1554 IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, Vol. 11, No.

3, July 1996

A THREE-PHASE MULTI-LEGGED TRANSFORMER MODEL IN ATP

USING THE DIRECTLY-FORMED INVERSE INDUCTANCE MATRIX

Xusheng Chen, Member, IEEE

Department of Electrical Engineering
Seattle University
Seattle, WA 98122, USA

Abstract - A new transformer model based on core topology is at each time-step. In this paper we shall derive the r-matrix
developed. The model simulates the transformer as a set of for a three-phase, two-winding, multi-legged transformer
coupled inductances. Winding flux linkages are chosen as state under the more general condition of core and leakage
variables and currents are computed from the flux linkages inductance saturation. Since the r-matrix is directly formed
using the directly-formed inverse inductance matrix, the r- at each time-step, the computation of currents from the flux
matrix. Due to the strong magnetic coupling among the
linkages becomes simply a matrix multiplication. Although it
windings, the inductance matrix of a transformer is ill-
might not be the first three-phase transformer model built
conditioned. Directly forming the r-matrix will not only speed
up the computation but also make it more stable. Transformer around the topology-based r-matrix, it distinguishes itself by
core saturation is represented by its anhysteretic magnetization its simplicity and robustness due to the use of flux linkages as
curve. Eddy current and hysteresis losses of the core, and stray state variables. Since the transformer is defined in its natural
losses of the transformer are accounted for by a resistive load on technology, the cause-effect relationship can be closely
the secondary. Winding capacitances are lumped to the investigated, and user effort is minimized.
terminals, the model is thus accurate up to 5 kHz. A supporting
routine is written to generate k-i curve data for each segment of 11. THEORY
the core and the other input data for EM". The model has
been incorporated into the Alternative Transients Program
(ATP), the BPA EMTP, for evaluation, and has passed the The basic layout of the transformer under study is shown in
benchmark test of the GPU line energization test of 1973. Fig. 1. Fig. 2 shows an equivalent circuit of the transformer
along with a simple system used for simulation tests. The
transformer is three-phase, two-winding, five-legged, and wye
I. INTRODUCTION or ye-grounded connected. Modification of the model to
accommodate three-winding and delta connected
In recent years, a number of detailed three-phase transformers is under development. r is the transformer's
transformer models appropriate for the analysis of
electromagnetic transients and unbalanced operations have
been proposed [l-91.
This paper presents a new three-phase, two winding, multi-
legged transformer model. The model is based on magnetic
circuit analysis of the core and represents the transformer as a
set of coupled inductances. An initial effort for developing a
model along these lines is described in [ 11. In that paper, we
derived the inductance matrix for a three-phase, two-winding,
five-legged transformer with constant leakage inductances. Fig. 1 Five-legged transformer.
Since flux linkages were chosen as state variables, it was
necessary to invert the inductance matrix to find the currents

9 5 S M 4 2 1 - 8 PWRD A paper recommended and approved

by the IEEE Transmission and Distribution Committee
of the IEEE Power Engineering Society for presentat-
ion at the 1995 IEEE/PES Summer Meeting, July 23-27,
1995, Portland, OR. Manuscript submitted January 4 ,
1995; made available for printing June 27, 1995.
- -

Fig. 2 Three-phase equivalent circuit of system.

0885-8977/96/$05.000 1995 IEEE

Authorized licensed use limited to: ABB - Poland. Downloaded on June 09,2020 at 11:24:03 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
 1555

inverse inductance matrix, rl to r6 are its winding resistances,

and r4e to r6, are resistances modeling core lasses. The
primary and secondary winding capacitances to ground are
represented by C1-C3 and c4-c6, respectively. The
capacitances between the primary and secondary windings %U

can be included in ATP data, if the user knows their values. k 7-R7
In modeling linear transformers, either winding flux ‘6- RlO

