CH 03

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Package Title: Test Bank

Course Title: Smolin3e
Chapter Number: 3
Question Type: Multiple Choice
1) _________ are units of matter that cannot be further broken down by chemical means.
a) Organic compounds
b) Cells
c) Atoms
d) Solvents
Answer: c
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: LO 3.1 Describe the organization of life from atoms to organisms.
Section Reference: Section 3.1 Food Becomes Us
2) Nutrients classified as “organic molecules” have a molecular structure which contains

the element:
a) carbon.
b) oxygen.
c) nitrogen.
d) sulfur.
Answer: a
Difficulty: Easy
3) Which of the following sequences is organized from the simplest to the most complex
arrangement?
a) atoms : molecules : tissues : organs

b) molecules : tissues : atoms : organs
c) tissues: atoms : molecules : organs
d) atoms : organs : tissues : molecules
Answer: a
2
Difficulty: Easy
4) The movement of food through the digestive tract is regulated by:
a) the endocrine and nervous systems.

b) the lymphatic and muscular systems.
c) the respiratory and urinary systems.
d) the cardiovascular system.
Answer: a
Difficulty: Medium
5) The most important roles of the digestive system include digestion and:
a) metabolism.
b) absorption.
c) circulation.
d) excretion.
Answer: b
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: LO 3.2 Explain the gastrointestinal tract structure and the roles of
mucus, enzymes, nerves, and hormones in the digestive tract.
Section Reference: Section 3.2 The Digestive System
6) The internal lining of the gastrointestinal tract is the:
a) submucosa.
b) serosa.
c) muscularis.
d) mucosa.
Answer: d
Difficulty: Easy
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7) The digestive tract begins at the _________ and ends at the _________.
a) esophagus; small intestine

b) mouth; transverse colon
c) esophageal sphincter; pylorus
d) mouth; anus
Answer: d
Difficulty: Easy
8) Transit time is the rate at which food:
a) moves through the digestive tract.

b) is swallowed.
c) is absorbed into the blood.
d) is broken down into chyme.
Answer: a
Difficulty: Easy
9) Which of the following is NOT a product released by the GI tract?
a) Mucus
b) Enzymes
c) Chyme
d) Hormones
Answer: c
Difficulty: Easy
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10) Which of the following is NOT an accessory organ of the digestive system?
a) Liver
b) Pancreas
c) Salivary glands
d) Kidney
Answer: d
Difficulty: Easy
11) Chewing is an important digestive function because it improves the functionality of:
a) enzymes.
b) hormones.
c) mucus.
d) peristalsis.
Answer: a
Difficulty: Medium
12) What enzyme prevents bacterial growth in the mouth?
a) Amylase
b) Lysozyme
c) Bacteriocidase
d) Lipase
Answer: b
Difficulty: Medium
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Learning Objective: LO 3.3 Discuss how nutrients are digested and absorbed in the
digestive tract.
Section Reference: Section 3.3 Digestion and Absorption
13) Which structure prevents swallowed food from entering the trachea?
a) Tongue
b) Pharynx
c) Esophageal sphincter
d) Epiglottis
Answer: d
Difficulty: Easy
digestive tract.
14) The pharynx is a cavity shared by the digestive tract and the:
a) urinary tract.
b) respiratory tract.
c) pancreatic duct.
d) common bile duct.
Answer: b
Difficulty: Medium
digestive tract.
15) Coordinated muscular contractions that move food through the GI tract are called:
a) segmentation.
b) muscular syncopation.
c) gastroesophageal sphincterization.
d) peristalsis.
Answer: d
Difficulty: Medium
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digestive tract.
16) When the gastroesophageal sphincter contracts, food:
a) flows from the esophagus into the stomach.

b) is prevented from reentering the esophagus from the stomach.
c) leaves the stomach and enters the small intestine.
d) is eliminated from the body through the anus.
Answer: b
Difficulty: Medium
digestive tract.
17) Which of the following is NOT true of the stomach?
a) It produces pepsinogen.
b) Parietal cells in gastric pits produce hydrochloric acid.
c) The main function is absorption.
d) It has 3 layers of smooth muscle.
Answer: c
Difficulty: Medium
digestive tract.
18) The formation of chyme occurs in which part of the GI tract?
a) Small intestine
b) Large intestine
c) Gallbladder
d) Stomach
Answer: d
Difficulty: Medium
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digestive tract.
19) Activity in the digestive tract begins in response to the sight and smell of food. This
is referred to as the _________ response.
a) cephalic
b) gastric
c) intestinal
d) cognitive
Answer: a
Difficulty: Medium
digestive tract.
20) The hormone gastrin is released in response to:
a) the presence of food in the stomach.

