Plants takes up carbon dioxide

with many in the air to make a wood,

different pieces stems, and leaves, and then

release it back into the air

- Oceans, the atmosphere, ecosystem, polar
when the leaves fall or the plants die.
ice, natural and human influences.

Scientist/Experts believe that are Concern is in the fossil fuel use, putting huge amounts
having an adverse effect on our planet. of CO2 in the atmosphere at a rate faster than the
climate system can adapt to.

Carbon Dioxide
 About one million people suffer from
pesticides poisoning. . . .
emission from
 20,000 die every year due to the toxic
crop that
converted by increased by effect of the chemicals used in
soil bacteria to application of agriculture. . . .
nitrous oxide, ammonium
a gh gas. based fertilizers.
CHANGE PROCESSES TO
MITIGATE
CHANGE SOME OF THE
PROCESSES TO
EFFECTS
MITIGATE SOMEOF CLIMATE
OF THE EFFECTS
CHANGE.
OF CLIMATE CHANGE

1
 ORGANIC FARMING AND ORGANIC VEGETABLE CARE
AND MANAGEMENT
Concept of Organic Farming

 Avoid usage synthetic chemicals

 Natural & Farm resources
 Adapted to local farming
 Combines traditional innovation & science

Organic Farming:

 Biological diversity
 Ecological process
 Nutrients rich yield

Principles of organic farming

Health- sustain and enhance of the health of soil, plants, animals humans and plants as one and
indivisible. Health of individuals and communities cannot be separated from the health of ecosystem
healthy soil produce animals and people.

Ecology- production is to be based on ecological, adapted to local conditions to be sustainable.

Inputs reduce by re-use, recycling and efficient management of materials and energy in order to
maintain and improve environmental quality and conserve resources.

Fairness- everyone involved be proved with good quality of life and contribute to food
sovereignty and reduction of poverty, equity, respect, justice & stewardship of the share world, both
among people and their relation to other living beings.

Care- managed in a precautionary and responsible manner to health and well-being of current
and future generation and environment.-

WHY ORGANIC FARMING?

 Environment protection and conservation

 Enhance biological diversity within the whole system
 Improves soil fertility
 Rely on recycling thus minimizing use of non-renewable resources
 Natural control of pest and diseases.
 Minimize all forms of pollution
 Safe quality product
 Organic products command premium rice

2
Organic farming methods:

1. Crop rotation

2. Mulching

3. Composting

4. Green Manure

ORGANIC VEGETABLES CARE AND MANAGEMENT

LEARNING OUTCOME

1. Perform plant care and management

* Water management is implemented according to plan.

* Effective control measures are determined on specific “pest, disease

and weed management” of the PNS.

* All missing hills are replanted to maintain the desired plant

population of the area

* Plant rejuvenation/rationing are maintained according to PNS.

* Organic fertilizers are applied in accordance with fertilization policy

of the PNS

CARE AND MANAGEMENT PRACTICES

Practices required for a vegetable crop growing in the field include cultivation; irrigation application of
fertilizers; control of weeds and diseases, and insects, mulching, trellising pruning and plant
rejuvenation.

CULTIVATION

Cultivation refers to stirring the soil between rows vegetable plants. The
most important function is wee control and aeration.

IRRIGATION

Irrigation requirements are determined by both soil and plant factors.

The two types of land irrigation generally and sprinkler irrigation.
Watering is done early in the morning.

3
FERTILIZER APPLICATION

Basal fertilizer- application in soil by digging holes or mixing bed before

planting (vermicompost) Foliar fertilizer applied into the leaves of the
plant ( vermitea, FPJ FFJ, FAA, Calphos)

Improving Soil
Fertility

 Use of organic fertilizer

 Increasing growth beneficial microorganisms
 Practice inter cropping, crop rotation and cover
cropping
 Application of green manure
 Practice fallow period

Weed control

Weed can reduce yield by 40-60% and can be controlled using

cultural, physical, and biological methods. Examples are
mulching, inter cropping, hoeing, pulling, and roughing.

Insect and Disease

Control

 Introduction of beneficial microorganisms

 Increase population of natural enemies
 Use parasitoid
 Maintain sanitation in the field
 Plant sacrificial plant

Crop Rotation

 Practice of growing a series of dissimilar/different types of crops in the same area in sequential
seasons
 Gives various nutrients to the soil
 Is the replenishment of nitrogen through the use of green manure is sequence with cereals and
other crops
 Mitigates the build-up of pathogens and pest and often and occurs when pieces is continuously
cropped. Can also improved soil structure and fertility by alternating deep-rooted and shadow
plants

4
Advantage of Crop rotation

 Help disrupts the life cycle, habitat and

food supply of many fest and diseases
 Helps in soil conversation
 Improved soil fertility
 Reduce weeds

Vegetable Rotation System

 Leaf-root-legume-fruit
 Root-leaf –fruit-legume
 Legume-fruit-root-leaf
 Fruit-legume-leaf-root

Companion Cropping
Chili- with okra, eggplant, radish
Cabbage- with onion and tomato
Tomato- with carrot, cucumber, onion, garlic
Cucumber- with radish, corn, lettuce
Peanut- with corn okra
Radish- with cucumber, tomato, chili

Why Companion Cropping?

Companion cropping in gardening and

agriculture is the planting of different crops
in proximity for pest control, pollination,
providing habitat for beneficial creatures,
maximizing use of space, and to otherwise
increase crop productivity.

Mulching

Mulch- a protective covering, usually of

organic matter such as leaves, straw, placed
around plants to prevent evaporation of
moisture and the growth of weeds.

 Much help preserve water and regulate the temperature of the soil.
 Prevent growth of weeds; protect soil from compaction, cut down erosion.

5
Green Manuring

 Green manures, often known as cover crops,

are plants which are grown to improve the
structure, organic matter content and
nutrient of the soil cover
 They are grown for their green leafy materials
which is high in nutrients and provides soil
cover
 Green manure
 Improves the ability of the soil to hold the water
 Control soil erosion
 Improve soil structure
 Improve soil fertility

Trellising

Trellising is a growth training technique which saves space, help

in managing pest, facilitate harvesting and reduce harvest losses.

Pruning

Pruning is necessary to remove entire branch or prevent the plant

from growing area and taking over the plants space. It aims to
removed disease and damage plant parts, evenly distribute the
nutrients and improve the productivity.

Vegetable Rejuvenation

The productivity of perennial vegetables decline after some time. Rejuvenation is necessary to
make them as productive as before.

ORGANIC, NATURAL and BIO-DYNAMIC FARMING

TECHNOLOGY SYSTEM
 Natural dili synthetic o dile peke
 Maghatag ug kalan-on nga safety ug libre ug gawasnon sa mga makadaot ug makahilo
nga kemikal
 Nag respeto sa kinaiyahan ug makapabalik sa katabunok sa yuta.

6
  Ang tanan na nay kinabuhi adunay hugaw o “waste” u gang tanan hugaw mubalik sa
yuta ug didto mupuyo ang microorganism.

2 kinds of Micro-organism
 Beneficial
 Non beneficial

Karon tudluoan kamo unsaon pag produce sa microorganism nga maoy muhatag ug fertilizer ug multi-
vitamins nga gikinahanglan saatong uma, sa yuta, tanom, hayop ug sa tawo.
-IMO -FPJ - OHN -FAA/KAA - CAPHOS -LABS

Ang IMO
Indigenous Micro Organisms
Materyales:
 Manila paper
 Kan-on nga dile bahaw
 Planggana
 Kahon
 Hikot
 Molases or kinugay

Pamaagi sa paghimo:

1. Andamon ang kahon ug usa ka kilo nga kan-on nga gipa- bugnaw na
2. Ibutang sa kahon ang usa ka kilo nga kan-on
3. Takluban ug manila paper o bisan unsang limpyo nga papel na walay naka printa dayun hiktan ug
lastiko o tie box ang palibot niini
4. Ibutang sa lugar nga dili maiinitan
5. pagkahuman sa duha(2) hantod tulo(3) ka adlaw, kuhaon ang kahon, kung wala pay agup-op human
sa duha paingon sa tulo ka adlaw, ibalik ang kahon ug kuhaon kung makit-an na ang agup-op.
6. Isulod sa palanggana ang gi agup-op nga isa nga isa ka kilo nga kan-on dayun sagulan ug usa ka kilo
nga molasses.
7. Ibutang sa balde ang sinagol dayun tabunan ug manila paper nga walay printa dayun hiktan

7
 Pag-gamit sa IMO

1. Sa kada usa ka litro nga tubig, isagul ang duha ka kutsara nga IMO dayun i- ispray sa yuta.
2. Himoon kini nga pang dis-infectant sa yuta. ( 4 ka tinapa nga IMO sa isa 1 ka tanke nga sprayer.
3. Ang IMO puwede usab sa tiki-tiki sa humay isip compost.

Ang IMO

1. Maka pahumok o makapa kondisyon sa yuta

2. Magpabalik sa katambok sa yuta ug tanom
3. Madpadali sa pagtubo sa tanom
4. Makatabng pag dugta sa compost
5. Magamit sa nga pangbisbis sa beeding sa baboy kada
bulan.
6. Magamit usab nga “disinfectant”.

