JUVENILE DELIQUENCY MIDTERMS

Body Components

1. Endomorphy(ic) – soft temperant

- digestive system, Viscerotonia
2. Mesomorphy(ic) – square masculinity and skeletal massiveness
- musculature and the circulatory system, Somatotonia
3. Endoscopy(ic) – linearity and frailty
- nervous system and brain, Cerebrotonia

Three parts of personality

1. Id – it is at birth, consists of blind, unreasoning, instinctual desires and motives. Basic drives.
2. Ego – grows from id, represents problem-solving dimension of personality, deals with reality.
3. Superego – from ego. moral code, norms, and values the child acquired. Feelings of guilt and
shame, closely aligned with conscience

4 Elements of Bond

1. Attachment – is emotional elements

2. Commitment – is rational component
3. Involvement – is amount of time on conventional activities
4. Belief – moral validity

5 Techniques of Neutralization

1. Denial of responsibility
2. Denial of Injury
3. Denial of Victim
4. Condemnation of condemners
5. Appear to higher loyalty

Five adaptations

1. Innovation – accept socially approved goals

2. Retreatism –reject socially approved goals
3. Ritualism – buy into system of socially approved means
4. Conformity – conform to the systems means and goals
5. Rebellion – negate socially approved goals and means by creating new system

4 Distinct Categories of Wishes

1. the desire for new experience

2. the desire for security
3. the desire for response
4. the desire for recognition

3 Elements of Labeling process

A. Stereotyping B. Retrospective interpretation C. Negotiation

Theories of delinquency and their Major Premise: A Summary

1. Supernatural Theory – Crime is caused by other-world powers or spirits

2. Classical and Neoclassical Theory – Children commit crimes because they can anticipate more
benefits from violating the law than conformity.
3. Biological Theories – crime is caused by some biological deficiency inside the offender.
4. Psychoanalytic Theory – crime is caused by an overdeveloped or underdeveloped superego.
5. Behavioral Theory – criminal behavior is learned response that has been strengthened because
of the reinforcements it produces.
6. Cultural Deviance Theory – crime is caused by disorganization, which hinders the ability of
neighborhoods to monitor children.
7. Strain Theory – crime is caused by society telling children what to seek without providing them
the means to do so.
8. Social Control Theory – juveniles who are not bonded to society are free to violate its rules.
 9. Labeling Theory – crime is caused by societal reactions to behavior, which include exposure to
the juvenile justice system.
10. Conflict theory – Crime is caused by imbalances in power and status (Regoli & Hewitt, 1991)

Theorists

A. Cesare Beccaria – leading figure of classical school, rational and intelligent beings. Essay on
“crimes and punishment”.
B. Jeremy Bentham – second leading pioneer criminal justice 18 th century. sought out pleasure and
avoided pain, punishment must “fit the crime, the bloody code.

Strain Theory

C. Robert Merton – blames delinquency conformity to conventional cultural values.

D. Albert Cohen – “delinquent boys” in 1955.
E. Richard Cloward & Lloyd Ohlin – lower male class delinquency, disparity between children are
taught to want and what is available to them. pressure to succeed.
F. Robert Agnew – 1992 added twist to work of Merton, Cohen , Coward and Ohlin increased
number of conditions and produced frustration for children.

Social Control Theory

G. David Matza – theory of drift, neutralization, delinquents express guilt over their criminal acts
H. Travis Hirschi – Social control theory or Social bond theory

Labeling Theory

I. Frank Tannembaum – rejected dualistic fallacy, undesirable qualities, atavistic physical features
and intellectual inferiority which lead to anti-social behaviors
J. Edwin Lemert – all youths labeled “delinquent” accept these roles, juvenile court, how
receptive.
K. Howard Becker – label depend how other people react to behavior itself.
L. Edwin Schur – leave the children alone, 3 elements of labeling process
M. John Braithwaite – nature and impact of shaming, one form of labeling. Disintegrative &
Reintegrative shaming.

Conflict Theory

N. Karl Marx – Marxist theory, capitalism is the essential root of crime.

Psychioanalytic Theory

O. Sigmund Freud – female delinquency, anatomical inferiority, emerges during the Oedipal
Stage(3-6) years old.
P. W.I. Thomas – The Unadjusted Girl, 1923 – biologically different, wish fulfillment
Q. Cesare Lombroso – crime to human evolution, Criminal Anthropometry, The Female Offender
R. William Ferrero – The Female Offender
S. J. Baptiste Della Porte – founder of Physiognomy
T. Johann Kaspar Lavater – first to suggest link between facial figures and crime
U. Victor Hugo – Les Miserables, Thenardiers face.
V. Jacob Fries – crime and physical appearance, anthropology handbook 1820
W. Franz Joseph Gall – 1810, Craniology, specific area of the brain
X. Francois Magendie – referred to Phrenology as “a pseudo-science of the present day”
Y. William Sheldon – relationship between body build and temperament or Somatotype theory.
Behavioral Theory
Z. B.F. Skinner – environment shapes behavior
AA. Albert Bandura – the theory of aggression
Cultural Deviance Theory
BB. Clifford Shaw & Henry Mckay – neighborhood where a child leaves.
CC. Edwin Sutherland – crime is learned behavior, through his D.A.T. Diffrential Association Theory
DD. Alfred Binet and Theopile Simon – First standardized IQ test.
EE. W. Stern – Intelligence Quotient I.Q.
FF. Henry Goddard – intelligence test to prison and jail inmates, 70% feebleminded.
 GG. Murray and Hernstein – low-IQ people are more prone to criminal behavior
HH. Otto Pollak – deceitful girl, Criminality of Women 1950, masked criminality for women

Michael Gottfredson and Hirschi – A GENERAL THEORY OF CRIME, Self-Control and Delinquency, when
the opportunity is available because crime is gratifying.

William Sheldon and Eleanor Glueck – mesomorphs deliquents than non-delinquents