Metocean Design Criteria Report

VAALCO Gabon (Etame) Inc
Metocean Design Criteria for the Etame Field
Fugro GEOS Reference No. C56003
February 1999
Final Report
FUGRO GEOS Inc

PO Box 740010, 6100 Hillcroft (77081), Houston, Texas 77274, USA
Telephone: ++ (1) 713 773 5699 Fax: ++ (1) 713 773 5909
Email: usa@geos.com
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1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................... 1
1.1 Overview ................................................................................................................... 1
1.2 Report Structure........................................................................................................ 1
2 METOCEAN DESIGN CRITERIA .......................................................................................... 2
A. DATA SOURCES................................................................................................................... 5
A.1 UK Meteorological Office (UKMO) Global Wave Model (GWM) .............................. 5
A.2 Voluntary Observing Fleet (VOF) ............................................................................. 6
A.3 WOCE CDROM - Global Sea Level Data................................................................. 7
A.3.1 WOCE ’Delayed-Mode’ Sea Level Data Set................................................ 8
A.3.2 WOCE ’Fast Delivery’ Sea Level Data Set .................................................. 8
A.3.3 UHSLC Research Quality Data Set ............................................................. 9
A.4 IHO Tidal Constituent Data Bank.............................................................................. 9
A.5 Met Stations – Wind Data – Port Gentil .................................................................... 9
A.6 Met Stations – Temperature Data - Mayumba........................................................ 10
A.7 Published material .................................................................................................. 10
A.8 US National Oceanographic Data Center............................................................... 10
A.9 Satellite Observing Systems................................................................................... 11
A.10 ORSTOM ................................................................................................................ 13
B. FRAMES OF REFERENCE AND QUALITY CONTROL..................................................... 14

B.1 Units and Conventions............................................................................................ 14
B.2 Corrections and Datums ......................................................................................... 14
B.3 Winds ...................................................................................................................... 14
B.3.1 VOF Data ................................................................................................... 14
B.3.2 Port Gentil Data ......................................................................................... 15
B.3.3 GWM Data ................................................................................................. 15
B.3.4 Satellite Data.............................................................................................. 15
B.4 Waves ..................................................................................................................... 16
B.5 Currents .................................................................................................................. 16
B.6 Water Levels ........................................................................................................... 16
B.7 Air Temperature ...................................................................................................... 16
B.8 Temperature and Salinity Profiles........................................................................... 17
C. WINDS ................................................................................................................................. 18
C.1 Quality Control ........................................................................................................ 18
C.2 Data Summary ........................................................................................................ 18
C.3 Extreme Wind Speeds ............................................................................................ 19
C.3.1 Wind Speeds by Month.............................................................................. 19
C.3.2 Wind Speeds by Direction ......................................................................... 19
C.3.3 Wind Speed Relationships - Gust Factors................................................. 19
D. WAVES ................................................................................................................................ 23
D.1 VOF Data ................................................................................................................ 23
D.2 GWM Data .............................................................................................................. 24
D.3 Sekondi Data .......................................................................................................... 24
D.4 Non-Directional Significant Wave Height................................................................ 24
D.5 Significant Wave Height By Month ......................................................................... 25
D.6 Significant Wave Height By Direction ..................................................................... 25
D.7 Mean Zero Up-Crossing Period .............................................................................. 25
D.7.1 Total Sea Conditions.................................................................................. 25
D.7.2 Swell Conditions ........................................................................................ 26
D.8 Maximum Wave Height........................................................................................... 27
D.9 Fatigue .................................................................................................................... 28
VAALCO Gabon (Etame) Inc C56003-1733-240299-Final.doc

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E. CURRENTS ......................................................................................................................... 35
F. WATER LEVELS ................................................................................................................. 36
G. AIR TEMPERATURE........................................................................................................... 39
H. SEA TEMPERATURE AND SALINITY PROFILES ............................................................. 42
I. JOINT WINDS AND WAVES ............................................................................................... 43
J. ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES .............................................................................................. 45

J.1 Frequency Analyses ............................................................................................... 45
J.1.1 Percentage Exceedence Distributions....................................................... 45
J.1.2 Wind and Wave Frequency Distributions and Roses ................................ 45
J.2 Harmonic Analysis of Tidal Elevation ..................................................................... 46
J.3 Extreme Value Analyses......................................................................................... 46
K. NOTATION, ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS............................................................. 48

K.1 Notation................................................................................................................... 48
K.2 Acronyms and Abbreviations .................................................................................. 49
L. REFERENCES .................................................................................................................... 50

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LIST OF TABLES
Etame Field – Summary of Design Criteria

Table 2.1 - Etame Field: Mean and Gust Wind Speed .....................................................................................................................3
Table 2.2 – Etame Field: Extreme Surge and Total Still Water Elevation ........................................................................................3
Table 2.3 - Etame Field: Extreme Wave Height and Associated Period ..........................................................................................4
Table 2.4 – Etame Field: Extreme Air Temperature .........................................................................................................................4
Table 2.5 – Etame Field: 100-year Mean Wind Speed and Associated 100-year Significant Wave Height ................................... 4
Table 2.6 – Etame Field: 100-year Significant Wave Height and Associated 100-year Mean Wind Speed ................................... 4
Data Sources
Table A.1 - Summary Information and Data Sources .......................................................................................................................5
Table A.2 - ORSTOM Current Meter Data ......................................................................................................................................13
Winds
Table C.1 – Extreme Non-directional All-year Wind Speeds: VOF, GWM, Satellite Altimeters and Port Gentil ..........................21
Table C.2 – Etame Field: Mean and Gust Wind Speed Criteria; All-Year, Monthly and by Direction...........................................22
Waves
Table D.1 – Extreme Non-directional All-year Wave Heights and Associated Periods: WAX ......................................................29
Table D.2 – Extreme Non-directional All-year Significant Wave Heights: VOF, GWM, Satellite Altimeters and Sekondi ...........30
Table D.3 – Etame Field: Extreme Non-directional Monthly Significant Wave Heights ................................................................31
Table D.4 – Etame Field: Extreme All-year Significant Wave Heights by Direction ......................................................................31
Table D.5 - Etame Field: 1, 5 and 10-year Wave Heights and Associated Wave Periods ............................................................32
Table D.6 - Etame Field: 50 and 100-year Wave Heights and Associated Wave Periods ............................................................33
Table D.7 - Etame Field: Total Number of Individual Waves by Direction .....................................................................................34
Table D.8 – Etame Field: Frequency Distribution of Individual Wave Heights in 1-year ...............................................................34
Water Levels
Table F.1 - Tidal Constituents: Pointe Noire, Congo; WOCE CDROM ..........................................................................................37
Table F.2 - Tidal Constituents: Pointe Noire, Congo; IHO Data Bank ...........................................................................................38
Table F.3 - Tidal Range: Pointe Noire, Congo; WOCE CDROM ................................................................................................... 38
Table F.4 - Extreme Surge and Total Still Water Elevation: Pointe Noire, Congo; WOCE CDROM ............................................38

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Air Temperature
Table G.1 - Monthly and All-Year Frequency Distribution of Air Temperature ( °C): VOF .............................................................40
Table G.2 - Monthly and All-Year Frequency Distribution of Air Temperature ( °C): Mayumba.....................................................40
Table G.3 - Extreme Air Temperature: Mayumba and VOF ...........................................................................................................41
Table G.4 – Etame Field: Extreme Air Temperature – Suggested Design Values ........................................................................41
Joint Winds and Waves

Table I.1 - 100-year All-year Mean Wind Speed and Significant Wave Height: Satellite Altimeters .............................................44
Table I.2 – Etame Field: 100-year All-year Mean Wind Speed and Associated 100-year Significant Wave Height ....................44
Table I.3 – Etame Field: 100-year All-year Significant Wave Height and Associated 100-year Mean Wind Speed ....................44

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LIST OF FIGURES
Data Sources
Figure A.1 - Location Map Showing Data Sources
Winds
Voluntary Observing Fleet (VOF)
Figure C1.1 - Mean Wind Speed and Direction Frequency Table and Rose; All-Year
Figure C1.2 - Mean Wind Speed and Direction Frequency Table and Rose; January
Figure C1.3 - Mean Wind Speed and Direction Frequency Table and Rose; February
Figure C1.4 - Mean Wind Speed and Direction Frequency Table and Rose; March
Figure C1.5 - Mean Wind Speed and Direction Frequency Table and Rose; April
Figure C1.6 - Mean Wind Speed and Direction Frequency Table and Rose; May
Figure C1.7 - Mean Wind Speed and Direction Frequency Table and Rose; June
Figure C1.8 - Mean Wind Speed and Direction Frequency Table and Rose; July
Figure C1.9 - Mean Wind Speed and Direction Frequency Table and Rose; August
Figure C1.10 - Mean Wind Speed and Direction Frequency Table and Rose; September
Figure C1.11 - Mean Wind Speed and Direction Frequency Table and Rose; October
Figure C1.12 - Mean Wind Speed and Direction Frequency Table and Rose; November
Figure C1.13 - Mean Wind Speed and Direction Frequency Table and Rose; December
Figure C1.14 - Mean Wind Speed Cumulative Frequency Extrapolation; All-year; Weibull-3 mls
Figure C1.15 - Mean Wind Speed Cumulative Frequency Extrapolation; All-year; F-T1 mls
Port Gentil
Figure C2.3 - Mean Wind Speed Cumulative Frequency Extrapolation; All-year ; F-T1 mls

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GEOSAT/TOPEX/ERS1 Satellites
Figure C3.5 - Mean Wind Speed Cumulative Frequency Extrapolation; All-year; Weibull-3 mm
Figure C3.6 - Mean Wind Speed Cumulative Frequency Extrapolation; All-year; F-T1 mm
Global Wave Model (GWM)
Figure C5 - Monthly 10%ile and 3-Month Rolling 10%ile Mean Wind Speed
Figure C6 - Monthly 10%ile Wind Speed by Direction
Waves
Voluntary Observing Fleet (VOF)
Figure D1.1 - Significant Wave Height and Direction Frequency Distribution; All-year; Table and Rose
Figure D1.2 - Significant Wave Height Cumulative Frequency Extrapolation; All-year; Weibull-3 mls
Figure D1.3 - Significant Wave Height Cumulative Frequency Extrapolation; All-year; F-T1 mls
GEOSAT/TOPEX/ERS1 Satellites
Figure D2.1 - Significant Wave Height Cumulative Frequency Extrapolation; All-year; Weibull-3 mls
Figure D2.5 - Significant Wave Height Cumulative Frequency Extrapolation; All-year; Weibull-3 mm
Figure D2.6 - Significant Wave Height Cumulative Frequency Extrapolation; All-year; F-T1 mm

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Global Wave Model (GWM)
Figure D3.1 - Resultant Wave Height and Direction Frequency Distribution; All-year; Table and Rose
Figure D3.2 - Resultant Wave Height and Wave Period Frequency Distribution; All-year
Figure D3.3 - Resultant Wave Height Cumulative Frequency Extrapolation; All-year; Weibull-3 mls
Figure D3.4 - Resultant Wave Height Cumulative Frequency Extrapolation; All-year; F-T1 mls
Sekondi
Figure D4.1- Significant Wave Height Cumulative Frequency Extrapolation; All-year; Weibull-3 mls
Figure D5 – Normalized Monthly Significant Wave Heights: VOF, GWM and Satellite Altimeters
Figure D6 – Normalized Significant Wave Heights by Direction: VOF and GWM
Water Levels
Figure F1 - Extreme Positive Total Still Water Elevation
Figure F2 - Extreme Positive Total Still Water Elevation
Figure F3 - Extreme Positive Surge Elevation
Figure F4 - Extreme Negative Surge Elevation
Air Temperature
Figure G1 - Extreme Maximum Air Temperature, VOF Data
Figure G2 - Extreme Minimum Air Temperature (Values Are Degrees Below Maximum Observed), VOF Data
Figure G3 - Extreme Maximum Air Temperature, Mayumba Data
Figure G4 - Extreme Minimum Air Temperature (Values are Degrees Below Maximum Observed), Mayumba Data

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Sea Temperature and Salinity

Figure H1 - Sea Temperature Profiles: January, February, March and April
Figure H2 - Sea Temperature Profiles: May, June, July and August
Figure H3 - Sea Temperature Profiles: September, October, November and December
Figure H4 - Salinity Profiles: January, February, March and April
Figure H5 - Salinity Profiles: May, June, July and August
Figure H6 - Salinity Profiles: September, October, November and December
Joint Winds and Waves

Mean Wind Speed – Peak Event
Figure I1.1 – Peaks Over Threshold Analysis; All-year; Generalised Pareto mml; 21 Storms
Mean Wind Speed simultaneous with Significant Wave Height Peak Event
Significant Wave Height – Peak Event
Figure I3.1 – Peaks Over Threshold Analysis; All-year; Exponential mml; 21 Storms
Figure I3.2 – Peaks Over Threshold Analysis; All-year; Exponential mm; 39 Storms

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Significant Wave Height simultaneous with Mean Wind Speed Peak Event

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1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Overview
At the request of Mustang Engineering Inc on behalf of VAALCO Gabon (Etame) Inc, the SEADATA
division of Fugro GEOS has performed a meteorological and oceanographic (metocean) design
study at the Etame Field Development, offshore Gabon. The co-ordinates of the site of interest are
3° 45’ 20.1” S, 010° 31’ 08.5” E, and the location is in a water depth of 75m.
1.2 Report Structure
Section 1 provides an overview of the contract. Many sources of meteorological and oceanographic
(metocean) data have been analyzed and interpreted to derive the design criteria presented in
Section 2. Supporting information (figures, tables and discussion) that was used to construct
Section 2 and Tables 2.1 – 2.6 is provided in Appendix C to I, which deal with the derivation of
criteria by parameter (Winds, Waves, Currents, Water Levels, Air Temperature, Sea Temperature,
Salinity and Joint Winds and Waves). Detailed descriptions of all the Data Sources are presented in
Appendix A. Appendix B summarizes the Frames of Reference and provides a discussion of the
Quality Control procedures that were adopted throughout this study, and includes sections relevant
to each data source and the choices of data used in the derivation of criteria. Appendix J describes
the Analytical Techniques that were employed in the derivation and presentation of criteria.
Appendix K contains a full list of Notation, Acronyms and Abbreviations used throughout this report.
A list of References to other reports, publications and guidance is provided in Appendix L.

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2 METOCEAN DESIGN CRITERIA

All parameter values are given in metric units. Note that the wind and wave directions indicate the
direction from which the variables are travelling, and current direction is the direction towards which
the current is flowing.
The following list gives an indication of the metocean design and operational criteria presented in this
section, which are discussed in more detail in other sections in the report:
• 1, 5, 10, 50 and 100-year design wind criteria

• 1, 5, 10, 50 and 100-year design wave criteria
• 1, 5, 10, 50 and 100-year design surge and total still water levels
• 1, 5, 10, 50 and 100-year design air temperature criteria
• 100-year joint wind and wave criteria
• tidal levels, amplitudes and constituents
• design temperature and salinity profiles
• wind and wave frequency distributions
Table 2.1 – 2.6 present a tabulated summary of the criteria.

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Table 2.1 - Etame Field: Mean and Gust Wind Speed
Return Period (years) Return Period (years) Return Period (years)

1 5 10 50 100 1 5 10 50 100 1 5 10 50 100
U1-hr (ms-1) U60-s (ms-1) U3-s (ms-1)
All-Year 16.1 18.1 18.9 20.8 21.7 19.2 21.6 22.6 25.0 25.9 24.0 26.9 28.2 31.1 32.3
Jan 14.4 16.2 17.0 18.7 19.5 17.3 19.4 20.3 22.4 23.3 21.5 24.2 25.3 27.9 29.1
Feb 14.3 16.1 16.8 18.6 19.3 17.1 19.2 20.2 22.2 23.1 21.3 24.0 25.1 27.7 28.8
Mar 14.3 16.0 16.8 18.5 19.3 17.1 19.2 20.1 22.2 23.0 21.3 23.9 25.0 27.6 28.7
Apr 14.5 16.3 17.0 18.8 19.5 17.3 19.5 20.4 22.5 23.4 21.6 24.2 25.4 28.0 29.1
May 14.6 16.4 17.2 18.9 19.7 17.5 19.6 20.5 22.6 23.5 21.7 24.4 25.6 28.2 29.3
Jun 14.3 16.1 16.8 18.5 19.3 17.1 19.2 20.1 22.2 23.1 21.3 23.9 25.1 27.6 28.7
Jul 14.2 15.9 16.7 18.4 19.1 17.0 19.1 20.0 22.0 22.9 21.1 23.7 24.9 27.4 28.5
Aug 14.6 16.4 17.2 18.9 19.7 17.5 19.6 20.5 22.7 23.6 21.7 24.5 25.6 28.2 29.3
Sep 15.5 17.5 18.3 20.2 21.0 18.6 20.9 21.9 24.1 25.1 23.2 26.1 27.3 30.1 31.3
Oct 16.1 18.1 18.9 20.8 21.7 19.2 21.6 22.6 25.0 25.9 24.0 26.9 28.2 31.1 32.3
Nov 15.7 17.6 18.4 20.3 21.1 18.8 21.1 22.1 24.3 25.3 23.4 26.3 27.5 30.3 31.5
Dec 15.0 16.9 17.7 19.5 20.3 18.0 20.2 21.2 23.4 24.3 22.4 25.2 26.4 29.1 30.2
N 12.0 13.5 14.1 15.6 16.2 14.3 16.1 16.9 18.6 19.4 17.9 20.1 21.0 23.2 24.1
NE 12.4 14.0 14.6 16.1 16.8 14.9 16.7 17.5 19.3 20.1 18.5 20.8 21.8 24.0 25.0
E 12.1 13.6 14.3 15.7 16.4 14.5 16.3 17.1 18.8 19.6 18.1 20.3 21.3 23.5 24.4
SE 15.6 17.6 18.4 20.3 21.1 18.7 21.0 22.0 24.3 25.2 23.3 26.2 27.4 30.2 31.4
SE 16.1 18.1 18.9 20.8 21.7 19.2 21.6 22.6 25.0 25.9 24.0 26.9 28.2 31.1 32.3
SW 15.6 17.6 18.4 20.3 21.1 18.7 21.1 22.0 24.3 25.3 23.3 26.2 27.5 30.3 31.5
W 13.5 15.2 15.9 17.5 18.2 16.2 18.2 19.0 21.0 21.8 20.1 22.6 23.7 26.1 27.2
NW 12.9 14.5 15.2 16.8 17.4 15.5 17.4 18.2 20.1 20.9 19.3 21.7 22.7 25.0 26.0
Table 2.2 – Etame Field: Extreme Surge and Total Still Water Elevation
Return Period (years)

1 5 10 50 100
Positive Total Elevation (m) 1.12 1.19 1.22 1.28 1.31
Negative Total Elevation (m) -1.05 -1.11 -1.14 -1.19 -1.21
Positive Surge Elevation (m) 0.34 0.37 0.38 0.41 0.42

Negative Surge Elevation (m) -0.30 -0.33 -0.34 -0.36 -0.37

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Table 2.3 - Etame Field: Extreme Wave Height and Associated Period
Return Period (years) Return Period (years) Return Period (years) Return Period (years)
1 5 10 50 100 1 5 10 50 100 1 5 10 50 100 1 5 10 50 100
Hs (m) Hmax(3-hr) (κ=0.9, F(x)=0.01) (m) Swell Tz(central) (s) Total Tz(central) (s)
All-Year 3.1 3.4 3.6 3.9 4.0 6.7 7.4 7.8 8.5 8.7 10.5 10.9 11.2 11.7 11.8 8.9 9.3 9.5 9.8 9.9
Jan 2.5 2.7 2.8 3.1 3.2 5.5 5.9 6.1 6.7 7.0 9.4 9.8 10.0 10.5 10.6 8.2 8.4 8.6 8.9 9.1
Feb 2.4 2.6 2.8 3.0 3.1 5.2 5.7 6.1 6.5 6.7 9.3 9.6 10.0 10.3 10.5 8.0 8.3 8.6 8.8 8.9
Mar 2.5 2.7 2.9 3.1 3.2 5.5 5.9 6.3 6.7 7.0 9.4 9.8 10.1 10.5 10.6 8.2 8.4 8.7 8.9 9.1
Apr 3.0 3.3 3.5 3.8 3.9 6.5 7.2 7.6 8.2 8.5 10.3 10.8 11.1 11.5 11.7 8.8 9.2 9.4 9.7 9.8
May 3.1 3.4 3.6 3.9 4.0 6.7 7.4 7.8 8.5 8.7 10.5 10.9 11.2 11.7 11.8 8.9 9.3 9.5 9.8 9.9
Jun 3.1 3.4 3.6 3.9 4.0 6.7 7.4 7.8 8.5 8.7 10.5 10.9 11.2 11.7 11.8 8.9 9.3 9.5 9.8 9.9
Jul 3.1 3.4 3.6 3.9 4.0 6.7 7.4 7.8 8.5 8.7 10.5 10.9 11.2 11.7 11.8 8.9 9.3 9.5 9.8 9.9
Aug 3.1 3.4 3.6 3.9 4.0 6.7 7.4 7.8 8.5 8.7 10.5 10.9 11.2 11.7 11.8 8.9 9.3 9.5 9.8 9.9
Sep 3.0 3.3 3.5 3.8 3.9 6.5 7.2 7.6 8.2 8.5 10.3 10.8 11.1 11.5 11.7 8.8 9.2 9.4 9.7 9.8
Oct 3.0 3.3 3.5 3.8 3.9 6.5 7.2 7.6 8.2 8.5 10.3 10.8 11.1 11.5 11.7 8.8 9.2 9.4 9.7 9.8
Nov 3.0 3.2 3.4 3.7 3.8 6.5 7.0 7.4 8.0 8.2 10.3 10.6 10.9 11.4 11.5 8.8 9.1 9.3 9.6 9.7
Dec 2.5 2.7 2.9 3.1 3.2 5.5 5.9 6.3 6.7 7.0 9.4 9.8 10.1 10.5 10.6 8.2 8.4 8.7 8.9 9.1
N 2.3 2.5 2.7 2.9 3.0 5.0 5.5 5.9 6.3 6.5 9.1 9.4 9.8 10.1 10.3 7.9 8.2 8.4 8.7 8.8
NE 2.1 2.3 2.4 2.6 2.7 4.6 5.0 5.2 5.7 5.9 8.7 9.1 9.3 9.6 9.8 7.6 7.9 8.0 8.3 8.4
E 2.3 2.5 2.6 2.9 2.9 5.0 5.5 5.7 6.3 6.3 9.1 9.4 9.6 10.1 10.1 7.9 8.2 8.3 8.7 8.7
SE 2.4 2.7 2.8 3.1 3.2 5.2 5.9 6.1 6.7 7.0 9.3 9.8 10.0 10.5 10.6 8.0 8.4 8.6 8.9 9.1
S 3.1 3.4 3.6 3.9 4.0 6.7 7.4 7.8 8.5 8.7 10.5 10.9 11.2 11.7 11.8 8.9 9.3 9.5 9.8 9.9
SW 3.1 3.4 3.6 3.9 4.0 6.7 7.4 7.8 8.5 8.7 10.5 10.9 11.2 11.7 11.8 8.9 9.3 9.5 9.8 9.9
W 2.8 3.1 3.3 3.6 3.7 6.1 6.7 7.2 7.8 8.0 10.0 10.5 10.8 11.2 11.4 8.6 8.9 9.2 9.5 9.6
NW 2.7 2.9 3.1 3.3 3.4 5.9 6.3 6.7 7.2 7.4 9.8 10.1 10.5 10.8 10.9 8.4 8.7 8.9 9.2 9.3
Table 2.4 – Etame Field: Extreme Air Temperature