FPJ
FERMENTED PLANT JUICE
Materyales:

 Udlot sa kamote

 alugbati tangkong

 plastic container o balde

 ubod sa saging

 Tie box/ higot

 Molases

 Manila paper o limpyo na papel na walay printa

Proceso:

1. Kuhaon ang napili nga tanom sa dile pa musabang ang adlawl aron anaa pa ang enerhiya niini
2. Tadtaron ang nakoleta nga usa ka kilo nga tanom ug sagulan sa usa ka kilo nga molasses
3. Ibutang sa balde dayun tabunan ug manila paper ug dayun hiktan
4. Ibutang ang sa kilid ang balde nga dile makderekta sa adlaw
5. Pwede ng gamiton ang FPJ pagkahuman sa pito ka adlaw nga pag reserba

8
 Gamit sa FPJ:

Sa kada litro nga tubig, isagul ang duha ka kutsara nga FPJ dayon I-esprey sa dahon o ibunyag sa yuta sa
buntag 4:00-6:00, sa hapon pataas.

FFJ
FERMENTED FRUIT JUICE
Materyales:

 Prutas nga tam-is sama sa saging, papaya, manga, etc.

 Balde

 Tadtaran

 Molasses

 Hikot

 Manila paper

Pamaagi sa paghimo sa FFJ:

1. Magkuha ug usa (1) ka kilo nga prutas ug i-slice.
2. Ibutang sa balde ang isa (1) ka kilo nga gi-slice nga prutas ug butangan kini ug isa (1) ka kilo nga
molasses
3. Tabunan kini ug limpyo nga manila paper ug ibutang sa lugar nga dili maiinitan. Pwede na siyang
gamiton human sa pito ka adlaw gikan sa paghimo niini.
4. Butangan gyud ug label ang balde ug petsa gikan sa paghimo ug petsa kung kanus-a kini ma harvest.

PAGGAMIT SA FFJ:

Sa kada litro nga tubig, isagul ang duha ka kutsara nga FFJ dayun i-esprey sa dahon ibunyag sa yuta sa
buntag 4:00-6:00/ sa hapon 4:00 pataas.

Ang FFJ

 Muhatag sa element sa potassium para sa pagdako ug pag tambok sa bunga.

 Muhatag ug daghang resistensya sa tanom
 Makatabang sa paghimsog sa yuta ug tanom

9
 OHN
(ORIENTAL HERBAL NUTRIENTS)

Materyales:

 Luy-a para sa tanom

 Ahos para sa hayop
 Suka nga walay tungog
 Gin o mallorca
 Molasses

Pamaagi sa paghimo

1. Maghiwa ug duha (2) ka kilo nga luy-a

2. Ibutang sa blade ang tinadtad o hiniwa nga luy-a ug dayun sagulan sa duha (2) kal litro nga suka nga
walay tungog.
3. human sa dose ka oras, sagulan ug meya kilo nga molasses, tabunan ug manila paper dayun hiktan
4. I-ferment sulod sa lima(5) ka adlaw.
5. Human sa lima ka adlaw, butangan kini ug duha (2) ka botelya nga mallorca, tabunan ug limpyo nga
manila paper ug hiktan dayun i-ferment sulod sa (10) napulo ka adlawug pwede na siyang gamiton.

Gamit sa OHN

Sa kada litro nga tubig, isagul ang duha ka kutsara nag OHN dayun i-esprey sa dahon o ibunyag sa yuta
sa buntag 4:00-6:00/ sa hapon 4:00 pataas.

Ang OHN
1. Magsilbing pamatay sa insekto ug tambal sa mga fungus
2.Makatabang sa pagsumpo sa panit sa baboy ug uban pang mga hayop.
3. Makapatambok sa yuta ug tanom

FAA/KAA
Fish Amino Acid
Kuhol Amino Acid
Materyales:

 Isa (1) ka kilong isda o kuhol

 Molasses
 Plastic container
 Manila paper nga limpyo
 Tie box

10
Pamaagi sa paghimo sa FAA:

1. Kumot-kumuton ang sinagol nga usa (1) ka kilo na isda o kuhol sa usa ka kilo nga molasses
2. ibutang sa balde, dayun takluban sa limpyu nga manila paper ug hiktan
3. ibutang sa kilid nga dile ma derekta maiinitan sa adlaw
4. i-presrba kini sulod sa katorse (14) ka adlaw ug pwede ng gamiton ang FAA/KAA

Paggamit sa FAA(Fish Amino Acid)

Sa kada isa (1) ka litro nga tubig, isagol ang duha ka kutsara nga FAA dayun e-espray sa dahon o ibis-bis
sa yuta o compost.

Fish Amino Acid (FAA) o Kuhol Amino Acid (KAA)

 Muhatag sa element sa nitrogen.

 Root hormone, pagpa-green sa dahon.
 Mohatag ug dugang nga kapasidad sa pagpamulak sa tanom.
 Mahimong pagkaon sa gagmay nga organism.

Calcium Phosphate (CAPHOS)

Materyales:

 Bukog sa baboy
 Suka sa lubi o tuba sa kaong nga hidyop walay tungog
 Plastic container o balde
 Sugbahanan
 Manila paper o limpyo na papel nga walay prenta
 Tie box

Processo:

1. Isugba ang usa (1) ka kilo nga bukog handto nga muitom.
2. Pinuhon ang usa (1) ka kilo nga bukog dayun saguan ug duha ug tunga ka gallon nga suka sa lubi nga
walay tungog or idyok.
3. Ibutang sa balde, tabunan ug manila paper dayun hiktan. Pede ng gamiton human sa usa (1) ka nulan
nga pag ferment.

Paggamit sa Caphos

2 tablespoon per liter dayon e spray sa dahon o ibisbis sa yuta. Pagahimoon kini matag pito (7) ka
adlaw sa buntag 4:00-6:00, sa hapon 4:00 pataas.

11
Calcium Phosphate (CAPHOS)

 Makatabang sa pagpamulak sa tanum

 Makapadaghan ug makapagahi sa bunga
 Magamit sa tanom aron adunay resistensya batok sa peste ug dangan

CALCIUM
Materyales

 - Tipaka sa itlog
 - Balde
 - Manila paper
 - Suka sa tuba
 - Kalaha

Pamaagi sa Paghimo:

1. Pinuhon ang 2 ka kilo nga tipaka sa itlog dayon

Sangagon kini hangtud mag brown brown kini.
2. Pabugnawon ug ibutang sa plastic container.
3. Butangan ug lima (5) ka galon nga suka sa lubi
Nga walay tungog ang balde dayon ibubu ang
Duha (2) ka kilo nga tipaka sa itlog nga nasangag
Na. Tabunan ang balde homan sa pagbukal bukal
Sa suka ug tipaka unya e-ferment kini hangtod 20 ka adlaw.

Paggamit sa Calcium

2 tablespoon per liter dayon e-spray sa dahon o ibisbis sa yuta. Pagahimoon kini matag pito (7) ka adlaw.
Sa buntag 4:00-6:00, sa hapon 4:00 pataas.

LABS
LACTIC ACID BACTERIA SERUM
Materyales:

 Hugas bigas or kinilis

 Fresh Milk
 1L plastic nga sudlanan

12
 Manila Paper
 Hikot/lastiko

Proseso:
1. Ibutang sa sudlanan nga plastic ang unang kinilis sa bugas na humay, kini adunay daghan nga
microbio
2. Tabunan ug papel unya hiktan ang baba sa plastic nga sudlanan ibutang sa bugnaw nga lugar
dayon e-ferment sulod sa 7 ka adlaw.
3. Molutaw ang tahop ug hinay-hinayon kini pagkuha. Ang kinilis nga nabilin gitawag ug LAS. Sala-on
ang kinilis nga tubig aron dili maapil ang nilugdang niini. Ang maayo kung naa kay hiringilya para
maoy musoyop sa kinilis.
4. Isagul ang 1 ka baso or 100ml nga sinala nga likido or LAS sa 10 ka basong preskong gatas . Ang
ratio 1:100
5. Ibutang ang sinagol sa plastic nga sudlanan nga naay gripo(water jug). Tabunan kini ug limpyo nga
papel dayon hiktan ug ibutang sa bugnaw nga lugar sulod sa pito ka adlaw.
6. Sa sulod sa 5-7 ka adlaw, ang carbohydrate, protein, fats mulotaw sa sudlanan. Ang tima-ilhan kay
ang light yellow nga color nga gitawag ug Lactic Acid Bacteria Serum (LABS). Kuhaon lamang ang
LABS nga likido ug sagulan ug 1 ka litro nga molasses aron kini ma preserba hangtud 6 ka bulan.

Paggamit:

2 ka kutsara nga labs isagol sa 1 ka litro nga tubig

Kaayuhan:

 Ang LABS naka hatag ug kaayo sa Soil air Ventilation

 Makapasulig sa tanum ug mo gree ang mga dahon
 Makakuha usab sa baho sa ayad sa baboy ug kanal, kitchen clogged

SUMBANAN SA PAGBUHAT SA REKOMENDADONG

PESTISEDYO
1. 1 tasa sili (hot pepper)
2 kutsara powder soap
1 litro tubig
Gidaghanon (dosage) 2 ka kutsara isagol sa matag 1 ka galon nga tubig

2. 5 kilos Madre de Cacao dahon

5 kutsa powder soap
1 litro tubig
Gidaghanon (dosage) 2 ka kutsara isagol sa matag 1 ka galon nga tubig

13
3. 4 Kutsara duga sa Bombay
1 ka litrong tubig
1/2 litrong tubig
Gidaghanon (dosage) 1 ka litro isagol sa matag 20 ka litro nga tubig

4. 1 kilo panyawan
5 kutsara powder soap
3 galon tubig
Gidaghanon (dosage) 5 ka kutsara isagol sa matag 1 ka litro nga tubig

5. 1 ka parte duga sa ahos isagol sa 100 parte nga tubig

Gidaghanon (dosage) 5-10 ka kutsara isagol sa matag 16 ka litro nga tubig.