linkages or currents may equally well be chos1:n as state

variables. For transformers operating in saturation, however,
flux linkages are preferred because flux linkages change
slowly relative to the currents that generate them. Their n
choice as state variables provides greater coinputational
stability for a model. Thus, the six flux linkages of the Fig. 3 Magnetic equivalent circuit.
transformer are selected as the state variables. The basic
A? is the unsaturated short circuit reactance of the two-
voltage equations in per unit for the primary and secondary
urlnding transformer. Since the core is not saturated for
windings of the transformer can be written as follows (see
short-circuittests, the above choice is an excellent one.
Figs. 1 and 2):
&, R9, and Rlo are reluctances of leakage paths through
air and the tank. They are not important for four- and five-
legged transformers. For three-legged transformers, we
choose &=R9=R10=l/10=l/xo , where X, is the unsaturated
where v, i, and X are column vectors of 6 by 1 and R is a zero-sequence magnetizing reactance in per unit. The
diagonal matrix of 6 by 6. The relationship ketween the
saturation of the tank can be modeled by the two outer legs.
currents i and flux linkages h is expressed as Using the standard analogy between electric and magnetic
circuits, we can write the following loop equations which
relate the loop fluxes & to the externally applied
magnetomotiveforces fkwith reluctances as coefficients:
Eqs. (1) and (2) are a set of differential-algebraic equations.
Since r is a function of 5 the system is nonlinear. Proper R,, 0 0 RI, 0 0 0 0
determination of the r-matrix is crucial to transformer 0 R,, 0 0 R,, 0 0 0
modeling. The r-matrix can be derived as follows.
0 O R 3 , 0 O R , O 0
Because flux linkages are the selected state variables, they
are known at each computational step. Recall that in per R4, 0 0 R, 0 0 R47 R,
0 Rss R, 0 R,
(3)
unit, b= hk and fk=ik for k=1,6. The problem then becomes 0 RSZ 0
one of finding the magnetomotive forces fk from the fluxes b. 0 0 R,, 0 R, R, 0 R,
We assume a magnetoquasi-static condition for the 0 0 0 R7, 0 0 R,, R,
transformer. That is, no appreciable delay times exist , R84 R8S R86 R87 R88
between the winding currents and the core fluxes they
generate. Note that this is the only ad hoc assumption used The reluctance coefficientsin Eq. (3) are
in developing the model.
The mmfs can be found by considering the equivalent
magnetic circuit of Fig. 3. In Fig. 3, the reluctances of the
three winding legs are RI, R2 and R3. The right and left
yokes have reluctances of & and R5, while & and R7 are the
reluctances of the two outer legs. Note that & = (reluctance (4)
of the left top yoke)x2. Because of symmetry, the nonlinear
reluctances Rl=R2=R3, &=Rs, and &=R7 for Sitme level of . .
saturation. Since it is difficult to measure or calculate the &,=&+R~
reluctances of the air paths around the legs a n c l yokes, we &,=% R‘J =R..
J’
include them in the core S q p ” and assume their Values to R,, = 0 if not shown
be proportional to the values of the segments involved. with &==lk/(k&) (5)
&I, hZz, and h3 are leakage reluctances of the air paths

Authorized licensed use limited to: ABB - Poland. Downloaded on June 09,2020 at 11:24:03 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
1556
length of the kth leg or twice the full length of the kth yoke
segment. All separately definable segments of the core are
thus individually accounted for in the model.
The loops are discernible from the self reluctance R,
(i=1,8), and are judiciously chosen so that loop k (k=1,6) has
only one mmf, fk @=1,6), and loops 4 to 8 have no m " s .
Eqs. (1) to ( 5 ) can be either in physical units or in per unit.
However, our experience shows that it is easier to derive the
r-matrix in per unit. Therefore, all equations in this paper
where units are omitted, per unit should be assumed.
Eq. (3) relates the 8 loop fluxes to the 6 externally applied
mmf's. Our objective is to relate the 6 winding fluxes which
are equal to the first 6 loop fluxes, to the 6 applied d s .
This can be done by solving fluxes and from the last two
equations of Eq. (3) and substituting them into the first 6
equations. The resulting 6 by 6 r-matrix is symmetrical with
elements as follows:
The derivation of Eq. (6) is general for both apparent and
incremental inverse inductance matrices, r and r,. Apparent
permeability = Bk / Hk, in Eq. (5) results in r, and
incremental permeability, = dBk / dT&, results in r,.
We note that while the L-matrix for a three-phase core-type
transformer is always a full matrix, the r-matrix is sparse.
Of the 21 upper triangular elements, 9 are zero, 3 are
constant, and only 9 need to be updated when core saturation
changes. The directly-formed r-matrix makes the solution of
the transformer differential equations (which are very stif€
and marginally stable under some system configurations)
more efficient and stable than that of using the numerically-
inverted L-matrix.
It is well-known that core saturation plays a dominant role
in determining the transient behavior of a transformer. In
this research, core saturation is represented by an equilibrium
h-i or B-H curve known as the anhysteretic magnetization or
saturation curve. The virgin B-H curve should not be used
[ 1,101. The single-valued saturation curve @referably the h-i
curve) is approximated by a five-slope piecewise linear curve.
SPR.FOR, a supporting routine based on Eqs. (1) and (2)
and the Brent's method [ 111, will scale the saturation curve to
Authorized licensed use limited to: ABB - Poland. Downloaded on June 09,2020 at 11:24:03 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
match the rms excitation current of the transformer at rated
voltage. The saturation curves for all the legs and yokes of
the core are assumed identical. Otherwise, seven saturation
curves should be used. SPR.FOR also generates the h-i
curves for the nonlinear segments of the core: Three for a
five-legged transformer and two for a three-legged
transformer. The computer algorithm of SPR.FOR is similar
to the one described in [I] and to subroutine SXF which is
described in Section 111.
Eddy current, hysteresis, and stray losses are dampers to the
system. Their damping effect is only sigmficant when
currents are small such as in ferroresonance without inrush
currents. When currents in the transformer are large such as
in switching overvoltages and inrush currents, the damping
effect of the winding resistances, IzR, will be much greater.
The losses in the transformer excluding I2R are:
The stray loss is the loss of the tank, end frame, lock plate,
core edge, etc. This loss comprises about 30% of PlOs [12].
According to a recent paper [13], the eddy current loss of
modem grain-oriented silicon steel is about three times its
hysteresis loss, both being very small. Core loss is very
difficult to model. Because the ATP Type-96 pseudo-
nonlinear hysteretic reactor component sometimes produces
results that are at odds with some experimental observations
[14], we choose to place the three losses into one core loss
term accounted for by a resistive load on the transformer
secondary. As we have discussed in [ 11, transformer core loss
is voltage-dependent. For two reasons, though, we don't
include t h ~ svoltage dependency in the new transformer
model even though it is a part of our own computer program.
First, we omit it to improve the speed of computation. The
new model represents the transformer as R and coupled-L
circuits. Any change in the values of elements necessitates
then retriangularization of the system conductance matrix.
This consumes considerable computer time. Secondly, and
more basically, core loss curves above rated transformer
voltage are usually not available.
Assuming a sinusoidal steady state in the core, the core loss
resistances for a three-legged transformer are:
where h i s rms flux in the kth section of the core.
The core loss for a five-legged transformer is represented by
three identical resistances.
One concern with this core loss representation is its ability
to predict residual fluxes when the transformer is switched
off. The answer is yes, especially for modern grain-oriented
steel core transformers. Since the new model computes fluxes