1 5 10 50 100
Maximum Air Temperature (°C) 32.4 32.9 33.1 33.5 33.7
Minimum Air Temperature (°C) 16.7 16.0 15.7 15.0 14.7
Table 2.5 – Etame Field: 100-year Mean Wind Speed and Associated 100-year Significant Wave Height
100-year All-year Mean Wind Speed: 21.7 m/s Associated 100-year All-year Significant Wave Height: 3.8 m
Table 2.6 – Etame Field: 100-year Significant Wave Height and Associated 100-year Mean Wind Speed
100-year All-year Significant Wave Height: 4.0 m Associated All-year 100-year Mean Wind Speed: 18.4 m/s

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A. DATA SOURCES
This study made use of data from the following sources:
• UK Meteorological Office (UKMO) Global Wave Model (GWM)

• Admiralty charts
• Voluntary Observing Fleet (VOF)
• WOCE Global Sea Level Data
• Satellite Observing Systems (SOS) Altimeter Wave Heights and Wind Speeds
• International Hydrographic Organization (IHO) Tidal Constituent Data Bank
• Published material
• ORSTOM
Table A.1 provides summary information applicable to each source of data, including latitude and
longitude, period of data and water depth/meter height at location of data source.
Table A.1 - Summary Information and Data Sources
Data Source Parameter Available Data Location Water Depth/

Height Above
Ground/Sea Level
Start Date End Date Latitude Longitude (m)
Site of Interest - - - 3° 45' 20.1"S 010° 31' 08.5"E 75m depth
VOF (UKMO) Winds, Air Temperature 01/02/1860 01/06/1997 1° - 5°S 008° - 011°E variable
VOF (UKMO) Waves 01/04/1949 01/06/1997 1° - 5°S 008° - 011°E variable
GWM (UKMO) Winds, Waves 01/06/1991 01/10/1998 20m asl, 200m
depth
Satellite Altimeter Wind Speed, Wave Height 01/11/1986 01/05/1998 3° 45' 0.0"S 010° 31' 48.0"E variable
(SOS)
ORSTOM (Ifremer) Currents 01/03/1979 12/07/1980 1° 26' 0.0"S 008° 40' 0.0"E 60m depth
NODC Sea Temperature, Salinity - - 1° - 10°S 000° - 010°E variable
Port Gentil (UKMO) Winds 01/01/1989 01/12/1997 0° 42' 00.0"S 008° 45' 00.0"E -
Mayumba (UKMO) Air Temperature 01/03/1983 01/12/1997 3° 22' 30.0"S 010° 19' 30.0"E 10m asl
Pointe Noire Water Levels 01/09/1985 29/09/1988 4° 48' 00.0"S 011° 51' 00.0"E -
(WOCE, IHO)
A.1 UK Meteorological Office (UKMO) Global Wave Model (GWM)
Hindcast wind and wave data have been inferred from the distribution of atmospheric pressure that
has been constructed and modeled from measurements over the surface of the Earth. Wind speed,
wind direction, wave height (total sea, wind-wave and swell) and corresponding wave period, are
hindcast for all waters on an ongoing basis. To produce the best possible analysis of surface wind,

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all available reports of surface pressure, wind speed and direction are checked and assimilated into
the model. The resulting wind field is then used to modify the wave field. For each of 16 directional
and 13 frequency bands the changes in wave energy are computed at each grid point, using the local
wind as energy input, and allowing for propagation, dissipation and transfer between spectral bands.
The UK Meteorological Office (UKMO) operates one such model that is available at low cost to all
interested parties.
The model is a ‘second-generation’ model, where spectral shape is defined empirically and operation
assumes a fixed depth of 200m. The grid spacing for their Global Wave Model (GWM) is
0.8 degrees of latitude by 1.2 degrees of Longitude. The period covered is 1986 to present, although
the spatial resolution was improved from 150km to 85km in June 1991. Time series data can be
provided at 6 hour intervals.
A copy of the available data for the grid point closest to the Etame Field development was acquired
in the form of frequency distributions for 12 calendar months and for the whole year condition for the
period June 1991 to October 1998. The grid point closest to the site was situated at 3° 42’ S,
010° 36’ E (Figure A.1).
A.2 Voluntary Observing Fleet (VOF)
Wind and wave data reported by the Voluntary Observing Fleet (VOF); frequently referred to as
‘Ships’ Observations, consists of a mixture of observations made using ship mounted sensors and
visual estimates based on the appearance of the sea surface where wind speed is obtained by
reference to the Beaufort scale and wind direction is determined by observing the orientation of the
crests of the waves. Wind direction is reported in tens of degrees from true north (WMO, 1983).
Observations of both sea and swell waves are reported by light-vessels and by the VOF. The
observations consist of visual estimates of direction, mean height and period of 15 – 20 well-formed
waves which are not consecutive. The estimation of mean period and mean height is based on the
higher waves in the center of each wave group. Flat and badly formed waves in the area between
groups and smaller wave-like disturbances forming on top of the larger waves are not considered.
The distinction between sea and swell is made on the basis of the following criteria:

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
(i) Wave direction – if the mean direction of all waves with similar characteristics differs 30° or
more from the mean direction of waves of different appearance then the two sets of waves
are considered to belong to separate wave systems.
(ii) Appearance and period – when typical swell waves arrive within 20° from the direction of the
wind, they should be considered as a separate wave system if their period is at least 4
seconds greater than the period of the larger waves of the existing sea.
At light-vessels the waves are classified as swell if the wave direction differs by 15° or more from the
wind direction. No distinction is made between sea and swell: observations of the total (sea plus
swell) sea state are logged and then classified either as wind waves or swell according to the
difference between the wind and wave directions. Because the visual estimates of wave height
contain elements of both wave systems they are assumed to represent resultant wave height. Wave
height is reported in half meter intervals, period in seconds and wave direction in tens of degrees
from true north. Resultant wave height is derived from sea and swell wave height as follows:
(
Hres = H sea 2 + H swell 2 ) 1
2
(A-1)
Observations reported by the VOF are compiled by government agencies in several countries. Data
for individual calendar months and for the all year condition were obtained for sea area 1° - 5° S,
008° - 011° E, defined on the basis of a general exposure that is similar to the study site. Wind data
were provided in the form of frequency tables of wind speed (in Beaufort force) and direction. Wind
-1
speed was converted to meters/second (ms ) using the scale recommended by the Meteorological
Office (1963). Wave data were supplied in the form of frequency tables of resultant wave height (in
meters) and direction (for higher of sea or swell height). Resultant wave height (Hres) was assumed
to be equivalent to significant wave height (Hs).
In addition to wind and wave data, VOF monthly temperature frequency distributions were also
analyzed, for the same sea area, for the period February 1860 to June 1997. Data are presented
and discussed in Appendix G
A.3 WOCE CDROM - Global Sea Level Data
The World Ocean Circulation Experiment (WOCE) is the part of the World Climate Research
Program that will provide much needed improvements in ocean circulation models for use in climate

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
prediction. WOCE has used resources from 25 countries to collect in-situ and satellite observations
of the global ocean between 1990 and 1997.
There are two WOCE Sea Level Centers: one at the British Oceanographic Data Center (BODC) at
Bidston Observatory alongside the Permanent Service for Mean Sea Level (PSMSL), and the other
at the University of Hawaii Sea Level Center (UHSLC) alongside the Tropical Ocean Global
Atmosphere (TOGA) Sea Level Center. Data management of the in-situ sea level data for WOCE
has been the responsibility of the UHSLC and the BODC. The two centers perform complementary
activities, with the UHSLC acting as the ’fast delivery’ center, providing rapid access to data for those
involved in satellite altimetry, and BODC as the ’delayed mode’ center, providing the fully quality
controlled comprehensive data set.
A.3.1 WOCE ’Delayed-Mode’ Sea Level Data Set
WOCE ’delayed-mode’ sea level data sets have been measured from coastal tide gauges and sea-
bed pressure recorders. First level files contain data in physical units that have undergone quality
control. In BODC terms they will have been flagged to indicate null, suspect, or interpolated values,
and also datum changes. But no data values will have been changed without the permission of the
data collector. Second level files contain the fully quality controlled and commonly-formatted tide
gauge data. It comprises hourly values of sea level, centered on the hour and in UT. These data
form a continuous time series with respect to a land benchmark datum. Sea level data for Gabon
were not contained in the WOCE ’delayed-mode’ database.
A.3.2 WOCE ’Fast Delivery’ Sea Level Data Set
These data are supplied by the UHSLC and include in-situ sea level data from three projects:
• IGOSS Sea Level Program in the Pacific (ISLP-Pac)
• WOCE ’fast delivery’ data set
• UHSLC Research Quality Data Set (RQDS)
The RQDS is presently the largest global collection of hourly sea level data. These data were
presented on a CDROM, WOCE (1998), produced by the BODC, with contributions from the UHSLC,
the PSMSL, and Laboratoire d’Etudes en Geophysique et Oceanographie Spatiales (LEGOS).
A Research Quality Data Set (RQDS) was acquired for Pointe Noire, Congo. The period of available
data is 1980 to 1988, with 77% data completeness. The location of Pointe Noire is 04° 48’S,
011° 50’E and data were collected by ORSTOM (a French oceanographic research Institute).

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
A.3.3 UHSLC Research Quality Data Set
The University of Hawaii Sea Level Center (UHSLC) continues to acquire, quality control, manage,
and distribute sea level data as initiated by the Tropical Ocean Global Atmosphere (TOGA) Program,
which ended in 1994. The TOGA ocean monitoring networks were primarily in the tropics. Since the
end of TOGA, the UHSLC has slowly began to absorb sea level sites in oceanographically strategic
locations beyond the tropics. The UHSLC Research Quality data set is presently the largest global
collection of hourly sea level. Efforts are underway to acquire new sites and uncover historic records
as available. The UHSLC receives hourly data from regional and national sea level networks. The
data are inspected and obvious errors such as data spikes and time shifts are corrected. Gaps less
than 25 hours are interpolated. Reference level problems are referred back to the originator, and if
the originators cannot resolve the reference level shift, comparisons with neighboring sites or
examination of the hourly residuals may warrant an adjustment. Descriptive station information and
quality assessments are prepared. The objective is to assemble a scientifically valid, well-
documented archive of hourly, daily, and monthly sea level values in standardized formats. These
data are annually submitted to the World Data Center-A for Oceanography (WDCA) and the monthly
values are provided to the Permanent Service for Mean Sea Level.
A.4 IHO Tidal Constituent Data Bank
In 1974, the Canadian Hydrographic Service and the Marine Environmental Data Service of the
Canadian Department of Fisheries and Oceans undertook to establish and operate a computer bank
of tidal constituents for the world’s oceans on behalf of the International Hydrographic Organization
(IHO). The IHO Tidal Constituent Data Bank started operation in January 1978, and was acquired by
Fugro GEOS during 1989. The data bank contains 4208 sets of tidal constituents from around the
world.
Tidal constituents from Pointe Noire, Congo (04° 48’S 011° 50’E) have been extracted from the IHO
Data Bank and analyzed to produce the results presented in Appendix F.
A.5 Met Stations – Wind Data – Port Gentil
Wind speed and direction data were obtained from Port Gentil (0° 42’ S, 008° 45’ E) in the form of
frequency tables of mean wind speed (in knots) and mean wind direction for the period January 1989
to December 1997. Mean wind speed was converted to meters/second using the scale proposed by
the Meteorological Office (1963). The height of measurement and the sampling interval is unknown.

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
A.6 Met Stations – Temperature Data - Mayumba
Air temperature data have been collected at Mayumba (3° 22’ 30.0”S, 010° 19’ 30.0”E) in Gabon,
since March 1983. Monthly temperature frequency distributions were analyzed for the period March
1983 to December 1997, and are presented, discussed and compared to VOF air temperatures in
Appendix G
A.7 Published material
Environmental data applicable to the study site are relatively scarce and local metocean conditions
are not well understood. For this reason, it is important to supplement VOF, GWM, satellite altimeter
and locally measured data with background and specific knowledge derived from public-domain
sources and published material (journals, Admiralty pilots and charts). Reference is made to sources
used within the report in Appendix L.
The Africa Pilot (1977) provided background information on the climatology and oceanography of the
coastline of Gabon, close to the site of interest.
Wave data published in Draper (1967) has been utilized in Appendix D particularly with the
derivation of extreme wave heights and associated wave periods.
A.8 US National Oceanographic Data Center
Measurements of sea temperature recorded from hydrographic stations between 1900 and 1990
were obtained from the US National Oceanographic Data Center, CDROM NODC-02 (1991). The
data were collected using the following methods:
• IGOSS radio message bathy-thermograph (IBT)

• Mechanical bathy-thermograph (MBT)
• Selected-Level bathy-thermograph (SBT)
• Expendable bathy-thermograph (XBT)
• Nansen Casts including reversing thermometers (SD2)
Cruise information, position, date and times are reported for each station. Most data (except IBT)
have undergone some degree of NODC quality checking which includes:

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
• Logical testing for valid position

• Parameter values within normal range
• Observed depth not exceeding bathymetric depth
• Reasonable vessel speed of advance
In addition, SD2 data were screened by the NODC, who set quality flags in the data record to denote
questionable parameter values. The SBT data are usually from an XBT, but the digitization methods
are unknown. The IBT data are the least accurate and have not been thoroughly quality evaluated.
All selected data were passed through a gross range check (-3° to 46° Celsius) and any values
outside these limits were eliminated.
The data were processed to provide mean, minimum and maximum sea temperature and salinity at
standard oceanographic depths (i.e. every 50 or 100 meters). The standard deviation and total
number of samples was also provided for each depth band. Where the number of samples in any
depth band was zero, or very few, the band was eliminated from the output as such records provide
spot readings rather than true mean and range. Data were exported from CDROM NODC-02 (1991)
for the grid 0°-10°S, 0°-10°E (NODC grid number: 3000).
A.9 Satellite Observing Systems
Significant wave height (Hs) and mean wind speed (U) values from each of these altimeters have
been calibrated by SOS using the following corrections, obtained from comparisons with US NODC
buoy data:
H s = 1.13H salt
GEOSAT: (A-2)
H s = 2.214H salt + 0.130

ERS-1: (A-3)
H s = 1.0893H salt − 0.1874

TOPEX: (A-4)
Where H salt is the altimeter estimate of Hs. The GEOSAT calibration is from Carter et al (1992) and
the ERS-1 and TOPEX corrections from Cotton and Carter (1994).

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
The wind speeds from the altimeter are estimated from the measured backscattering strength of the
radar pulse ( σ 0 ). The empirical algorithm used by SOS to get wind speed from backscattering
strength is based on tabulated values in Witter and Chelton (1991).
The winds are those estimated at 10m above sea level. Witter and Chelton also give winds at
19.5m, and compared altimeter wind speed with scatterometer wind speeds from SEASAT,
assuming a 19.5m level, and then reduced by 5.7% to get the 10m wind. Witter and Chelton
checked their data against US NOAA NDBC buoy values, which measure the 8 minute scalar
average. They obtained an RMS difference between buoy and GEOSAT of 1.9 m/s. SOS take the
GEOSAT and ERS-1 wind speed directly from the Witter and Chelton algorithm.
There has been much discussion about the absolute accuracy of the σ 0 values from TOPEX Ku
band. A few years ago it was decided that the values were about 0.7dB greater than those from
GEOSAT. Therefore, SOS reduce the TOPEX values by this amount, and then apply a minor
adjustment from a correlation of altimeter data on buoy values, that is
U = 0.987U TOPEX − 0.487

(A-5)
as given in Cotton and Carter (1996). The latest research suggests that the values of σ 0 from the
TOPEX Ku band should be corrected by 0.63dB, but the 0.07dB makes little difference, and the
calibration was carried out using 0.7dB.
Satellite altimeter data of Hs and U are calibrated to local measured sources as available. Further,
the data were made available as a single composite data set of merged and in-filled data, thus
maximizing both frequency of pass and duration of coverage. Fugro GEOS software provides the
facility of process either all data, or to restrict analysis only to the single highest measurement in
each pass, so precluding statistical errors arising from spatial correlation within the data. The 1Hz
data from GEOSAT, ERS-1 and TOPEX for the period November 1986 to May 1998 were supplied
for a circle (radius of 100km) centered on 3° 45’S, 10° 31’ 48”E.

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
A.10 ORSTOM
Fugro GEOS identified current velocity data measured by ORSTOM (a French oceanographic
research institute based in Brittany) and held by Ifremer, France. Data were acquired free of charge
over the Internet, for the locations given in Table A.2.
Table A.2 - ORSTOM Current Meter Data
Latitude Longitude Sea Floor Meter Meter Start Date Series Data Data Data Originator’s
Depth Height Depth Duration Source Confidentiality Center Reference
(m) (m) (m) Identifier
01º26'00"S 008º40'00"E 60 2 58 09-Feb-79 55d 35ORST A 6 *0003287
,N0103
01º26'00"S 008º40'00"E 60 5 55 01-Mar-79 37d 35ORST A 6 *0003286
,N0102
01º26'00"S 008º40'00"E 60 5 55 07-Apr-79 81d 35ORST A 6 *0003289
,N0201
01º26'00"S 008º40'00"E 60 2 58 07-Apr-79 83d 35ORST A 6 *0003290
,N0202
01º26'00"S 008º40'00"E 60 5 55 19-Jul-79 115d 35ORST A 6 *0003293
,N0302
01º26'00"S 008º40'00"E 60 2 58 19-Jul-79 115d 35ORST A 6 *0003294
,N0303
01º26'00"S 008º40'00"E 60 5 55 19-Dec-79 33d 35ORST A 6 *0003297
,N0402
01º26'00"S 008º40'00"E 60 2 58 19-Dec-79 33d 35ORST A 6 *0003298
,N0403
01º26'00"S 008º40'00"E 60 5 55 22-Jan-80 50d 35ORST A 6 *0003301
,N0502
01º26'00"S 008º40'00"E 60 2 58 22-Jan-80 50d 35ORST A 6 *0003302
,N0503
01º26'00"S 008º40'00"E 60 5 55 13-Mar-80 48d 35ORST A 6 *0003304
,N0601
01º26'00"S 008º40'00"E 60 2 58 13-Mar-80 48d 35ORST A 6 *0003305
,N0602
01º26'00"S 008º40'00"E 60 5 55 01-May-80 72d 35ORST A 6 *0003306
,N0701
01º26'00"S 008º40'00"E 60 2 58 01-May-80 45d 35ORST A 6 *0003307
,N0702
01º26'00"S 008º40'00"E 60 5 55 21-Jun-81 46d 35ORST A 6 *0003309
,N0802

2°W 0° 2°E 4°E 6°E 8°E 10°E 12°E 14°E
8°N
8°N
6°N
6°N
4°N
4°N
2°N
2°N
00
20
# Libreville
20500
Y
0
1000
0°
0°
%
%
# Port Gentil
Y GABON
ORSTOM
Ê
Ú
2°S
2°S
Mayumba
#
GWM
Ê
Ú
#
S
# Satellite
4°S
4°S
VOF %
# Pointe Noire
Etame Field CONGO

6°S
6°S
8°S
8°S
NODC
10°S
10°S
%
12°S
12°S
14°S
14°S
16°S
16°S
18°S
18°S
2°W 0° 2°E 4°E 6°E 8°E 10°E 12°E 14°E
Geos Ref: C56003/1733

VAALCO GABON (Etame) Inc - Metocean Design Study
Figure No: A1
Location Map + Data Sources Plot Date: 10-DEC-98
PROJECTION INFORMATION
Equal-Area Cylindrical
SCALE
30 0 30 60 Kilometers
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
B. FRAMES OF REFERENCE AND QUALITY CONTROL

This section describes the Frames of Reference, Units and Conventions and Parameter Descriptions
applicable to this report. In addition, the quality control procedures, applied to each data set, are
discussed in the following sections.
B.1 Units and Conventions
The following list outlines the units and conventions used in this study. Where possible, all
parameter values are given in metric units.
-1
Current and wind speeds are expressed in meters per second (m/s or ms ).
Wind and wave directions are expressed in degrees or compass points (N, NNE, NE etc.), relative to
True North, and describe the direction from which the variables are travelling.
Current directions are expressed in degrees or compass points (N, NNE, NE etc.), relative to
True North, and describe the direction towards which the current is flowing.
Air and sea temperatures are expressed in degrees Celsius (°C).
Salinity is in Practical Salinity Units (PSU).
B.2 Corrections and Datums
• Vertical elevations in the water column are expressed in meters. Depths are quoted below Mean
Sea Level (MSL), height above sea bed (asb) or height above sea level (asl).
• All times are quoted relative to Greenwich Mean Time (GMT).
• Positions are given as latitude and longitude on the WGS84 spheroid.
• Wind speeds are presented above ground level (agl) or asl unless otherwise stated.
B.3 Winds
B.3.1 VOF Data
VOF wind speed and direction data were of good quality and only minor editing was necessary to
quality control the data. In order to provide sufficiently representative statistics of both wind speed
and wave height, a relatively large area was considered (1°S - 5°S, 008°E - 011°E).

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Only VOF wind data were used to derive the extreme criteria presented in Section 2, since wind data
from the GWM, satellite altimeters and Port Gentil were deemed inconsistent and unsuitable for
further analyses (see Sections B.3.2 to B.3.4).
B.3.2 Port Gentil Data
Figure C2.1 shows the all-year frequency distribution of wind speed and direction. The observed
distribution of wind speed by direction agrees relatively well with the VOF data, although the
magnitudes are smaller. This is reflected in the extreme value estimates, shown in Figures C2.2 to
C2.5, which are also smaller that the VOF estimates.
Port Gentil is some distance from the Etame Field development area, as shown in Figure A.1. The
local topography and the coastline around Port Gentil are complex, and little is known about the
source, height and method of measurement of these data. For these reasons, wind speed and
direction data from Port Gentil were not included in the derivation of design wind speeds presented in
Section 2.
B.3.3 GWM Data
The GWM wind speed and direction frequency distribution, which is shown in Figure C4.1, does not
agree well with data from VOF or Port Gentil. The magnitudes of the model wind speeds are much
lower than the expected values. Extreme wind speeds shown in Table C.1 and Figures C4.2 to C4.5
are approximately a factor of 2 less than those derived from either the VOF data or Port Gentil data.
For this reason, GWM wind speed and direction data were excluded from further analyses.
B.3.4 Satellite Data
Wind speed time series data were acquired from SOS; wind directions are not available from satellite
altimeters. These data were subjected to quality control procedures that highlighted a shortcoming of
satellite-derived wind data. Two large wind events were present in the data:
• 13/5/88 - 5 values contained wind speeds between 16 and 19m/s.