PRODUCING ORGANIC FERTILIZER

Problem No. 2

Quantity Materials Nitrogen Carbon Moisture Content

Pig manure 2.4 46 81
Grass clipping 3.4 58 82
Rice hulls 0.3 36 87
Saw dust .24 106 39
10 kls

Quantity Materials Nitrogen Carbon

1 Pig manure 62 866
1 Grass clipping 61.2 1044
1 Rice hulls 25.8 3096
1 Saw dust 14.64 6466
Pig Manure

N = Qn(Nn(100-MC) C = Qn(Cn(100-MC)
N1= 1(3.1(100-80) C1= 1(43.3(100-80)
= 1(3.1(18) = 1(43.3(20)
N1= 62 C1 = 866

Grass Clipping

N2 = Qn(Nn(100-MC) C2 = Qn(Cn(100-MC)
N2= 1(3.4(100-82) C2= 1(58(100-82)
= 1(3.4(18) = 1(58(18)
N2= 61.2 C2 = 1044

14
 Rice Hulls

N3 = Qn(Nn(100-MC) C3 = Qn(Cn(100-MC)
N3= 1(0.3(100-14) C3= 1(36(100-14)
= 1(0.3(86) = 1(36(86)
N3= 28.8 C3 = 3096

Saw Dust

N4 = Qn(Nn(100-MC) C = Qn(Cn(100-MC)
N4 = 1(.24(100-39) C1= 1(106(100-39)
= 1(.24)(61) = 1(106)(61)
= 1(14.64) = 1(6466)
N4 = 14.64 C1 = 6466

Quantity Materials Nitrogen Carbon

1 Pig manure 62 866
1 Grass clipping 61.2 1044
1 Rice hulls 25.8 3096
1 Saw dust 14.64 6466

C1=866 C2=1044 C3=3096 C4=6466

N1=62 N2=61.2 N3=25.8 N4=14.64
C1+C2+C3+C4
R=
N1+N2+N3+N4
= 2771.2+5220+2786.4+5819.4
198.4+306+23.22+13.176
= 16097
540.796
R= 29.7654

WHAT MAKES FERTILIZER ORGANIC?

 - The materials id free of chemical substances

 - There is presence of high organic matter content
 - Raw materials used are indigenous in the locality
WHY VERMICOMPOST?

1. Increase soil fertility

2. Encourage better root and plant growth
3. Increase organic matter
4. Improve soil structure
5. Increases resistance to erosion, runoff and compaction
6. Increase disease resistance in plants
7. Promote less vulnerability to pest and disease, in turn reducing pesticides use.
8. Increases soil diversity

15
BACKGROUND

Aristotle called the earthworm the intestine of the earth.

Charles Darwin in 1881 in his treatise “ The Formation of
vegetable mound through the action of Worms” said it
may be doubted whether there are any other animals
which have played to important a part in the history of the
world as have those lowly, organized creatures.

SITE SELECTION

 Good drainage system

 Availability of water supply
 Proximity to the source of materials
 Accessibility of the composting site
 Are of minimum contamination
 Types of soil
 Are with minimal sunlight

HOUSING TYPE

The method of housing the worms is site specific and person specific. Condition obtaining in one place
may be not be present in another as such the vermiculturist should decide what is best suited for him
and his place.

PREPARATION OF RAW MATERIALS

In preparation the raw materials (substrate). It is

helpful to consider the source and quality the
carbon to nitrogen (C:N) ratio 70:30 and the size
of the materials.

RAW MATERIALS

 Cropresidue
 Animal manure
 Leguminous plants

16
DECOMPOSITION PROCESS

Anaerobic Decomposition - composting without air. This will last for 1 week. The
substrate is ready for use when the temperature has dropped to ambient level and
you can see the appearance of white mushrooms.

Aerobic Decomposition - composting with air, may last to 4-5 weeks after stocking
the worms. It has been observe that 100 kilos of substrate can be consumed
within 30 days by 1 kilo of worms.

MAINTENACE PRACTICES

 Maintain a humidity of test by squeezing fistful of substrate 5 to 7 drops of water indicate about
80% humidity. Care should be taken that the substrate is taken from the lower portion of the bed
because the upper portion might already dry but the lower portion is still wetr.
 Protect the worms from natural predator. Birds, Chicken and even pigs love to eat worms. While
ants do not eat worms, they can kill your population if left unattended.
 Shade the worm from direct sunlight. Worms have no skin and cannot withstand direct sunlight.

HARVESTING

 The earthworms are well mannered and polite. They do not like to live with their poo. They eat the
substrate and deposit their casting on the top. In about 4-5 weeks after stocking the worm, the
substrate that was formerly identifiable as grass and leaves transformed into granular earthy
materials. The decision to harvest depends on one’s needs.
 Compost is ready to use when it is dark brown crumbly and has an earthy smell.

STORAGE

 Vermicompost can be stored at 30% humidity in

plastic bags. Store in a cool place away from direct
sunlight.
 To check if it is 30% humidity, place some
vermicompost in you hand and squeeze to form a
ball, open your palm and apply some pressure with
index finger of the other hand. If the ball breaks
easily 2 or 3 parts, that is about 30% humidity. If the
ball crumbles easily that is less than 30% humidity. If
your finger leaves, and imprint on the ball and the
balls breaks thatn is more than 30%.

APPLICATION

BASAL - vermicompost can also be used for basal application. Line the trenches with vermicompost
before you put in the plants. The amount applied depends on the amount available to use. You can
also apply this into pot after you have put some soil but before you put it in the plant.

17
POTTING MIX - Vermicompost can also be incorporated into the potting medium. One part
vermicompost plus one part garden soil and one part carbonized rice hull is a good potting medium
for most plant generally. This potting medium can also be used for seedling trays or to germinate
seeds. If a lighter medium is desired add more carbonized rice hulls.

SOIL ORGANIC FERTILIZER - is applied basally by incorporating in the soil prior to planting or
transplanting and being absorbed by the plants through the root system.

Liquid/Foliar Fertilizer - is approved to the plant, particularly on the leaves, which are absorbed
through the stomata.

Time/Condition of Application - early morning or late in the afternoon and not windy and no rain.

Vermicomposting is considered to be eco-friendly because what was waste is now an eco resource.
Vermicompost supplies a suitable mineral balance, improves nutrient availability and could act
complex-fertilizer granules.

It extend the life of the plants thus it is considered a season extender. It can sustain plant growth
thus the plant does not mature because of lack of nutrients. There is a mark improvement in the
taste and sweetness of the fruits and vegetables grown with vermicompost.

The fruits and vegetable produced do not rot easily and can withstand marked changes in
temperature. Tomato which were harvest while still greenish-red but mature did not rot even after
two(2) weeks.

ORGANIC FERTILIZER
1. Types and composition of organic materials
2. Composting
3. Effects of organic materials on soil properties

SOIL ORGANIC MATTER

Composition of Plants Residues

Water 75%
Dry Matter 25%
- C,H,O 90-95% of dry matter
- Other elements 5-10% of dry matter

COMPOSTING

 Is organic matter (plants and animal residues) which has been rotted down by the action of bacteria
and other organisms over a period of time.

18
 Improves soil fertility by adding nutrients and by making it easier for plant to take up the nutrients
already in the soil.
 Improves the soil’s ability to hold water.
 Provide nutrients to plant

ORGANIC COMPOUND

- Cellulose 45%
- Hemicellulose 18%
- Lignin 20%
- Sugar and Starch 5%
- Fats and Waxes 2%
- Polyphenol 2%
Decomposability

1. Sugar, starch, simple protein (most easily decomposed)

2. Crude protein
3. Hemicellulose
4. Cellulose
5. Fats and waxes
6. Lignin and phenolic compounds (most difficult to decomposed)

Rice Straw is one of the most abundant

crop residues in the country and is
usually used with animal manure in
compost making.

Corn stover can be composed but

needs to be chopped further for faster
decomposition

Ipil-ipil (Leucaena leucocephala)

Leave with their high nitrogen content
can also be used as green mature.

Kakawate (glyricidia sepium)

Leaves have more than 4% nitrogen
content and can be applied to the soil
directly as Nitrogen fertilizer.

19
 Pag-Gawa ng Kompos
(Organikong Abono)

Sa kasalukuyang sistema o pamamaraan ng pagsasaka, ang mga magbubukid ay nakakaranas

ng mga problema sa mabilis na pagbaba ng kalidad at pagwala ng kalusugan ng lupa.

At sa ganitong sistema, ang sector ng pagsasaka ay isa sa dahilan kung bakit tayo ay
nakakaranas ng mga manakanakang pagbabago s aating klima at kapaligiran.

Ang mga ginagamit na materyales ay ang mga dumi ng hayop, pinag-anihan sa bukid, dahon,
at mga iba’t ibang damo, tira-tirang galing sa palengke at bahay, mga legumbre, at marami pang
iba.

Ang susi sa pananayili ng likas kayang agrikultura (Sustainable Agriculture) ay ang tuloy-tuloy,
malawakang pag-gamit at pag-gamit muli (Recycling) ng mga organikong material sa lupa o soil
conditioners.

Ang mga alternatibong paraan sa agrikultura at ang pangkalahatang layunin ng pananatili ng

likas-kayang pagsasaka ay nakasasalay sa regular na pagadaragdag ng iba’t-ibang organic
amendments sa lupa.

Ang pagkokompos ay isang proseso upang ang mga organikong materyales ay madekompos
o mabulok sa ilalim ng mga kontroladong kondisyon upang magagamit na pataba o abono.