in all segments of the core at each time-step, the flux
distribution at the instant of switching or, more accurately,
after the arcs are extinguished, will be the residual fluxes
of the core. Capacitive effects due to load, transmission lines
left on the transformer, and winding capacitances of the
transformer itself can reduce residual fluxes to near zero [ 151.
It is important to configure a realistic system for the
transformer whose residual fluxes are to be determined.
111. COMPUTER PROGRAM
Computer simulation models suitable for studjing steady-
state and transient behaviors of multi-phase, multi-legged
transformers have been under development for several years.
In its present form (named SEATI’LE XFORMEH. or SXF) it
models three-phase, two-winding, multi-legged, wye or wye-
grounded transformers. SXF has been incorporated into the
Altemative Transients Program (ATP), the BPA Eh4TP [ 161,
and is presently being assessed by both academic and
industrial users.
Because ATP uses individual discretization, in interface
had to be written between subroutine SXF and the host
program. SXF receives winding voltages from ATP, computes
winding flux linkages using Eq.(lO), updates thc: r and r,
matrices, if necessary, computes the winding currents using
Eq.(2), and determines the winding current hiistory terms
using Eq. (11)
A, (t) = X (t - At) + [V(t) + V(t - At)] 1 2
I = i (t - At) + (At/2) -
v (t At) (11)
In return SXF passes back an updated r,-matriu, modified
winding currents, io,and its history term, I. The reason for
modifjmg the winding currents and their history tmns is that
the incremental approach computationally loses ,.Information
of the dc component of the winding currents.
The steps for updating the r and r, matrices in the
program code of SXF are outlined below: The fluxes in the
three winding legs are computed by Eq.(lO). Eq.(12) is used
to find the node “f‘s, fb,Eq.(13) is then used to determine
the fluxes in the two yokes and the two outer legs. Flux
densities are then found and apparent and incremental
permeabilities determined from the saturation cwve. The r
and r, matrices are updated by Eqs. (4) to (7).
fin= il + i4 + R I AI
fk=i2+iS+R2h2 (12)
f3, = i3 + I6 + R3h3
Authorized licensed use limited to: ABB - Poland. Downloaded on June 09,2020 at 11:24:03 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
1557
IV. VALIDATION OF THE MODEL
A series of simulations has been carried out in order to
verify the validity of SXF in ATP. The 100 kVA, 50 Hz,
three-legged, Y N transformer used by Dolinar [3] was used
with the new model. The characteristics of the transformer
are summarized below:
Rated apparent power 100 kVA
Rated voltages 1510.4 kV
Rated currents 3.851144.3 A
Rated excitation current 0.0060 p.u.
Rated core loss 0.0015 p.u.
Winding resistances 25.910.016 n
Short circuit reactance 0.0388 p.u.
Capacitances to ground 0.0009 10.5 cl.F
Core dimensions
Length: Wdg L e H . 4 0 Yoke=0.48 Outer Leg-1000 m
Area: Wdg Leg-1.14 Yoke=1.14 Outer Leg-5 lo-’ m2
Saturation curve data
B 1.0879 1.2552 1.3389 1.4143 2.9260 p.u.
H 1.6365 2.6062 4.2427 8.4853 7204.0 1O”p.u.
A transformer data file was prepared for both ATP and
SPR.FOR from the above information. SPR.FOR generates a
fitting parameter FIEXP (=312.47) which scales the
(10) saturation curve of the transformer to match the specified rms
excitation current of the transformer. Transformer winding
and core-loss resistances are treated as ATP data, and the
unsaturated apparent inductance matrix computed by
SPR.FOR represents the transformer in ATP phasor solution
which generates the initial conditions for the transient
simulation of the system.
Fig. 4 shows the simulated primary winding excitation
currents iA(=il+iC1,see Fig. 2), iB,and ic ,when rated voltage
is applied. The rms current is 0.023A(three-phase average)
and the core loss is 150 W. These should be accurate,
because the supporting routine SPR.FOR matches the
excitation current and the core loss. It should be pointed out
that only the three-phase power is an accurate measure and
not the individual phase power for unloaded transformers.
Fig. 5 shows the measured excitation current ipl (ip2and ip3
are not available). It is seen that the simulated and measured
current waveforms, iA and i,], are in good agreement. It is
noted that the higher harmonics in iA (but not in iB) are not
pronounced as compared with that of the measured current
ipl. The lumping of the distributed winding capacitances and
the simple constant resistance representation of the core loss
might be the cause of the discrepancy.
Figs. 6 and 7 show the simulated and measured inrush
currents of the transformer. The energizing instant is when
1558