• 7/10/94 - 19 values contained wind speeds between 12 and 16m/s.
These events were probably the result of intense rainy periods, which absorb the energy transmitted
by the altimeter and thus affect the validity of the wind speed estimates. Also, there was no
associated increase in wave height (Hs) during these times, which would be expected if the wind
speeds were real. These large wind speeds were deleted from the time series prior to analyses,

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
although the extrapolations of satellite-derived wind speeds (Table C.1 and Figures C3.1 – C3.6)
show large variability in the extreme value estimates.
Satellite-derived wind speeds were not used in the extreme value analyses.
B.4 Waves
Wave data were acquired from VOF, GWM, Satellite and Sekondi, Draper (1967). These data show
distributions of wave height by period or direction that differ quite markedly from each other, both in
terms of the observed values and the derived extreme values. No single data set appears to be any
more accurate or reliable than the others. Generally, wave data close to the Etame Field
development is relatively sparse. For these reasons, VOF, GWM and satellite altimeter wave data
were utilized in the derivation of extreme significant wave heights, maximum wave heights and
associated wave periods. Data from Sekondi, Ghana, were not used in the derivation of criteria.
B.5 Currents
Current speed and direction data were acquired from ORSTOM (Figure A.1), and were analyzed and
investigated for quality and consistency. It was concluded that the validity of these data is
questionable and does not allow for a straightforward analysis to produce extreme current speeds.
Further investigation and extrapolation could be conducted in a subsequent analysis of these data at
the request of VAALCO Gabon Inc.
B.6 Water Levels
A Research Quality Data Set (RQDS) was acquired for Pointe Noire, Congo from WOCE (1998).
The period of available data is 1980 to 1988, although only data from 01/09/85 to 29/09/88 were
analyzed in this report. Data prior to this period were unsuitable for further analyses without applying
a significant amount of quality checking, which is outside the scope of this contract.
B.7 Air Temperature
Data quality control was performed on monthly VOF air temperature frequency distributions and air
temperature data collected at Mayumba (3° 22’ 30.0”S, 010° 19’ 30.0”E) in Gabon. The all-year
distribution of air temperature from both sources agreed well after some spuriously high values were
omitted from the analyses.

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
B.8 Temperature and Salinity Profiles
Temperature and salinity depth profile data were acquired from NODC (1991), for the area shown in
Figure A.1. Data are relatively sparse, particularly salinity data, and care should be taken when
interpreting the profiles at depths where the statistics are calculated using only a few data points, or
where the maximum, mean and minimum points coincide.

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
C. WINDS
This section discusses the derivation of extreme wind criteria using the knowledge gained from an
investigation into the following data sets:
• VOF – Mean wind speed and direction

• Port Gentil – Mean wind speed and direction
• Satellite altimeters – Wind Speed
• GWM – Mean wind speed and direction
The following list summarizes the operational and design wind criteria presented and described in
this section of the report:
• Joint frequency distributions of wind speed and direction as tables and wind roses:
q Monthly
q All year
• Omni-directional extreme wind speeds for all year:
q 1 hour, 1 minute and 3 second mean wind at 10m asl – monthly and all year
• Directional extreme wind speeds:
q 1 hour, 1 minute and 3 second mean wind at 10 m asl – all year
Wind speed criteria by direction are presented using 8 direction sectors, centered on the cardinal
points N, NE, E, SE, S, SW, W, NW. Winds are consistently presented at a reference level of 10m
above ground or 10m asl (above sea level).
C.1 Quality Control
Only VOF wind data were used to derive the extreme criteria presented in Section 2, since wind data
from GWM, Satellites and Port Gentil were deemed unsuitable and inconsistent for further analyses,
as discussed in Appendix B.3.
C.2 Data Summary
Wind data from VOF observations show that speeds occur in all direction sectors, although the
dominant directions are from south-east to south-west quadrants, as shown in Figure C1.1. Almost

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
-1
45% of all winds were from a southerly direction. Maximum wind speed (>17.5ms ) occurred in the
south-east direction sector.
Figures C1.2 to C1.13 show that the monthly distributions of wind speed and direction are similar in
form to the all-year data set (Figure C1.1), with little seasonal variation.
C.3 Extreme Wind Speeds
Table C.1 shows the mean wind speed (U1-hr) criteria at 10m asl for return periods of 1, 5, 10, 50 and
100-years, derived from the mean of the VOF Weibull 3 and Fisher-Tippett 1 cumulative frequency
extrapolations (CFE’s). The all-year, non-directional estimates are also presented in Table C.2.
C.3.1 Wind Speeds by Month
The monthly distributions of wind data contain approximately 1300 data points; this is not a sufficient
number to extrapolate to long return periods. Monthly extreme winds were estimated by firstly
calculating the 10%ile value of wind speed, within each monthly distribution. A 3-month rolling mean
of the 10%ile wind speed was then calculated, in order to smooth-out any large monthly
discrepancies, of which there were none, as shown in Figure C.5. Monthly 10%ile and 3-month
rolling mean values are given in Table C.2. Monthly scaling ratios were calculated as the ratio of the
3-month rolling mean value in each month to the maximum 3-month rolling mean value from all the
months. Then the all-year, non-directional extreme winds were multiplied by the scaling ratio to
produce the monthly extreme wind speeds presented in Table C.2.
C.3.2 Wind Speeds by Direction
Like monthly extreme wind speeds, directional extremes were calculated using the 10%ile wind
speed values, as shown in Table C.1 and Figure C.6. The directional extreme results are shown in
Table C.2.
C.3.3 Wind Speed Relationships - Gust Factors
Wind speed and direction vary in space and time. On length scales typical of offshore structures,
statistical wind properties taken over a duration of the order of an hour do not vary horizontally, but
do vary with elevation. Within long durations (1-hour), there will be shorter durations with higher
mean speeds (gust factor). Therefore, a wind speed is only meaningful if qualified by the elevation
and duration. A reference value U1-hr,zr is the 1-hour mean speed at the reference elevation zr, where
zr=10m. Wind speeds from VOF observations were assumed to be equivalent to 1-hour mean values

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
(U1-hr,10) at 10m above sea level. Variations of speed with elevation and duration, as well as wind
turbulence intensity and spectral shape have not been firmly established, although variations in
elevation are not considered here. Available data show significant scatter and precise relationships
cannot be defined. The relationships given in the American Petroleum Institute (1993) provide
reasonable values for wind parameters to be used in design; the gust factor relationships are
presented in the following paragraphs.
Turbulence intensity is the standard deviation of wind speed normalized by the mean wind speed
over 1-hour. Turbulence intensity, I(z), can be approximated by
−0.125
 z 
I( z) ≡ σ( z ) = 0.15 
 for z ≤ z s
U1−hr,z
 zs  (C-1)
where, zs=20m is the height of the thickness of the surface layer. The gust factor Gt,z can be defined
as
U t,z
G t,z ≡ = 1 + g( t ).I( z) (C-2)
U1−hr,z
where I(z) is known from Equation C-1 and t is the gust duration in seconds. The factor g(t) can be
calculated from the following equation
 3  0.6 
g( t ) = 3.0 + ln   for t ≤ 60s (C-3)
 t  
Therefore, using the equations above, the gust factor for 60s and 3s durations can be calculated as
ratios of the 1-hour mean wind speed (U1-hr), at 10m above ground, as follows:
U 60s = 1.197.U1−hr
(C-4)
U 3s = 1.491.U1−hr
(C-5)
The results presented in Equations C-4 and C-5 compare well with the Department of Energy (1990):
U 60s = 1.18.U1−hr
(C-6)

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
U 3s = 1.40.U1−hr
(C-7)
The results presented in Equations C-4 and C-5 were used to calculate the respective gust wind
speeds given in Table C.2. Monthly and directional estimates of U60-s and U3-s are also presented
and were calculated from the scaling ratios discussed earlier.
Table C.1 – Extreme Non-directional All-year Wind Speeds: VOF, GWM, Satellite Altimeters and Port
Gentil
Data Source Method Return Period (years)

1 5 10 50 100
VOF W3 15.76 17.45 18.15 19.72 20.38
FT1 16.37 18.67 19.66 21.97 22.96
FT2 16.37 18.68 19.68 22.00 23.00
FT3 16.36 18.66 19.64 21.94 22.92
Mean 16.22 18.37 19.28 21.41 22.32
GWM W3 8.39 8.96 9.19 9.70 9.91

FT1 8.73 9.71 10.13 11.10 11.52
FT2 8.73 9.71 10.13 11.11 11.53
FT3 8.36 8.81 8.98 9.31 9.43
Mean 8.55 9.30 9.61 10.31 10.60
GEOSAT/TOPEX/ERS1 W3 10.94 11.89 12.27 13.12 13.47

Satellite Altimeters FT1 12.53 14.28 15.04 16.79 17.55
FT2 12.54 14.31 15.06 16.83 17.59
FT3 9.36 9.67 9.77 9.95 10.01
*W3 10.47 11.25 11.57 12.26 12.54
*FT1 15.10 17.36 18.33 20.58 21.55
Mean 11.82 13.13 13.67 14.92 15.45
Port Gentil W3 13.20 15.00 15.77 17.55 18.32

FT1 13.19 14.98 15.75 17.53 18.31
FT2 13.82 16.26 17.37 20.11 21.36
FT3 13.18 14.96 15.73 17.51 18.28
Mean 13.35 15.30 16.16 18.18 19.07
Design Values VOF (W3 + F-T1) 16.1 18.1 18.9 20.8 21.7
Note: Method of extrapolation was least squares, except where * signifies method of moments.

Table C.2 – Etame Field: Mean and Gust Wind Speed Criteria; All-Year, Monthly and by Direction
Scaling 3-Month Monthly Return Period (years) Return Period (years) Return Period (years)
Ratios Rolling 10%ile 1 5 10 50 100 1 5 10 50 100 1 5 10 50 100
Mean U1-hr (ms-1) U60-s (ms-1) U3-s (ms-1)
All-Year 16.1 18.1 18.9 20.8 21.7 19.2 21.6 22.6 25.0 25.9 24.0 26.9 28.2 31.1 32.3
Jan 0.90 7.17 7.20 14.4 16.2 17.0 18.7 19.5 17.3 19.4 20.3 22.4 23.3 21.5 24.2 25.3 27.9 29.1
Feb 0.89 7.10 6.99 14.3 16.1 16.8 18.6 19.3 17.1 19.2 20.2 22.2 23.1 21.3 24.0 25.1 27.7 28.8
Mar 0.89 7.08 7.11 14.3 16.0 16.8 18.5 19.3 17.1 19.2 20.1 22.2 23.0 21.3 23.9 25.0 27.6 28.7
Apr 0.90 7.18 7.15 14.5 16.3 17.0 18.8 19.5 17.3 19.5 20.4 22.5 23.4 21.6 24.2 25.4 28.0 29.1
May 0.91 7.24 7.28 14.6 16.4 17.2 18.9 19.7 17.5 19.6 20.5 22.6 23.5 21.7 24.4 25.6 28.2 29.3
Jun 0.89 7.09 7.28 14.3 16.1 16.8 18.5 19.3 17.1 19.2 20.1 22.2 23.1 21.3 23.9 25.1 27.6 28.7
Jul 0.88 7.03 6.71 14.2 15.9 16.7 18.4 19.1 17.0 19.1 20.0 22.0 22.9 21.1 23.7 24.9 27.4 28.5
Aug 0.91 7.24 7.10 14.6 16.4 17.2 18.9 19.7 17.5 19.6 20.5 22.7 23.6 21.7 24.5 25.6 28.2 29.3
Sep 0.97 7.72 7.91 15.5 17.5 18.3 20.2 21.0 18.6 20.9 21.9 24.1 25.1 23.2 26.1 27.3 30.1 31.3
Oct 1.00 7.97 8.14 16.1 18.1 18.9 20.8 21.7 19.2 21.6 22.6 25.0 25.9 24.0 26.9 28.2 31.1 32.3
Nov 0.98 7.78 7.87 15.7 17.6 18.4 20.3 21.1 18.8 21.1 22.1 24.3 25.3 23.4 26.3 27.5 30.3 31.5
Dec 0.94 7.46 7.32 15.0 16.9 17.7 19.5 20.3 18.0 20.2 21.2 23.4 24.3 22.4 25.2 26.4 29.1 30.2
N 0.75 - 5.76 12.0 13.5 14.1 15.6 16.2 14.3 16.1 16.9 18.6 19.4 17.9 20.1 21.0 23.2 24.1
NE 0.77 - 5.97 12.4 14.0 14.6 16.1 16.8 14.9 16.7 17.5 19.3 20.1 18.5 20.8 21.8 24.0 25.0
E 0.76 - 5.83 12.1 13.6 14.3 15.7 16.4 14.5 16.3 17.1 18.8 19.6 18.1 20.3 21.3 23.5 24.4
SE 0.97 - 7.51 15.6 17.6 18.4 20.3 21.1 18.7 21.0 22.0 24.3 25.2 23.3 26.2 27.4 30.2 31.4
S 1.00 - 7.72 16.1 18.1 18.9 20.8 21.7 19.2 21.6 22.6 25.0 25.9 24.0 26.9 28.2 31.1 32.3
SW 0.97 - 7.52 15.6 17.6 18.4 20.3 21.1 18.7 21.1 22.0 24.3 25.3 23.3 26.2 27.5 30.3 31.5
W 0.84 - 6.49 13.5 15.2 15.9 17.5 18.2 16.2 18.2 19.0 21.0 21.8 20.1 22.6 23.7 26.1 27.2
NW 0.80 - 6.21 12.9 14.5 15.2 16.8 17.4 15.5 17.4 18.2 20.1 20.9 19.3 21.7 22.7 25.0 26.0
Notes:
1. Monthly scaling ratios calculated as the ratio of the monthly 10%ile to the maximum monthly 10%ile, although the monthly 10%ile values were calculated as the mean of 3 months, to smooth
any discrepancies caused by limited monthly data.
2. Gust factor scaling ratios were calculated from API (1993), producing the following equations.
U60-s = 1.197 x U1-hr
U3-s = 1.491 x U1-hr
3. All criteria were estimated from VOF data

Figure C1.1
N NE E SE S SW W NW Total CFD
0.50
75 65 105 281 515 293 145 80 1559 15372
2.10
95 97 211 825 1807 1111 381 153 4680 13813
3.60
66 72 151 1021 2731 1499 309 92 5941 9133
5.70
24 23 46 480 1356 701 113 38 2781 3192
Mean Wind Speed (m/s)
8.80
3 4 7 67 178 77 10 5 351 411
11.30
2 2 6 28 12 4 54 60
14.40
2 2 1 5 6
17.50
1 1 1
21.10
24.70
28.80
32.90
50.00
Total 263 263 522 2683 6617 3694 962 368 15372
V32/97-08-05 - Y:\C56003\DATA\UKMO VOF\WINDS VOF.MDB~F2S_UKMO VOF_WS/WD_ALL-YEAR_2/1860-6/97
Mean Wind Direction (direction from)
N
45%
NW 30% NE
15%
0%
Variable
W 0.00% E
15372 Samples
SW SE
S
21.1 28.8
8.8 14.4
0.5 3.6
2.1 5.7 11.3 17.5 24.7 32.9

V32/97-08-05 - Y:\C56003\DATA\UKMO VOF\WINDS VOF.MDB~F2S_UKMO VOF_WS/WD_ALL-YEAR_2/1860-6/97
VAALCO Gabon (Etame) Inc - Metocean Design Study

All-Year; Mean Wind Speed & Direction; Frequency Table and Rose
Data Source: UKMO VOF - Sea Area: 1 - 5 S, 8 - 11 E; 2/1860 - 6/1997
Figure C1.2
0.50
6 6 4 15 48 35 11 12 137 1279
2.10
4 4 13 55 152 128 27 15 398 1142
3.60
7 10 13 86 214 140 40 9 519 744
5.70
3 2 3 26 91 47 12 5 189 225
8.80
1 4 12 8 2 2 29 36
11.30
2 1 1 4 7
14.40
2 2 3
17.50
1 1 1
21.10
24.70
28.80
32.90
50.00
Total 20 22 34 189 519 359 93 43 1279
V32/97-08-05 - Y:\C56003\DATA\UKMO VOF\WINDS VOF.MDB~F2S_UKMO VOF_WS/WD_JAN_2/1860-6/97
N
45%
NW 30% NE
15%
0%
Variable
W 0.00% E
1279 Samples
SW SE
S
21.1 28.8
8.8 14.4
0.5 3.6
2.1 5.7 11.3 17.5 24.7 32.9

V32/97-08-05 - Y:\C56003\DATA\UKMO VOF\WINDS VOF.MDB~F2S_UKMO VOF_WS/WD_JAN_2/1860-6/97

January; Mean Wind Speed & Direction; Frequency Table and Rose
Figure C1.3
0.50
10 8 7 19 43 29 16 5 137 1219
2.10
5 11 20 59 145 95 58 17 410 1082
3.60
14 10 11 61 189 132 37 15 469 672
5.70
3 3 6 19 75 50 12 6 174 203
8.80
1 2 1 5 8 4 2 23 29
11.30
1 2 2 1 6 6
14.40
17.50
21.10
24.70
28.80
32.90
50.00
Total 33 34 45 164 462 312 126 43 1219
V32/97-08-05 - Y:\C56003\DATA\UKMO VOF\WINDS VOF.MDB~F2S_UKMO VOF_WS/WD_FEB_2/1860-6/97
N
40%
NW 30% NE
20%
10%
0%
Variable
W 0.00% E
1219 Samples
SW SE
S
21.1 28.8
8.8 14.4
0.5 3.6
2.1 5.7 11.3 17.5 24.7 32.9

V32/97-08-05 - Y:\C56003\DATA\UKMO VOF\WINDS VOF.MDB~F2S_UKMO VOF_WS/WD_FEB_2/1860-6/97

February; Mean Wind Speed & Direction; Frequency Table and Rose
Figure C1.4
0.50
6 5 10 20 27 29 12 9 118 1340
2.10
14 14 22 65 152 108 65 23 463 1222
3.60
14 17 18 83 207 116 52 18 525 759
5.70
6 6 5 35 73 51 12 9 197 234
8.80
2 2 2 6 8 5 2 1 28 37
11.30
2 1 3 2 1 9 9
14.40
17.50
21.10
24.70
28.80
32.90
50.00
Total 42 46 58 209 470 311 144 60 1340
V32/97-08-05 - Y:\C56003\DATA\UKMO VOF\WINDS VOF.MDB~F2S_UKMO VOF_WS/WD_MAR_2/1860-6/97
N
40%
NW 30% NE
20%
10%
0%
Variable
W 0.00% E
1340 Samples
SW SE
S
21.1 28.8
8.8 14.4
0.5 3.6
2.1 5.7 11.3 17.5 24.7 32.9

V32/97-08-05 - Y:\C56003\DATA\UKMO VOF\WINDS VOF.MDB~F2S_UKMO VOF_WS/WD_MAR_2/1860-6/97

March; Mean Wind Speed & Direction; Frequency Table and Rose
Figure C1.5
0.50
11 10 13 21 44 20 13 10 142 1221
2.10
21 18 33 82 152 89 34 15 444 1079
3.60
11 11 21 94 155 86 28 12 418 635
5.70
5 5 10 38 77 37 8 6 186 217
8.80
1 7 15 4 1 28 31
11.30
1 1 1 3 3
14.40
17.50
21.10
24.70
28.80
32.90
50.00
Total 48 46 77 243 443 237 83 44 1221
V32/97-08-05 - Y:\C56003\DATA\UKMO VOF\WINDS VOF.MDB~F2S_UKMO VOF_WS/WD_APR_2/1860-6/97
N
40%
NW 30% NE
20%
10%
0%
Variable
W 0.00% E
1221 Samples
SW SE
S
21.1 28.8
8.8 14.4
0.5 3.6
2.1 5.7 11.3 17.5 24.7 32.9

V32/97-08-05 - Y:\C56003\DATA\UKMO VOF\WINDS VOF.MDB~F2S_UKMO VOF_WS/WD_APR_2/1860-6/97

April; Mean Wind Speed & Direction; Frequency Table and Rose
Figure C1.6
0.50
3 4 10 30 54 25 20 7 153 1295
2.10
13 14 23 89 151 85 30 19 424 1142
3.60
6 5 13 123 221 74 16 6 464 718
5.70
3 2 6 65 117 25 4 2 224 254
8.80
2 8 8 5 23 30
11.30
1 1 5 7 7
14.40
17.50
21.10
24.70
28.80
32.90
50.00
Total 25 25 55 316 556 214 70 34 1295
V32/97-08-05 - Y:\C56003\DATA\UKMO VOF\WINDS VOF.MDB~F2S_UKMO VOF_WS/WD_MAY_2/1860-6/97
N
45%
NW 30% NE
15%
0%
Variable
W 0.00% E
1295 Samples
SW SE
S
21.1 28.8
8.8 14.4
0.5 3.6
2.1 5.7 11.3 17.5 24.7 32.9

V32/97-08-05 - Y:\C56003\DATA\UKMO VOF\WINDS VOF.MDB~F2S_UKMO VOF_WS/WD_MAY_2/1860-6/97

May; Mean Wind Speed & Direction; Frequency Table and Rose
Figure C1.7
0.50
9 7 14 41 48 23 13 11 166 1204
2.10
8 9 24 114 163 82 26 6 432 1038
3.60
2 16 114 188 45 12 3 380 606
5.70
6 66 103 20 195 226
8.80
1 5 21 2 29 31
11.30
2 2 2
14.40
17.50
21.10
24.70
28.80
32.90
50.00
Total 17 18 61 340 525 172 51 20 1204
V32/97-08-05 - Y:\C56003\DATA\UKMO VOF\WINDS VOF.MDB~F2S_UKMO VOF_WS/WD_JUN_2/1860-6/97
N
45%
NW 30% NE
15%
0%
Variable
W 0.00% E
1204 Samples
SW SE
S
21.1 28.8
8.8 14.4
0.5 3.6
2.1 5.7 11.3 17.5 24.7 32.9