Sa kasalukuyang teknolohiya, maraming uri ang pagkokompos katulad ng “Mechanical

Shredding” o pagtatadtad, “Forced-air Aeration” o pagpapahangin, “Grinding” o pag-giling, at
paglalagay ng mikrobyong bumubulok sa dumi.

Ang pag-gamit ng kompos bilang pataba ay hindi lamang makakabawas ng gastusin sa pagbili
ng organikong pataba kundi nakakatulong din upang mabawasan ang pag-gamit ng kemikal sa
pataba na nakakasira ng kalikasan.

Benepisyo ng Pag-gamit ng Organikong Pataba

 ECOSYSTEM- balance ecosystem

 LUPA- provides long term effect on soil replenishment
 GROUND and SURFACE WATER
 CLIMATE and AIR
 FARM OUTPUT and INPUT
 QUALITY of FOOD PRODUCED
- Pesticides Residues, Heavy Metals, Desirable Substances

20
Mga Kundisyon para sa Proseso ng Pagkokompos

> Prepare Composting Area

- Accessibility
- Availability of Water Source
- Away from any Contamination
- Volume of Production

> Prepare Raw Materials

<> Collect Substrate
- Rice Straw - Carbonized Rice Hull - Household/Market Wastes
- Animal Manure - Leaf Litters - Fresh Green Leaves/Banana Bract

> Shred or Chop the Raw Materials

> Mix the Raw Materials

 After chopping/shredding the materials, mix the materials at a ratio of 3:1:1 (3 solid waste, 1 animal
manure and 1 carbonized rice hulls)

> Pile the Mixed Raw Materials

- Put 2-4 kg. of Trichoderma per ton of compost pile

> Moisten the Materials

- The moisture is very important, for the bacteria to not flourish in dry conditions. However moisture
content of the organic materials must not be too high nor too low. When moisture is too low, the
decomposition rate slows down. The optimum range of MC is 50-60% by weight. Watering is needed if
the MC is below the optimum range.

> Monitor Moisture Content and Temperature

- The moisture (MC) of the organic materials must not to high nor too low. When the moisture is too
low, the decomposition slow down, while the pile is physically unstable. When MC is too high, the force
clogged the aeration is hampered. The optimum range of MC watering is needed. If the MC is above the
optimum range, supplement the pile with sawdust or rice hull or add fermented compost.

> Pile the Shredded Materials

- Cover with plastic materials to minimize evolution of greenhouse gases and conserve moisture of the
pile. Be sure that the plastic cover is perforated to allow aeration in the pile.

> Characteristics of Vermicompost

 Walang mabahong amoy
 Di pagtaas ng temperatura pagkatapos ng pagbabaliktad
 Madaling durugin ng kamay
 Maitim o kulay tsokolate

21
> Cool and air dry for a week
- Ikadkad ang aanihing kompos sa isang malilim na lugar na di direktang nasisikatan ng araw sa loob ng
isang linggo.

> Shred the Matured Compost and Pass it through in a 2 mm Sieve

- Pinuhin ang kompos sa pamamagitan ng shredding machine at salandarin sa pamamagitan ng screen.

> Organic Fertilizer Harvesting and Packaging

- Pack the process organic fertilizer into 50 kg. sacks with plastic lining to maintain the quality of the
finish product. Maintain the moisture content of the organic fertilizer to 30-35%.

> Aeration/Turning
- A continuous supply of oxygen is required to ensure faster decomposition. The compost biomass
must contain at least 30 of free space or porosity. Enough air is needed for the compost pile in order for
the micro organisms to function well in their activity for a faster decomposition.

> Hanggang Kailan ang Pag-proseso ng Pagkokompost

- Ito ay karaniwang tumagal ng 1-2 na buwan o kung ang salasna ay kaanyo na ng lupa.

STEPS IN MAKING ORGANIC FERTILIZER

FIRST STEP

Collect raw materials for composting (Leaf litters, farm waste, rice straw, partially decomposed carabao
manure and carbonized rice hull' Fresh green leaves and banana bract,)

SECOND STEP

After chopping or shredding the materials' mix the materials at a ratio of 3:1:1 (3 solid waste' 1 animal
mature and 1 carbonized rice hulls) Put 2-4kg. Trichoderma per ton of compost pile.

THIRD STEP

Pile the mix raw materials preferably with a length of 1-1.5m and a width of 1-1.5m. Moisten the mixed
materials then cover with plastic to minimize escape of gases.

FOURTH STEP

After 2 weeks of piling open and turn the pile to facilitate uniform decomposition. check the pile if it has
enough moisture (at least 65% moist). If not add water using sprinkle irrigation. Turn the pile every 2
weeks (7 turning) until harvest' Make sure to cover the file every after turning.

22
FIFTH STEP

Monitor temperature 1 week after pilling and weekly thereafter using soil thermometer. Stop
monitoring when the temperature already stable.

SIXTH STEP

Harvest when the materials are no longer recognizable and when the temperature is stable. Spread the
compost in the flat floor under the shade to air dry for at least 7 days during dry months and 2 weeks
during cold months. Shred and pass through in 2mm sieve.

SEVEN STEP

Pack the process organic fertilizer into 50kg sacks with plastic lining to maintain the quality of the finish
product. Maintain the moisture content of the organic fertilizer to 30-35% store in a cool dry place or
under shaded.

VERMICULTURE AND VERMICOMPOSTING PRODUCTION

Understanding the Terminology

1. Vermiculture (Vermi is a latin

word for worm) the culture of
worms

2. Culture - raising/production

3. Vermicomposting - isa ka
proseso sa paghimo ug organikong
abuno (vermicompost) ginamit ang
salin sa uma pinaagi sa digestive
action sa wati.

- the product of vermicomposting

containing worm casting' bedding
materials as well as organic matter
in various stages of decomposition.

23
4. Vermicasts - excreta of worms or tea sa wati .

-ang tae sa wati walay "disease pathogen" - pathogenic bacteria are killed in the worms gut.
Naay 5 times more nitrogen, 7 times more Phosphorous and 7 times more Potassium kumpara
sa ordinary garden soil.

5. Vermiculturist - a person who farms' breeds and cares worms.

In Summary: Worms

 Enhanced water holding capacity

 Improved water infiltration

 Enhanced microbial activity and significant mineralization of organic nitrogen.

The Earthworms is one of the nature's pinnacle "Soil Scientist"

 Earthworms are liberated cost effective farm relief.

 The worms are accountable for a variety of elements including turning common soil into superior
quality.
 Worms facilitate the amount of air and water that travel into soil.
 They break down organic matter and when they eat they leave behind castings that are a
exceptionally valuable type of fertilizer.

GABAY SA PAG-AALAGA NG BULATE

Mga materyales na kailangan

1. hollow blocks
2. 3.5 metrong haba at 1.5 metrong lapad na lambat o screen
3. isang kilo ng African night crawler
4. pinaghalo-halong materyales (dahon, dayami, damo, dumi ng hayop' basura sa kusina) partially
decomposed.

Unang Pamamaraan:

1. Pumili ng angkop na lugar

2. Dapat ay patag at madilim
3. Kung walang malilim na lugar, magtayo ng talukbong
4. Di dapat malapit sa maingay at matagtag na makinarya.

24
Pangalawang Pamamaraan:

1. Gumawa ng dalawang patong na kama na may dalawa't kalahating hollowblocks ang lapad at walong
hollow blocks naman ang haba.
2. Siguraduhing ito ay may lagusan ng tubig (drainage) upang hindi malunod ang mga bulate.

Pangatlong Pamamaraan
1. Gumawa ng kompos sa pamamagitan ng paghahalo ng mga materyales gaya ng dahon, damo, dayami,
basura sa kusina at dumi ng hayop.
2. Maari itong haluan ng mga putol na saha ng saging
3. Ilagay ang kompos sa kama kapag ito ay nasa estado ng nabubulok at lagpas na sa yugtong mainit at
mukha ng lupa.

Pang-apat na Pamamaraan
1. Takpan ang kompos ng saha ng saging sa ibabaw upang mapanatili nito ang madilim at malamig na
kundisyon ng kompos.
2. Diligan ng husto ang kompos ngunit seguraduhing hindi naiipon ang tubig sa loob ng kama.

Pang-limang Pamamaraan:
1. Ilagay ang mga bulate sa lalagyan, ang mga bualte ay dapat may kasamang kompos para sa paglilipat
o pansamntalang pagtataguan.
2. Pwedeng mag simula sa isang kilong bulate
3. Ilagay ito kasama ng kompos sa isang kanto ng lagayan
4. Huwag isabog sa buong lalagyan ng mga bulate
5. Pananatilihin silang magkasama sa kompos
6. Kusang lilipat sa ibang lugar ang mga bulate para maghanap ng pagkain.

Pang-Anim na Pamamaraan:
1. Takpan ang lalagyan ng lambat o net at lagyan ng pandagan para hindi liparin ng hangin at para d
makain ang mga bulate ng manok, palaka at iba pa.

Pang-Pito na Pamamaraan
1. Seguraduhing laging basa ang lalagyan
2. Tingnan 2-3 beses sa isang lingo
3. Pinakamainam na gamiting tubig ay galing sa ulan, ilog, poso o bukal
4. Kung gagamit ng tubig mula sa gripo, ilagay muna sa bukas na lalagyan ng buong isang araw para
mawala ang chlorine.