Os* :

-0.1
0.04
-200; I
P 0.02 0.06 0.08 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05
t, seconds t seconds

Fig. 4 Simulated phase A excitation current. Fig. 8a Simulated primary winding short-circuit currents.

01
‘PIA1

0.05

-001

f seconds

Fig. 5 Measured phase A excitation current. Fig. 8b Simulated primary winding fluxlinkages

Phase A source voltage passes zero going positive, and the

I I I
I transformer was demagnetized. Again, the simulated and
the measured current waveforms are in very good
agreement.
Fig. 8 shows the simulated primary winding currents and
flux linkages when the transformer is energized on a short-
circuited secondary. The residual fluxes for Ak, k=1,6, are
assumed to be 0.0, -0.9798, 0.9798, 0.0, -0.9798, and 0.9798.
The steady-state rms short-circuit current is 85.84A which is
almost the same as the calculated current of 86.88A. Note
that the flux linkages start exactly from their given initial
I I I I values. This demonstrates the convenience of assigning
0.05 0.1 0.15 0.18
t, seconds
initial conditions for the model.
It is interesting to compare the inductance matrix computed
Fig. 6 Simulated primary winding inrush currents. by Eq.(6) and inverted, with one published in the ATP Rule
Book. The unsaturated inductance matrices for the high
voltage windmg of a 35 MVA, 132A1.05 kV, three-phase,
three-legged transformer computed by BCTRAN [16] (page
XIX-C-20) and SPR.FORare shown below:

879.72 -438.02 -438.02

438.02 879.72 -438.02
438.02 -438.02 879.72

!
879.80 -584.68 -292.14
-584.68 1172.06 -584.68 H (15)
-292.14 -584.68 879.80

Authorized licensed use limited to: ABB - Poland. Downloaded on June 09,2020 at 11:24:03 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
 1559

It is striking to note that in Eq.(15) the absolute value of

6
Lab is two times greater than that of Lac , and Lbb is 1.33
times greater than L, and Lcc. These ratios are consistent 4

with the geometrical asymmetries of the three-legged core.

> 2
Thus, we have evidence that both the theory of oiu work and
$ 0
its implementation through SXF are valid. It is common
practice to represent a transformer by it,$ sequence -2

impedances for short circuit analysis. To apply the -4

symmetrical components method to an unloaded three-phase
asymmetrical core-type transformer is erroneous wen if there 0
‘ 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05
is no nonlinearity involved. t, seconds
In addition to the above simulation tests, we have also Fig. 9 Simulated HV voltages (computed by SXF & TRANSFORMER)
tested the new model with an actual power system
configuration, i.e., the GPU Stolle Road to Homer City line
energization test of 1973. The Stolle Road installation
consisted of a bank of three single-phase autotransformers. It
was a 500 MVA, 3451115134.5 kV autotrandormer with
grounded neutral and a delta connected tertiary. Since only
the two-winding transformer model had been incorporated
into ATP, SXF modeled the Stolle road transformer as three
single-phase autotransformers without the tertiary. In
transformer data file, we let the two yoke lengihs equal to
1000 m, thus separating the three center legs. Letting the two
outer leg lengths equal to 1000 m and p8 = pg = plo = 1000 4h, 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.h 0.b5
per uint balances the three phases of the translbrmer. The f seconds

input data of the autotransformer is summarized below: Fig. 10 Simulated HV voltages (three-phasetransfomer model).

Rated apparent power 500 MVA forms of VA and vA’ are very similar though not identical.
Rated voltages 1151345 kV We have also modeled the transformer as a three-phase
Rated currents 25101836.7 A five-legged autotransformer. The only input data changed is
Rated excitation current 0.006 p.u. the core dimensions. This shows the flexibility of the model.
Rated core loss 0.003 p.u. The result is shown in Fig. 10. It is not surprising that the
Short circuit reactance 0.1232 p.u. voltage waveforms are similar to that of the single-phase
Capacitances to ground 0.004 10.064 pF model, for it is a three-phase energization.