V32/97-08-05 - Y:\C56003\DATA\UKMO VOF\WINDS VOF.MDB~F2S_UKMO VOF_WS/WD_JUN_2/1860-6/97

June; Mean Wind Speed & Direction; Frequency Table and Rose
Figure C1.8
0.50
11 11 25 56 90 39 17 4 253 1333
2.10
6 7 27 116 199 66 16 9 446 1080
3.60
3 4 16 129 211 58 8 5 434 634
5.70
58 96 25 2 2 183 200
8.80
6 8 14 17
11.30
1 2 3 3
14.40
17.50
21.10
24.70
28.80
32.90
50.00
Total 20 22 68 366 606 188 43 20 1333
V32/97-08-05 - Y:\C56003\DATA\UKMO VOF\WINDS VOF.MDB~F2S_UKMO VOF_WS/WD_JUL_2/1860-6/97
N
60%
NW 45% NE
30%
15%
0%
Variable
W 0.00% E
1333 Samples
SW SE
S
21.1 28.8
8.8 14.4
0.5 3.6
2.1 5.7 11.3 17.5 24.7 32.9

V32/97-08-05 - Y:\C56003\DATA\UKMO VOF\WINDS VOF.MDB~F2S_UKMO VOF_WS/WD_JUL_2/1860-6/97

July; Mean Wind Speed & Direction; Frequency Table and Rose
Figure C1.9
0.50
8 6 7 28 59 23 12 5 148 1136
2.10
11 8 13 87 190 77 18 11 415 988
3.60
8 75 200 80 10 1 374 573
5.70
4 42 93 28 4 2 173 199
8.80
6 7 6 1 20 26
11.30
1 3 2 6 6
14.40
17.50
21.10
24.70
28.80
32.90
50.00
Total 19 14 32 239 552 216 44 20 1136
V32/97-08-05 - Y:\C56003\DATA\UKMO VOF\WINDS VOF.MDB~F2S_UKMO VOF_WS/WD_AUG_2/1860-6/97
N
60%
NW 45% NE
30%
15%
0%
Variable
W 0.00% E
1136 Samples
SW SE
S
21.1 28.8
8.8 14.4
0.5 3.6
2.1 5.7 11.3 17.5 24.7 32.9

V32/97-08-05 - Y:\C56003\DATA\UKMO VOF\WINDS VOF.MDB~F2S_UKMO VOF_WS/WD_AUG_2/1860-6/97

August; Mean Wind Speed & Direction; Frequency Table and Rose
Figure C1.10
0.50
2 8 30 21 8 2 71 1263
2.10
2 21 133 104 31 8 299 1192
3.60
1 1 4 42 278 191 23 3 543 893
5.70
36 165 94 9 2 306 350
8.80
5 27 7 1 40 44
11.30
2 2 4 4
14.40
17.50
21.10
24.70
28.80
32.90
50.00
Total 1 1 8 112 635 419 72 15 1263
V32/97-08-05 - Y:\C56003\DATA\UKMO VOF\WINDS VOF.MDB~F2S_UKMO VOF_WS/WD_SEP_2/1860-6/97
N
60%
NW 45% NE
30%
15%
0%
Variable
W 0.00% E
1263 Samples
SW SE
S
21.1 28.8
8.8 14.4
0.5 3.6
2.1 5.7 11.3 17.5 24.7 32.9

V32/97-08-05 - Y:\C56003\DATA\UKMO VOF\WINDS VOF.MDB~F2S_UKMO VOF_WS/WD_SEP_2/1860-6/97

September; Mean Wind Speed & Direction; Frequency Table and Rose
Figure C1.11
0.50
2 7 9 3 2 23 1373
2.10
1 1 4 16 92 95 20 8 237 1350
3.60
2 2 36 304 257 38 5 644 1113
5.70
1 1 19 187 178 24 1 411 469
8.80
2 26 22 2 52 58
11.30
3 2 5 6
14.40
1 1 1
17.50
21.10
24.70
28.80
32.90
50.00
Total 3 4 5 75 619 564 87 16 1373
V32/97-08-05 - Y:\C56003\DATA\UKMO VOF\WINDS VOF.MDB~F2S_UKMO VOF_WS/WD_OCT_2/1860-6/97
N
60%
NW 45% NE
30%
15%
0%
Variable
W 0.00% E
1373 Samples
SW SE
S
21.1 28.8
8.8 14.4
0.5 3.6
2.1 5.7 11.3 17.5 24.7 32.9

V32/97-08-05 - Y:\C56003\DATA\UKMO VOF\WINDS VOF.MDB~F2S_UKMO VOF_WS/WD_OCT_2/1860-6/97

October; Mean Wind Speed & Direction; Frequency Table and Rose
Figure C1.12
0.50
9 6 2 14 20 17 3 2 73 1392
2.10
2 2 10 41 141 101 28 8 333 1319
3.60
5 8 13 68 294 197 28 6 619 986
5.70
2 2 42 158 96 17 317 367
8.80
7 22 13 2 44 50
11.30
1 3 4 6
14.40
2 2 2
17.50
21.10
24.70
28.80
32.90
50.00
Total 18 18 25 173 640 424 78 16 1392
V32/97-08-05 - Y:\C56003\DATA\UKMO VOF\WINDS VOF.MDB~F2S_UKMO VOF_WS/WD_NOV_2/1860-6/97
N
60%
NW 45% NE
30%
15%
0%
Variable
W 0.00% E
1392 Samples
SW SE
S
21.1 28.8
8.8 14.4
0.5 3.6
2.1 5.7 11.3 17.5 24.7 32.9

V32/97-08-05 - Y:\C56003\DATA\UKMO VOF\WINDS VOF.MDB~F2S_UKMO VOF_WS/WD_NOV_2/1860-6/97

November; Mean Wind Speed & Direction; Frequency Table and Rose
Figure C1.13
0.50
4 4 12 29 45 25 18 11 148 1357
2.10
12 11 20 80 139 82 29 15 388 1209
3.60
3 3 18 110 270 124 18 9 555 821
5.70
3 3 5 35 122 51 10 5 234 266
8.80
6 19 2 1 28 32
11.30
2 2 4 4
14.40
17.50
21.10
24.70
28.80
32.90
50.00
Total 22 21 55 262 595 286 75 41 1357
V32/97-08-05 - Y:\C56003\DATA\UKMO VOF\WINDS VOF.MDB~F2S_UKMO VOF_WS/WD_DEC_2/1860-6/97
N
45%
NW 30% NE
15%
0%
Variable
W 0.00% E
1357 Samples
SW SE
S
21.1 28.8
8.8 14.4
0.5 3.6
2.1 5.7 11.3 17.5 24.7 32.9

V32/97-08-05 - Y:\C56003\DATA\UKMO VOF\WINDS VOF.MDB~F2S_UKMO VOF_WS/WD_DEC_2/1860-6/97

December; Mean Wind Speed & Direction; Frequency Table and Rose
Figure C1.14
0.999999
0.99999
0.9999
0.999
0.99
Probability of Non Exceedence
0.90
0.80
0.70
0.60
0.50
0.40 Cum. Frequency Extrapolation
Weibull 3 Maxima
0.30 Least Squares
No. Observations : 15776
0.20 Interval (hours) :1
Exclusion Limit : 95.0%
Marginal Prob : 1.0000
0.10 Alpha (Location) : 1.3149
Beta (Scale) : 3.2464
Gamma (Shape) : 1.4777
0.05
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
RETURN PERIOD PROBABILITY EXTREME VALUE

1 Year 0.9998859229 15.76
5 Years 0.9999771846 17.45
10 Years 0.9999885923 18.15
50 Years 0.9999977185 19.72
100 Years 0.9999988592 20.38
V32/97-08-05 - Y:\C56003\DATA\UKMO VOF\WINDS VOF.MDB~F1C_UKMO VOF_WS_ALL-YEAR_2/1860-6/97
Figure C1.15
0.999999
0.99999
0.9999
0.999
0.99
Cum. Frequency Extrapolation
Fisher Tippett 1 Maxima
Least Squares
0.90 No. Observations : 15776
Interval (hours) :1
Alpha (Location) : 3.3668
0.10 Beta (Scale) : 1.4318
0.01
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50

1 Year 0.9998859229 16.37
5 Years 0.9999771846 18.67
10 Years 0.9999885923 19.66
50 Years 0.9999977185 21.97
100 Years 0.9999988592 22.96

Weibull & F-T1 mls; Non-directional; Mean Wind Speed; All-year
Figure C1.16
0.999999
0.99999
0.9999
0.999

0.99
Least Squares
Alpha (Location) : -2000.0000
Beta (Scale) : 2003.3696
0.10 Gamma (Shape) : 1403.6223
0.01
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50

1 Year 0.9998859229 16.37
5 Years 0.9999771846 18.68
10 Years 0.9999885923 19.68
50 Years 0.9999977185 22.00
100 Years 0.9999988592 23.00
Figure C1.17
0.999999
0.99999
0.9999
0.999

0.99
Least Squares
Beta (Scale) : 1996.6360
0.10 Gamma (Shape) : 1390.1465
0.01
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50

1 Year 0.9998859229 16.36
5 Years 0.9999771846 18.66
10 Years 0.9999885923 19.64
50 Years 0.9999977185 21.94
100 Years 0.9999988592 22.92

F-T2 & F-T3 mls; Non-directional; Mean Wind Speed; All-year
Figure C2.1
0.50
4 8 64 50 61 57 19 5 268 6813
2.10
28 40 202 281 1168 1127 227 26 3099 6545
3.60
10 6 32 87 1247 1319 134 10 2845 3446
5.70
1 2 7 13 241 282 19 4 569 601
8.80
1 1 13 12 27 32
11.30
1 2 2 5 5
14.40
17.50
21.10
24.70
28.80
32.90
50.00
Total 43 57 305 433 2732 2799 399 45 6813
V32/97-08-05 - Y:\C56003\DATA\GENTIL\WINDS GENTIL.MDB~F2S_PORT GENTIL_WS/WD_ALL-YEAR_1/89-12/97
N
45%
NW 30% NE
15%
0%
Variable
W 0.00% E
6813 Samples
SW SE
S
21.1 28.8
8.8 14.4
0.5 3.6
2.1 5.7 11.3 17.5 24.7 32.9

V32/97-08-05 - Y:\C56003\DATA\GENTIL\WINDS GENTIL.MDB~F2S_PORT GENTIL_WS/WD_ALL-YEAR_1/89-12/97

Data Source: Port Gentil; 1/1989 - 12/1997
Figure C2.2
0.999999
0.99999
0.9999
0.999
0.99
0.90
0.80
0.70
0.60
0.50
Weibull 3 Maxima
0.30 Least Squares
0.05
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 4550

1 Year 0.9998859229 13.20
5 Years 0.9999771846 15.00
10 Years 0.9999885923 15.77
50 Years 0.9999977185 17.55
100 Years 0.9999988592 18.32
V32/97-08-05 - Y:\C56003\DATA\GENTIL\WINDS GENTIL.MDB~F1C_PORT GENTIL_WS_ALL-YEAR_1/89-12/97
Figure C2.3
0.999999
0.99999
0.9999
0.999
0.99
Least Squares
Interval (hours) :1
0.10 Beta (Scale) : 1.1115
0.01
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50

1 Year 0.9998859229 13.19
5 Years 0.9999771846 14.98
10 Years 0.9999885923 15.75
50 Years 0.9999977185 17.53
100 Years 0.9999988592 18.31

Figure C2.4
0.999999
0.99999
0.9999
0.999

0.99
Least Squares
0.10 Gamma (Shape) : 19.3671
0.01
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50

1 Year 0.9998859229 13.82
5 Years 0.9999771846 16.26
10 Years 0.9999885923 17.37
50 Years 0.9999977185 20.11
100 Years 0.9999988592 21.36
Figure C2.5
0.999999
0.99999
0.9999
0.999

0.99
Least Squares
Beta (Scale) : 1996.9069
0.10 Gamma (Shape) : 1792.6313
0.01
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50

1 Year 0.9998859229 13.18
5 Years 0.9999771846 14.96
10 Years 0.9999885923 15.73
50 Years 0.9999977185 17.51
100 Years 0.9999988592 18.28

Figure C3.1
0.999999
0.99999
0.9999
0.999
0.99
0.90
0.80
0.70
0.60
0.50
Weibull 3 Maxima
0.30 Least Squares
0.05
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50

1 Year 0.9998859229 10.94
5 Years 0.9999771846 11.89
10 Years 0.9999885923 12.27
50 Years 0.9999977185 13.12
100 Years 0.9999988592 13.47
V32/97-08-05 - C:\ADRIAN\SATELLITE.MDB~F1C_GEOSAT/TOPEX/ERS1_U_ALL-YEAR_11/86-5/98
Figure C3.2
0.999999
0.99999
0.9999
0.999
0.99
Least Squares
Interval (hours) :1
0.10 Beta (Scale) : 1.0897
0.01
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50

1 Year 0.9998859229 12.53
5 Years 0.9999771846 14.28
10 Years 0.9999885923 15.04
50 Years 0.9999977185 16.79
100 Years 0.9999988592 17.55

Data Source: Satellite Observing Systems; GEOSAT/TOPEX/ERS-1; 3.0°-4.6°S, 9.6°-11.3°E; 1Hz Data
Weibull & F-T1 mls; Non-directional; Mean Wind Speed; All-year; 11/1986-5/1998
Figure C3.3
0.999999
0.99999
0.9999
0.999

0.99
Least Squares
Beta (Scale) : 2002.6377
0.10 Gamma (Shape) : 1839.8645
0.01
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50

1 Year 0.9998859229 12.54
5 Years 0.9999771846 14.31
10 Years 0.9999885923 15.06
50 Years 0.9999977185 16.83
100 Years 0.9999988592 17.59
Figure C3.4
0.999999
0.99999
0.9999
0.999

0.99
Least Squares
0.10 Gamma (Shape) : 4.4111
0.01
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

1 Year 0.9998859229 9.36
5 Years 0.9999771846 9.67
10 Years 0.9999885923 9.77
50 Years 0.9999977185 9.95
100 Years 0.9999988592 10.01

F-T2 & F-T3 mls; Non-directional; Mean Wind Speed; All-year; 11/1986-5/1998
Figure C3.5
0.999999
0.99999
0.9999
0.999
0.99
0.90
0.80
0.70
0.60
0.50
Weibull 3 Maxima
0.30 Method of Moments
0.10 Alpha (Location) : -0.9612
0.05
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50

1 Year 0.9998859229 10.47
5 Years 0.9999771846 11.25
10 Years 0.9999885923 11.57
50 Years 0.9999977185 12.26
100 Years 0.9999988592 12.54
Figure C3.6
0.999999
0.99999
0.9999
0.999
0.99
Method of Moments
Interval (hours) :1
0.10 Beta (Scale) : 1.4005
0.01
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50

1 Year 0.9998859229 15.10
5 Years 0.9999771846 17.36
10 Years 0.9999885923 18.33
50 Years 0.9999977185 20.58
100 Years 0.9999988592 21.55

Weibull & F-T1 mm; Non-directional; Mean Wind Speed; All-year; 11/1986-5/1998
Figure C4.1
0.0
64 54 117 424 1488 1697 591 139 4574 10692
3.1
6 2 20 248 2118 2804 520 28 5746 6118
5.7
5 100 227 37 1 370 372
8.2
1 1 2 2
10.8
13.4
16.0
18.5
21.1
23.7
26.3
28.8
50.0
Total 70 56 137 677 3707 4729 1148 168 10692
V32/97-08-05 - Y:\C56003\DATA\UKMO GWM\WINDS GWM.MDB~F2S_UKMO GWM_WS/WD_ALL-YEAR_6/91-10/98
N
45%
NW 30% NE
15%
0%
Variable
W 0.00% E
10692 Samples
SW SE
S
21.1 26.3
10.8 16
0 5.7
3.1 8.2 13.4 18.5 23.7 28.8

V32/97-08-05 - Y:\C56003\DATA\UKMO GWM\WINDS GWM.MDB~F2S_UKMO GWM_WS/WD_ALL-YEAR_6/91-10/98

Data Source: UKMO GWM - 3.7S 10.6E; 6/91 - 10/98
Figure C4.2
0.999999
0.99999
0.9999
0.999
0.99
0.90
0.80
0.70
0.60
0.50
Weibull 3 Maxima
0.30 Least Squares
0.05
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50

1 Year 0.9998859229 8.39
5 Years 0.9999771846 8.96
10 Years 0.9999885923 9.19
50 Years 0.9999977185 9.70
100 Years 0.9999988592 9.91
V32/97-08-05 - Y:\C56003\DATA\UKMO GWM\WINDS GWM.MDB~F1C_UKMO GWM_WS_ALL-YEAR_6/91-10/98
Figure C4.3
0.999999
0.99999
0.9999
0.999
0.99
Least Squares
Interval (hours) :1
0.10 Beta (Scale) : 0.6067
0.01
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50

1 Year 0.9998859229 8.73
5 Years 0.9999771846 9.71
10 Years 0.9999885923 10.13
50 Years 0.9999977185 11.10
100 Years 0.9999988592 11.52

Figure C4.4
0.999999
0.99999
0.9999
0.999

0.99
Least Squares
Beta (Scale) : 2003.2223
0.10 Gamma (Shape) : 3305.5687
0.01
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50

1 Year 0.9998859229 8.73
5 Years 0.9999771846 9.71
10 Years 0.9999885923 10.13
50 Years 0.9999977185 11.11
100 Years 0.9999988592 11.53
Figure C4.5
0.999999
0.99999
0.9999
0.999

0.99
Least Squares
0.10 Gamma (Shape) : 7.6193
0.01
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

1 Year 0.9998859229 8.36
5 Years 0.9999771846 8.81
10 Years 0.9999885923 8.98
50 Years 0.9999977185 9.31
100 Years 0.9999988592 9.43

Figure C5 - Monthly 10%ile and 3-Month Rolling 10%ile Mean Wind Speed
9.00
8.50
8.00
7.50
7.00
6.50
6.00
5.50 3-month rolling mean

monthly 10%ile
5.00
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Figure C6 - Monthly 10%ile Wind Speed by Direction
9.00
8.50
8.00
7.50
7.00
6.50
6.00
5.50 monthly 10%ile
5.00
N NE E SE SE SW W NW
VAALCO Gabon (Etame) Inc 1733-Final

Metocean Design Criteria for the Etame Field fig_c5_c6.xls
D. WAVES
This section discusses the derivation of extreme wave criteria estimated from the following data sets:
• VOF – significant wave height and mean wave direction

• GWM – significant wave height, wave period and mean wave direction
• Satellite altimeters – significant wave height
• Sekondi, Ghana (Draper, 1967)
The following list summarizes the operational and design wave criteria presented and described in
this section:
• Joint frequency distribution of significant wave height and direction (tables and wave roses):
q All-year
• Joint frequency distribution of significant wave height and period:
q All-year
• Extreme wave criteria for the all-year condition, by direction:
q Significant wave height
q Mean zero-crossing period (most likely and range)
q Maximum wave height
• Omni-directional extreme significant wave height:
q By month
• Omni-directional individual wave height distribution for fatigue analysis:
q Number of waves per half-meter height band per year by direction.
Wave height criteria by direction are presented using 8 direction sectors, centered on the cardinal
points N, NE, E, SE, S, SW, W, NW.
D.1 VOF Data
The all-year joint frequency table and wave rose is presented in Figure D1.1. The distribution of
waves is similar to winds, and maximum observed significant wave height was less than 5m.
Monthly wave roses were not generated due to the shortage of data points.

D.2 GWM Data
The all-year joint frequency table and resultant wave height rose is presented in Figure D3.1. The
distribution of waves from the GWM exhibits a larger proportion of lower wave heights than the VOF
data. Maximum observed resultant wave height was less than 3.3m and the predominant wave
directions are south to south-west. Monthly wave roses were not generated due to the shortage of
data points.
Figure D3.2 shows the resultant wave height and wave period scatter diagram.
D.3 Sekondi Data
Wave data from Ghana presented in Draper (1967) were used to estimate extreme values and
compare the wave height and period scatter diagram with that presented in Figure D3.2.
D.4 Non-Directional Significant Wave Height
Cardone et al (1995) describe the methodology and selected results of a Joint Industry Project called
WAX (West Africa Extremes) whose purpose was to develop estimates of extreme waves for the
West Coast of Africa between 5°N and 15°S. This was achieved through use of a hindcast method
which comprised: storm selection, specification of wind fields, application of a directional spectral
wave prediction model, model validation and extreme analysis of the hindcast results. Table D.2
presents extreme significant and maximum wave heights output by WAX for three deepwater sites
offshore Namibia, Cabinda and Nigeria. These values are for a nominal water depth of 200m.
The results for the model grid point offshore Cabinda, which is closest to the study site, suggest that
extreme wave heights derived from the VOF data overestimate the extreme wave climate by about
50% and that extreme waves obtained from the GWM data underestimate by about 7 – 14%.
However, the extreme significant wave heights derived from analysis of the satellite altimeter data
are within 1 - 7% of the WAX values. In view of this, the N-year values of significant wave height for
the study site have been derived from the average of the extreme values obtained from the functions
that gave the best fits to the satellite (GEOSAT/TOPEX/ ERS1) data. The final values are presented
in Table D.2, along with the extreme values estimated from each data set.