b) contraction of the gastroesophageal sphincter.
c) relaxation of the anal sphincter.
d) the presence of the bacteria Helicobacter pylori in the stomach.
Answer: a
Difficulty: Medium
digestive tract.
21) The stomach wall is protected from the acidity of the gastric juice by:
a) the bacterium Helicobacter pylori.

b) a viscous mucus layer.
c) the action of gastrin.
d) pancreatic secretions.
Answer: b
Difficulty: Medium
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digestive tract.
22) Which of the following is most likely to inhibit gastric secretion and motility?
a) The sight and smell of food

b) The release of gastrin from the stomach
c) The passage of chyme into the small intestine
d) The release of bile from the gallbladder
Answer: c
Difficulty: Hard
digestive tract.
23) The sphincter that regulates the flow of chyme from the stomach into the small
intestine is the __________ sphincter.
a) gastroesophageal
b) celiac
c) anal
d) pyloric
Answer: d
Difficulty: Medium
digestive tract.
24) Which of the following meals is likely to stay in the stomach the longest?
a) Cheeseburger, small French fries, small soft drink, ice cream

b) Grilled chicken breast, mashed potato with butter, green beans, skim milk
c) Tuna sandwich on whole wheat, pickle, ice tea
d) Rice Krispies, skim milk, blueberries, coffee
Answer: a
Difficulty: Medium
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digestive tract.
25) Stomach emptying is affected by all of the following EXCEPT:
a) the nutrient composition of a meal.

b) the time of day the meal is consumed.
c) the meal consistency (liquid versus solid).
d) emotional states (sadness, anger, stress).
Answer: b
Difficulty: Medium
digestive tract.
26) Which of the following accessory organs releases its secretions into the GI tract?
a) Gallbladder
b) Pancreas
c) Salivary glands
d) All of these are correct
Answer: d
Difficulty: Medium
digestive tract.
27) Pancreas secretions contain digestive enzymes and:
a) bicarbonate ions.
b) bile.
c) cholecystokinin (CCK).
d) chyme.
Answer: a
Difficulty: Medium
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digestive tract.
28) Chyme is neutralized in the small intestine by secretions from the:
a) gallbladder.
b) kidneys.
c) liver.
d) pancreas.
Answer: d
Difficulty: Easy
digestive tract.
29) The release of bile and pancreatic enzymes into the small intestine is controlled by:
a) secretin and CCK.

b) stimulation of stretch receptors in the stomach.
c) gastrin.
d) salivary amylase.
Answer: a
Difficulty: Hard
digestive tract.
30) The primary site of nutrient absorption is the:
a) liver.
b) large intestine.
c) stomach.
d) small intestine.
Answer: d
Difficulty: Easy
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digestive tract.
31) The absorption of nutrients by simple diffusion requires:
a) a carrier molecule.
b) energy.
c) a concentration gradient.
d) All of these choices are correct
Answer: c
Difficulty: Medium
digestive tract.
32) Which of the following digestive organs is lined with fingerlike projections called
villi?
a) Esophagus
b) Stomach
c) Small intestine
d) Large intestine
Answer: c
Difficulty: Easy
digestive tract.
33) The absorptive surface of the small intestine is increased by the presence of:
a) sphincters.
b) microvilli.
c) enterocytes.
d) gastric pits.
Answer: b
Difficulty: Medium
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digestive tract.
34) Which of the following structures is located past (beyond) the ileocecal valve?
a) Colon
b) Common bile duct
c) Stomach
d) Pharynx
Answer: a
Difficulty: Hard
digestive tract.
35) The primary function of the large intestine is to:
a) prepare and store unabsorbed food residue for excretion.