Pang-walo na Pamamaraan:
1. Huwag gambalahin ang mga bulate
2. Madaling maapektuhan ang kanilang pagkain at pagpaparami kung laging hinahawakan at kung
maingay sa paligid.
3. Pagkatapos ng isang linggo may makikita kang dumi ng bulate sa ibabaw ng lalagyan
4. Ito ang palatandaang buhay ang mga bulate, kumakain at tumatae.

25
Pang-Siyam na Pamamaraan

1. Pagkatapos ng 1.5-2 buwan ang lalagyan ay puno puno na ng dumi ng bulate at pwede ng anihin
2. Isang kama ay ina anihan ng 6-8 bags (40kg) na vermicast at 2 bags na vermicompost.
3. Gumamit ng salandra upang maihiwalay ang purong dumi ng bulate sa ibang dumi na kahalo.
4. Huwag maghintay na makain ang lahat na materyales at dumi na lamang ng bulate ang natitira.
Pang-Sampu na Pamamaraan
1. Para sa madaling pag-ani, mag lagay ng net sa ibabaw ng compost dalawang araw bago anihin
2. Lagyan ito ng pagkain kusa itong pupuntahan ng mga bulate

EXPECTED EARTHWORM PRODUCTION

1. Ave. wt of breeder earthworm 1.0-1.5g

2. Ave. no, (per kg) 1000 worms

3. Earthworm mating schedule once a week

4,. No. eggs per capsule 3-5 eggs/capsule

5. Expected mating/production/month

Initial: 1000 breeders

x5 eggs/capsule 5000 eggs

x50% hatching 2500 babies

x50% survival 1250 babies/week

x 50% hatching 5000 babies/month

x 4 weeks or 1 month 3000 babies

x 24 weeks or 6 months 5000 breeders

Computation:

5000/mo x6 mos = 3000 babies

 the initial 5000 babies will then breeders at the end of 6 months

26
 ORGANIC CHICKEN RAISING
There are approximately 150 different breeds of chicken around the world with various colors,
patterns and sizes.

FARM CHICKEN

Farmer select specific breeds when farming poultry

IDENTIFYING GOOD STOCKS

 Chicken with good characteristics as stocks

 Chicken without symptoms or signs of sickness

SELECTING BREEDER

Crossbreeding

- bigger and better, sick resistant than pure breeds.

BASILAN/PARAWAKAN (SHAMO)

Crossbreed to :

Sasso, Kaber, Philippine native chicken

When selecting good breeder, we must consider some factors for our chicken for better result.

BREEDING AGE

At 6-8 months old with good health condition and appearance

for better performance

Purposes of Feeding the Chicken

1. Chicken or animals are fed for the purpose of supplying

nutrients needed for their growth, maintenance and
reproduction.

2. They need the greatest quantity of nutrients for the rapid development of bones muscle tissues.

Functions of Feed

 To maintain life
 To promote growth
 To promote their kind

27
 Sources of Carbohydrate and Fats
A . Yellow Corn - is one of the best grains for fattening chickens. It consists of 8to9 percent crude
protein, high energy and low in fiber. It is highly digestible and palatable. It contains vitamin A and
yellow pigmenting compound.

Major Nutrients of Corn

 Carbohydrates - most important source of energy

 Protein - Builds and maintain muscles organs

connective tissues, skin, bones, teeth, blood and
deoxyribonucles acid or DNA.

 Fat - supplies essential fatty acid

 Phosphorous -quick relese of energy for muscle

construction

 Calcium - build and maintain strong bones and

teeth

 Niacin - promotes normal digestion and keep

nerve in healthy condition

 Niacin - promotes normal digestion and keep

nerve in healthy condition.

 Dietary fiber - for normal functioning of the lower gastro-intestinal tract.

B. Rice Bran - is palatable to poultry of all ages. There are 2

types of this by product in the market, the "cono" rice bran and
the "kiskisan" rice bran. The "cono" rice bran contains about
11% of protein, The Kiskisan rice bran contains about 6%
protein. It is usually high in fiber but contains adequate amount
of fat.

C. Copra meal - is a the by product of the coconut meat after

the oil has been extracted. It contains about 20% protein. It is
most common and cheapest source of flat protein.

D. Molasses -is the cheapest source of carbohydrates. It is a by-product in the manufacture of sugar.

28
 SOURCES OF PROTEIN
A. Fish Meal - is a good source of high quality protein. It contains about 60 to 65% protein. It also
contains an adequate amount of carbohydrates and fats.

B. Soy Bean Oil Meal - contains about 44% crude protein and is also a good source of energy. This is the
only plant nutrient source that can replace animal protein in the diet.

C. Shrimp Meal - when dried and ground is a good source of protein. It contains about 65% crude
protein but low energy. It may be used as substitute for fish meal.

5 MAIN COMPONENTS IN AN ANIMAL FEED

Protein, Fats/lipids, Carbohydrates, Vitamins and Minerals.

 Ratio of these main elements vary depending on the age of the

animals.

Protein =25%

Lipids/Fats =8%

Carbohydrates =60%

Vitamins =2%

Minerals =5%

NUTRIENT SOURCES

Protein =Animal, Plant Sources, Fish Meal

Lipids/Fats =Copra Meal

Carbohydrates =Corn/Rice bran

Vitamins =FFJ, FPJ, FAA

Minerals =Salt, CRH, Soil

29
Feed Forms

1. Mash 2. Pellets 3. Crumble

Animal Age Kinds/Types of Feeds Amount of Feeds

01-07 days Chick Booster 11-12 grams/chick
08-14 days Chick Booster 15-16
15-21 days Chick Starter 24-25
22-28 days Chick Starter 36-37
29-35 days Grower Mash 56-57
36-42 days Grower Mash 70-71
43-49 days Finisher Mash 76-77
50-56 days Finisher Mash 85-86

VARIOUS TECHNIQUES IN FEED FORMULATION

1. Pearson Square
2. Trial and Error Method (Manual and Electronic)
3. Algebraic Equation (Combination of Pearson Square and Trial and Error Method)
4. Linear Programming

PEARSON SQUARE

The Pearson Square is a tool that can be used to calculate the portion of two feeds needed to meet
protein or energy requirements of an animal. For this tool to work, one of the feeds used must be
higher in ME or CP than the desired level and the other feed must below the desired level.
Method of feed formulation that can balance only one nutrient at a time;
Example:
a concetrate mixture of feeds
containing 16% crude protein

Step 1 Step 2
Corn 8.0% Corn 8.0% 31.0 parts corn

16% 16%

SBM 47.0% SBM 47.0% 8.0 parts SBM

39.0 Total parts

30
Step 3 Step 4
31.0 parts corn X 100 = 79.49% corn 79.49kg. Corn X 8.0% CP = 6.36% CP
39.0 total parts
20.51kg. SBM X 47.0% CP= 9.64% CP
8.0 parts SBM X 100 = 20.51% SBM
39.0 total parts 100kg. Ration 16.00%

79.49% X 100kg. = 79.49kg. corn

20.51% X 100kg. = 20.51kg. SBM

WORKSHOP 1
Sample exercise:
Formulate a grower mash with 18% CP using Soybean Oil Meal (46% CP) and Corn (8%) using
Pearson Square Method.
Calculate the total cost of each ingredient and the total cost of the mixture. Compare the mixed
feeds with existing prices of concentrate mash.
Unit cost of Ingredient: Corn - Php 33/kg
SBOM - Php 40/kg
Salt: Use 500 grams @ 20.00/kg
Vitamin Premix: 2 packs at 100.00/pack
MDCP: use 300 grams @ 45/kilo

Workshop 1
1. How many kilograms Corn?
2. How many kilograms SBM?
3.How much you spend for the corn?
4. How much you spend for the SBM?
5. How much is the total cost per kilo 100 kilos?
6. How much is the cost per kilo?

STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT

EGG > BROODING > HARDENING > FREE RANGE

18-21 days 21 days - Brooding 120 days - Harvest

Incubating time 9 days - Hardening 180-190 days-
30 days TOTAL Selecting breeders

31
EGG EVOLUTION

NOTE: When taking care of the day old chick, it will only last for 3 days for the chick until it starts to
starve.

EGG CLASSIFICATION

CLASSIFICATION WEIGHT RANGE (grams/egg)

Jumbo 70 grams and above
Extra Large 65-70 grams
Large 60 - 65 grams
Medium 55-60 grams
Small 50-55 grams
Pullets
Peewee 40-45 grams
No weight 40 grams below

EGG INCUBATION

Natural Incubation Automated Incubation

32
BROODING STAGE

Housing Features
Food and Water - it should be accessible all the time to ensure their proper growth and secure
them from starvation and dehydration that will cause mortality on our new batch.
Proper Ventilation - should be provided for the growth and oxygen of the chick.
Light or Heat - should always be present in the house for it will help them build their feathers
and keeping them dry all the time.

Importance
To reduce Mortality Rate when in brooding and when we start to put them in a group on Free
Range Stage.

Light and Heat Proportion

 Automatic 31-33 deg on their housing
 Manually observe their activities in the brooding are.

Food and Water Intake

 Food should be unlimited
 Water should always be fresh at all times

Note:
Water and food dispenser should always be cleaned before using. Clealiness on brooding
houses should properly observed all the time. In order to lessen the mortality rate on this stage.

"Brooding stage is 1day old up to 30 days old"

TYPES OF BROODING

1. Natural Brooding - this is the brooding of chicks with mother hen or trained capon. Natural
brooding is still the most common practiced in the rural areas. Then hen after hatching the eggs
rear her brood on a natural process. A hen conveniently brood around 12-15 chicks.
2. Artificial Brooding - it is the process of providing the chicks with required temperature to make
them warm nd comfortable.