D.5 Significant Wave Height By Month
Percentage exceedence distributions of resultant wave height by month generated from GWM data
and significant wave height by month produced from VOF and satellite data were used to determine
10-percentile values of wave height for each calendar month. For each data set, the wave heights
were normalized by dividing throughout by the highest monthly value: relative magnitudes are
presented in Figure D.6.
The highest of the monthly relative magnitudes were then used to scale the non-directional extreme
significant wave heights given in Table D.2. The final values are presented in Table D.3. The
months where the highest waves are expected are May to August. December to March are likely to
be the calmer months.
D.6 Significant Wave Height By Direction
Percentage exceedence distributions of resultant wave height by direction generated from GWM data
and significant wave height by direction generated from VOF data were used to determine 10-
percentile values of wave height for each of eight directional sectors centered on the cardinal points
of the compass. For each data set the wave heights were normalized by dividing throughout by the
highest directional value: relative magnitudes are presented in Figure D.7.
The highest of the directional relative magnitudes were then used to scale the non-directional
extreme significant wave heights given in Table D.2. The final values are presented in Table D.4.
D.7 Mean Zero Up-Crossing Period
D.7.1 Total Sea Conditions
The joint wave height and wave period frequency distribution derived from the GWM data was used
to determine the relationship between significant wave height, Hs, and mean zero up-crossing period,
Tz for total sea (resultant) conditions. The associated significant steepness, Ss, has been derived
from Hs and Tz as follows:
2πH s
Ss = 2
gTz (D-1)

where Tz is the value of the wave period distribution conditional on Hs. Significant steepness was
calculated from the mode of the conditional distribution of T z and from the 5 and 95-percentiles,
derived from each cumulative frequency distribution of Tz conditional on Hs.
The Ssmode, Ss5%ile and Ss95%ile were plotted against Hs. Regression analysis of Ssmode against Hs and
Ss5%ile against Hs gave the following equations:
Ssmod e = (0 . 0042 ln (Hs )) + 0 . 0201 (D-2)

Ss5 % ile = (0 . 0026 ln (Hs )) + 0 . 0125 (D-3)
The average of the values of Ss95%ile = 0.0370 for 1.8 m < Hs < 3.2 m. These equations were used to
derive the following relationships between Hs and Tz:
1
 6 . 28 H  2
=
( )
s
Tzupper  (D-4)
 g Ss5 % ile 
1
 6 . 28 H  2
=
( )
s
Tzcentral  (D-5)
 g Ssmod e 
1
 6 . 28 Hs  2
Tzlower =  
 g(0 . 0370 )  (D-6)
The final all-year, monthly and directional values are presented in Table D.5 and D.6 using the
monthly and directional scaling ratios presented in Table D.3 and D.4.
D.7.2 Swell Conditions
The joint wave height and wave period frequency distribution derived from the GWM data was used
to determine the relationship between significant wave height, Hs, and mean zero up-crossing period,
Tz for swell conditions. The associated significant steepness, Ss, has been derived from Hs and Tz as
follows:
2πH s
Ss = 2
gTz (D-7)

where Tz is the value of the wave period distribution conditional on Hs. Significant steepness was
calculated from the mode of the conditional distribution of T z and from the 5 and 95-percentiles,
derived from each cumulative frequency distribution of Tz conditional on Hs.
The Ssmode, Ss5%ile and Ss95%ile were plotted against Hs. Regression analysis of Ssmode against Hs and
Ss5%ile against Hs gave the following equations:
S smod e = (0 . 0009 ln (H s )) + 0 . 0171 (D-8)
S s5 % ile = (0 . 0039 ln (Hs )) + 0 . 0081 (D-9)
The average of the values of Ss95%ile = 0.0335 for 0.8 m < Hs < 3.2 m. These equations were used to
derive the following relationships between Hs and Tz:
1
 6 . 28 H  2
=
( )
s
Tzupper  (D-10)
 g Ss5 % ile 
1
 6 . 28 H  2
=
( )
s
Tzcentral  (D-11)
 g Ssmod e 
1
 6 . 28 Hs  2
Tzlower = 
 g(0 . 0335 )  (D-12)
The final all-year, monthly and directional values are presented in Table D.5 and D.6 using the
monthly and directional scaling ratios presented in Table D.3 and D.4.
D.8 Maximum Wave Height
In deep water the distribution of individual zero up-crossing wave heights may be represented by the
Rayleigh distribution and the distribution of maximum wave heights (Hmax) by the Rayleigh distribution
to the power Nz (Tann, 1976). Hence the value of Hmax may be calculated from Hs and Tz using the
following relationship, given in Carter and Challenor (1981):
1


(
Hmax = κ H s − 0.5 ln1 − 1 − F(x ) ) 1N z



2
(D-13)


For a narrow-band sea state κ = 1.0, whereas for a broad-band sea state κ = 0.9.
The distribution of Hmax is skewed and the mode is relatively low in the distribution, with a 63%
probability of being exceeded during a three-hour period. Accepting that the design value will be
greater than the modal value we have included three estimates of Hmax in our design analyses:
(i) κ = 1.0, F(x) = 0.63 narrow-band sea with a 63% chance of being exceeded
(ii) κ = 0.9, F(x) = 0.10 broad-band sea with a 10% chance of being exceeded
(iii) κ = 0.9, F(x) = 0.01 broad-band sea with a 1% chance of being exceeded
The final values are presented in Table D.5 and D.6.
D.9 Fatigue
The marginal distribution of individual wave heights may be estimated from the joint distribution of
significant wave height and mean zero up-crossing period using a method proposed by
Battjes (1972). For each H s - Tz cell, the distribution of individual wave heights was estimated using
the Rayleigh distribution (a special case of the two parameter Weibull distribution where A=2.0,
B=2.0):
 B
( ) 
 H
F H > H ’ = exp − A





(D-14)
  Hs  
where H is the individual wave height and Hs the significant wave height.
The total number of waves in each Hs - Tz cell is calculated by dividing the time (in seconds) that the
measurements cover by the average value of T z. The Rayleigh individual wave height distributions
are then calculated for each Hs - Tz cell and the distributions for each cell summed together to
produce the marginal distribution which takes into account the joint occurrence between significant
wave height and mean zero up-crossing period.
An all-year, non-directional joint frequency distribution of Hs and Tz was prepared using the GWM
data. An individual wave height distribution was then calculated using the Rayleigh distribution. The
number of individual wave heights for a period of 1-year (n1) is as follows:
n1 = 7,166,713
(D-15)

The number of waves in each direction sector were estimated by scaling the non-directional number
of waves by the relative magnitude of the frequency of resultant wave height by direction; obtained
from analysis of the GWM and VOF data. The results are presented in Table D.7.
The cumulative frequency distribution of individual wave height may be expressed as:
  H 
1−  
n = n N   HN  
(D-16)
where n = number of waves which will exceed the value H

nN = number of waves in a period of N years
H = individual wave height (m)
HN = most probable highest wave height in a period of N years (m).
Cumulative frequency distributions were produced using the values for n1 given in Table D.7 and the
values of Hmax1 given in Table D.5 and D.6 (κ = 0.9, F(x) = 0.01). The cumulative frequency
distributions were then used to generate frequency distributions of individual wave height by
direction; these are presented in Table D.8.
Table D.1 – Extreme Non-directional All-year Wave Heights and Associated Periods: WAX
10-year 100-year
Hs Hmax Tp Hs Hmax Tp
(m) (m) (s) (m) (m) (s)
Southern Nigeria 3.2 5.7 13 - 15 3.8 6.7 15 - 16
Cabinda 3.6 6.0 16 4.3 7.6 17
Northern Namibia 5.2 9.1 12 - 17 6.2 10.7 12 - 17

Table D.2 – Extreme Non-directional All-year Significant Wave Heights: VOF, GWM, Satellite Altimeters
and Sekondi
Data Source Method Return Period (years)

1 5 10 50 100
(m) (m) (m) (m) (m)
VOF W3 4.41 4.99 5.23 5.78 6.00
FT1 4.67 5.47 5.82 6.62 6.96
FT2 4.68 5.48 5.82 6.62 6.97
FT3 4.52 5.16 5.42 6.01 6.24
Mean 4.53 5.21 5.49 6.14 6.40
GWM W3 2.83 3.08 3.18 3.40 3.49

FT1 2.99 3.38 3.55 3.95 4.12
FT2 2.99 3.38 3.55 3.95 4.12
FT3 2.88 3.14 3.25 3.47 3.56
Mean 2.90 3.20 3.33 3.61 3.72
GEOSAT/TOPEX/ERS1 W3 2.96 3.22 3.32 3.55 3.65

Satellite Altimeters FT1 3.22 3.64 3.82 4.24 4.42
FT2 3.22 3.64 3.82 4.24 4.42
FT3 2.94 3.16 3.25 3.42 3.49
*W3 2.86 3.07 3.16 3.34 3.42
*FT1 3.60 4.11 4.33 4.84 5.06
Mean 3.12 3.44 3.58 3.88 4.01
Sekondi, Ghana W3 2.14 2.33 2.41 2.58 2.65

FT1 2.30 2.60 2.73 3.04 3.17
FT2 2.30 2.60 2.73 3.04 3.17
FT3 2.25 2.52 2.63 2.88 2.98
Mean 2.23 2.48 2.59 2.83 2.93
Suggested Design Values 3.1 3.4 3.6 3.9 4.0

Note: Method of extrapolation was least squares, except where * signifies method of moments.

Table D.3 – Etame Field: Extreme Non-directional Monthly Significant Wave Heights
Highest Monthly
Month Monthly Scaling Return Period (years)
10%ile Ratio
1 5 10 50 100
(m) (m) (m) (m) (m)
Jan 1.59 0.791 2.5 2.7 2.8 3.1 3.2
Feb 1.58 0.777 2.4 2.6 2.8 3.0 3.1
Mar 1.66 0.798 2.5 2.7 2.9 3.1 3.2
Apr 1.95 0.970 3.0 3.3 3.5 3.8 3.9
May 2.11 1.000 3.1 3.4 3.6 3.9 4.0
Jun 2.07 1.000 3.1 3.4 3.6 3.9 4.0
Jul 1.95 1.000 3.1 3.4 3.6 3.9 4.0
Aug 2.01 1.000 3.1 3.4 3.6 3.9 4.0
Sep 2.02 0.964 3.0 3.3 3.5 3.8 3.9
Oct 1.96 0.975 3.0 3.3 3.5 3.8 3.9
Nov 2.01 0.953 3.0 3.2 3.4 3.7 3.8
Dec 1.57 0.798 2.5 2.7 2.9 3.1 3.2
Table D.4 – Etame Field: Extreme All-year Significant Wave Heights by Direction
Highest Monthly
Direction (from) Monthly Scaling Return Period (years)
10%ile Ratio
1 5 10 50 100
(m) (m) (m) (m) (m)
N 1.43 0.741 2.3 2.5 2.7 2.9 3.0
NE 1.30 0.674 2.1 2.3 2.4 2.6 2.7
E 1.42 0.736 2.3 2.5 2.6 2.9 2.9
SE 1.52 0.788 2.4 2.7 2.8 3.1 3.2
S 1.93 1.000 3.1 3.4 3.6 3.9 4.0
SW 1.90 1.000 3.1 3.4 3.6 3.9 4.0
W 1.60 0.914 2.8 3.1 3.3 3.6 3.7
NW 1.57 0.857 2.7 2.9 3.1 3.3 3.4

Table D.5 - Etame Field: 1, 5 and 10-year Wave Heights and Associated Wave Periods
Hmax(3-hr) Swell Tz Total Sea Tz

Hs κ=1.0, F(x)=0.63 κ=0.9, F(x)=0.10 κ=0.9, F(x)=0.01 Tz(lower) Tz(central) Tz(upper) Tz(lower) Tz(central) Tz(upper)
(m) (m) (m) (m) (s) (s) (s) (s) (s) (s)
1-year
All-Year 3.1 5.8 6.0 6.7 7.7 10.5 12.6 7.3 8.9 11.3
Jan 2.5 4.7 4.9 5.5 6.9 9.4 11.7 6.6 8.2 10.4
Feb 2.4 4.6 4.7 5.2 6.8 9.3 11.6 6.4 8.0 10.2
Mar 2.5 4.7 4.9 5.5 6.9 9.4 11.7 6.6 8.2 10.4
Apr 3.0 5.7 5.8 6.5 7.6 10.3 12.5 7.2 8.8 11.2
May 3.1 5.8 6.0 6.7 7.7 10.5 12.6 7.3 8.9 11.3
Jun 3.1 5.8 6.0 6.7 7.7 10.5 12.6 7.3 8.9 11.3
Jul 3.1 5.8 6.0 6.7 7.7 10.5 12.6 7.3 8.9 11.3
Aug 3.1 5.8 6.0 6.7 7.7 10.5 12.6 7.3 8.9 11.3
Sep 3.0 5.7 5.8 6.5 7.6 10.3 12.5 7.2 8.8 11.2
Oct 3.0 5.7 5.8 6.5 7.6 10.3 12.5 7.2 8.8 11.2
Nov 3.0 5.7 5.8 6.5 7.6 10.3 12.5 7.2 8.8 11.2
Dec 2.5 4.7 4.9 5.5 6.9 9.4 11.7 6.6 8.2 10.4
N 2.3 4.4 4.5 5.0 6.6 9.1 11.4 6.3 7.9 10.0
NE 2.1 4.0 4.1 4.6 6.3 8.7 11.1 6.0 7.6 9.7
E 2.3 4.4 4.5 5.0 6.6 9.1 11.4 6.3 7.9 10.0
SE 2.4 4.6 4.7 5.2 6.8 9.3 11.6 6.4 8.0 10.2
S 3.1 5.8 6.0 6.7 7.7 10.5 12.6 7.3 8.9 11.3
SW 3.1 5.8 6.0 6.7 7.7 10.5 12.6 7.3 8.9 11.3
W 2.8 5.3 5.5 6.1 7.3 10.0 12.2 7.0 8.6 10.9
NW 2.7 5.1 5.3 5.9 7.2 9.8 12.0 6.8 8.4 10.7
5-year
All-Year 3.4 6.4 6.6 7.4 8.1 10.9 13.0 7.7 9.3 11.8
Jan 2.7 5.1 5.3 5.9 7.2 9.8 12.0 6.8 8.4 10.7
Feb 2.6 4.9 5.1 5.7 7.0 9.6 11.9 6.7 8.3 10.5
Mar 2.7 5.1 5.3 5.9 7.2 9.8 12.0 6.8 8.4 10.7
Apr 3.3 6.2 6.4 7.2 7.9 10.8 12.9 7.6 9.2 11.6
May 3.4 6.4 6.6 7.4 8.1 10.9 13.0 7.7 9.3 11.8
Jun 3.4 6.4 6.6 7.4 8.1 10.9 13.0 7.7 9.3 11.8
Jul 3.4 6.4 6.6 7.4 8.1 10.9 13.0 7.7 9.3 11.8
Aug 3.4 6.4 6.6 7.4 8.1 10.9 13.0 7.7 9.3 11.8
Sep 3.3 6.2 6.4 7.2 7.9 10.8 12.9 7.6 9.2 11.6
Oct 3.3 6.2 6.4 7.2 7.9 10.8 12.9 7.6 9.2 11.6
Nov 3.2 6.0 6.2 7.0 7.8 10.6 12.7 7.4 9.1 11.5
Dec 2.7 5.1 5.3 5.9 7.2 9.8 12.0 6.8 8.4 10.7
N 2.5 4.7 4.9 5.5 6.9 9.4 11.7 6.6 8.2 10.4
NE 2.3 4.4 4.5 5.0 6.6 9.1 11.4 6.3 7.9 10.0
E 2.5 4.7 4.9 5.5 6.9 9.4 11.7 6.6 8.2 10.4
SE 2.7 5.1 5.3 5.9 7.2 9.8 12.0 6.8 8.4 10.7
S 3.4 6.4 6.6 7.4 8.1 10.9 13.0 7.7 9.3 11.8
SW 3.4 6.4 6.6 7.4 8.1 10.9 13.0 7.7 9.3 11.8
W 3.1 5.8 6.0 6.7 7.7 10.5 12.6 7.3 8.9 11.3
NW 2.9 5.5 5.7 6.3 7.4 10.1 12.3 7.1 8.7 11.0
10-year
All-Year 3.6 6.8 7.0 7.8 8.3 11.2 13.3 7.9 9.5 12.1
Jan 2.8 5.3 5.5 6.1 7.3 10.0 12.2 7.0 8.6 10.9
Feb 2.8 5.3 5.5 6.1 7.3 10.0 12.2 7.0 8.6 10.9
Mar 2.9 5.5 5.7 6.3 7.4 10.1 12.3 7.1 8.7 11.0
Apr 3.5 6.6 6.8 7.6 8.2 11.1 13.1 7.8 9.4 11.9
May 3.6 6.8 7.0 7.8 8.3 11.2 13.3 7.9 9.5 12.1
Jun 3.6 6.8 7.0 7.8 8.3 11.2 13.3 7.9 9.5 12.1
Jul 3.6 6.8 7.0 7.8 8.3 11.2 13.3 7.9 9.5 12.1
Aug 3.6 6.8 7.0 7.8 8.3 11.2 13.3 7.9 9.5 12.1
Sep 3.5 6.6 6.8 7.6 8.2 11.1 13.1 7.8 9.4 11.9
Oct 3.5 6.6 6.8 7.6 8.2 11.1 13.1 7.8 9.4 11.9
Nov 3.4 6.4 6.6 7.4 8.1 10.9 13.0 7.7 9.3 11.8
Dec 2.9 5.5 5.7 6.3 7.4 10.1 12.3 7.1 8.7 11.0
N 2.7 5.1 5.3 5.9 7.2 9.8 12.0 6.8 8.4 10.7
NE 2.4 4.6 4.7 5.2 6.8 9.3 11.6 6.4 8.0 10.2
E 2.6 4.9 5.1 5.7 7.0 9.6 11.9 6.7 8.3 10.5
SE 2.8 5.3 5.5 6.1 7.3 10.0 12.2 7.0 8.6 10.9
S 3.6 6.8 7.0 7.8 8.3 11.2 13.3 7.9 9.5 12.1
SW 3.6 6.8 7.0 7.8 8.3 11.2 13.3 7.9 9.5 12.1
W 3.3 6.2 6.4 7.2 7.9 10.8 12.9 7.6 9.2 11.6
NW 3.1 5.8 6.0 6.7 7.7 10.5 12.6 7.3 8.9 11.3

Table D.6 - Etame Field: 50 and 100-year Wave Heights and Associated Wave Periods
Hmax(3-hr) Swell Tz Total Sea Tz

Hs κ=1.0, F(x)=0.63 κ=0.9, F(x)=0.10 κ=0.9, F(x)=0.01 Tz(lower) Tz(central) Tz(upper) Tz(lower) Tz(central) Tz(upper)
(m) (m) (m) (m) (s) (s) (s) (s) (s) (s)
50-year
All-Year 3.9 7.3 7.6 8.5 8.6 11.7 13.6 8.2 9.8 12.5
Jan 3.1 5.8 6.0 6.7 7.7 10.5 12.6 7.3 8.9 11.3
Feb 3.0 5.7 5.8 6.5 7.6 10.3 12.5 7.2 8.8 11.2
Mar 3.1 5.8 6.0 6.7 7.7 10.5 12.6 7.3 8.9 11.3
Apr 3.8 7.1 7.4 8.2 8.5 11.5 13.5 8.1 9.7 12.3
May 3.9 7.3 7.6 8.5 8.6 11.7 13.6 8.2 9.8 12.5
Jun 3.9 7.3 7.6 8.5 8.6 11.7 13.6 8.2 9.8 12.5
Jul 3.9 7.3 7.6 8.5 8.6 11.7 13.6 8.2 9.8 12.5
Aug 3.9 7.3 7.6 8.5 8.6 11.7 13.6 8.2 9.8 12.5
Sep 3.8 7.1 7.4 8.2 8.5 11.5 13.5 8.1 9.7 12.3
Oct 3.8 7.1 7.4 8.2 8.5 11.5 13.5 8.1 9.7 12.3
Nov 3.7 6.9 7.2 8.0 8.4 11.4 13.4 8.0 9.6 12.2
Dec 3.1 5.8 6.0 6.7 7.7 10.5 12.6 7.3 8.9 11.3
N 2.9 5.5 5.7 6.3 7.4 10.1 12.3 7.1 8.7 11.0
NE 2.6 4.9 5.1 5.7 7.0 9.6 11.9 6.7 8.3 10.5
E 2.9 5.5 5.7 6.3 7.4 10.1 12.3 7.1 8.7 11.0
SE 3.1 5.8 6.0 6.7 7.7 10.5 12.6 7.3 8.9 11.3
S 3.9 7.3 7.6 8.5 8.6 11.7 13.6 8.2 9.8 12.5
SW 3.9 7.3 7.6 8.5 8.6 11.7 13.6 8.2 9.8 12.5
W 3.6 6.8 7.0 7.8 8.3 11.2 13.3 7.9 9.5 12.1
NW 3.3 6.2 6.4 7.2 7.9 10.8 12.9 7.6 9.2 11.6
100-year
All-Year 4.0 7.5 7.7 8.7 8.7 11.8 13.8 8.3 9.9 12.6
Jan 3.2 6.0 6.2 7.0 7.8 10.6 12.7 7.4 9.1 11.5
Feb 3.1 5.8 6.0 6.7 7.7 10.5 12.6 7.3 8.9 11.3
Mar 3.2 6.0 6.2 7.0 7.8 10.6 12.7 7.4 9.1 11.5
Apr 3.9 7.3 7.6 8.5 8.6 11.7 13.6 8.2 9.8 12.5
May 4.0 7.5 7.7 8.7 8.7 11.8 13.8 8.3 9.9 12.6
Jun 4.0 7.5 7.7 8.7 8.7 11.8 13.8 8.3 9.9 12.6
Jul 4.0 7.5 7.7 8.7 8.7 11.8 13.8 8.3 9.9 12.6
Aug 4.0 7.5 7.7 8.7 8.7 11.8 13.8 8.3 9.9 12.6
Sep 3.9 7.3 7.6 8.5 8.6 11.7 13.6 8.2 9.8 12.5
Oct 3.9 7.3 7.6 8.5 8.6 11.7 13.6 8.2 9.8 12.5
Nov 3.8 7.1 7.4 8.2 8.5 11.5 13.5 8.1 9.7 12.3
Dec 3.2 6.0 6.2 7.0 7.8 10.6 12.7 7.4 9.1 11.5
N 3.0 5.7 5.8 6.5 7.6 10.3 12.5 7.2 8.8 11.2
NE 2.7 5.1 5.3 5.9 7.2 9.8 12.0 6.8 8.4 10.7
E 2.9 5.5 5.7 6.3 7.4 10.1 12.3 7.1 8.7 11.0
SE 3.2 6.0 6.2 7.0 7.8 10.6 12.7 7.4 9.1 11.5
S 4.0 7.5 7.7 8.7 8.7 11.8 13.8 8.3 9.9 12.6
SW 4.0 7.5 7.7 8.7 8.7 11.8 13.8 8.3 9.9 12.6
W 3.7 6.9 7.2 8.0 8.4 11.4 13.4 8.0 9.6 12.2
NW 3.4 6.4 6.6 7.4 8.1 10.9 13.0 7.7 9.3 11.8

Table D.7 - Etame Field: Total Number of Individual Waves by Direction
Direction (from) N NE E SE S SW W NW
1-year 31,028 21,564 51,461 365,238 3,643,012 2,810,060 195,984 48,366
Table D.8 – Etame Field: Frequency Distribution of Individual Wave Heights in 1-year
Direction (from)
H (m) N NE E SE S SW W NW Total
0-0.49 19,998 14,275 34,070 258,649 2,463,237 1,882,231 123,801 28,977 4,825,238
0.5-0.99 7,109 4,825 11,514 75,483 797,709 621,477 45,598 11,617 1,575,332
1.0-1.49 2,527 1,631 3,891 22,028 258,335 205,200 16,793 4,656 515,061
1.5-1.99 898 551 1,315 6,429 83,661 67,754 6,186 1,867 168,661
2.0-2.49 320 187 444 1,876 27,094 22,370 2,278 748 55,317
2.5-2.99 113 63 150 547 8,774 7,387 839 300 18,173
3.0-3.49 41 21 51 160 2,841 2,439 309 121 5,983
3.5-3.99 14 7 17 47 920 805 114 48 1,972
4.0-4.49 5 3 6 13 298 266 42 19 652
4.5-4.99 2 1 2 4 97 88 15 8 217
5.0-5.49 1 0 1 2 31 29 6 3 73
5.5-5.99 0 0 0 0 10 9 2 2 23
6.0-6.49 0 0 0 0 3 3 1 0 7
6.5-6.99 0 0 0 0 2 2 0 0 4
7.0-7.49 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
7.5-7.99 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Total 31,028 21,564 51,461 365,238 3,643,012 2,810,060 195,984 48,366 7,166,713

