement may have this stabilization but is not intended for use by aircraft.
 This area is usually defined by taxiway edge markings, but there may be areas where
confusion occurs, such as stabilized islands or taxiway curves. The stabilized area is
marked with 3-foot strips perpendicular to the edge stripes, where such confusion exists.
 The marks are placed at a minimum of 100-foot intervals on straight sections. On curves,
the marks along the curve are placed a maximum of 50 feet apart. The stripes are
extended from the edge of the stabilized area to 5 feet or to a length of 25 feet,
whichever is lower.
- End of Module 3 -
223@
10
Modular Activity No. 3 (30 minutes to answer this Activity)
1. Under what condition did we apply our understanding to taxiway markings? Give
examples and a scenario.
2. How does this knowledge make an aircraft mechanic useful? Provide concrete
examples?
3. Explain the purpose of the holding positions for taxiways?
4. Describe what taxiway edge marking is like. How it is expressed?
5. Explain what is meant by NOTAM?
6. Identify the various road marking types?
7. What is the difference between the closed permanent taxiway and the closed
temporary one?
8. Explain how the VOR receiver checkpoint marking can be recognized? Where they are
generally located?
9. How do we recognize between taxiway and road markings? Briefly explain their
distinction.
10. What is airport taxiing?
After your class schedule your appropriate response to these activity woks through
the Google Classroom platform. (Deadline of Submission posted on Google
Classroom)
223@
11
Rubrics: Modular Activity/Assignment
Criteria Poor Fair Good Very Good Excellent Sco

(1.0 – 1.9) (2.0 – 2.9) (3.0 – 3.9) (4.0 – 4.9) (5.0) re
(%)
Content Incomplete Content is an Content is not The content is The content is
Development content is not incomplete the comprehensive and comprehensive, comprehensive,
clearly pointed topic is not encouraging, even precise and precise and
out and not clearly though the topic is encouraging, clearly encouraging,
encouraging (1 indicated and is not well supported stated and well clearly stated and
out of 5 not but addressed.) To supported by the well supported by
questions had encouraging (2 have the subject subject. The the subject. The
been addressed of the 5 matter inconsistent scripture and its writing and its
with) questions with its content and purpose are clear. purpose are very
addressed) to clarify thoughts. (4 of the 5 clear
(It addressed 3 out questions were (Exceptionally, all
of 5 questions addressed in an questions were
exceptional way) addressed)
Organization Organization Paper The paper's The paper structure Paper structure and
& Structure and structure are structure and organization and and organization is organization are
not suitable for organization is structure are clearly very clear and easy excellent easy to
the topic. not easy to easy to follow. to follow. Paragraph follow. The
Paragraph is follow. The Paragraph transitions transitions of
confused and transitions to transitions throughout the paragraphs are
thought is lacking paragraphs throughout the paper are present present and very
transition. need paper are present and logical and logical and maintain
improvement and logical and maintain the flow of the thought flow
maintain the flow of thought. throughout the
thought. paper.
Format and Paper disorder Paper complies Most of the The paper follows Paper follows the
References made of lacks of with some guidelines go most guidelines and exact designated
elements guidelines. through paper. includes incorrect guidelines and
incorrect Included are Borderlines, size of spacing between correctly includes
formatting this borderlines, paper, text lines, using complete
include as such: paper size, inappropriate ink different font sizes references.
borderlines, inappropriate used and 3 with 4 references.
paper size, ink used and 2 references are
improper ink references. included.
used, overlap
text, copied
plagiarized or
prepared by
another person
with 1 reference
are included.
Grammar Language Paper made Grammar rules, Grammar rules, Grammar rules,
Punctuation utilizes few mistakes in usage is followed usage is followed usage are fully
and Spelling misleading grammar and and spelling is and spelling is followed, spelling is
conversional spelling, correct. correct. The correct. Language
tone, made of language lacks Language is clear language is very is very clear and
numerous clarification or and precise; clear and precise; precise; sentences
grammatical and includes some sentences display the structure of consistently display
spelling errors. misleading varied structure phrases is strong, varied
The activity was conversional consistently strong. consistently strong structure.
submitted two tone. The activity was and varied. The activity was
weeks late. The activity submitted four days The activity was submitted on time
was submitted late. submitted two days
one week late. late.
Total Points (%)
Points earn
Total Points (%) X 100
Total points
223@
12
Honesty Clause
This honesty clause establishes a fundamental social contract within which the College
community agrees to live. This contract relies on the conviction that the personal and
academic integrity of each individual member strengthens and improves the quality of life
for the entire community. It recognizes the importance of honesty, trust, fairness, respect,
and responsibility and wishes these principles to be a defining part of Philippine State
College of Aeronautics
The Institute of Engineering and Technology values and fosters an environment of
academic and personal integrity, supporting the ethical standards of the engineering
profession, where we design and build for the benefit and safety of society and our
environment.
I agree that the submission of any academic work shall constitute a representation on my
part both that such work has been done, and its submission is being made, in compliance
with honesty and integrity. Furthermore, my responsibility includes taking action when I
have witnessed or am aware of another’s act of academic dishonesty.
____________________________
Students Name Over Signature
223@
13
REFERENCES
Airport Operation Chapter 13

FAA Handd books
NAVAID Advisory Circular, Retrieved from:

https://www.faa.gov/documentLibrary/media/Advisory_Circular/150-5340-26c.pdf
Classification of airspace, Retrieved from:

https://www.skybrary.aero/index.php/Classification_of_Airspace
Runway Lighting system, Retrieved from:

https://www.skybrary.aero/index.php/Runway_Lighting
Aircraft Signs, Markings and Lighting, Retrieved from:

https://mycfibook.com/lesson-plans/airport-signs-markings-and-lighting/
Airport and Navigation Lighting, Retrieved from:

https://www.flightliteracy.com/airport
223@
14

AVT 2217 Module 3 - Taxiway Markings

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

You might also like

AVT 2217 Module 3 - Taxiway Markings

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

AVT 2217 Module 3 - Taxiway Markings

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Philippine State College of Aeronautics

Aviation Electronics Technology Department

• 1: Express ideas effectively a comprehensive understanding of the key elements related to

• 1: Demonstrate familiarization and clarify the significance of different types of Taxiway

Week Topics/Activities Allotted Hours

To help you successfully completed on a productive fashion on this course, we have

3.0 Taxiway Centerline Markings

3.1 Types of Taxiway markings

 Taxiway Edge Marking

 Taxiway Holding Position Markings

 Holding Positions Markings for Taxiway/Runway Intersections

 Holding Positions Markings for Runway/Runway Intersections

 Holding Positions Markings for Taxiway/Taxiway Intersections

 Holding Position Markings on Taxiways Located in Runway Approach Areas

 Holding Position Markings for ILS Critical Areas

3.2 OTHER MARKNGS

 Permanently Closed Runways and taxiways

3.5.2 Temporarily Closed Runways and taxiways

 Notice to Airmen (NOTAMs)

Modular Activity No. 3 (30 minutes to answer this Activity)

Rubrics: Modular Activity/Assignment

Criteria Poor Fair Good Very Good Excellent Sco

Airport Operation Chapter 13

NAVAID Advisory Circular, Retrieved from:

Classification of airspace, Retrieved from:

Runway Lighting system, Retrieved from:

Aircraft Signs, Markings and Lighting, Retrieved from:

Airport and Navigation Lighting, Retrieved from:

You might also like