b) absorb digested nutrients.
c) neutralize chyme.
d) All of these choices are correct.
Answer: a
Difficulty: Medium
digestive tract.
36) A diseased gallbladder can interfere with:
a) chyme formation.
b) the ability to chew.
c) the ability to regulate blood glucose levels.
d) fat digestion.
Answer: d
Difficulty: Hard
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Learning Objective: LO 3.4 Describe how certain stages of life affect the type of foods
that can be consumed and the function of the digestive tract.
Section Reference: Section 3.4 Digestion and Health
37) “Heartburn” is typically:
a) caused by acidic stomach contents leaking back through the pyloric sphincter.
b) more common in men and those who are underweight.
c) caused when the stomach bulges through the diaphragm.
d) All of the choices are true.
Answer: a
Difficulty: Hard
38) The most common cause of ulcers is:
a) chronic use of the pain reliever Tylenol.

b) eating large amounts of acidic foods such as peppers and tomatoes.
c) a bacterial infection.
d) stress.
Answer: c
Difficulty: Medium
39) Inflammation of the small intestinal mucosa reduces the ability of the intestine to
absorb water or nutrients causing:
a) constipation.
b) diarrhea.
c) gastroesophageal reflux disease.
d) gallstones.
Answer: b
Difficulty: Hard
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40) Which statement about Helicobacter pylori is true?
a) These microorganisms are killed by the low pH of the stomach secretions.

b) Dr. B. J. Marshall developed gastric inflammation after he drank a culture of H. pylori.
c) H. pylori causes irritable bowel syndrome.
d) H. pylori only causes ulcers if the stomach is already inflamed from stress.
Answer: b
Difficulty: Medium
41) ___________ is when all essential nutrients are given directly into the blood stream.
a) Enteral feeding
b) Tube feeding
c) Total parenteral nutrition
d) Force feeding
Answer: c
Difficulty: Easy
42) During ________________, the digestive system can absorb whole intact proteins.
a) infancy
b) aging adulthood
c) adulthood
d) childhood
Answer: a
Difficulty: Medium
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43) Which nutrient(s) are absorbed into the lymphatic system before entering the blood?
a) Fat
b) Water
c) Water-soluble vitamins
d) Glucose
Answer: a
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: LO 3.5 Discuss the roles of the cardiovascular and lymphatic
systems in nutrition.
Section Reference: Section 3.5 Delivering Nutrients to Body Cells
44) After water soluble nutrients are absorbed in the intestine, they are carried to the
__________ via the ___________.
a) kidneys; capillaries
b) liver; hepatic portal vein
c) gall bladder; bile duct
d) pancreas; lacteals
Answer: b
Difficulty: Medium
45) The hepatic portal circulation carries nutrients from the small intestine to the:
a) brain.
b) kidneys.
c) stomach.
d) liver.
Answer: d
Difficulty: Easy
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46) The _____________ regulates the movement of molecules in and out of cells.
a) cytoplasm
b) mitochondria
c) cell membrane
d) cell wall
Answer: c
Difficulty: Easy
digestive tract.
47) The sum of the chemical reactions that occur inside body cells is collectively referred
to as:
a) digestion.
b) absorption.
c) metabolism.
d) hydrolysis.
Answer: c
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: LO 3.6 Discuss how glucose, fatty acids, and amino acids are used
by the cells to provide energy.
Section Reference: Section 3.6 Metabolism of Nutrients: An Overview
48) Metabolic reactions that build molecules and body structures are referred to as:
a) catabolic.
b) anabolic.
c) hydrolytic.
d) deamination reactions.
Answer: b
Difficulty: Easy
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49) The chemical breakdown of glucose to produce energy is an example of:
a) catabolism.
b) anabolism.
c) digestion.
d) excretion.
Answer: a
Difficulty: Medium
50) Which organ filters metabolic waste products out of the blood?
a) Kidneys
b) Small intestine
c) Pancreas
d) Spleen
Answer: a
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: LO 3.7 Explain the ways that waste products are eliminated from the
body.
Section Reference: Section 3.7 Elimination of Metabolic Wastes
51) The urinary and respiratory systems help the body to remove:
a) unabsorbed food residue.