SOURCES OF HEAT FOR ARTIFICIAL BROODING

1. Electricity - is the common source of heat in big brooders that accommodate a large number of chicks.
An incandescent bulb which is normally raised above the floor of the brooder is used to provide the
desired heat needed by the chicks.

2. Charcoal rice hulls or wood - this type of artificial brooder is seldom because it is laborious. Heat is
difficult to control, thus a wider brooder space is needed for the chicks to move away from the heat
sources in case it becomes to hot.

33
3. Kerosene Lamps- these lamps are used as source of heat to only limited number of chicks.
Temperature is regulated by raising or lowering the wick.

BROODING TEMPERATURE
Age of Chicks (day) Temperature (Celsius)
1-7 32.2 -35.0
8-14 29.4 - 32.2
14-21 26.7 - 29.4

In brooding every bird is equal to 1 watt

Simple Brooding Cage

- From brooding and hardening stage, we

select good chicks to be group as our
Grow-out or Breeders Flocks.
Lighting or Light can affect the sex
maturity of a bird or chicken and add 10
% egg production in whole year

FREE RANGE CHICKEN

Stocking Density
3 chicken in every square - meter (sq. mt) regardless of its gender.
Important:
Giving them area for their growth and space for their natural activities like picking and eating
insects and scratching the soil.

HARVESTING

Food
Good protein source for humans
Age
Must be at least 4 months or 120 days old chicken

34
Weight
900 - 1200g (0.9 - 1.2 kg)

Undentifying Unwanted Stocks

Chicken with symptoms and existing sickness

Leg deformation Colds & internal problems (wings-dropped) Beak deformation

Runny Nose Avian Pox

Prevention From Spreading Disease

 Bio security refers to the protection of health through avoidance of disease.

 The purpose of bio security is to establish a prevention barrier to disease causing agents and
other threats by minimizing the movement of biological organisms and external threats onto and
within livestock operations.

Successful Bio-security Management Program are:

Isolation - the most important step in disease control is limiting contact, comingling and movement of
livestock, isolate sick animals, especially animals with unfamiliar symptoms or those with symptoms that
do not improve with usual treatment.

Traffic Control - the operation should be designed to stop or minimize contamination of animals, feed
and equipment. Restrict people to places where they need to be use foot bath in the entrance for
personnel, visitors and all vehicles to go inside the farm.

Sanitation - the sanitation component of biosecurity addresses the issue of the disinfection of people,
equipment, animals and material entering the ranch/farm and the maintain cleanliness of people and
equipment.

35
Vaccination - plays an important part in the health management of the poultry flock. There are
numerous diseases that are prevented by vaccinating the birds against them. A vaccine helps to prevent
a particular disease by triggering or boosting the bird's immune system to produce antibodies that in
turn fight the invading causal organisms.

Harvesting- Culling refers to sorting hatching eggs, chicks, pullets, cockerels, hens and breeding males.

The presence of non layers or poor layers reduces the efficiency of a layering flock.
These birds require the same time and attention as the good layers but are inefficient in
converting feeds into eggs immediate culling of these undesirable birds is necessary to
maintain efficiency of the flock.

7 Reasons for Culling Hens

1. To eliminate the non-layers and rid the flocks of unprofitable hens.

2. To save on the feeds
3 To give the remaining hens left room in the house and more feeding space.
4. To increase egg production of each hen.
5. To reduce cost
6. Increase profit
7. To prevent widespread of disease

When to Cull?

 Culling should be practiced throughout the year.

 Things to know before culling

1. time of hatch
2. when bird begun to lay
3. length of in production
4. number of times birds become broody
5. rate of molt whether slow, moderate or rapid
6. size of eggs
7. rate of laying
8. management

Features or signs of a hen that is not laying and therefore should be culled:

a. comb and wattle - shrunken, dull red and scaly. The face is dull red and the eyes-dull somewhat
cloudy.
b. pubic bones - are close together, not pilable, room for two fingers or less between them vent is small,
dry and round. Abdomen is hard with plenty of fat, skin thick and coarse, room for only two fingers or
less between keel and pubic bones. Skin is hard, coarse, not pliable and there is plenty of fat.
Pigmentation happen in yellow, pigmented birds where pigment still present in the vent, eye ring and
shank.

36
BALANCE ENVIRONMENT

Where trees and animal are together and there no chemical present in the area. Where dirt of he
animals are being decomposed by the unseen microorganisms and became fertilizer naturally to the
plants. Where animals eat fruit and trees produce and control insect population by eating them too.

ORGANIC HOG RAISING

Whats is WOW! Pigs Technology?

 An organic/natural way of raising hogs that dramatically improves the income of hog raisers;
 A win-win technology that benefits the farmers consumer, environment and the neighborhood;
 An effective microorganism based (EM) technique that brings down cost of production of raising
hogs with no bath, no foul odor, no commercial feeds, no chemical and no artificial growth
hormones used.
 A proven technology that can easily be adapted by every hog raisers in the world.

SELECTION OF GOOD STOCKS

Consider the following in selecting good fattening stocks

 No deformities
 Bright eyes
 Hindi nagtatae
 Makintab at maiksi ang mga balahibo
 No rancid odor

Important notes in buying piglets:

1. Vaccinate (Bakuna)
2. Castrated (kapon)
3. Dewormed (purga)

Transporting of piglets:

1. Newly transported piglets are prone to stress

2. Avoid feeding for at least 2 hours after transport
3. Prepare energy drink. Mix 100ml fermented fruit juice or molasses, whichever is available with 1 liter
of water.

37
The Design of Pigpen

Conventional roof - “the key to no bath technology”. Provides continuous airflow. Hot Air will escape at
the roof. Maintain 2sqm are per head to attain desired size and weight.

Materials for Bedding

 Any or Combination of the following:

- Saw dust
- Coco Coir dust “bunot”
- Rice hull “ipa”
 Soil
 Carbonized Rice Hull (CRH)
 Salt
 Emas
 Molasses
Procedure for making the Bedding

Step 1 Step 2 Mix several batches of:

Dig up 1 meter deep hole 8 sacks saw dust, rice hull or coco coir dust
Note: Allow 2 sqm area per pig 1 sack soil, 1 sack CHR, 0.5kg sea salt

Step 3 Step 4
Layer the mixture inside the hole Repeat the process until the entire hole is
Filled-up
Step 5
Mix EMAS with water:
10 ml EMAS per liter of water
Then; Drench/Spray the beddings:
1 liter per sqm of beddings

Step 6
Deploy the pig/piglets
Note:
CHR harbors good microbes for long term stability,
Health and odor control.
Salt provide trace minerals.
Soil provide biodiversity of microorganism and will
be eaten by the animals

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 HOG FEED FORMULATION
Produce your own feeds

Starter feed Formulation: Nutrients

CP+ 20.0%, Fiver 7.67%, Calcium 0.89%

 70kg Rice Bran D1 (Carbohydrates)

 8kg Copra meal (Fats/Lipids)
 25kg Soya Meal/Fish
meal/Duckweed/Moringa (Protein)
 30kg Silage
 2 liters FAA/FFJ/FPJ (Vitamins)
 2kg Carbonized Rice Hulls (Mineral)
 1kg Rock salt/Sea salt
 300ml EMAS/EMI
 300ml Molasses
 30 liters water (no chlorine)

Starter (up to 18kg) 45 days to 60 days

 700g-1kg feeds daily

 50% in the morning
 50% in the afternoon
 Vegetable snack 1x a day (12nn)

Grower Feed Formulation: Nutrients analysis

CP - 17.82%, Fiver 7.03%, Calcium 0.8%

 70kg Rice bran D1 (carbohydrates)

 8kg Copra meal (fats/lipids)
 15kg Soya meals/Fish meals/Duckweed/Moringa (Protein)
 40kg Silage
 2 liters FAA/FF/FPJ (Vitamins)
 2kg Carbonized Rice Hulls (Minerals)
 1kg Rock salt/Sea salt
 300ml EMAS/EM1
 300ml Molasses
 30 liters water (no chlorine)

Grower (19kg-50kg) 61 days to 110 days

 1.5kg-1.8kg feeds daily

 50% in the morning
 50% in the afternoon
 Vegetable snack 2x a day (am &pm)

39
Finisher Feed Formulation: Nutrients analysis
CP - 14.64%, Fiver 6.71%, Calcium 0.85%

 70kg Rice bran D1 (carbohydrates)

 8kg Copra meal (fats/lipids)
 50kg Soya meals/Fish meals/Duckweed/Moringa
(Protein)
 50kg Silage
 2 liters FAA/FF/FPJ (Vitamins)
 2kg Carbonized Rice Hulls (Minerals)
 1kg Rock salt/Sea salt
 300ml EMAS/EM1
 300ml Molasses
 30 liters water (no chlorine)

Finisher (51kg to market) 111 days to market

 2.5kg-3kg feeds daily

 50% in the morning
 50% in the afternoon
 Vegetable snack - unlimited

FERMENTATION OF HOG FEEDS

Benefits of Fermentation
 Preservation of raw materials
 Detoxification
 Improved digestability
 Nutritional value of raw material goes up

Step 1
Mix 200ml EM1/EMAS, 200ml
Molasses 200ml and water 20liters

Step 2
Mix all the solid ingredients and EM solution . Final
Moisture content is 30 to 40%

Step 3
Ferment anaerobically (no air) for 2 weeks

Step 4
Fermented feeds are ready for use after 2 weeks. It has a sweet -sour smell.