Figure D1.1
0.0
38 29 64 386 1152 605 129 38 2441 7484
0.6
14 10 17 169 910 477 66 17 1680 5043
1.1
9 4 11 124 1349 734 65 14 2310 3363
1.6
2 1 2 27 341 179 17 3 572 1053
Resultant Wave Height (m)
2.1
2 2 4 17 163 92 8 4 292 481
2.6
6 72 32 1 111 189
3.1
3 51 15 2 71 78
4.1
5 2 7 7
5.1
6.1
7.1
8.1
9.1
10.0
Total 65 46 98 732 4043 2136 288 76 7484
V32/97-08-05 - Y:\C56003\DATA\UKMO VOF\WAVES VOF.MDB~F2S_UKMO VOF_HS/WVD_ALL-YEAR_4/49-6/97
Wave Direction (direction from)
N
60%
NW 45% NE
30%
15%
0%
Variable
W 0.00% E
7484 Samples
SW SE
S
7.1 9.1
3.1 5.1
1.1 2.1
0
0.6 1.6 2.6 4.1 6.1 8.1

V32/97-08-05 - Y:\C56003\DATA\UKMO VOF\WAVES VOF.MDB~F2S_UKMO VOF_HS/WVD_ALL-YEAR_4/49-6/97

All-Year; Resultant Wave Height & Wave Direction; Frequency Table and Rose
Figure D1.2
0.999999
0.99999
0.9999
0.999
0.99
0.90
0.80
0.70
0.60
0.50
Weibull 3 Maxima
0.30 Least Squares
0.05
5 10 15 20 25

1 Year 0.9996577687 4.41
5 Years 0.9999315537 4.99
10 Years 0.9999657769 5.23
50 Years 0.9999931554 5.78
100 Years 0.9999965777 6.00
V32/97-08-05 - Y:\C56003\DATA\UKMO VOF\WAVES VOF.MDB~F1C_UKMO VOF_HS_ALL-YEAR_4/49-6/97
Figure D1.3
0.999999
0.99999
0.9999
0.999
0.99
Least Squares
Interval (hours) :3
0.10 Beta (Scale) : 0.4973
0.01
0 5 10 15 20 25

1 Year 0.9996577687 4.67
5 Years 0.9999315537 5.47
10 Years 0.9999657769 5.82
50 Years 0.9999931554 6.62
100 Years 0.9999965777 6.96

Data Source: UKMO; Voluntary Observing Fleet; 1.0°-5.0°S, 8.0°-11.0°E; 4/1949-6/1997
Weibull & F-T1 mls; Non-directional; Resultant Wave Height; All-year
Figure D1.4
0.999999
0.99999
0.9999
0.999

0.99
Least Squares
Beta (Scale) : 2000.7065
0.10 Gamma (Shape) : 4026.5554
0.01
0 5 10 15 20 25

1 Year 0.9996577687 4.68
5 Years 0.9999315537 5.48
10 Years 0.9999657769 5.82
50 Years 0.9999931554 6.62
100 Years 0.9999965777 6.97
Figure D1.5
0.999999
0.99999
0.9999
0.999

0.99
Least Squares
0.10 Gamma (Shape) : 24.6031
0.01
0 5 10

1 Year 0.9996577687 4.52
5 Years 0.9999315537 5.16
10 Years 0.9999657769 5.42
50 Years 0.9999931554 6.01
100 Years 0.9999965777 6.24

Data Source: UKMO; Voluntary Observing Fleet; 1.0°-5.0°S, 8.0°-11.0°E; 4/1949-6/1997
F-T2 & F-T3 mls; Non-directional; Resultant Wave Height; All-year
Figure D2.1
0.999999
0.99999
0.9999
0.999
0.99
0.90
0.80
0.70
0.60
0.50
Weibull 3 Maxima
0.30 Least Squares
0.05
5 10 15 20 25
Significant Wave Height (m)

1 Year 0.9996577687 2.96
5 Years 0.9999315537 3.22
10 Years 0.9999657769 3.32
50 Years 0.9999931554 3.55
100 Years 0.9999965777 3.65
V32/97-08-05 - Q:\C56003\DATA\SATELLITE\SATELLITE.MDB~F1C_GEOSAT/TOPEX/ERS1_HS_ALL-YEAR_11/86-5/98
Figure D2.2
0.999999
0.99999
0.9999
0.999
0.99
Least Squares
Interval (hours) :3
0.10 Beta (Scale) : 0.2611
0.01
0 5 10 15 20 25

1 Year 0.9996577687 3.22
5 Years 0.9999315537 3.64
10 Years 0.9999657769 3.82
50 Years 0.9999931554 4.24
100 Years 0.9999965777 4.42

Weibull & F-T1 mls; Non-directional; Significant Wave Height; All-year; 11/1986-5/1998
Figure D2.3
0.999999
0.99999
0.9999
0.999

0.99
Least Squares
Beta (Scale) : 1308.4279
0.10 Gamma (Shape) : 5014.1616
0.01
0 5 10 15 20 25

1 Year 0.9996577687 3.22
5 Years 0.9999315537 3.64
10 Years 0.9999657769 3.82
50 Years 0.9999931554 4.24
100 Years 0.9999965777 4.42
Figure D2.4
0.999999
0.99999
0.9999
0.999

0.99
Least Squares
0.10 Gamma (Shape) : 10.1214
0.01
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0

1 Year 0.9996577687 2.94
5 Years 0.9999315537 3.16
10 Years 0.9999657769 3.25
50 Years 0.9999931554 3.42
100 Years 0.9999965777 3.49

F-T2 & F-T3 mls; Non-directional; Significant Wave Height; All-year; 11/1986-5/1998
Figure D2.5
0.999999
0.99999
0.9999
0.999
0.99
0.90
0.80
0.70
0.60
0.50
Weibull 3 Maxima
0.30 Method of Moments
0.05
5 10 15 20 25

1 Year 0.9996577687 2.86
5 Years 0.9999315537 3.07
10 Years 0.9999657769 3.16
50 Years 0.9999931554 3.34
100 Years 0.9999965777 3.42
Figure D2.6
0.999999
0.99999
0.9999
0.999
0.99
Method of Moments
Interval (hours) :3
0.10 Beta (Scale) : 0.3169
0.01
0 5 10 15 20 25

1 Year 0.9996577687 3.60
5 Years 0.9999315537 4.11
10 Years 0.9999657769 4.33
50 Years 0.9999931554 4.84
100 Years 0.9999965777 5.06

Weibull & F-T1 mm; Non-directional; Significant Wave Height; All-year; 11/1986-5/1998
Figure D3.1
0.0
10694
0.3
959 810 30 8 1807 10694
0.8
14 44 2569 2513 108 22 5270 8887

1.3
1 1292 1651 32 6 2982 3617
1.8
247 319 5 571 635
2.3
22 35 57 64
2.8
2 5 7 7
3.3
4.3
5.2
Total 14 45 5091 5333 175 36 10694
V32/97-08-05 - Y:\C56003\DATA\UKMO GWM\WAVES GWM.MDB~F2S_UKMO GWM_RHS/RWVD_ALL-YEAR_6/91-10/98
Wave Direction (direction from)
N
60%
NW 45% NE
30%
15%
0%
Variable
W 0.00% E
10694 Samples
SW SE
S
2.8 4.3
0.8 1.8
0
0.3 1.3 2.3 3.3

V32/97-08-05 - Y:\C56003\DATA\UKMO GWM\WAVES GWM.MDB~F2S_UKMO GWM_RHS/RWVD_ALL-YEAR_6/91-10/98

All-Year; Resultant Wave Height & Wave Direction; Frequency Table and Rose
Figure D3.2 Total Samples 10690
Total 3283 5621 1716 69 1 10690
4.3
3.3
3 3 6
2.8
2 35 19 1 57
2.3
2 97 437 34 570
1.8
383 1527 1058 13 2981
1.3
1585 3501 183 5269
0.8
1313 494 1807
0.3
0.0
0.0 5.1 7.1 9.1 11.1 13.1 Total
Resultant Wave Period (s)

V32/97-08-05 - Y:\C56003\DATA\UKMO GWM\WAVES GWM.MDB~F2S_UKMO GWM_RHS/RTZ_ALL-YEAR_6/91-10/98

All-Year; Resultant Wave Height & Period; Frequency Table
Figure D3.3
0.999999
0.99999
0.9999
0.999
0.99
0.90
0.80
0.70
0.60
0.50
Weibull 3 Maxima
0.30 Least Squares
0.05
5 10 15 20 25

1 Year 0.9996577687 2.83
5 Years 0.9999315537 3.08
10 Years 0.9999657769 3.18
50 Years 0.9999931554 3.40
100 Years 0.9999965777 3.49
V32/97-08-05 - Y:\C56003\DATA\UKMO GWM\WAVES GWM.MDB~F1C_UKMO GWM_RHS_ALL-YEAR_6/91-10/98
Figure D3.4
0.999999
0.99999
0.9999
0.999
0.99
Least Squares
Interval (hours) :3
0.10 Beta (Scale) : 0.2455
0.01
0 5 10 15 20 25

1 Year 0.9996577687 2.99
5 Years 0.9999315537 3.38
10 Years 0.9999657769 3.55
50 Years 0.9999931554 3.95
100 Years 0.9999965777 4.12

Data Source: UKMO; Global Wave Model; Grid Point 3.7°S, 10.6°E; 6/1991 - 10/1998
Weibull & F-T1 mls; Non-directional; Resultant Wave Height; All-year
Figure D3.5
0.999999
0.99999
0.9999
0.999

0.99
Least Squares
Beta (Scale) : 2001.0280
0.10 Gamma (Shape) : 8153.7491
0.01
0 5 10 15 20 25

1 Year 0.9996577687 2.99
5 Years 0.9999315537 3.38
10 Years 0.9999657769 3.55
50 Years 0.9999931554 3.95
100 Years 0.9999965777 4.12
Figure D3.6
0.999999
0.99999
0.9999
0.999

0.99
Least Squares
0.10 Gamma (Shape) : 14.0266
0.01
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0

1 Year 0.9996577687 2.88
5 Years 0.9999315537 3.14
10 Years 0.9999657769 3.25
50 Years 0.9999931554 3.47
100 Years 0.9999965777 3.56

Data Source: UKMO; Global Wave Model; Grid Point 3.7°S, 10.6°E; 6/1991 - 10/1998
F-T2 & F-T3 mls; Non-directional; Resultant Wave Height; All-year
Figure D4.1
0.999999
0.99999
0.9999
0.999
0.99
0.90
0.80
0.70
0.60
0.50
Weibull 3 Maxima
0.30 Least Squares
0.05
5 10 15 20 25

1 Year 0.9991830238 2.14
5 Years 0.9998366048 2.33
10 Years 0.9999183024 2.41
50 Years 0.9999836605 2.58
100 Years 0.9999918302 2.65
V32/97-08-05 - Q:\C56003\DATA\SEKONDI\SEKONDI.MDB~F1C_SEKONDI_HS_ALL-YEAR_6/58-10/58
Figure D4.2
0.999999
0.99999
0.9999
0.999
0.99
Least Squares
Interval (hours) :3
0.10 Beta (Scale) : 0.1893
0.01
0 5 10 15 20 25

1 Year 0.9991830238 2.30
5 Years 0.9998366048 2.60
10 Years 0.9999183024 2.73
50 Years 0.9999836605 3.04
100 Years 0.9999918302 3.17

Data Source: Sekondi Point, Ghana; Wave Pressure Recorder; 6/1958 - 10/1958
Weibull & F-T1 mls; Non-directional; Significant Wave Height; All-year
Figure D4.3
0.999999
0.99999
0.9999
0.999

0.99
Least Squares
Beta (Scale) : 2000.9522
0.10 Gamma (Shape) : 10570.8467
0.01
0 5 10 15 20 25

1 Year 0.9991830238 2.30
5 Years 0.9998366048 2.60
10 Years 0.9999183024 2.73
50 Years 0.9999836605 3.04
100 Years 0.9999918302 3.17
Figure D4.4
0.999999
0.99999
0.9999
0.999

0.99
Least Squares
0.10 Gamma (Shape) : 40.1046
0.01
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

1 Year 0.9991830238 2.25
5 Years 0.9998366048 2.52
10 Years 0.9999183024 2.63
50 Years 0.9999836605 2.88
100 Years 0.9999918302 2.98

Data Source: Sekondi Point, Ghana; Wave Pressure Recorder; 6/1958 - 10/1958
F-T2 & F-T3 mls; Non-directional; Significant Wave Height; All-year
Figure D5 - Normalized Monthly Significant Wave Heights: VOF, GWM and Satellite Altimeters
1.0
0.9
0.8
Relative Magnitude
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2 VOF
GWM
0.1
Satellite
0.0
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Figure D6 - Normalized Significant Wave Heights by Direction: VOF and GWM
1.000
0.900
0.800
Relative Magnitude
0.700
0.600
0.500
0.400
0.300
0.200
VOF
0.100
GWM
0.000
N NE E SE S SW W NW
Direction (from)

Metocean Design Criteria for the Etame Field fig_d5_d6.xls
E. CURRENTS
The time series of current speed and direction collected by ORSTOM show many erroneous values
throughout the measurement period (01/03/79 to 12/07/80), particularly during the latter stages of
each current meter deployment, presumably where the instruments suffered some degree of bio-
fouling, which is common in shallow water deployments. During some periods, the directions
measured at 2m and 5m above the bed were radically different, therefore information on directionality
cannot be investigated fully from these data sets. Hence, it has been possible to only qualitatively
assess the data from ORSTOM, and extreme criteria are therefore not available.
The ORSTOM current meter moorings were located to the north-west of the Etame Field in 60m
-1
water depth. Maximum observed current speeds were 0.8ms , and showed a weak tidal variation
superimposed on a much stronger residual current that flowed north-westerly along the seafloor
bathymetry. Current directions at the Etame Field are likely to be in a north-west/south-east
direction, along the slope of the local bathymetry.
The Africa Pilot (1977) states that the Benguela Current flows north-north-west along the west facing
coast of west Africa and turns to the west somewhere between about 10°S and Cape Lopez to
become the South Equatorial Current. River outflow, particularly from the Congo, can augment the
-1
north-westerly flow throughout the year, attaining speeds of up to 1ms .
-1
In summary, extreme current speed events are likely to be in excess of 1ms , and associated
directions are likely to be in a north-westerly direction along the local seafloor bathymetry.

F. WATER LEVELS
The following list summarizes the operational and design water level criteria presented and described
in this section:
• Tidal constituents
• Tidal ranges:
q HAT
q MHWS
q MHWN
q MSL
q MLWN
q MLWS
q LAT
• Extreme positive and negative surge elevations by return period.
• Extreme positive and negative total still water elevations by return period.
A Research Quality Data Set (RQDS) was acquired for Pointe Noire, Congo from WOCE (1998).
The period of available data is 1980 to 1988, although only data from 01/09/85 to 29/09/88 were
analyzed in this report. Data prior to this period were unsuitable for further analyses without applying
a significant amount of quality checking; which is outside the scope of this contract. The location of
Pointe Noire (04° 48’S, 011° 51’E) is shown in Figure A.1.
Tidal data were analyzed to produce the list of tidal constituents presented in Table F.1. These data
were presented relative to Hydrographic Zero of the French Hydrographic charts. There was no
indication that data were linked to readings of a tide staff or to fixed benchmarks.
In addition to these data, 8 major tidal constituents were also acquired from the IHO tidal constituent
data bank (Table F.2). The magnitudes and phases of these constituents agree well, giving added
confidence to the RQDS data set.
The tidal signal is semi-diurnal with M2 and S2 being the major constituents. The HAT/LAT 19 year
analysis produced the results shown in Table F.3 and a HAT-LAT range of 2.0m.
Weibull-2 extreme value extrapolations of the positive and negative total still water and surge
elevations are shown in Figures F.1 to F.4, respectively. The results are summarized in Table F.4.

Table F.1 - Tidal Constituents: Pointe Noire, Congo; WOCE CDROM
Constituent Period Amplitude (H) Phase (g)

name (hours) (metres) (degrees)
Z0 - 1.051 000
SA 8765.821 0.096 321
SSA 4382.905 0.052 013
MM 661.309 0.005 336
MSF 354.367 0.003 084
MF 327.859 0.026 347
2Q1 28.006 0.002 092
SIG1 27.848 0.002 097
Q1 26.868 0.007 133
RO1 26.723 0.001 080
O1 25.819 0.012 282
MP1 25.668 0.001 325
M1 24.841 0.004 295
CHI1 24.709 0.001 013
PI1 24.132 0.002 345
P1 24.066 0.027 338
S1 24.000 0.007 077
K1 23.934 0.105 346
PSI1 23.869 0.001 346
PHI1 23.804 0.002 323
TH1 23.207 0.001 354
J1 23.098 0.006 011
SO1 22.420 0.001 332
OO1 22.306 0.006 044
OQ2 13.167 0.001 020
MNS2 13.127 0.004 011
2N2 12.905 0.017 046
MU2 12.872 0.021 024
N2 12.658 0.102 050
NU2 12.626 0.017 050
OP2 12.456 0.014 205
M2 12.421 0.413 055
MKS2 12.386 0.006 048
LAM2 12.222 0.003 051
L2 12.192 0.012 077
T2 12.016 0.012 098
S2 12.000 0.177 082
R2 11.984 0.004 184
K2 11.967 0.062 077
MSN2 11.786 0.001 334
KJ2 11.755 0.005 255
2SM2 11.607 0.001 215
MO3 8.386 0.001 341
M3 8.280 0.002 177
SO3 8.192 0.001 293
MK3 8.177 0.001 161
SK3 7.993 0.001 244
MN4 6.269 0.002 198
M4 6.210 0.005 230
MS4 6.103 0.003 214
MK4 6.095 0.001 168
S4 6.000 0.001 305
M6 4.140 0.001 227
MSN6 4.118 0.001 338
2MS6 4.092 0.001 015
2SM6 4.046 0.001 130
MSK6 4.042 0.001 089
M8 3.105 0.001 047
Notes:
Analysis period: 01-Sep-85 to 29-Sep-88 Data Period: 60 minutes
Times: GMT Location: Pointe Noire, Congo
Number of records: 24875 Position: 04° 48’S, 011° 51’E
Data Source: UHSLC – RQDS (WOCE CDROM) Datum: Hydrographic Zero

Table F.2 - Tidal Constituents: Pointe Noire, Congo; IHO Data Bank
Constituent Period Amplitude (H) Phase (g)

name (hours) (meters) (degrees)
Z0 - 0.960 000
Q1 26.868 0.002 183
O1 25.819 0.008 183
P1 24.066 0.014 9
K1 23.934 0.042 9
N2 12.658 0.097 81
M2 12.421 0.500 81
S2 12.000 0.155 126
K2 11.967 0.042 126
Notes:
Location: Pointe Noire, Congo
Position: 04° 48’S, 011° 50’ E
Data Source: IHO Tidal Constituents (2296)
Datum: Local Benchmark
Times: GMT
Table F.3 - Tidal Range: Pointe Noire, Congo; WOCE CDROM
Parameter Tidal Height (m)

HAT 1.062 (20-Mar-07 15:14)
MHWS 0.589
MHWN 0.236
MSL 0.000
MLWN -0.236
MLWS -0.589
LAT -0.961 (11-Aug-10 21:08)
Notes:
Location: Pointe Noire, Congo
Position: 04° 48’S, 011° 51’ E
Data Source: UHSLC – Research Quality Data (WOCE CDROM)
Datum: MSL
Times: GMT
Form Factor: 0.2 (Tide Classified as Semi-Diurnal)
Results of a 19 year Prediction from Tidal Constituents
Table F.4 - Extreme Surge and Total Still Water Elevation: Pointe Noire, Congo; WOCE CDROM

1 5 10 50 100
Total Still Water Elevation (m)
Positive (Figure F1) 1.12 1.19 1.22 1.28 1.31
Negative (Figure F2) -1.05 -1.11 -1.14 -1.19 -1.21
Surge Elevation (m)

Positive (Figure F3) 0.34 0.37 0.38 0.41 0.42
Negative (Figure F4) -0.30 -0.33 -0.34 -0.36 -0.37

Figure F1
0.999999
0.99999
0.9999
0.999
0.99
0.90
0.80
0.70
0.60
0.50
0.40
0.30
0.20

0.10 Weibull 2 Maxima
Least Squares
Interval (hours) :1
0.05
50 100 150
Positive Total Elevation (cm)

1 Year 0.9998859229 112.42
5 Years 0.9999771846 119.47
10 Years 0.9999885923 122.30
50 Years 0.9999977185 128.48
100 Years 0.9999988592 130.99
V32/97-08-05 - Y:\C56003\DATA\SEA_LEVEL\WOCE.MDB~F1C_+VE TISU

Extreme Positive Total Elevation
Data Source: UHSLC - Research Quality Data (WOCE CDROM); Pointe Noire, Congo
Figure F2
0.999999
0.99999
0.9999
0.999
0.99
0.90
0.80
0.70
0.60
0.50
0.40
0.30
0.20

Least Squares
Interval (hours) :1
0.05
50 100 150
Negative Total Elevation (cm)

1 Year 0.9998859229 105.10
5 Years 0.9999771846 111.31
10 Years 0.9999885923 113.80
50 Years 0.9999977185 119.21
100 Years 0.9999988592 121.41
V32/97-08-05 - Y:\C56003\DATA\SEA_LEVEL\WOCE.MDB~F1C_-VE TISU

Extreme Negative Total Elevation (Values are Negative)
Figure F3
0.999999
0.99999
0.9999
0.999
0.99
0.90
0.80
0.70
0.60
0.50
0.40
0.30
0.20

Least Squares
Interval (hours) :1
0.05
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
Positive Surge Elevation (cm)

1 Year 0.9998859229 33.52
5 Years 0.9999771846 36.72
10 Years 0.9999885923 38.03
50 Years 0.9999977185 40.95
100 Years 0.9999988592 42.16
V32/97-08-05 - Y:\C56003\DATA\SEA_LEVEL\WOCE.MDB~F1C_+VE SURGE

Extreme Positive Surge Elevation
Figure F4
0.999999
0.99999
0.9999
0.999
0.99
0.90
0.80
0.70
0.60
0.50
0.40
0.30
0.20

Least Squares
Interval (hours) :1
0.05
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
Negative Surge Elevation (cm)

1 Year 0.9998859229 30.03
5 Years 0.9999771846 32.62
10 Years 0.9999885923 33.67
50 Years 0.9999977185 36.00
100 Years 0.9999988592 36.96
V32/97-08-05 - Y:\C56003\DATA\SEA_LEVEL\WOCE.MDB~F1C_-VE SURGE

Extreme Negative Surge Elevation (Values are Negative)
G. AIR TEMPERATURE
VOF air temperature data and temperature observations from Mayumba in Gabon (Figure A.1) were
analyzed and interpreted to provide:
• Frequency distribution of air temperature by calendar month, and for the all year condition.
• Extreme maximum and minimum air temperature by return period.
Monthly and all-year frequency distributions of air temperature are presented in Table G.1 and G.2,
for VOF and Mayumba data, respectively. The distributions show similar trends with cooler
temperatures in the months of June, July and August, and warmer temperatures in March and April.
Figures G1 to G4 show Weibull-2 extrapolations of maximum and minimum air temperature from
VOF and Mayumba data respectively. The Weibull-2 method of least squares produced the best fit
to each data set, and was therefore used to estimate extreme temperatures.
The extrapolation of maximum air temperatures was relatively straightforward; design values were
calculated as the mean of the estimates from VOF and Mayumba. Figures G2 and G4 show the
extrapolation of minimum temperatures, where the extreme values are the temperatures below the
maximum observed value in each data set. Maximum observed values were taken as the upper limit
of the frequency table: 33°C (VOF) and 34°C (Mayumba). Design values in Table G.4 were
estimated as the mean of both estimates presented in Table G.3.
As expected, Mayumba experiences marginally hotter maximum air temperatures than the open
ocean, and slightly cooler minimum air temperatures, since this location would be influenced by the
solar heating and cooling of the land. VOF extrapolations provide a slightly better fit to the data than
the Mayumba, shorter period data set. The selected extremes in Table G.3 utilized both data sets to
provide increased confidence in the design temperatures.