b) metabolic waste products.
c) excess calories.
d) All of these choices are correct.
Answer: b
Difficulty: Medium
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Learning Objective: LO 3.7 Explain the ways that waste products are eliminated from the
body.
Section Reference: Section 3.7 Elimination of Metabolic Wastes
52) ________ are protein molecules that accelerate the rate of chemical reactions.
a) Hormones
b) Chylomicrons
c) Enzymes
d) Buffers
Answer: c
Difficulty: Easy
digestive tract.
53) The function of sphincters in the digestive tract is:
a) to coordinate muscular contractions that propel food forward.

b) to regulate the flow of food.
c) to control the release of bile.
d) to regulate enzymatic reactions.
Answer: b
Difficulty: Easy
digestive tract.
54) As chyme moves out of the stomach, it passes through the:
a) gastroesophageal sphincter.
b) cecum.
c) pyloric sphincter.
d) cardiac sphincter.
Answer: c
Difficulty: Medium
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digestive tract.
55) Probiotics are:
a) an example of total parenteral nutrition.

b) substances that promote the growth of beneficial intestinal bacteria.
c) are used to prevent bacterial overgrowth in the stomach.
d) beneficial bacteria added to foods.
Answer: d
Difficulty: Medium
digestive tract.
56) The end-products of carbohydrate catabolism includes all of the following EXCEPT:
a) water.
b) carbon dioxide.
c) energy (ATP).
d) urea.
Answer: d
Difficulty: Medium
Question Type: Essay
57) Describe the organization of the human body beginning with atoms and ending with
the major body systems.
Answer:
Difficulty: Easy
digestive tract.
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Solution: Atoms are the smallest units of an element. Elements are atoms that cannot be
broken down into products with different properties. In the body, carbon, hydrogen,
oxygen and nitrogen are the most abundant elements, which are also the most abundant
elements in food. Elements are linked together by forces called chemical bonds to form
molecules, which are two or more atoms of elements bonded together. Molecules are
organized into the smallest unit of life, the cell. Cells of similar structure and function
are organized into tissues, and tissues into organs of discrete structure and function.
58) Describe the signals that regulate gastric secretion and motility.
Answer:
Difficulty: Easy
Solution: The sight and smell of food and presence of food in the gut stimulates nerves in
the GI tract that stimulate movement and the release or inhibition of gastric secretions.
Hormones from the gut and accessory organs also regulate gastric motility and secretions.
Gastric function can also be affected by emotions, such as anger or aggression.
59) How do the gallbladder and pancreas contribute to the process of digestion?
Answer:
Difficulty: Medium
digestive tract.
Solution: The pancreas secretes bicarbonate to neutralize gastric acid and digestive
enzymes into the lumen of the small intestine. Amylase released from the pancreas
digests carbohydrate, trypsin and chymotrypsin break down protein, and lipases aid in fat
digestion. The gallbladder stores and concentrates bile formed in the liver. Bile release
into the small intestine is triggered by various stimuli. In the lumen of the small intestine,
bile emulsifies, or breaks down fat into smaller droplets facilitating the action of lipase
and the absorption of fat across the intestinal mucosa.
60) Describe the major digestive events taking place in each of the following organs:
a) mouth, b) stomach, c) small intestine, d) large intestine.
Answer:
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Difficulty: Easy
Solution: a) Mouth-chewing breaks food down for better digestion, mixes food with
saliva for tasting and formation of bolus; salivary amylase initiates starch digestion.
b) Stomach- bolus is mixed with acid secretions to form chyme; starch digestion stops
and protein digestion begins with pepsin (and in infants, rennin); acidic secretions kill
bacteria in food.
c) Small intestine- primary site of digestion and absorption; starch is broken down by
pancreatic amylase and brush border enzymes digest sugars. Protein is further digested by
pancreatic enzymes; bile from gallbladder emulsifies fats and lipase from pancreas
digests fat.
d) Large intestine-water and some vitamins absorbed; microflora act on fiber, feces
formed.
61) At different stages of life, special diets may be needed to maximize nutrient intake
and absorption. How does the digestive system of an infant differ from that of an older
adult?
Answer:
Difficulty: Easy
Solution: Infants only consume liquids; the enzyme rennin, which aids in digestion of
milk protein, is present in infants and not adults; gastric lipase is more important in
infants and starch is not easily digested; absorption of whole proteins may cause food
allergies; gut micro flora are different.
62) Explain how triglycerides and glucose differ in terms of absorption and circulation.
Answer:
Difficulty: Medium
Solution: Triglycerides are broken down into free fatty acids, monoglycerides and
glycerol. Glycerol and short- and medium-chain fatty acids diffuse into intestinal
epithelial cells and travel directly into the blood stream. Long-chain fatty acids and
monoglycerides form micelles which diffuse into intestinal epithelial cells, where they
are formed into chylomicrons. Chylomicrons exit intestinal cells and enter the lacteals,
which are lymph vessels within each villus. The lymph fluid with the absorbed
chylomicrons eventually enters the blood circulation via the thoracic duct near the heart.
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Glucose is absorbed directly across intestinal cells into the blood stream where it enters
the hepatic portal circulation and goes first to the liver. The liver can store glucose as
glycogen, release it to the circulation, or release glucose from glycogen stores if needed.
63) Explain why a person who consumes toast, fruit and coffee for breakfast is more
likely to feel hunger sooner compared to a person who eats an egg and fried potatoes for
breakfast.
Answer:
Difficulty: Medium
Solution: There are several factors that influence the rate of gastric emptying, which
include the size of the meal, solids vs. liquids, and the nutritional composition. Fat takes
longer to leave the stomach because its presence in the stomach triggers the release of
hormones that slow GI motility. Carbohydrate leaves the stomach at the fastest rate.
Toast, fruit and coffee is primarily carbohydrate and low in fat. Eggs and fried potatoes
will contain a higher amount of fat.
64) What factors impact the rate at which food leaves the stomach?
Answer:
Difficulty: Medium
digestive tract.
Solution:1) Meal composition: Fat slows gastric emptying.
2) Liquid content of food: Liquids leave the stomach faster than solids.
3) Exercise: Delays gastric emptying.
4) Emotions: Sadness and fear slow gastric emptying while aggression increases it.
65) What regulates the release of bile and pancreatic enzymes? Describe how this process
works.
Answer:
Difficulty: Medium
digestive tract.
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Solution: Two hormones secreted by the duodenal mucosa, secretin and cholecystokinin
(CCK), control this process. Secretin signals the pancreas to secrete juice rich in
bicarbonate and stimulates the liver to secrete bile into the gallbladder. CCK signals the
pancreas to secrete digestive enzymes and causes the gallbladder to contract and release
bile into the lumen of the duodenum. The net effect is to enhance the digestion of dietary
carbohydrates, proteins and lipids.
66) There are several mechanisms whereby nutrients can be absorbed, including simple
diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and active transport. Explain each of these absorptive
processes.
Answer:
Difficulty: Easy
digestive tract.
Solution: Simple diffusion: particles move from an area of higher concentration to an area
of lower concentration. No energy or carrier is required
Facilitated diffusion: movement of particles across a cell membrane from an area of