Core dimensions (single-phase I five-legged) V. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS

Length: Wdg Leg-0.51 Yoke=lOOO Outer Leg-1000 m
0.5 1 0.29 0.23
Area: Wdg Lee2.65 Yoke=20.0 Outer Li:g=20.0 m2
2.65 4.70 5.99
Saturation curve data
B : 1.4142 1.5558 1.6404 1.8527 2,2000 p.u.
H: 8.4853 39.758 94.374 638.19 1530.0 10‘3p.u.
The transformer was used as a step-up autotransformer
with a 214-mile long transmission line on its high voltage
side, Switching is on the transformer’s LV side which has
short lines withtraveling wavesbouncing back and forth.
The H V side has a very long unloaded transmission line.
Fig. 9 shows the HV voltage wavefonins of the
autotransformer computed by SXF(v* only for clarity) and the
existing ATP model TRANSFORME (vA’, vB’. and VC’).
The stepsize used was 50ps for both methods. The wave-
The modeling of multi-phase, multi-legged transformers is
both diflicult and subtle. In order to summarize both our
accomplishments and what we have learned from them, we
enumerate the following points:
1. We have incorporated SEATTLE XFORMER, a three-
phase, multi-legged transformer model, into ATP. The model
has been tested in simulations including no load energization,
inrush currents, and short circuits. The model also was able
to simulate the benchmark test of the GPU line energization
of 1973 with a stepsize of 5 0 p . Waveforms simulated by
SXF are very similar to those generated by the ATP single-
phase model TRANSFORMER. It is robust and as efficient
as existing models in ATP.
2. To implement S X F we only need transformer nameplate
data and the 3L-i or B-H curve and relative physical
dimensions of the core. These data are available either from