Table G.1 - Monthly and All-Year Frequency Distribution of Air Temperature (°C): VOF
JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC ALL-YR
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
UP TO 16.0 |
16.1 TO 17.0 |
17.1 TO 18.0 | 2 3 5
18.1 TO 19.0 | 1 17 7 25
19.1 TO 20.0 | 26 81 24 131
20.1 TO 21.0 | 65 259 138 13 1 476
21.1 TO 22.0 | 3 158 394 364 89 2 3 1 1014
22.1 TO 23.0 | 4 5 23 275 396 414 328 36 15 8 1504
23.1 TO 24.0 | 29 15 7 9 99 292 235 207 408 207 79 56 1643
24.1 TO 25.0 | 77 43 32 32 193 242 110 77 306 499 286 157 2054
25.1 TO 26.0 | 209 113 85 121 298 149 36 22 92 399 546 474 2544
26.1 TO 27.0 | 484 341 290 268 357 71 15 18 29 158 347 490 2868
27.1 TO 28.0 | 413 458 533 507 273 41 6 7 16 57 118 179 2608
28.1 TO 29.0 | 128 269 359 266 114 7 4 11 29 54 1241
29.1 TO 30.0 | 43 73 107 95 38 2 16 374
30.1 TO 31.0 | 7 21 52 35 14 1 8 138
31.1 TO 32.0 | 8 11 10 1 30
32.1 TO 33.0 | 1 2 3
33.1 OR MORE |
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
TOTAL | 1394 1346 1477 1345 1412 1327 1551 1281 1285 1372 1423 1445 16658
Notes:
Sea Area: 1° S – 5° S, 008° E – 011° E
Period of Data: 2/1860 to 6/1997
Data Source: VOF
Table G.2 - Monthly and All-Year Frequency Distribution of Air Temperature (°C): Mayumba
JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC ALL-YR
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
UP TO 10.0 |
10.1 TO 11.0 |
11.1 TO 12.0 |
12.1 TO 13.0 |
13.1 TO 14.0 |
14.1 TO 15.0 |
15.1 TO 16.0 |
16.1 TO 17.0 |
17.1 TO 18.0 | 6 1 7
18.1 TO 19.0 | 2 14 3 19
19.1 TO 20.0 | 1 9 61 25 4 100
20.1 TO 21.0 | 1 2 1 1 41 136 135 18 335
21.1 TO 22.0 | 2 1 6 2 8 109 126 135 71 4 5 1 470
22.1 TO 23.0 | 14 28 27 24 41 120 109 101 111 62 53 31 721
23.1 TO 24.0 | 69 59 73 76 118 103 109 103 96 150 146 121 1223
24.1 TO 25.0 | 83 106 125 139 186 89 123 103 88 144 130 131 1447
25.1 TO 26.0 | 50 52 96 91 117 93 111 81 77 81 117 76 1042
26.1 TO 27.0 | 61 66 95 84 104 78 58 59 53 71 79 75 883
27.1 TO 28.0 | 75 64 101 79 91 48 16 28 23 61 78 65 729
28.1 TO 29.0 | 44 60 64 66 109 20 1 8 18 33 80 64 567
29.1 TO 30.0 | 54 53 103 93 55 6 3 4 22 53 46 492
30.1 TO 31.0 | 18 60 99 101 35 1 3 8 24 349
31.1 TO 32.0 | 7 17 39 34 1 1 1 11 111
32.1 TO 33.0 | 5 1 6
33.1 TO 34.0 | 1 1
34.1 TO 35.0 |
35.1 OR MORE |
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
TOTAL | 479 568 834 791 866 719 870 785 563 632 750 645 8502
Notes:
Location: 3° 22.5 S, 010° 19.5 E
Period of Data: 3/1983 to 12/1997
Data Source: Mayumba (weather station)

Table G.3 - Extreme Air Temperature: Mayumba and VOF

1 5 10 50 100
Maximum Air Temperature (°C)

VOF (Figure G1) 31.9 32.4 32.6 32.9 33.1
Mayumba (Figure G3) 32.9 33.4 33.6 34.1 34.2
Minimum Air Temperature (°C)

VOF (Figure G2) 17.3 16.6 16.4 15.8 15.5
Mayumba (Figure G4) 16.1 15.3 14.9 14.2 13.9
Table G.4 – Etame Field: Extreme Air Temperature – Suggested Design Values

1 5 10 50 100
Maximum Air Temperature (°C) 32.4 32.9 33.1 33.5 33.7
Minimum Air Temperature (°C) 16.7 16.0 15.7 15.0 14.7

Figure G1
0.999999
0.99999
0.9999
0.999
0.99
0.90
0.80
0.70
0.60
0.50
0.40
0.30
0.20

Least Squares
Interval (hours) :1
0.05
10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
Mean Air Temperature (°C)

1 Year 0.9998859229 31.93
5 Years 0.9999771846 32.37
10 Years 0.9999885923 32.55
50 Years 0.9999977185 32.91
100 Years 0.9999988592 33.06
V32/97-08-05 - Y:\C56003\DATA\UKMO VOF\TEMP VOF.MDB~F1C_UKMO VOF_TEMP_ALL-YEAR_2/1860 - 6/97

Extreme Maximum Air Temperature
Data Source: VOF; 2/1860 - 6/1997
Figure G2
0.999999
0.99999
0.9999
0.999
0.99
0.90
0.80
0.70
0.60
0.50
0.40
0.30
0.20

Least Squares
Interval (hours) :1
0.05
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

1 Year 0.9998859229 15.65
5 Years 0.9999771846 16.35
10 Years 0.9999885923 16.63
50 Years 0.9999977185 17.23
100 Years 0.9999988592 17.48
V32/97-08-05 - Y:\C56003\DATA\UKMO VOF\TEMP VOF.MDB~F1C_UKMO VOF_MINTEMP_ALL-YEAR_2/1860 - 6/97

Extreme Minimum Air Temperature (Values Are Degrees Below Maximum Observed)
Data Source: VOF; 2/1860 - 6/1997
Figure G3
0.999999
0.99999
0.9999
0.999
0.99
0.90
0.80
0.70
0.60
0.50
0.40
0.30
0.20

Least Squares
Interval (hours) :1
0.05
10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50

1 Year 0.9998859229 32.93
5 Years 0.9999771846 33.44
10 Years 0.9999885923 33.64
50 Years 0.9999977185 34.06
100 Years 0.9999988592 34.22
V32/97-08-05 - Y:\C56003\DATA\MAYUMBA\TEMP MAY.MDB~F1C_MAYUMBA_TEMP_ALL-YEAR_3/83-12/97

Extreme Maximum Air Temperature
Data Source: Mayumba; 3/1983 - 12/1997
Figure G4
0.999999
0.99999
0.9999
0.999
0.99
0.90
0.80
0.70
0.60
0.50
0.40
0.30
0.20

Least Squares
Interval (hours) :1
0.05
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

1 Year 0.9998859229 17.88
5 Years 0.9999771846 18.72
10 Years 0.9999885923 19.06
50 Years 0.9999977185 19.78
100 Years 0.9999988592 20.07
V32/97-08-05 - Y:\C56003\DATA\MAYUMBA\TEMP MAY.MDB~F1C_MAYUMBA_MINTEMP_ALL-YEAR_3/83-12/97

Extreme Minimum Air Temperature (Values Are Degrees Below Maximum Observed)
Data Source: Mayumba; 3/1983 - 12/1997
H. SEA TEMPERATURE AND SALINITY PROFILES
Sea temperature and salinity data were extracted from the NOAA archive, NODC (1991), to produce:
• Minimum, mean and maximum sea temperature and salinity at standard oceanographic depths
during each calendar month.
Figures H.1 to H.3 present monthly sea temperature depth profiles for the NODC area presented in
Figure A.1. Like air temperatures, surface sea temperatures reach a maximum in March, April and
May, and are at a minimum in June, July and August.
Figures H.4 to H.6 present monthly salinity depth profiles for the NODC area presented in Figure A.1.
The salinity fluctuations are relatively small. Surface salinity is generally less than salinity at depths
greater than 50m.

Figure H1 - Sea Water Temperature Profiles: January, February, March and April
Sea Water Temperature: JANUARY Sea Water Temperature: MARCH

Temperature (Degrees Celsius) Temperature (Degrees Celsius)
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
0 0
100 100
200 200
300 300
400 400
500 500
600 600
700 700 Minimum

Minimum
Temperature Temperature
800 800 M ean
M ean
900 900 M aximum
M aximum
1000 1000
Sea Water Temperature: FEBRUARY Sea Water Temperature: APRIL

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
0 0
100 100
200 200
300 300
400 400
500 500
600 600
700 M inimum 700 Minimum

800 M ean 800 M ean
900 M aximum 900 M aximum
1000 1000

Metocean Design Criteria for the Etame Field fig_h1_h6.xls, Sheet1
Figure H2 - Sea Water Temperature Profiles: May, June, July and August
Sea Water Temperature: MAY Sea Water Temperature: JULY

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
0 0
100 100
200 200
300 300
400 400
500 500
600 600

800 M ean 800 M ean
1000 1000
Sea Water Temperature: JUNE Sea Water Temperature: AUGUST

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
0 0
100 100
200 200
300 300
400 400
500 500
600 600

800 M ean 800 M ean
1000 1000

Figure H3 - Sea Water Temperature Profiles: September, October, November and December
Sea Water Temperature: Se a Water Temperature:

SEPTEMBER NOVEMBER
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
0 0
100 100
200 200
300 300
400 400
500 500
600 600

800 M ean 800 Mean

900 M aximum 900 Maximum
1000 1000
Sea Water Temperature: OCTOBER Sea Water Temperature: DECEMBER

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
0 0
100 100
200 200
300 300
400 400
500 500
600 600
700 M inimum 700 M inimum

800 M ean 800 M ean
1000 1000

Figure H4 - Sea Water Salinity Profiles: January, February, March and April
Sea Water Salinity: JANUARY Sea Water Salinity: MARCH

Salinity (PSU) Salinity (PSU)
28 30 32 34 36 38 40 28 30 32 34 36 38 40
0 0
100 100
200 200
300 300
400 400
500 500
600 600
700 700
Minimum Salinity Minimum Salinity
800 800
Mean Salinity Mean Salinity
900 900
Maximum Salinity Maximum Salinity
1000 1000
Sea Water Salinity: FEBRUARY Se a Water Salinity: APRIL

28 30 32 34 36 38 40 28 30 32 34 36 38 40
0 0
100 100
200 200
300 300
400 400
500 500
600 600
700 700
M inimum Salinity M inimum Salinity
800 800
M ean Salinity M ean Salinity
900 900
M aximum Salinity M aximum Salinity
1000 1000

Figure H5 - Sea Water Salinity Profiles: May, June, Julay and August
Sea Water Salinity: MAY Sea Water Salinity: JULY

28 30 32 34 36 38 40 28 30 32 34 36 38 40
0 0
100 100
200 200
300 300
400 400
500 500
600 600
700 700
M inimum Salinity Minimum Salinity
800 800
M ean Salinity Mean Salinity
900 900
M aximum Salinity Maximum Salinity
1000 1000
Sea Water Salinity: JUNE Sea Water Salinity: AUGUST

28 30 32 34 36 38 40 28 30 32 34 36 38 40
0 0
100 100
200 200
300 300
400 400
500 500
600 600
700 700
M inimum Salinity Minimum Salinity
800 800
M ean Salinity Mean Salinity
900 900
M aximum Salinity Maximum Salinity
1000 1000

Figure H6 - Sea Water Salinity Profiles: September, October, November and December
Sea Water Salinity: SEPTEMBER Sea Water Salinity: NOVEMBER

28 30 32 34 36 38 40 28 30 32 34 36 38 40
0 0
100 100
200 200
300 300
400 400
500 500
600 600
700 700
Minimum Salinity Minimum Salinity
800 800
Mean Salinity Mean Salinity
900 900
Maximum Salinity Maximum Salinity
1000 1000
Sea Water Salinity: OCTOBER Sea Water Salinity: DECEMBER

28 30 32 34 36 38 40 28 30 32 34 36 38 40
0 0
100 100
200 200
300 300
400 400
500 500
600 600
700 M inimum 700

Salinity M inimum Salinity
800 M ean 800

Salinity M ean Salinity
900 M aximum 900

M aximum Salinity
Salinity
1000 1000

I. JOINT WINDS AND WAVES
The Peaks Over Threshold technique was used to estimate joint extreme winds and waves. Storm
peak significant wave heights above a threshold of 1.5m were extracted from the satellite altimeter
data together with the simultaneous mean wind speed. In addition, storm peak mean wind speeds
above a threshold of 4m/s were extracted from the satellite altimeter data together with the
simultaneous significant wave height. The Exponential function was then fitted to the distribution of
peak wind events using the method of moments and the Generalized Pareto function to the
distribution of storm wave maxima using the method of maximum likelihood. The extreme plots are
presented in Figures I1.1 – I4.8 as follows:
• Figures I1.1 – I1.8 – Mean Wind Speed – Peak Event

• Figures I2.1 – I2.8 – Mean Wind Speed simultaneous with Significant Wave Height Peak Event
• Figures I3.1 – I3.8 – Significant Wave Height – Peak Event
• Figures I4.1 – I4.8 – Significant Wave Height simultaneous with Mean Wind Speed Peak Event
The 100-year values are summarized in Table I.1.
The average of the ratios obtained from the best fits to both the independent and simultaneous storm
maxima is 0.849 for winds and 0.944 for waves. Applying these ratios to the all-year non-directional
100-year design criteria given in Table 2.1 gives the final values shown in Tables I.2 and I.3.

Table I.1 - 100-year All-year Mean Wind Speed and Significant Wave Height: Satellite Altimeters
Independent Hs Simultaneous MWS

No. Storms Hs(ind) Beta No. Storms U(sim) Gamma U(sim)/U(ind)
21 3.23 0.18 20 8.33 -0.66 0.863
39 3.36 0.22 37 8.61 -0.39 0.893
58 3.44* 0.24 60 8.81 -0.33 0.865
81 3.54* 0.26 79 8.53 -0.44 0.850
103 3.63* 0.28 103 8.34* -0.59 0.851
116 3.67* 0.29 121 8.30* -0.65 0.851
141 3.72 0.30 136 8.31* -0.63 0.849
150 3.73 0.30 146 8.32* -0.61 0.846
Independent MWS Simultaneous Hs

No. Storms U(ind) Gamma No. Storms Hs(sim) Beta Hs(sim)/Hs(ind)
21 9.65 -0.35 20 3.10 0.24 0.960
38 9.64 -0.36 39 3.33 0.31 0.991
61 10.19 -0.18 60 3.32* 0.30 0.965
80 10.04 -0.21 80 3.33* 0.31 0.941
104 9.80* -0.28 100 3.38* 0.32 0.931
122 9.75* -0.29 120 3.45* 0.33 0.940
137 9.79* -0.28 140 3.63 0.37 0.976
147 9.84* -0.27 151 3.81 0.40 1.021
* Best fit to distribution of storm maxima
Table I.2 – Etame Field: 100-year All-year Mean Wind Speed and Associated 100-year Significant Wave
Height
100-year Mean Wind Speed: 21.7 m/s Associated 100-year Significant Wave Height: 3.8 m
Table I.3 – Etame Field: 100-year All-year Significant Wave Height and Associated 100-year Mean Wind
Speed
100-year Significant Wave Height: 4.0 m Associated 100-year Mean Wind Speed: 18.4 m/s

Figure I1.1
0.999
0.99
Peaks Over Threshold

0.90 Generalised Pareto
Maximum Likelihood
No. Peaks : 21
No. Years : 11.48
Threshold : 6.97
Lambda : 1.8297
Gamma (Shape) : -0.3503
0.10
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
Mean Wind Speed (m)

1 Year 0.4534728186 7.58
5 Years 0.8906945637 8.69
10 Years 0.9453472819 9.01
50 Years 0.9890694564 9.50
100 Years 0.9945347282 9.65
V32/97-08-05 - C:\ADRIAN\SATELLITE.MDB~PST_GEOSAT/TOPEX/ERS1_U_ALL-YEAR_11/86-5/98_4/48_ORDERED
Figure I1.2
0.999
0.99

Maximum Likelihood
No. Peaks : 38
No. Years : 11.48
Threshold : 6.13
Lambda : 3.3109
0.10
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
Mean Wind Speed (m)

1 Year 0.6979718208 7.55
5 Years 0.9395943642 8.70
10 Years 0.9697971821 9.02
50 Years 0.9939594364 9.51
100 Years 0.9969797182 9.64
VAALCO Gabon (Etame) Inc - Offshore Gabon

Generalised Pareto mml; Non-directional; Mean Wind Speed - Peak Event; 21 & 38 storms; 11/1986-5/1998
Figure I1.3
0.999
0.99

Maximum Likelihood
No. Peaks : 61
No. Years : 11.48
Threshold : 5.66
Lambda : 5.3149
0.10
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
Mean Wind Speed (m)

1 Year 0.8118512982 7.41
5 Years 0.9623702596 8.66
10 Years 0.9811851298 9.09
50 Years 0.9962370260 9.91
100 Years 0.9981185130 10.19
Figure I1.4
0.999
0.99

Maximum Likelihood
No. Peaks : 80
No. Years : 11.48
Threshold : 5.26
Lambda : 6.9704
0.10
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
Mean Wind Speed (m)

1 Year 0.8565366149 7.44
5 Years 0.9713073230 8.66
10 Years 0.9856536615 9.06
50 Years 0.9971307323 9.80
100 Years 0.9985653661 10.04

Figure I1.5
0.999
0.99

Maximum Likelihood
No. Peaks : 104
No. Years : 11.48
Threshold : 4.76
Lambda : 9.0615
0.10
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
Mean Wind Speed (m)

1 Year 0.8896435499 7.50
5 Years 0.9779287100 8.65
10 Years 0.9889643550 9.01
50 Years 0.9977928710 9.61
100 Years 0.9988964355 9.80
Figure I1.6
0.999
0.99

Maximum Likelihood
No. Peaks : 122
No. Years : 11.48
Threshold : 4.45
Lambda : 10.6299
0.10
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
Mean Wind Speed (m)

1 Year 0.9059256491 7.51
5 Years 0.9811851298 8.65
10 Years 0.9905925649 9.00
50 Years 0.9981185130 9.57
100 Years 0.9990592565 9.75

Figure I1.7
0.999
0.99

Maximum Likelihood
No. Peaks : 137
No. Years : 11.48
Threshold : 4.26
Lambda : 11.9368
0.10
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
Mean Wind Speed (m)

1 Year 0.9162257605 7.50
5 Years 0.9832451521 8.65
10 Years 0.9916225761 9.01
50 Years 0.9983245152 9.61
100 Years 0.9991622576 9.79
Figure I1.8
0.999
0.99

Maximum Likelihood
No. Peaks : 147
No. Years : 11.48
Threshold : 4.15
Lambda : 12.8081
0.10
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
Mean Wind Speed (m)

1 Year 0.9219246884 7.49
5 Years 0.9843849377 8.66
10 Years 0.9921924688 9.02
50 Years 0.9984384938 9.64
100 Years 0.9992192469 9.84

Figure I2.1
0.999
0.99

Maximum Likelihood
No. Peaks : 20
No. Years : 11.48
Threshold : 5.72
Lambda : 1.7426
0.10
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
Mean Wind Speed (m)

1 Year 0.4261464596 6.55
5 Years 0.8852292919 7.77
10 Years 0.9426146460 8.01
50 Years 0.9885229292 8.28
100 Years 0.9942614646 8.33
V32/97-08-05 - C:\ADRIAN\SATELLITE.MDB~PST_GEOSAT/TOPEX/ERS1_U SIM WITH HS_ALL-YEAR_11/86-5/98_ORDERED
Figure I2.2
0.999
0.99

Maximum Likelihood
No. Peaks : 37
No. Years : 11.48
Threshold : 4.91
Lambda : 3.2238
0.10
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
Mean Wind Speed (m)

1 Year 0.6898088971 6.44
5 Years 0.9379617794 7.66
10 Years 0.9689808897 7.99
50 Years 0.9937961779 8.48
100 Years 0.9968980890 8.61

Generalised Pareto mml; Non-directional; Mean Wind Speed simultaneous with Hs Peak Event; 20 & 37 storms; 11/1986-5/1998
Figure I2.3
0.999
0.99

Maximum Likelihood
No. Peaks : 60
No. Years : 11.48
Threshold : 4.06
Lambda : 5.2278
0.10
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
Mean Wind Speed (m)

1 Year 0.8087154865 6.36
5 Years 0.9617430973 7.65
10 Years 0.9808715487 8.03
50 Years 0.9961743097 8.63
100 Years 0.9980871549 8.81
Figure I2.4
0.999
0.99