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 OPTIMIZING YOUR PROFIT
Make your own silage (Livestock Kimchi)
Prepare the ingredients:
 5kg vegetables or forage crops
 1kg molasses
 60ml wm1/EMAS

Important Note:
This silage forms major part of your livestock diet. It shall be mixed with organic feeds at 70:30
(organic feeds to silage ratio) during the starter to grower stage and eventually become 30:70 in favor of
silage when it reaches 70-80kg.
How to prepare silage (Livestock Kimchi)

1st Step
Chop or shred vegetables/power plants & mix with molasses

2nd Step
Ferment for 3 days (minimum) 5:1 with 60ml EMAS

3rd Step
Before serving, mix with Organic Feed (70%) with equal amount of water for wet feeding

Maintenance

Drinking Water:
Mix the drinking water with EMAS and molasses
Dilution rate of EMAS, Molasses and water is 1:1:1000
ex. (1L EMAS, 1L Molasses, 1000L water)
It will serve as:
 Pro-biotic
 Enhance the digestive and immune system
 Odor control

Important: Replace drinking water every day. Spray EMAS to the beddings, pigpen and the
surrounding.

SILAGE MATERIALS

 Green (vegetables/forage crops)

 Kangkong
 Lettuce
 Cabbage
 Kulitis
 Rensonil
 Trichantera

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 Flemingia
 Indogofera
 Cassava leaves
 Water lily (water hyacinth)
 Malungay/Ipil-ipil
 Pakchong (super napier)

THE PHASE-OUT FEEDING SCHEDULE

(Converting inorganic to organic pigs)
PHASE-OUT FEEDING SCHEDULE
(Conversion from commercial to organic)
WEEK COMMERCIAL FEED FERMENTED STARTER
FEEDS
1 75% 25%
2 50% 50%
3 25% 75%
4 0% 100%
Vegetable snack every 12:00 nn (1xday)

FRESH VEGETABLE SNACKS

Electrolyte Mix

 1/4 teaspoon baking soda

 1/4 teaspoon salt
 3 tablespoon molasses
 1L water
For diarrhea treatment and to avoid dehydration

Important Notes in Growing Natural Pigs

1. Never feed "sitaw" it is toxic to pigs

2. Use ipil-ipil sparing (konti-konti lang)
3. In colder areas, sawdust best for bedding
4. Gemelina sawdust is "Prohibited" toxic to the pig
5. Bad odor is from wet bedding or bad feed. Don't feed with kitchen or restaurant leftover
6. Use only D1 grade of rice for food. D2, D3 and D4 are only good for bokashi purpose
7. Soy meal, copra meal and Duck wee are high protein. Worm are the best.

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8. 10% Copra meal is the maximum in feed, more will cause LBM (diarrhea)
DIFFERENT PIGPEN DESIGN

Monitor Type Semi-Monitor Type

GABAY SA PAGBABABUYAN

1. Magandang lahi at wastong pagpapalahi. Ang wastong pagpili ng lahi at tamang pag gamit ng
mga katangian ng bawat lahi ay siyang mag didikta ng dami ng baboy na iyong ibebentang palakihin.

2. Wastong pag aalaga, sina sakop nito ang mga pamamaraan o gawain na ginagampanan natin sa
araw-araw upang masiguro ang magandang paglaki ng mga alaga.

3. Wastong pag iwas at pag kontrol ng mga sakit. Kailangan nating tandaan na mas "praktikal" ang
pag-iwas kay sa pagkontrol ng mga sakit. Maraming karamdaman ang ating mga alaga na
nangangailangan ng masusing pag aaral upang mabilis sugpuin ang nasabing karamdaman ng ating mga
alaga na nangangailangan ng masusing pag aaral upang mabilis suguin ang nasabing karamdaman at
maiwasan ang pagkabansot, pagbagal ng paglaki o maaring pagkamatay ng ating alagang palakihing
baboy.

4. Wastong Pagkain at Pagpapakain - 70%-80% ang ating gastusin ng pagpapalaki ng ating mga
alaga ay napupunta sa pagkain. Maaring lumaki ang gastusin kung mali ang ating pipiliing pagkain. Hindi
nasusukat ang katipiran ng pagkain sa presyo kada kilo. Ito ay nasusukat sa ikli ng pag- alaga at unti ng
kakainin hanggang maibenta.

MGA KLASE (BREED) SA BABOY

- Adunay daghang klase nga baboy nga imported sa atong nasud karon ug mao kining hinungdan sa
pagpili sa maayong kaliwat nga mu angay sa atong kondisyon. Kining mga musunod mugiya sa inyo sa
pagpili ug breed depende sa inyong katuyu-an, pangwarta ug eksperyensya.
1. Yorshire o Largewhite
Puti ang lawas ug adunay dalungan nga nagtindog. Ang inahan adunay maayong abilidad isip
usa ka inahan nga baboy ug maayo usab muhatag ug gatas. Maka adjust usab kini ug dali sa pinuy-anan
apan dili sa rugged nga kondisyon.

BUTAKAL ANAY 2.

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2.Landrace
Puti usab ang lawas sa Landrace, adunay mga mugbo nga tiil ug dagku ug huyhoy nga dalungan. Ang
mga inahan niini nailhan sa ilang maayong abilidad ug dagko nga
baktin. Makahatag usab kini ug daghan gatas ug pagtin nga paspas
mudagko. Apan lunay
(weak) kini ug tiil ug lisod
mo adjust sa rugged nga
kondisyon. Kini nga mga
depekto malikayan kung
maayo ang pagpili.

3. Duroc
Ang Duroc mailhan sa kolor niini nga golden brown. Ang inahan maayo makahatag ug baktin
nga paspas mudagko. Ang nakamaayo niini, wla kini pili sa puy-anan kay maayo man kini mu-adjust sa
bisan pa sa rugged nga kondisyon.

4. Hampshire
Itom ang kolor nga adunay nagapalibot nga puti sa iyan lawas ug abaga. Sa kinatibuk-an mugbo
ra kini ug tiil ug kulang sa kabagaon sa lawas. Ang inahan sa pagpanganak ug daghan baktin ug dali rang
maka-adjust sa lisod nga kahimtang. Apan ang kapaspas sa
pagdaku sa baboy hinay.

5. Berkshire
Itom ang kolor nga adunay unom ka parte sa lawas nga puti, upat ka puti sa tiil, gamay nga puti
sa nawong ug ikog. Ang dalunggan nagtindog, gibantog kini sa iyan
kaugalingon nga kinaiya. Unuron ug dali ra muangay sa dili maayo
nga kondisyon. Adunay sakto
nga katas-on ug balance nga
lawas

44
6. Pietrain
Usa sa pinakaunurun nga klase sa baboy nga adunay itom ug puti nga sagol nga kolor. Aduna
kining maayo nga porma sa ham, loin ug abaga. ang dalungan niini nagtindog ug ang karne adunay taas
nga unuron nga parte. Hinay kini modaku ug dili usab kaayo moangay sa feed nga bahog. Kini usab nga
kalse dali ra nga kapuyon. Ang pietrain maayo lamang pang cross breed ug nga dili maayo ang pure nga
klase.

ENTREPRENUERSHIP
"FARMING as a BUSINESS"

Module 1: FARM BUSINESS MANAGEMENT

Lesson 1: Defining Success

Lesson 2: Business Cycle
Lesson 3: Calculating Landholdings
Lesson 4: Calculating Yield per Hectare
Lesson 5: Calculating Sales
Lesson 6: Calculating Profit

Lesson 1: Defining Success

GOAL - To help you manage your money more effectively.

"To know your Goal... define first what is success"

...once we know what we are trying to achieve, it becomes easier to achieve it.

How we reach a certain place of which you don't know yet that place???

Think about some of the business you know in your community. Some are successful and some are not.
What makes it different?

Participants will create a drawing what they believe represents a successful farming business.
Then, each group will present.

45
Activity:
So, with this drawing, we have now defined what success is
Next thing now is let's think about what we can do to be successful.

1. What actions and behaviors lead to business success?

2. What actions and behaviors prevent a business from being successful?

Attitudes & Behaviors Impact in Business

(Positive)

(Negative)

Activity:
One of the most important steps you can take towards achieving a successful business is to learn to
monitor your attitude and behaviour and its impact on your work performance, relationship and
everyone around you.

"Your attitude determine how successful you can be"

Attitudes and Behaviour Impact of Business

Learning Objective:
To describe the meaning and relationship of the business cycle.

Lesson 2: Business Cycle

1. Assets (own)
2. Expenses (used -up)
3. Income (earned)
4. Equity (owner's share/profit)
5. Liabilities (owe)

Activity: Dance

The Business Cycle:

Land Hauling Savings

Fertilizer Seeds Machinery
Labor Maintenance Equipment’s
Land Preparation Transportation Profit
Sales Cash Taxes
Loan Breeding livestock Investment

46
Capital Interest Accounts receivables
Membership fees Land Rental Accounts payable
Activity:

Learning Objectives:
1. Explain the importance of knowing land size.
2. Calculate farm size.

Lesson 3: Calculating Landholding/Area

Every farm business starts with land, so you need to know about your land.
How did you know the size of your land?

Basically,
AREA= Length x Width

Why is it important to know the size of your land?

1. Helps you calculate how productive your land is?

2. Helps you know the right amount of seeds/inputs you need
3. Enables you to determine your harvest.
4. Helps you to estimate your income and expenses.

Importance:

Learning Objectives:
1. To calculate yield per hectare.
2. Use yield calculations to enumerate productivity.

Lesson 4: Calculating yield per Hectare

- Allows you to compare past and future production to track production.