Authorized licensed use limited to: ABB - Poland. Downloaded on June 09,2020 at 11:24:03 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
1560
the manufacturer or from standard tests. If the specific
dimensions of the core are not known,generic values can be
used without signijicantly affecting the results. The model is
thus useful to the practicing engineers.
3. Because of the physical asymmetry of a three-phase
core-type transformer, the L-matrix calculated by ATP
supporting routine BCTRAN is not suited for transformer no
load analyses and should be replaced by SPR.FOR and its
extensions.
4. All topology-based transformer models need the 1.-i
curves for each segment of the core. Unfortunately, the data
is not available and there exists no reliable methodology of
obtaining them. SPR.FOR works around the difficulty in
obtaining core h-i curves through measurement by using
instead h-i or B-H curve and transformer relative core
dimensions. Although a better approach needs to be devised
for the future, this seems at present to be a suitable and
practical method. In fact, a method (computer program) of
using three-phase energization to obtain transformer model
parameters is under development. The theory has been
worked out; it remains to be implemented. The sparse r-
matrix plays an important role in this endeavor.
5 . Winding-to-ground capacitances are substantial for
morden low-loss transformers. They must be included in the
transformer model.
6. The described methodology of deriving the r-matrix has
been used to derive the nodal inverse inductance matrix of a
three-phase/six-phase conversion transformer. It is our
opinion that the theoretical value of this paper is at least the
same as its practical value.
7. The constant or variable resistance representation of the
core loss is only a reasonable approximation to the
complicated mechanism of the core loss. While it works
excellently for low-frequency transients such as transformer
inrush currents, short circuits, and unbalanced operations, it
does not work well for high-frequency transients such as
repetitive breaker re-ignition and lightening overvoltages.
The work presented here is really the first step. Research is
ongoing to integrate the work of Degeneff and Vakilian, Zhu
et al, and Leon and Semlyen into our mode1[4,9,17]. In the
high frequency transformer model, windings are modeled by
RLC networks, eddy current, hysteresis, and stray losses are
modeled separately, and the frequency dependence of the
core loss and the winding resistances are included. The
methodology presented in this paper can accommodate the
above extensions with no difficulty,
VI. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This work was performed under United States Department
of Energy contract # DE-AC79-92BP26702. The author is
grateful for insights offered by Drs. W. Scott Meyer and Tsu-
huei Liu of the Bonneville Power Administration, Portland,
Authorized licensed use limited to: ABB - Poland. Downloaded on June 09,2020 at 11:24:03 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
Oregon. The author is also grateful to Professor Dolinar of
University of Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia, for his permission
to use the figures from his paper, and helpful discussions.
The author thanks Dr. Paul Neudorfer and Liman Zhuang of
Electrical Engineering Department for their assistance in the
preparation of the final report for the DOE contract.
VII. REFERENCES
X.S. Chen and P. Neudorfkr, " Digital Model for Transient Studies of a
Three-phase Five-Legged Transformer, " IEE ProceediigsC, Vol. 139, No.
4, July, 1992, pp. 351-358.
X. S . Chen, P. Neudorfer, and Liman Zhuang, The Development o f a
Three-phase Mulh-Legged TransformerModel for Use with EMTP, Final
Report and Amendment to the Bonneville Power Administration on DOE
contract No. DE-AC79-92BP26702,1993.
D. Dolinar, J. Pihler, B. Grcar, " Dynamic Model of A Three-phase Power
Transformer, " IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery, Vo1.8, No.4, October
1993, pp. 1811-1819.
Mehdi Vakilian, R. C. Degeneff, " Computing the Internal transient Voltage
Response of a Transformer with a Nonlinear Core Using Gear's Method,
Part I Theory," IEEE, 95 WM 099-2-PWRD, 1995.
H. M O M , "Multi-Winding Multi-Phase Transformer Model with
Saturable Core, " IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery, V016, No.1, January
1 9 9 1 , ~166-173,
. 1991.
C.M. Arturi, "Transient Simulation and Analysis of a Three-phase Step Up
Transformer Following an Out-of-Phase Synchronization," IEEE Trans.
on Power Delivery, Vo1.6, No 1, January 1991, pp. 196-207.
A Narang and R.H. Brierley, "Topology b d Magnetic Model for Steady-
State and Transient Studies for Three-phase Core-type Transformers," IEEE
Trans. on Power Systems, Vol. 9, No. 3, August 1994, pp. 1337-1349.
M. D. Hatziargyiou, J. M. Prousalidis, and B. C. Papadias, " A Generalized
Transformer Model Based on the Analysis of Its Magnetic Core Circuit, "
IEE Pro~eeding~S-C, Vol. 140, NO.4, July 1993, pp. 269-277.
F. de Leon and A Semlyen, "Complete Transformer Model for
Electromagnetic Transients," IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery, Vol. 9, No. 1,
Jan. 1994, pp 231-239
[10]D.C. Jiles- A d D.L. Atherton, "Theory of Ferromagnetic Hysteresis,"
Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials, Vol. 61, 1986, pp.48-60.
[ l l ] W. H. Pres, B. P. Flannery, S . A Teukolsky, and W. T. Vetterling,
Numerical Recipes : The Art of Scientijc Computingflecond Edition) ,
Cambridge University Press, 1992.
[12]D. Pavlik, D. C. Johnson and R. S . e g i s , "Calculation and the Reduction
of Stray and Eddy Losses in Core-Form Transformers Using a Highly
Accurate Finite Element Modeling Technique," IEEE Trans. on Power
Delivery, Vol. 8, No. 1, Jan. 1993, pp 239-245.
[13]k J. Moses, "Electrical Steels: Past, Present and Future Developments,"
IEE proCeeding~-A,NO.5, pp 233-245, September 1990.
[14]k Narang,, "Detailed Transformer Model for EMTP, Part 11: Magnetic
Model ," EMTP Review, Vo1.4, No. 2, EMTP DCGEPFU, April 1990.
[15]H. W. Dommel, Electromagnetic Transients Program Reference Manual
(EMTP Theory Book), BPA Portland, Oregon, USA, August 1986.
[16]W. S . Meyer and T. H. Liu, Alternative Transients Program(2TP) Rule
Book, BPA Podland, Oregon, USA, 1992.
[17] J. G. Zhu, S . Y. R. Hui, and V. S . Ramsden, " Discrete modelling of
magnetic Cora including hysteresis eddy current and anomalous losses, "
IEE Proceeding-A, Vol. 140, NO. 4, July, 1993, pp. 317-322.
Xusheng Chen was born in Shanghai, China. He received his MSEE f?om
Shanghai Jiao Tong university and MSEE from Louisiana State University, both
in the area of power systems in 1981 and 1984, respectively. He received a
Ph.D. in electrical and computer engineering fiom Washington State University
in 1987. Dr.Chen has extensive experience in power system design, construction
and operation. He is currently an associate professor at Seattle University,
Seattle, W k His areas of interest are power system transients and relay
protection, electrical machine modeling, six-phase power transmission, and wind
generation. Dr.Chen is a member of IEEE and Tau Beta Pi.