higher concentration to area of lower concentration with the aid of a carrier molecule. No
energy is required.
Active transport: movement of particle across a cell membrane with the aid of a carrier
which requires energy. Movement may be against a concentration gradient (i.e. from an
area of lower concentration to higher concentration).
67) What is the difference between probiotics and prebiotics? How can these be used to
promote gastrointestinal health?
Answer:
Difficulty: Medium
Solution: Probiotics are specific organisms found in fermented dairy products and
supplements. They have been found to have some specific health benefits like aiding in
the digestion of lactose, preventing or treating diarrhea, improving immune function in
the gut and increasing the incidence of colon cancer. They have to be consumed
regularly.
Prebiotics are indigestible carbohydrates found in foods such as onions, bananas and
garlic that promote the growth of healthy intestinal bacteria that may provide health
benefits.
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68) What causes heartburn? What lifestyle changes can a person make to try to alleviate
this problem?
Answer:
Difficulty: Medium
Solution: Heartburn occurs when stomach acid leaks backward from the stomach into the
esophagus. This happens when the gastroesophageal sphincter is relaxed. It may be
caused by overeating, anxiety, stress, pregnancy or disease. Eat smaller, low fat meals,
remain upright for several hours after eating, and take medications as prescribedcan help
alleviate this problem.
69) Alternative feeding methods and/or special diets are necessary for individuals who
are unable to consume food or properly digest and absorb nutrients. Explain how each
of the following conditions might impact the process of digestion and nutrient
availability.
a) Diseased gallbladder
b) Overuse/abuse of antacids
c) Unable to chew and swallow
d) Inflammation of the pancreas (pancreatitis)
Answer:
Difficulty: Medium
Solution: a) Diseased gallbladder- interferes with digestion and absorption of fat and fat
soluble nutrients.
b) Overuse/abuse of antacids- may provide excess amounts of sodium, starch, sugar or
aluminum; may interfere with ability of gut to kill bacteria in food.
c) Unable to chew and swallow – unable to break food down and mix with saliva and
amylase; unable to safely get food into stomach. Nutritional needs may be met with
enteral tube feeding.
d) Inflammation of the pancreas (pancreatitis)- the enzymes of the pancreas may not be
available which would impact the digestion and ability to absorb starch, protein, and
triglycerides.
25
70) Identify the organs of the digestive system. Briefly describe the digestive process
that occurs in each organ or section of the system.
Answer:
Difficulty: Medium
digestive tract.
Solution:
Mouth: Chews food and mixes it with saliva
Salivary glands: Produce saliva, which contains a starch-digesting enzyme
Pharynx: Swallows chewed food mixed with saliva
Esophagus: Moves food to the stomach
Liver: Makes bile, which aids in digestion and absorption of fat
Gallbladder: Stores bile and releases it into the small intestine when needed
Small intestine: Absorbs nutrients into blood or lymph; most digestion occurs here
Stomach: Churns and mixes food; secretes acid and a protein-digesting enzyme
Pancreas: Releases bicarbonate to neutralize intestinal contents; produces enzymes that
digest carbohydrate, protein, and fat
Large intestine: Absorbs water and some vitamins and minerals; home to intestinal
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bacteria; stores and passes waste material