- Helps you understand if you are reaching your potential production.
- Gives you a way to consistently compare production with others.
- Provides you with information to make decisions about your sales and production.

Why is it important to calculate yield per hectare?

Yield per Hectare = Number of bags harvested

Number of hectares

Learning Objectives: calculate total sales.

“How are sales differ from income or profit?

47
Lesson 5: Calculating Sales

SALES = Quantity x Price

Learning Objectives:
1. Track income and record
2. Calculate profitability

Income comes and goes; Profit stays with you.

Your profit is the difference between what you EARN (Income) and what you USE-UP (Expenses).”

Lesson 6: Calculating Profit

PROFIT = Income-Expenses

How to calculate yield per hectare?

Given:
Area: 3has
Weight per bag: 58kgs
Total # of Bags harvested: 184 bags
Price per kg: Php 21.00
Exercises: in a sheet of paper
How to calculate Sales?

Given:
Area: 3 has
Weight per bag: 58kgs
Total # of Bags harvested: 184 bags
Price per kg: Php 21.00
Number of bag sold: 135 bags

Exercises: in a sheet of paper

How to calculate Profit?

Given:
Area: 3 has
Weight per bag: 58kgs
Total # of Bags harvested: 184 bags
Total Cost production: Php 33,500.00
Price per kg: Php 21.00
Number of bag sold: 135 bags

Exercises: In a sheet of paper

48
“ A successful business doesn’t just happen.. It is built by prayer, humility, sacrifice, love and by the
guidance of God.”
FARM FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT
Lesson 1: Price Formation
Lesson 2: Cash and Credit Management
Lesson 3: Creating Simple Budget
Lesson 4: Introduction to Savings
Lesson 5: Getting and Managing Loan
Lesson 6: Price Formation

Lesson 1: Price Formation

What is the bottom line of a Business?

Lesson 1: Price Formation
Answer: Profit

How does profit relate to the Price

Lesson 1: Price Formation

What are the factors affecting price?

Lesson 1: Price Formation
Answer: Law of supply and demand

What is this?
How to Mark up price?
Original cost+the Profit = Price

… This is what we called PRICE FORMATION

Lessons:
1. Any price that is higher than their cost per kilograms earns Profit.
2. The difference between the price per kilogram and cost per kilogram is always a Profit.

Remember: The goal of a successful business is to earn the HIGHEST POSSIBLE PROFIT.

Question:
Can we any control over either supply or demand? Actually, we have a little”. In what possible way?

Possible answers:
1. Produce high quality crops
2. Sell it when lots of people will want it (i.e store until supply is low, sell it when other farmers have
non to sell)
3. Be slightly ahead or behind of everyone else (sell either at the start or end of the season)
4. -Consider off season

49
5. -Make it easy to people to purchase (i.e sell in group; transport it to the market points.)
6. -Make it appealing (i.e good marketing)

Remember: By producing high quality crops, by selling it on the right time when lot of people want it,
considering off seasons and by selling it in groups with marketing, you might be able to increase demand
for your crop and increase the price and profit you earn.

Lesson 2: Cash and Credit Management

Learning Objectives:
1. Identify options to pay for farm expenses.
2. Describe the cost and benefits of each option

Question: In your farm, what are the types of expenses did you need?

Possible answers:
1. Labor
2. Seeds
3. Tools
4. Inputs
5. Transportation
6. Pesticides
7. Rental Fees
8. Storage Fees
9. Farm Group membership

Question: What other things might you spend money on for your business?

Possible answer:

1. Investment (new equipment's improvement)

2. Expanding or growing
3. Impulse purchases

Question: How do you pay for all these things?

Possible answer:
1. Cash on hand (from income)
2. Savings (from owner's share)
3. Loans/Credit (that you will owe)

Question: Which is better from these three(3)?

Activity: Payment Method debate

1. Post on the Wall: Saving/Borrowing/Cash on Hand

50
2. Among the three options, which is the best for the Business?
3. What are the advantages and disadvantages of the method you choose?
Remember:
In order to plan, you need to be able to see the future. While it is difficult to predict the future,
we can use the past as a guide. That is why it is important to record all the money coming In and Out of
your business. This helps you see where tour money is going and helps you make decisions about how
best to spend it. Record-keeping also helps you get better loans. Record all money comes in and out of
the business it is either in the form of cash or credit. You need to have a place to record both of these.

Lesson 5: Getting and Managing a Loan

Learning Objectives:
1. List considerations when determining wether to take the loan.
2. Determine the cost of the loan
3. List tips or managing credit and loan repayment.

 At same points, you might decide to borrow money to expand your business.
 This lesson helps you to think about wht you need to know to access and manage credit and loans

5C's in Getting Loan:

1. Character
This is includes your credit history and your reputation in the community. It is an indication of wether
you are likely to keep your word and have the inclination to repay your debts.

2. Collateral
The bank wants to know what items of value you are willing to offer as a guarantee of repaying the
loan. If you do not repay the loan, the bank can take the collateral from you as repayment.

3. Capacity to Pay
The bank consider how much other debts you currently hold and compares that to your likely income.
The bank wants to make it sure that your monthly or seasonal income is enough for you to pay back all
debts and have money on which to live.

4. Capital
This refer of how much equity you have. The more you gave invested in the business, the more
confidence the bank has that you are committed to the business and doing the right thing with the loan
money.

5. Conditions

51
 This refers to the conditions of the loan, such as its interest rate and amount of principal, influence
the lender's to finance the borrower.

Remember:
When preparing to ask for a loan, make sure you can answer each of these C's to the lender's
satisfaction. Many of them are not things you can do at the last minute; instead they are a vcourse of
practice that you have developed a long time. Therefore, good financial practices on an on-going basis
is as important as your farm business as following good agricultural practices.

 Estimating Loan Payments:

How to calculate the interest amount?

Loan amount x interest rate = Interest amount

Ex: 200,000 x 10%

200,000 x .10 = 20,000

 How to Calculate Monthly Interest?

Monthly Interest = Annual interest
12 months

Ex. Monthly interest = 20,000

12 months
Monthly interest = 1666.66

 The Total Loan Repayment amount?

The Total Repayment= Total interest amount+loan amount

TLR = 20,000 + 200,000 = 220,000.00

 The Total Monthly Payment?

TMP = Total repayment amount

No. of months of loan

TMP = 220,000
12 months
= 18,333.33

Activity: Situation

52
 Mr. Peter is going to start a vegetable Farming Business and decided to get a loan from the
cooperative . The loan amount he could avail is P150,000.00 payable within 1 year with 15% loan
interest.

Solve the following: …in 1 year Repayment Plan

1. How much would be his total interest amount to be paid?

2.How much would be his monthly interest amount?
3. How much would be his total loan repayment?
4. How much would be his monthly loan repayment?

FARM PLANNING AND DECISION-MAKING

Lesson 1: Record - keeping
Lesson 2: Using records to make decisions
Lesson 3: Exploring Crop Portfolio/Visioning

Lesson 1: Record - keeping

Learning Objectives:
1. Explain the importance of record-keeping to business success.
2. Complete key farm records.
-From previous sessions, it focused on Financial Management from all of those things regarding financial
management we can use it to make decisions and start planning for the future of your business.

Question: What were some of the calculations we have learned?

Possible answer: Total sales, Yield per hectare, Cost per kilogram, profit and etc.

Activity: "We're going to the farm -by group

What lessons can we learn from this activity?

The more information you have, the harder its to remember it all. That is why we have to keep
records from all transactions. Keeping records of your income. Expenses, yield land size and sales can
help you to calculate your yield per hectare, your cost per kilogram, the price you must charge for your
crop and your profit. All of this information can make you help make smart decisions about your
business.

53
Lesson 2: Using records to make decisions
What is Farm Record?
Farm Record is an account of various activities carried out on the farm on a regular basis. Such
activities include farm purchases, utilization of farm inputs, number of livestock kept and equipment
procured. It also includes crop cultivated, seed planted, cultural activities carried out, quantity
harvested, etc

Types of Farm Records?

1. Cash record
2. Daily farm activity record
3. Production record
4. Farm Sales record
5. Farm Implement and equipment record
6. Farm Financial plan

Cash record:

 Daily farm activity record

 Production record
 Farm Sales record
 Farm Implement and equipment record

The Three Levers of Business:

1. Sell more value
2. Get a better price
3. Spend smarter

Lesson 3: Exploring crop Portfolio/Visioning

Learning Objectives:
1. Evaluate crop portfolios as a whole
2. Identify indicators to strengthen crop portfolios.

Question: What is a crop portfolio?

Answer: The combination of all crops you grow on the farm.

Question: How did you decide which crops to grow?

Possible Answers:
1. Choose crops that grow-well in your area.
2. Grow crops that are most productive in your area.
3. Choose crops with a lot of demand (market)

54
Remember: Planting multiple crops is more advantageous. Why? Once certain crop is failure, there
were still other crops.

3 Principles of Farming as a Business

1. Integration
2. Diversification
3. Intensification

Goal: From traditionally-operated farm into a successful and profitable farm Business.

Remember:
Every successful business has a clear idea of its vision, goal and plan to achieve them. As business
people each of you has already identifid your vision and goal. Now, is the time to focus on how to
achieve them?

Conclusion:
You have now learned what FAAB means, what information you need to help you make smart
business decisions, how to measure and record business success and how to plan for the future of your
farming business.

"A PLAN without a plan is a Wish"

Workshop:

 Make your own FARM PLAN AND BUDGET

 Production Record
 Daily Farm Activity Record
 Cash Record
 Farm Sales Record

Source:

ATI-CARAGA in Partneship with TESDA

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