DISCUSSION
Bruce A. Mork (Michigan Technological University, Hoiighton, MI):
The author presents a model for the specific case of a 2-winding 5-legged
stacked core with wye-wye winding configuration. Improvement in
EMTP transformer models is very important, so advancements in this
area are of great interest.
In the development of the model, the currents labeled in Figs. 1
and 2 are inconsistent. In Fig. 1, the currents are the total flowing into
the transformer bushings. Fig. 2 should be modified so that I, is the
total current flowing into C, and r,, I, is the total current flowing into r,,
r, and C,, etc. Which set of currents (Fig. 1 or Fig. 2) h a s been used
for model development?
The author has developed a hybrid model consisting of the
electric and magnetic circuits. It is unclear why this hybrid
representation is necessary. After developing the magnetic circuit (Fig.
3), could a duality transformation be performed to obtain an electrical
equivalent? This would do away with the need for an interface between
the electrical and magnetic circuits. The inductances of the resulting
electrical circuit could also be represented by an L-'matrix (also called
an "A-matrix") in ATP. Another advantage of duality-bawl models is
that the model does not have to be separately derived for delta, wye, zig-
zag, or other connections. Winding connections can be made up on the
external side of the ideal coupling transformers that connect to the
duality-derived core and leakage representation. Duality-based models
have been developed for three-legged and five-legged core transformers
in a BPA project concurrent with yours [11.
In the determination of model parameters, it is stated that the
leakage fluxes are assumed to divide "proportionally". Could the author
be more specific?
Core losses are represented by just 3 linear resistors, even though
there are 7 nonlinear core sections. This would appear to be
fundamentally incorrect. Damping supplied by the core may be minimal
in some cases as mentioned. However, core excitation is a result of
nonlinear flux division among the 7 core sections. Core loss resistance
falls off markedly with saturation, and the division of flux flows among
the 7 core sections can be shown to be sensitive to the loss cpresentation
in each core section. A dualityderived model would allow tJpologically-
correct connection of the 7 core loss elements.
Anhysteretic magnetization curves are used to represent core
saturation. However, standardly available magnetization curves are
normal B-H curves. How does the author obtain the anhysteretic
characteristics? What "standard tests" are performed?
Capacitances to ground are included in the model. If the model
is to be accurate up to 5 kHz, can the capacitances from hi ;h-voltage to
low-voltage windings be neglected? What about the capacitances
between adjacent high-voltage windings?
Validation of the model is done primarily with a three phase
bank of single phase autotransformers (do these autotransfmners have
a tertiary?) and with a three-legged core transformer. Th:se are very
different from a 5-legged core. It is mentioned that the three-legged core
was also modeled as a five-legged core, by "changing the core
dimensions", but no other information is given. Why has the author not
done his verification using the same type of transformer that the model
was developed for? Has an ATP rule book section been written to allow
others to benchmark and use this model? Is a three-winding version of
this model available?
Practicing engineers are often faced with the problem of
obtaining model parameters from measurements, since design information
is proprietary (or no longer available in the case of old transformers).
What "generic values" are suggested if design information is unavailable?
Are the results not sensitive to small changes in the saturation curves?
The author issues a promise of developing a method of m:asuring the
nonlinear core inductances via a 3-phase excitation test. How can 7
nonlinear inductance characteristics be simultaneously obtained from a
3-phase excitation test?
REFERENCES
[l] D.L. Stuehm, "Final Report - Three Phase Transformer Core
Authorized licensed use limited to: ABB - Poland. Downloaded on June 09,2020 at 11:24:03 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
1561
Modeling", Bonneville Power Administration Award No. DE-
BI79-92BP26700, February 28, 1993.
Manuscript received September 8, 1995.
Xusheng Chen: I would like to thank Prof. Mork for his
interest in my paper as expressed by his thoughtful
discussion. My response to his questions are as follows (in
the sequence of the questions raised).
1. Although a two-winding five-legged, stacked-core,
wye-wye connected transformer is described in the paper,
the model can simulate wound-core, by letting the cross-
sectional areas of the three winding legs be very large, and
delta connected transformers with no change to the
interface code. Therefore, the proposed model is a general
one.
2. Fig. 2 has been used for model development. The
high-voltage excitation currents were calculated as iA= i, +
icl , iB = i2 + ic2, ic = i3 + ic3 . The inconsistency between
Figs. 1 and 2 can be removed by adding capacitances to all
winding terminals of Fig. 1.
3. Literature search shows that more detailed tranc-
former models proposed are based on th;: coupled-
inductance concept, or as Prof. Mork call it , the hybrid
model, than that of the duality-derived models. The
advantages of the hybrid models are: (a) It is simple and
consistent with the conventional model, therefore, the user
effort is minimized. (b) The transformer is defined in its
natural technology, and the inverse inductance matrix is
sparse, therefore, the cause-effect relationships can be
closely investigated. (c) The inverse inductance matrix of
the proposed model is a branch matrix based on the
windings, therefore, it does not have to be separately
derived for delta, wye, zig-zag, or other connections.
Winding connections can be made up by assigning node
names to the winding terminals. In fact, a new version of
the proposed transformer mode has already been
incorporated into ATP (not yet announced to the user
community), which can model both wye and delta
connections. (d) The hybrid model can be easily
programmed independent of ATP. Therefore, it is good for
small analyses such as transformer inrush currents and