Maximum Likelihood
No. Peaks : 79
No. Years : 11.48
Threshold : 3.24
Lambda : 6.8833
0.10
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
Mean Wind Speed (m)

1 Year 0.8547206227 6.47
5 Years 0.9709441245 7.68
10 Years 0.9854720623 7.99
50 Years 0.9970944125 8.42
100 Years 0.9985472062 8.53

Figure I2.5
0.999
0.99

Maximum Likelihood
No. Peaks : 103
No. Years : 11.48
Threshold : 2.00
Lambda : 8.9744
0.10
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
Mean Wind Speed (m)

1 Year 0.8885721281 6.69
5 Years 0.9777144256 7.77
10 Years 0.9888572128 8.00
50 Years 0.9977714426 8.28
100 Years 0.9988857213 8.34
Figure I2.6
0.999
0.99

Maximum Likelihood
No. Peaks : 121
No. Years : 11.48
Threshold : 0.96
Lambda : 10.5428
0.10
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
Mean Wind Speed (m)

1 Year 0.9051481751 6.80
5 Years 0.9810296350 7.83
10 Years 0.9905148175 8.03
50 Years 0.9981029635 8.25
100 Years 0.9990514818 8.30

Figure I2.7
0.999
0.99

Maximum Likelihood
No. Peaks : 136
No. Years : 11.48
Threshold : 0.49
Lambda : 11.8497
0.10
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
Mean Wind Speed (m)

1 Year 0.9156097735 6.76
5 Years 0.9831219547 7.81
10 Years 0.9915609773 8.02
50 Years 0.9983121955 8.26
100 Years 0.9991560977 8.31
Figure I2.8
0.999
0.99

Maximum Likelihood
No. Peaks : 146
No. Years : 11.48
Threshold : 0.24
Lambda : 12.7210
0.10
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
Mean Wind Speed (m)

1 Year 0.9213899260 6.73
5 Years 0.9842779852 7.79
10 Years 0.9921389926 8.01
50 Years 0.9984277985 8.27
100 Years 0.9992138993 8.32

Figure I3.1
0.999
0.99

0.90 Exponential
Method of Moments
No. Peaks : 21
No. Years : 11.48
Threshold : 2.21
Lambda : 1.8297
0.10
0 5 10 15 20 25

1 Year 0.4534728186 2.36
5 Years 0.8906945637 2.66
10 Years 0.9453472819 2.80
50 Years 0.9890694564 3.10
100 Years 0.9945347282 3.23
V32/97-08-05 - C:\ADRIAN\SATELLITE.MDB~PST_GEOSAT/TOPEX/ERS1_HS_ALL-YEAR_11/86-5/98_1,5/48_ORDERED
Figure I3.2
0.999
0.99

0.90 Exponential
Method of Moments
No. Peaks : 39
No. Years : 11.48
Threshold : 2.00
Lambda : 3.3981
0.10
0 5 10 15 20 25

1 Year 0.7057161331 2.33
5 Years 0.9411432266 2.69
10 Years 0.9705716133 2.84
50 Years 0.9941143227 3.20
100 Years 0.9970571613 3.36

Exponential mm; Non-directional; Significant Wave Height - Peak Event; 21 & 39 storms; 11/1986-5/1998
Figure I3.3
0.999
0.99

0.90 Exponential
Method of Moments
No. Peaks : 58
No. Years : 11.48
Threshold : 1.88
Lambda : 5.0536
0.10
0 5 10 15 20 25

1 Year 0.8021194688 2.32
5 Years 0.9604238938 2.71
10 Years 0.9802119469 2.88
50 Years 0.9960423894 3.27
100 Years 0.9980211947 3.44
Figure I3.4
0.999
0.99

0.90 Exponential
Method of Moments
No. Peaks : 81
No. Years : 11.48
Threshold : 1.74
Lambda : 7.0575
0.10
0 5 10 15 20 25

1 Year 0.8583077678 2.32
5 Years 0.9716615536 2.74
10 Years 0.9858307768 2.93
50 Years 0.9971661554 3.36
100 Years 0.9985830777 3.54

Figure I3.5
0.999
0.99

0.90 Exponential
Method of Moments
No. Peaks : 103
No. Years : 11.48
Threshold : 1.66
Lambda : 8.9744
0.10
0 5 10 15 20 25

1 Year 0.8885721281 2.32
5 Years 0.9777144256 2.78
10 Years 0.9888572128 2.97
50 Years 0.9977714426 3.43
100 Years 0.9988857213 3.63
Figure I3.6
0.999
0.99

0.90 Exponential
Method of Moments
No. Peaks : 116
No. Years : 11.48
Threshold : 1.57
Lambda : 10.1071
0.10
0 5 10 15 20 25

1 Year 0.9010597344 2.32
5 Years 0.9802119469 2.79
10 Years 0.9901059734 3.00
50 Years 0.9980211947 3.47
100 Years 0.9990105973 3.67

Figure I3.7
0.999
0.99

0.90 Exponential
Method of Moments
No. Peaks : 141
No. Years : 11.48
Threshold : 1.56
Lambda : 12.2854
0.10
0 5 10 15 20 25

1 Year 0.9186023347 2.33
5 Years 0.9837204669 2.81
10 Years 0.9918602335 3.02
50 Years 0.9983720467 3.51
100 Years 0.9991860233 3.72
Figure I3.8
0.999
0.99

0.90 Exponential
Method of Moments
No. Peaks : 150
No. Years : 11.48
Threshold : 1.50
Lambda : 13.0695
0.10
0 5 10 15 20 25

1 Year 0.9234861946 2.33
5 Years 0.9846972389 2.82
10 Years 0.9923486195 3.03
50 Years 0.9984697239 3.52
100 Years 0.9992348619 3.73

Figure I4.1
0.999
0.99

0.90 Exponential
Method of Moments
No. Peaks : 20
No. Years : 11.48
Threshold : 1.77
Lambda : 1.7426
0.10
0 5 10 15 20 25

1 Year 0.4261464596 1.97
5 Years 0.8852292919 2.36
10 Years 0.9426146460 2.53
50 Years 0.9885229292 2.93
100 Years 0.9942614646 3.10
V32/97-08-05 - C:\ADRIAN\SATELLITE.MDB~PST_GEOSAT/TOPEX/ERS1_HS SIM WITH U_ALL-YEAR_11/86-5/98_ORDERED
Figure I4.2
0.999
0.99

0.90 Exponential
Method of Moments
No. Peaks : 39
No. Years : 11.48
Threshold : 1.47
Lambda : 3.3981
0.10
0 5 10 15 20 25

1 Year 0.7057161331 1.90
5 Years 0.9411432266 2.40
10 Years 0.9705716133 2.61
50 Years 0.9941143227 3.11
100 Years 0.9970571613 3.33

Exponential mm; Non-directional; Hs simultaneous with Mean Wind Speed Peak Event; 20 & 39 storms; 11/1986-5/1998
Figure I4.3
0.999
0.99

0.90 Exponential
Method of Moments
No. Peaks : 60
No. Years : 11.48
Threshold : 1.44
Lambda : 5.2278
0.10
0 5 10 15 20 25

1 Year 0.8087154865 1.90
5 Years 0.9617430973 2.40
10 Years 0.9808715487 2.61
50 Years 0.9961743097 3.11
100 Years 0.9980871549 3.32
Figure I4.4
0.999
0.99

0.90 Exponential
Method of Moments
No. Peaks : 80
No. Years : 11.48
Threshold : 1.27
Lambda : 6.9704
0.10
0 5 10 15 20 25

1 Year 0.8565366149 1.90
5 Years 0.9713073230 2.40
10 Years 0.9856536615 2.61
50 Years 0.9971307323 3.11
100 Years 0.9985653661 3.33

Figure I4.5
0.999
0.99

0.90 Exponential
Method of Moments
No. Peaks : 100
No. Years : 11.48
Threshold : 1.13
Lambda : 8.7130
0.10
0 5 10 15 20 25

1 Year 0.8852292919 1.90
5 Years 0.9770458584 2.42
10 Years 0.9885229292 2.64
50 Years 0.9977045858 3.16
100 Years 0.9988522929 3.38
Figure I4.6
0.999
0.99

0.90 Exponential
Method of Moments
No. Peaks : 120
No. Years : 11.48
Threshold : 0.97
Lambda : 10.4556
0.10
0 5 10 15 20 25

1 Year 0.9043577433 1.90
5 Years 0.9808715487 2.44
10 Years 0.9904357743 2.68
50 Years 0.9980871549 3.22
100 Years 0.9990435774 3.45

Figure I4.7
0.999
0.99

0.90 Exponential
Method of Moments
No. Peaks : 140
No. Years : 11.48
Threshold : 0.78
Lambda : 12.1982
0.10
0 5 10 15 20 25

1 Year 0.9180209228 1.93
5 Years 0.9836041846 2.52
10 Years 0.9918020923 2.78
50 Years 0.9983604185 3.37
100 Years 0.9991802092 3.63
Figure I4.8
0.999
0.99

0.90 Exponential
Method of Moments
No. Peaks : 151
No. Years : 11.48
Threshold : 0.51
Lambda : 13.1567
0.10
0 5 10 15 20 25

1 Year 0.9239929086 1.95
5 Years 0.9847985817 2.60
10 Years 0.9923992909 2.88
50 Years 0.9984798582 3.53
100 Years 0.9992399291 3.81

J. ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES
J.1 Frequency Analyses
J.1.1 Percentage Exceedence Distributions
These tables are created by classifying the data, for individual months and for the whole year, using
suitable intervals of wind speed or wave height and then producing a cumulative distribution of
occurrences. The results are expressed as percentages; that is the percentage exceedence of the
given speed or height. The percentage exceedence table may therefore be used to determine the
proportion of time the wind speed or wave height exceeded any given value.
J.1.2 Wind and Wave Frequency Distributions and Roses
The average annual (all-year) mean wind speed and significant wave height frequency distributions
show the joint frequency of occurrence of wind speed and wave height for an average year. The
‘Total’ column along the top of the table (Figure C1.1) shows the number of observations in each
mean wind speed or significant wave height interval.
The column CFD presents the cumulative frequency distribution of mean wind speed from all
directions. The cumulative frequency distribution shows the cumulative number of occurrences when
the wind speed or wave height was greater than or equal to a given value.
Average annual frequency distributions and roses were derived by sorting each parameter (wind
speed, wave height) into eight directional sectors centered on the cardinal points of the compass.
The sector boundaries (relative to true north) are as follows:
N 337.50° to 22.49° S 157.50° to 202.49°

NE 22.50° to 67.49° SW 202.50° to 247.49°
E 67.50° to 112.49° W 247.50° to 292.49°
SE 112.50° to 157.49° NW 292.50° to 337.49°
The frequency distributions show the joint frequency of occurrence of each parameter by direction.
The roses show the percentage frequency of occurrence by direction. The irregular wind speed
intervals in Figure C1.1 are the result of using speed boundaries in knots, where the data source was
the UKMO VOF, Port Gentil or GWM data.

J.2 Harmonic Analysis of Tidal Elevation
Data from Pointe Noire, WOCE (1998) for the period 01/09/85 to 29/09/88 were analyzed using in-
house software in order to estimate values for sixty tidal constituents. The results are presented in
Table F.1.
The major harmonic tidal constituents are as follows:
Astronomical diurnal tides

J1 elliptical lunar
K1 principal lunar/principal solar
O1 principal lunar
P1 principal solar
Q1 larger elliptical lunar
Astronomical semi-diurnal tides

K2 declinational lunar/declinational solar
L2 smaller elliptical lunar
M2 principal lunar
N2 larger elliptical lunar
S2 principal solar
J.3 Extreme Value Analyses
The Cumulative Frequency Distribution (CFD) is generated by summing the number of observations
greater than or equal to the lower bound of specified class intervals. Selected functions are then
fitted to the data in order to extrapolate to the required probability of non-exceedence. The
Cumulative Frequency Extrapolation (CFE) was based on the uppermost 5% of the wind speed,
significant wave height, air temperature and water level. Principally, the method of least squares
(mls) was used to fit to the CFD using Weibull 2 and 3-parameter and Fisher-Tippett 1, 2 and 3. For
CFD obtained from time series data the Weibull and Fisher-Tippett 1 were fitted using the method of
moments.
The Peak Over Threshold (POT) technique consists of declustering the data by selecting storm peak
events that exceeded a predetermined threshold within a forty-eight hour moving window. The

observations are assumed to be independent and identically distributed. The number of peaks
exceeding a given level, divided by the number of years of record, gives the rate of exceedence
which can then be used to find the expected number of occurrences in a period of specified length of
time. The probability distribution of the peak values which depends on the threshold over which the
peaks are counted is then combined with the rate of occurrence of peaks to give the unconditional
distribution of peak values from which extreme values corresponding to given return periods can be
calculated. The number of storms occurring per unit time is assumed to be a random variable that
may be represented by the Poisson distribution. The Poisson distribution is characterized by a mean
value, λ, which is the average number of storms per year. The value of λ is calculated as the number
of storms divided by the period of record in years.

K. NOTATION, ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS
K.1 Notation
asb Above sea bed

asl Above sea level
CFD Cumulative Frequency Distribution
CFE Cumulative Frequency Extrapolation
F(x) Probability of exceedence
-2
g Acceleration due to gravity (ms ) / Tidal Constituent Phase (degrees)
G3-sec / G3-sec Maximum gust wind speed of 3-second and 60-second duration
H Individual wave height (m) and Tidal Constituent Amplitude (m)
HAT Highest Astronomical Tide
Hmax Maximum wave height estimated to occur in a given period of time (normally 3
hours) during which the sea state is assumed to remain constant
Hs Significant wave height, defined as 4 x standard deviation of the water surface
elevation about the mean water level, but nowadays calculated from the wave
spectrum
Hsalt Hs measured by altimeter
I(z) Turbulence Intensity
LAT Lowest Astronomical Tide
MHWN Mean High Water Neaps
MHWS Mean High Water Springs
MLWN Mean Low Water Neaps
MLWS Mean Low Water Springs
MSL Mean sea level, the average level of the sea over a period of time long enough
to remove variations in level due to waves, tides and storm surges
Nã Number of zero up-crossings
P(x) Probability of non-exceedence
POT Peaks Over Threshold analysis
Sf Associated fatigue steepness (H)
Ss Associated significant steepness (Hs)
SWL Still water level, defined as the level of the sea surface due to tides and storm
surges (but without waves)
T Air temperature and sea temperature (°C)
Tz Mean zero-crossing period
u Wind speed (from altimeter)
uTOPEX From TOPEX
U1-hr Mean wind speed, averaged over a duration of 1 hour
U10-min Maximum 10-minute mean wind speed associated with U1-hr
U1-min Maximum 1-minute mean wind speed associated with U1-hr
θ Direction (from) associated with vector-average wind velocity
º
Radar pulse
Bandwidth parameter

K.2 Acronyms and Abbreviations
Abbreviations used in this report are defined below:
BODC British Oceanographic Data Center

Fugro GEOS Fugro Global Environmental and Ocean Sciences
GEOSAT, ERS-1, TOPEX Satellites
GMT Greenwich Mean Time
GWM Global Wave Model
IBT IGOSS radio message Bathy-Thermograph
IHO International Hydrographic Organization
ISLP-Pac Sea Level Program in the Pacific
LEGOS Laboratoire d’Etudes en Geophysique et Oceanographie Spatiales
MBT Mechanical Bathy-Thermographs
NOAA National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
NODC US National Oceanographic Data Center
ORSTOM French oceanographic research Institute
PSMSL Permanent Service for Mean Sea Level
RQDS Research Quality Data Set
SBT Selected-level Bathy-Thermographs
SD2 Nansen cast
SOS Satellite Observing Systems
TOGA Tropical Ocean Global Atmosphere
UHSLC University of Hawaii Sea Level Center
UKMO UK Meteorological (Met) Office
VOF Voluntary Observing Fleet (ships’ observations)
WDCA World Data Center
WMO World Meteorological Office
WOCE World Ocean Circulation Experiment
XBT Expendable Bathy-Thermographs

L. REFERENCES
Africa Pilot, 1977. Comprising the West Coast of Africa from Bakasi Peninsula to Cape Agulhas;
Islands in the Bight of Biafra; Ascension Islands; Saint Helena Island; Tristan dea Cunha Group and
th
Gough Island. Volume II, 12 Ed. Hydrographer of the Navy.
American Petroleum Institute, 1993. Recommended Practice for Planning, Designing and
Constructing Fixed Offshore Platforms – Load and Resistance Factor Design.
Battjes, J.A., 1972. Long-term Wave Height Distributions at Seven Stations around the British Isles.
Deutsche Hydrographische Zeitschrift, Jahrgang 25, Heft 4, 179-189.
Cardone, V.J., Cooper, C.K. and Szabo, D. (1995) A Hindcast Study of the Extreme Wave Climate
th
of Offshore West Africa. Offshore Technology Conference. 27 Annual OTC, 1 – 4 May 1995.
Carter, D.J.T, Loynes, J & Challenor, PG. 1987, Estimates of Extreme Current Speeds over the
Continental Slope off Scotland. IOS Report No. 239. pp 143.
Carter, D.J.T, Challenor, P.G and Srokosz, M.A., 1992. An Assessment of GEOSAT Wave Height
and Wind Speed Measurements. Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 97, No. C7, 11,383-11,392.
Coastal Engineering Research Center, US Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station, 1985.
Computer Program: WAVDIST (MACE 17) Extremal Significant Wave Height Distributions. Coastal
Engineering Technical Note CETN-I-40, December 1985.
Cotton, P.D, and Carter, D.J.T, 1994. Cross Calibration of TOPEX, ERS-1 and GEOSAT Wave
Heights. Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 99, No. C12, 25,025-25,033.
Department of Energy, 1990. Offshore Installations: Guidance on design, construction and

certification – Environmental Considerations.
th
Draper, L, 1967. Waves at Sekondi, Ghana. Proc. 10 Conf. on Coastal Eng. Tokyo 5-8 Sept. 1966,
Vol I pp12-17. American Soc. of Civil Eng.
NODC, 1991. Global Ocean Temperature and Salinity Profiles, Volume 1.0 – Atlantic, Indian and
Polar Oceans, NODC, U.S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration, Washington DC. CDROM NODC-02 and NODC-03.
Meteorological Office, 1963. The Marine Observer’s Handbook, MO 522, HMSO.
Pugh, DT & Vassie, JM. 1980, Applications of the joint probability method for extreme sea level
computations. Proc. Instit. Civ. Engrs. Part 2, 69, 959-975.
Tann, H.M., 1976. The Estimation of Wave Parameters for the Design of Offshore Structures.
IOS Report No. 23.
Witter, D.L. and Chelton, D.B., 1991. A GEOSAT altimeter wind speed algorithm and a method for
altimeter wind speed development. Journal Geophysical Research, 96, 8853-8860.
WOCE Data Products Committee, 1998 WOCE Global Data: Sea Level Data, Version 1.0, WOCE
International Project Office, WOCE Report No. 158/98, Southampton, UK.


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VAALCO Gabon (Etame) Inc

Metocean Design Criteria for the Etame Field

Fugro GEOS Reference No. C56003

FUGRO GEOS Inc

2 METOCEAN DESIGN CRITERIA .......................................................................................... 2

B. FRAMES OF REFERENCE AND QUALITY CONTROL..................................................... 14

VAALCO Gabon (Etame) Inc C56003-1733-240299-Final.doc

F. WATER LEVELS ................................................................................................................. 36

H. SEA TEMPERATURE AND SALINITY PROFILES ............................................................. 42

I. JOINT WINDS AND WAVES ............................................................................................... 43

J. ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES .............................................................................................. 45

K. NOTATION, ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS............................................................. 48

VAALCO Gabon (Etame) Inc C56003-1733-240299-Final.doc

Etame Field – Summary of Design Criteria

Table 2.4 – Etame Field: Extreme Air Temperature .........................................................................................................................4

Table A.2 - ORSTOM Current Meter Data ......................................................................................................................................13

VAALCO Gabon (Etame) Inc C56003-1733-240299-Final.doc

Table G.3 - Extreme Air Temperature: Mayumba and VOF ...........................................................................................................41

Joint Winds and Waves

VAALCO Gabon (Etame) Inc C56003-1733-240299-Final.doc

VAALCO Gabon (Etame) Inc C56003-1733-240299-Final.doc

Global Wave Model (GWM)

Figure C6 - Monthly 10%ile Wind Speed by Direction

VAALCO Gabon (Etame) Inc C56003-1733-240299-Final.doc

Global Wave Model (GWM)

Figure D6 – Normalized Significant Wave Heights by Direction: VOF and GWM

Figure F2 - Extreme Positive Total Still Water Elevation

Figure F3 - Extreme Positive Surge Elevation

Figure F4 - Extreme Negative Surge Elevation

Figure G3 - Extreme Maximum Air Temperature, Mayumba Data

VAALCO Gabon (Etame) Inc C56003-1733-240299-Final.doc

Sea Temperature and Salinity

Figure H2 - Sea Temperature Profiles: May, June, July and August

Figure H3 - Sea Temperature Profiles: September, October, November and December

Figure H4 - Salinity Profiles: January, February, March and April

Figure H5 - Salinity Profiles: May, June, July and August

Figure H6 - Salinity Profiles: September, October, November and December

Joint Winds and Waves

Significant Wave Height – Peak Event

VAALCO Gabon (Etame) Inc C56003-1733-240299-Final.doc

VAALCO Gabon (Etame) Inc C56003-1733-240299-Final.doc

1.2 Report Structure

VAALCO Gabon (Etame) Inc C56003-1733-240299-Final.doc

2 METOCEAN DESIGN CRITERIA

• 1, 5, 10, 50 and 100-year design wind criteria

Table 2.1 – 2.6 present a tabulated summary of the criteria.

VAALCO Gabon (Etame) Inc C56003-1733-240299-Final.doc

Table 2.1 - Etame Field: Mean and Gust Wind Speed

Return Period (years) Return Period (years) Return Period (years)

Return Period (years)

Positive Surge Elevation (m) 0.34 0.37 0.38 0.41 0.42

VAALCO Gabon (Etame) Inc C56003-1733-240299-Final.doc

Table 2.4 – Etame Field: Extreme Air Temperature

Return Period (years)

VAALCO Gabon (Etame) Inc C56003-1733-240299-Final.doc

• UK Meteorological Office (UKMO) Global Wave Model (GWM)

Table A.1 - Summary Information and Data Sources

Data Source Parameter Available Data Location Water Depth/

A.1 UK Meteorological Office (UKMO) Global Wave Model (GWM)

VAALCO Gabon (Etame) Inc C56003-1733-240299-Final.doc

A.2 Voluntary Observing Fleet (VOF)

VAALCO Gabon (Etame) Inc C56003-1733-240299-Final.doc

A.3 WOCE CDROM - Global Sea Level Data