Anus: Opens to allow waste to leave the body
71) Describe the type of absorption mechanism represented by each of the four separate
parts in the figure.
Answer:
Difficulty: Medium
digestive tract.
Solution: Simple diffusion; osmosis; facilitated diffusion; active transport

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Package Title: Test Bank

Question Type: Multiple Choice

2) Nutrients classified as “organic molecules” have a molecular structure which contains

a) atoms : molecules : tissues : organs

4) The movement of food through the digestive tract is regulated by:

a) the endocrine and nervous systems.

6) The internal lining of the gastrointestinal tract is the:

a) esophagus; small intestine

8) Transit time is the rate at which food:

a) moves through the digestive tract.

9) Which of the following is NOT a product released by the GI tract?

12) What enzyme prevents bacterial growth in the mouth?

16) When the gastroesophageal sphincter contracts, food:

a) flows from the esophagus into the stomach.

17) Which of the following is NOT true of the stomach?

18) The formation of chyme occurs in which part of the GI tract?

20) The hormone gastrin is released in response to:

a) the presence of food in the stomach.

a) the bacterium Helicobacter pylori.

a) The sight and smell of food

a) Cheeseburger, small French fries, small soft drink, ice cream

25) Stomach emptying is affected by all of the following EXCEPT:

a) the nutrient composition of a meal.

27) Pancreas secretions contain digestive enzymes and:

28) Chyme is neutralized in the small intestine by secretions from the:

a) secretin and CCK.

30) The primary site of nutrient absorption is the:

31) The absorption of nutrients by simple diffusion requires:

35) The primary function of the large intestine is to:

a) prepare and store unabsorbed food residue for excretion.

36) A diseased gallbladder can interfere with:

37) “Heartburn” is typically:

38) The most common cause of ulcers is:

a) chronic use of the pain reliever Tylenol.

40) Which statement about Helicobacter pylori is true?

a) These microorganisms are killed by the low pH of the stomach secretions.

49) The chemical breakdown of glucose to produce energy is an example of:

a) unabsorbed food residue.

53) The function of sphincters in the digestive tract is:

a) to coordinate muscular contractions that propel food forward.

54) As chyme moves out of the stomach, it passes through the:

55) Probiotics are:

a) an example of total parenteral nutrition.

Question Type: Essay

Section Reference: Section 3.3 Digestion and Absorption

Facilitated diffusion: movement of particles across a cell membrane from an area of

bacteria; stores and passes waste material

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