ferroresonance, and dedicated applications such as
transformer microprocessor-based relay protection.
The disadvantages of the duality-derived models are
complicated electrical circuits and use of many ideal
transformers which are sometimes tricky to use (ten are
needed for a two-winding five-legged transformer).
My opinion on the two models are: Duality-derived
models are useful for researchers with a new-type of
transformer, and the hybrid model is good for ordinary
users. Generators and motors all have their own models in
ATP, why not for transformers? A few EMTP developers
work out the interfaces and the whole power industry can be
benefited by it. This is a worthy devotion. In fact, with the
availability of MODELS in ATP, the disadvantage of the
1562
need for an interface between the electric and magnetic
circuits of the hybrid model is removed. I would like to
note that SABER, a commercially available software, can
solved the equations of the hybrid model directly.
4. The reluctances of the air paths around the legs and
yokes are not shown in Fig. 3 for clarity. They are in
parallel with the seven nonlinear reluctances representing
the core. Their values are scaled by supporting routine
SPR.FOR to match the air-core inductance of the
transformer. Details are shown in [2] of the paper.
5. Prof. Mork correctly pointed out that core loss
representation of the new model for a five-legged
transformer is not completely topology-based. To use three
linear or nonlinear resistors to represent the core loss for a
five-legged transformer is based on my belief that modeling
is an extraction of essence rather than the construction of a
detailed replica of a phenomenon. Transformer core loss
mcdeling is still 2n art ai this stage of development, and a
five-:egged transfoner is quite symmetrical, therefore, the
:hree-resistor core-loss representation is a good
approximation. My experience in modeling transformers
shows that the distribution of flux flows in the core
segments is dominated by the saturation curves, and not by
the core losses. If further research shows that topology-
based core loss representation for a five-legged transformer
is important, one of the following methods can be used to
realize it: (a) Add one fictitious winding (shorted by a
linear or nonlinear resistor representing the core-loss of the
segment) to each of the yokes and the outer legs. The
inverse inductance matrix will become 10 by 10 for a two-
winding transformer. By slightly modlfylng Fig. 3, the
inverse inductance matrix can be detennined by inspection!
(b) Replace the subroutine for 1-i curves in SPR.FOR and
SXF.FOR with an improved version of ATP Typed-96
pseudo-nonlinear hysteretic reactor component which can
account for both saturation and core loss of the segment.
6 . Normal B-H curves are first adjusted by hand to make
the slope of the curve non-increasing with increasing B.
SPR.FOR is then used to scale the B-H curve to match the
rated average nns excitation current and the aircore
inductance of the transformer (2 to 3 times the short-circuit
inductance of the transformer). Details are shown in [2].
7. The reported formulation permits capacitive effects to
be introduced in the same manner as existing transformer
models in ATP, not offering a better approach. However, in
using SPR.FOR to determine the model parameters, only
capacitances to ground are included. While the
capacitances between adjacent high-voltage windings can be
easily included by either modlfying the code of SPR.FOR,
or by lumping them to the winding-to-ground capacitances
through a delta-wye transformation, no simple method has
Authorized licensed use limited to: ABB - Poland. Downloaded on June 09,2020 at 11:24:03 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
yet been found to include the capacitances from high-
voltage to low-voltage windings in SPR.FOR.
8. My motivation for developing topology-based models
for transformers is an interest in studying ferroresonence
phenomenon of five-legged distribution transformers.
Since Prof. Stuehm and my contracts for BPA were
performed concurrently, I naturally turned to Prof.
Stuehm’s report. However, the simulation results for both
three- and five-legged transformers, using my model and
Prof. Stuehm’s dualityderived models, and using the data
reported in [l] of the discusser, did not match the
measurements. I concluded that h-i curves for each
segment of the core obtained by single-phase tests were not
accurate. I then turned to Prof. Dolinar for help and used
his data of a three-legged transformer to verify the model.
The GPU Stolle Road transformer had a tertiary. Since
only the two-winding transformer model had been
incorporated into ATP, both SXF, the new model, and the
existing ATP model TRANSFORMER, modeled the
autotransformer with no tertiary. SXF also modeled the
Stolle Road transformer as a five-legged transformer. The
dimensions of the transformer are shown in the second row
of the data table under heading: Core dimension (sinde-
phase/five-lenned).
No ATP rule book section for the model is written, since
I was not asked to do it. However, all information is
documented in [2], and there is a tutorial in supporting
routine (C“) SPR.FOR. The demonstration card of the
new model in ATP is DC-31, the SEATTLE XFORMER.
The three-winding version of the model has not yet been
incorporated into ATP. I was stalled for two years by a
difficulty in getting the wyedelta transformer model
working. I am now going to incorporate the three-winding
and possibly ten-winding (for high frequency applications)
version of the model into ATP.
9. “Generic values” for transformer core dimensions can
be obtained from [3,6,8] of this paper and [A] shown below.
Using three-phase energization to obtain the seven
nonlinear h-i curves for a five-legged transformer is my
dream. The challenge is in predicting the residual fluxes in
the core. I shall report the results as soon as the theory is
verified by the experiments.
10. Correction: The residual fluxes for Fig. 8 should be
0.0,0.9798, -0.9798,0.0,0.9798,and-0.9798.
REERENCES
[A] J. R. Stewart, et all, “Transformer Winding Selection
Associated with Reconfiguration of Existing Double Circuit
Line to Six-Phase Operation,” IEEE Trans. on Power
Delivery, vo1.7, No. 2, April 1992, pp. 979-985.
Manuscript received October 23, 1995.